A.R.Emil.

1
 jhtuq;fspy; gjhh;j;jq;fs; flj;jg;gly;

1. jiutho; jhtuq;fs; jkf;Fj;

Njitahd ePh; fdpAg;Gf;fis
kz;zpy; ,Ue;J ngWfpd;wd.
2. Nth;fs; %yk; kz;zpy; cs;s
ePh; fdpAg;Gf;fs;
cWQ;rg;gLfpd;wd.
3. ePh; fdpAg;Gg;Gf;fis cWQ;
Rtjw;F Nth;fs; rpwg;gile;
Js;sd.
4. Nth;fspy; “Nth;kaph;” vDk;
tpNrl kpfnky;ypa gFjp
cz;L
5. mJNt ngUk;ghYk; ePh;
fdpAg;Gf;fis cWQ;RfpwJ.
6. gpurhuzk;%yk; Nth;kaphpDs;
ePh; GFk;.
A.R.Emil. 2
 1. NkNy cs;s glk; xU
nghJikg;ghlhd jhtuj;jpd;
gFjpfisf; fhl;LfpwJ.
2. ,q;F Nth;fshy; kz;zpy;
,Ue;J cWQ;fg;gl;l ePh;>
fdpAg;Gf;fs;> jz;bd; Clhf
jhtuj;jpd; ,iy Ezptiu
vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ.
3. Nth;spy; nky;ypa Nth;kaph;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd mitNa ePh;
fdpAg;Gf;fis cWQ;Rfpd;wd
A 3.
B nrd;wilAk;.
C
Nth; kaph;f; fyk;
A.R.Emil.
A – fyr;Rth;
B – fynkd;rt;T
C - Gd;ntw;wplk;.
1. ePiu mfj;JWQ;Rtjw;F Nth;kaph;
gpd;tUk; rpwg;Gf;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1. nky;ypa jdpf;fyj;jhyhdJ.
2. fyr;rhW epuk;gpa nghpa
Gd;ntw;wplk; nfhz;lJ.
3. kz;Zld; ed;F njhLifapy;
cs;sJ.
2. gpurhuzk; %yk; Nth;kaphpDs;
ePh;nry;fpwJ.
Nth;kaphpdhy; mfj;JWQ;rg;gl;l
ePh; fdpAg;Gf;fs; gpd;tUk;
ghijA=lhf Nthpd; fhior;
Nth; kaph; Nkw;gl;ilf; fyk;
mfj;Njhy; Nthpd;fho;
3

kz;zpDs;Nth;fs;CLUtpAs;stpjk;.
1. ePuhdJ gpurhuzk; vDk;
nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; Nthpd; fhio
milfpwJ.
2. ,t;thW Nthpd; fhio mile;j
ePuhdJ ,iyEzp tiuf; nfhz;L
nry;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. ,t;thW nfhz;Lnry;yg;gLjy;
rhw;Nww;wk; vdg;gLk;.
4. ePuhdJ fho; ,ioaj;jpd; %yk;
Nky; Nehf;fpf; flj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
A.R.Emil.
5. fho; ,ioaj;jpy; Fow;Nghypfs;>
fho;fyq;fs; > fho;ehh;fs; >
fho;g;Gilf;fytpioaq;fs; >
fho;fjph;fs; vd;gd mlq;Ffpd;wd.
6. ,jpy; Fow;Nghypfs;> fho;fyq;fs;
vd;gd gpujhdkhf ePiu Nky;
Nehf;fpf; flj;Jfpd;wd.
7. ,t;thW ePh; Nky;Nehf;fp vLj;Jr;
nry;tg;gLtjw;F gpd;tUk;
tpirfs; cjTfpd;wd:-
1. kaph;j;Jisf; fth;r;rp tpir.
2. NtuKf;fk;.
3. MtpAaph;g;G ,Otpir.
kaph;j;Jisf; fth;r;rp tpir
1. jz;bd; fho; nky;ypa
mikg;ghFk;. ,t;tikg;gpDs;
Nkw;gug;gpOtpir %yk; ePh;
NkNyWk; vd;w nfhs;if
,JthFk;.
2. ,f;nfhs;if Boehm vd;gtuhy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
4
 3. vdpDk; ,f; nfhs;if gpd;tUk;
fhuzq;fshy; epuhfhpf;fg;
gLfpd;wd.
1. Vwj;jhs 1m cauk; tiuNa
ePh; cauf;$batha;g;G
cs;sJ. Mdhy; rpy jhtuq;fs;
150 m tiuAk; caukhdit
2. kz;zPh; Neubahff; jz;bd;
fhOld; njhLifapy;
,Ug;gjpy;iy.
kaph;j;Jisj; jd;ikiaf; fhl;lf;
$ba vspa ghpNrhjid.
ePh;
A.R.Emil.
NtuKf;fk;
1. Nth;kaph;fshy; cWQ;fg;gl;l ePh;>
fdpAg;Gf;fs; Nthpdhy; Vw;gLj;g;
gLfpd;w mKf;fj;jhy; NknyOk;
vd;gJ NtuKf;fkhFk;.
2. ,f;nfhs;if Priestley vd;gtuhy;
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
3. thio kuj;ijf; FWf;fhf ntl;b
mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ ntl;ba
,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J jputk; tbtijf;
fhzyhk; ,J NtuKf;fj;ijf;
fhl;Lk; vspa nraw;ghlhFk;.
4. NtuKf;fj;jpd; ngWkjp Vwj;jhs
2atm MFk;.
5. ,t;tKf;fj;ijf; nfhz;L Vwj;jhs
20m tiuapyhd cauk; tiu ePh;
nfhz;L nry;yg;gl KbAk;.
6. NtuKf;fj;ij msf;f kNdhkhdp
vDk; fUtp gad;gLk;.
5
 6. vdpDk; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy;
,f;nfhs;ifAk; Kf;fpakhdjhff;
fUjKbahjjhfpwJ:-
1. vy;yhj; jhtuq;fspYk;
NtuKf;fk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
2. kpfTk; caukhd jhtuq;
fSf;F ,k; Kiw nghUj;j
kw;wjhfpwJ.
3. MtpAaph;g;Gf; fhuzq;fspy;
NtuKf;fk; kpfTk; Fiwthff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
MtpAaph;g;G ,Otpirf; nfhs;if
1. jpUg;jpfukhd nfhs;isahf ,J
mikfpwJ.
2. ,J Dixon , Joly vd;gth;fshy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. xU Gw;Fsha; %yk; ghdk;
Fbg;gijg; Nghd;wJ ,f;
nfhs;if.
A.R.Emil.
4. ePuhdJ MtpAaph;g;G %yk;
,iyapy; ,Ue;j ntspNaWk;.
5. mg;NghJ ,iyfspd; fyj;jpil
ntspfSf;F ePh; Mtpahf tUk;.
6. ,jdhy; ,iyapd; fhopy; cs;s
ePhpy; ,Otpit Vw;gLj;jg;gLjk;.
7. ,t;tpOtpirapdhy; jz;bd; fhopy;
cs;s ePhpy; ,Otpir
Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
8. ,t;thW Nthpy; ,Ue;j ePh;
NknyOfpwJ.
9. ,iyfspy; Vw;gLk; MtpAaph;g;
ghy; ,J epfo;tjhy; MtpAaph;g;G
,Otpir vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
10. MtpAaph;g;G ,Otpirapd; ngWkjp
Vwj;jhs 20 atm,f;Fr; rkdhdJ.
11. NkYk; MtpAaph;g;gpOtpir
fhuzkhf ePh; epuypy; cilT
Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
6

12. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ePh; %yf;
$WfSf;fpilapyhd gpizT
tpirahFk;.
13. mj;Jld; ePh;%yf;$WfSf;Fk;
fho;r; RtUf;Fk; ,ilapy;
fhzg;gLk; xl;lw;gz;G tpirAk;
ePh; epuy; cilahky; NgZtjpy;
cjTfpwJ.
14. MtpAapg;gpOtpirapd; NghJ
cUthFk; ghhpa tpiriaf;
jhq;Ftjw;F fho;fyd;fs; rpwpa
gUkDilaitahff; fhzg;
gLfpd;wd.
15. NkYk; fho;r;Rth; ngUk;ghYk;
,we;jitahfTk; fhzg;gL
fpd;wd.
16. Cz;ikapy; rhw;Nww;wk;
eilngWtjw;F MtpAaph;gg;
gpOtpir>gpizTtpirxl;lw;gz;G
tpir Mfpa %d;Wk; cjTfpd;wd.
A.R.Emil.
MtpAaph;g;G
1. jhtuj;jpd; jiuf;F Nkyhd
gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ePuhdJ
Mtpepiyapy; ntspNaWjy;
MtpAaph;g;G vdg;gLk;.
2. ngUk;ghYk; MtpAaph;g;G
,iyfspd; %ykhfNt
eilngWfpd;wJ.
3. ,iyfspy; cs;s ,iytha;fs;
MtpAaph;g;G rilngWtje;F
fhuzkhfpd;wd.
4. MtpAaph;g;gpdhy; jhtuj;jpd;
ePhpdsT Fiwe;J jhtuk; thb
,wf;f NehpLk;.
5. ,jdhy; MtpAaph;g;Gj;
jLg;gpirthf;fq;fisj; jtuq;fs;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
6. vdpDk; jhtuq;fspy; MtpAaph;g;G
eilngWtJ rhw;Nww;wj;jpw;F
cjTfpwJ.
7
 7. MtpAaph;g;gpy; gpd;tUk; Gwf; ,iyapd; cs;sikg;gpd; Kg;ghpkhzj;
fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; Njhw;wk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
1. fhw;wpd; Ntfk;.
2. R=oy; ntg;gepiy.
3. xsp
4. kz;zPhpd; msT.
5. tspkz;ly; <ug;gjd;.
6. tspaKf;fk;.
8. MtpAaph;g;gpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk mff;fhuzpfshtd:-
1. ,iyg;gug;G. 10 jhtuq;fs; MtpAaph;g;igf;
2. ,iytha;fspd; vz;zpf;if. fl;Lg;gLj;j gy ,irthf;fq;
fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
3. ,iyapd; fl;likg;G. 1. jbj; Gwj;Njhy; - myhp>
9. MtpAaph;g;gpd;mD$yq;fshtd: rijf;fiur;rhd;.
1. rhw;Nww;wk; eilngW cjTk;. 2. ,iyfs; Kl;fshjy; -
2. Nkyjpf ePiu mfw;wy;. ehfjhsp.
3. ,iytha;fspd; vz;zpf;if
3. Ritahd gok; fpilf;Fk;. FiwT.

A.R.Emil. 8
 10. jhtuq;fs; MtpAaph;g;igf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j gy ,irthf;fq;
fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
4. ,iyg;ug;gf; Fiwf;fg;
gl;bUj;jy;
5. ,iyfs; mUfpAs;sd>
,iyfspy; rijg;gpbg;ghdJ
ePiuj;Njf;fp itj;jpUf;ff;
$ba ghy;Nghd;w gjhh;j;jk;
cz;L.
c- k; :- rJuf;fs;sp. jpUFf;
fs;sp
6. ,iyfs; nrjpypiyfshff;
fhzg;gLk; - rTf;F
MtpAaph;g;G tPjj;ij mstply;
1. MtpAaph;G tPjk; vd;gJ Fwpj;j
Neuj;jpDs; vt;tsT ePh;
MtpahfpAs;sJ vd;gjhFk;.
2. vdpDk; ,q;F ePhpd; msit
msf;fhky; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; ePh;
epuy; gazk; nra;j Jhuk;
msf;fg;gLk;.
vspa cWQ:rd; khdp
jhtuf;fpis
jf;if
tspf;Fkpo;

7. ,iyapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; kaph;fs;

mlh;j;jpahff; fhzg;gly; - fz;zhbf;Foha;
G=rzp ePh;Kfit

A.R.Emil. 9
 mikg;ig xOq;F nra;jy; 8. Jhuj;ij Neuj;jpdhy; gphpf;Fk;
1. jhtuf;fpisia ephpy; itj;J NGhJ MtpAaph;g;g tPjk;
ngwg;gLk;.
ntl;Ljy;.
9. Ma;T $lj;jpy; MtpAaph;g;G
2. jhtuf;fpisia ephpDs; itj;Jg; tPjj;ij Jzptjw;F fhzg;gLk;
nghUj;Jjy;. xOq;fike;j cgfuzk;
3. Fz;zhbf;Foha; KStJk; ePh; fNdhq;fpd; cWQ;fd;khdp ahFk;.
epuk;gpapUf;Fk; gb ghh;j;Jf;
nfhs;sy;. MtpAaph;g;igf; fl;Lg;glj;jy;
4. fz;zhbf; Fohia NkYk; fPOk;
mirj;J tspf;Fkpo; xd;ie 1. tpw;gidapd; NghJ fpiu tiffs
rpiwg;gpbj;jy;. kPJ mbf;fb ePh; njspf;fg;
5. mjd;Muk;gj; jhdj;ijf; glfpd;wJ.
Fwpj;jy;. 2. fhk;G ntl;lg;gl;lG=f;fspd;
ntl;ba ,lj;jpy; <ukhd gQ;R
6. Mikg;ig ed;F R=hpa xspgLk; itj;jy;
gb itj;J epWj;jw; fbfhuj;ij
3. kuf;fwp tiffs; thlhjpUf;f
XltpLjy;. mtw;iwg; nghypj;jPd; igfspy;
7. Fwpj;j Neuj;jpDs; tspf;Fkpo; ,l;L itj;jy;.
mire;j Jhuj;ij Jhuj;ij 4. ehw;Wf;fis eLk; NghJ
msj;jy;. ,iyfisf; Fiwj;jy;.

A.R.Emil. 10
 5. ehw;Wf;fisg; gpLq;fp el;lgpd;
mtw;iw epow;gLj;jy;.
6. ehw;W Nkilfisg; nghypj;jPd;>
rhf;F > Xiyahy; %Ljy;.
Note:-
1. frpT :- jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs;
my;yJ NtW gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J
ePh; jputj;Jspfshf ntspNaWjy;
frpT vdg;gLk;. c-k;: - Colocasia
frpT nghJhf ,uT Ntisfspy
my;yJ tbaw;fhiy Ntisfspy;
epfSk;.
2. nghrpT :- fhakile;j jhtug;
jz;Lg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J
jputj;jd;ikahd rhW ntsptuy;
nghrpT vdg;gLk;.
gid>njd;id Mfpatw;wpy; mjpf
nghrpT epfSk;.
,q;F ePUld; fdpAg;Gf;fSk;
ntspNaWk;.
A.R.Emil.
jhtu ,iyAs; GFk; gjhh;j;jq;fSk;
ntspNaWk; gjhh;j;jq;fSk;.
1. ePh; fdpAg;Gf;fs; fhgdPnuhl;irl;
xl;rprd; vd;gd ,iyapDs;
GFfpd;wd.
2. ePh; fhgdPnuhl;irl; xl;rprd;
czT cd;gd ,iyapy; ,Ue;J
ntspNaWfpd;wd;.
czTf;flj;jy;
1. czTf;flj;jy; chpaj;jpd; %yk;
eilngWk;.
2. ,iyfshy; njhFf;fg;gl;l czT
Rf;FNuhrhf (nty;yk;)
khw;wg;gl;Lf; flj;jg;gLk;.
3. czTf;flj;jy; ,Utopf;FhpaJ
vdg;gLk;.
4. Gl;iltisak; ntl;lg;gl;l
,lj;jpy; czT Nrh;e;J mt;tplk;
jbf;Fk;.fhuzk; fPo;Nehf;fp czT
flj;j Kbahik.
11