2

SDH BASIC
What is SDH?
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
In SDH each and every signal is Synchronized exactly to the signal (Container) defined for that
particular signal (Like C-11, C-12, C-3, etc). The techniques like bite stuffing and bit justification are
adopted in SDH to Achieve the Synchronization.
The signal used for SDH transmission is know as STM Synchronous transport module
The various STM rates are illustrated below
SL
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6

SDH Signals
(STM)
STM 1
STM 4
STM 16
STM 64
STM 256
STM 0

Bit rates
155.52 Mbps
622.08 Mbps
2488.32 Mbps
9953.28 Mbps
39813.12 Mbps
51.84 Mbps

2.5Gbps
10Gbps
40Gbps

PDH Advanced is SDH

SDH Multiplexer
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1

STM-4
SDH STM-4
STM-4
MUX
STM-4

STM-16
STM-64
SDH STM-256
SDH STM-16
SDH STM-64
STM-16
STM-64
MUX
MUX
MUX
STM-16
STM-64

STM 1 4 = STM - 4
STM 4 4 = STM 16
STM 16 4 = STM 64
STM 64 4 = STM 256
SDH Network

Regenerators
Terminal Multiplexer
Add-Drop Multiplexer
Digital x- connect (ie- cross connect)
Net work Management System.

What is SDH?
SDH is a timing hierarchy(2Mhz)
Uses a Different Frame Structure and Synchronization.
Hierarchy Synchronization one Master Clock to Synchronize Whole Operator network.

SDH Frame Structure STM 1

270 Coulums
1

9
Row

RSOH
3 9CELL

PO
H

4 AU-4 POINTER
5
MSOH

VC-Virtual container

PAY LOAD
261 9 CELLS

4 9CELL

9
1

10

270

270 x 9 = 2430 x 64 kbps = 155.52Mbps STM - 1

RSOH Regenerator Section Over head.
MSOH Multiplex Section Over head.
POH Path over Head.
P Pointer.
Pay load STM - 1
RSOH Regenerator Section Over head Byte

A1, A2 Bytes Frame Alignments byte.

J0
Carries Section Trace Message byte.
B1
RS Parity Check byte.
E1
Engineering order wire Byte. (Communication Between Two node )
F1
64 kbps user data channel byte.
D1,D2,D3
data communication channel byte
MSOH Multiplex Section Over head.

B2
- used for multiplex section byte.
K1 &K2 - APS Automatic Protection Switching byte (in Tx laser)
D4 to D12 data communication channel byte
S1
- Synchronous Status Message byte.
M1
- Line Remote Error Indication byte.
E2
- Engineering order wire Byte. (Communication Between Two node )
POH Path over Head.

J1& J2 Path Trace byte.

B3 Path Error Monitoring byte.
C2 Path Signal Label byte.
G1 Path Status byte.
F2 & F3 Path User Channel byte.
H4 Indicator byte.
K3 & K4 APS- for future use byte.

AU-4 POINTER

H1, H2, H3 all are Pointers byte.

SDH MULTIPLEXING
PDH Conversion to SDH:
C12+ POH byte = VC12
VC12 +1 Pointer = TU12
TU12 x 3 = TUG 2
TUG 2 x 7 = TUG 3
TUG 3 x 3 = VC4
VC4 + AU +SOH = STM-1
SOH

STM-1

C12 container it is PDH Single Electrical or tributary signal

VC12- Virtual container
TU12 Tributary Unit.
TUG 2 &TUG3 - Tributary Unit. Group
VC4- Virtual container 4 or 140Mbps
(STM Synchronous transport module)
AU- Administrative unit
SOH - Section Over head.
AU Group AU Pointer

AUG

AU

VC4
X3

Multiplex

TUG 3
Multiplex

X7

TU2 Pointer
X3

L TUG 2

TU12

VC12

Multiplex
SDH Net work Topologies:
Point to point Topologies.
Ring Topologies
Mesh Topologies
SDH Protection Switching Schemes:

POH

Liner Protection.
1 + 1 Protection
1: 1 Protection.
1 : N Protection
We are Using 1 + 1 Protection Switching Schemes
Synchronization SDH
Clock Supply Hierarchy

PRC Primary Reference Clock.

SSU Synchronization supply unit
SSE Synchronization Equipment Clock
PRC Primary Reference Clock is a Only main Clock

C 12

E1 2.048Mbps
Electrical PDH
Signal

SDH Power Details

TX it is a transmit power
Rx it is a receive power
Receiver Sensitivity it is a minimum receive power
Over load it is a Maximum receive power
STM - 1 Power Details
STM - 1

S.1.1

L.1.1

L.1.2

Transmit power

-15 to - 8 dBm

0 to - 5 dBm

0 to - 5 dBm

- 28 dBm

- 37 dBm

- 37 dBm

Receive
Sensitivity
Over load

- 8 dBm

-10 dBm

-10 dBm

STM - 4 Power Details

STM - 4

S.4.1

L.4.1

L.4.2

Transmit power

-15 to - 8 dBm

2 to - 3 dBm

2 to - 3 dBm

-28 dBm

- 28 dBm

- 28 dBm

Receive
Sensitivity
Over load

- 8 dBm

- 8 dBm

- 8 dBm

STM - 16 Power Details

STM - 16

S.16.1

L.16.1

L.16.2

Transmit power

0 to 5 dBm

2 to - 2 dBm

2 to - 2 dBm

-18 dBm

- 27 dBm

- 28 dBm

Receive
Sensitivity
Over load

0 dBm

S.1.1 = Short Hall .STM 1. 1310nm,

L.1.1= Long Hall. STM 1 .1310nm
L.1.2= Long Hall. STM 1 .1550nm

- 8 dBm

S.4.1 = Short Hall .STM 4. 1310nm

L.4.1= Long Hall. STM 4 .1310nm
L.4.2 =Long Hall. STM 4 .1550nm

S.16.1 =Short Hall .STM 16. 1310nm

L.16.1= Long Hall. STM 16 .1310nm
L.16.2= Long Hall. STM 16 .1550nm
Advantages of SDH

- 8 dBm

High Speed Standard

Efficient Multiplexing / De multiplexing
A Reduction in the amount of equipment
Easy Add & Drop Functionality
Reliability
NMS Controlled and monitored from a Central Location via
All Network controlled one master clock (PRC)

Optical Fiber
Single mode fiber
Multi mode fiber
We are using Single Mode Fiber Only
LASER Light source in using Optical fiber via
Alarms
LOS Loss of Signal
AIS Alarm Indication Signal
RDI Remote Defect indication
REI Remote Error Indication
LOP Loss of AU pointer
AIS Alarm Indication
TIM Trace Identifier mismatch
LOM Loss of multi frame
PLM Pay load mismatch
Type of Patch cords connecters

FC PC Ferrule Connecters physical Contact

LC PC Liner Connecters physical Contact
SC PC Square Connecters physical Contact
MU PC Connecters
LIST OF ABBREVIATION:

ADM - Add & Drop Multiplexer.

ALS Automatic Laser Shutdown.
APS Automatic Protection Switching.
BER - Bit Error Rate.
DWDM - Dense Wave Length Division Multiplexer.
EOW - Engineer Order Wire.
NMS Network Management System.
NE Network Element.
LT Line Terminal.
MMF - Multi mode Fiber.
MCC -Multi Channel Card.
OCC Optical Channel Card.
OAC Optical Amplifier card
OADM Optical Add & Drop Multiplexer.
SNCP Sup Net work Connection Protection.
WDM - Wave Length Division Multiplexer.
ITU-TS - International Telecommunication union Transmission Standard.
ITU - International Telecommunication union
PCM - Pulse Code Mdulation

PDH - Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Plesiochronous is a Greek word meaning Almost Synchronous , but not fully

synchronous.

In Plesiochronous system every equipment is generating its own clock for

synchronization.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Conversion of voice into digital signal:

Voice Frequency
4 KHz
Sampling
4 KHz * 2 = 8 KHz
T=1/8KHz= 125s (this is the base period for all digital networks)
8000 samples/seg * 8bits/sample = 64Kbps (is the basic data rate)

Each Voice channel hence occupies

8x8000 = 64000 Bits per Second = 64 Kbps
Multiplexing Hierarchy

PDH (E1 Level )(PCM 30 Mux )

32 * 64 KHz = 2.048 Mb/s
Capacity = 30 Base Channels

E1 = 2.048Mbps (32 x 64 kbps) ie 2 Mbps

PDH (E2 Level )

4 * 2.048 +stuffing bits = 8.448 Mbps
Capacity = 120 Base Channels

E2 = 8.448 Mbps ( 4 x E1) ie 8 Mbps

PDH (E3 Level )

4 * 8.448 + stuffing bits = 34.368 Mbps
Capacity = 480 Base Channels
PDH (E4 Level )
4 * 34.368 +stuffing bits = 139.264 Mbps
Capacity = 1920 Base Channels
PDH System

TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
REGENERATOR
3- Type of Standard for PDH
1. EUROPEN
2. JAPANESE

E3 = 34.368 Mbps ( 4 x E2) ie 34Mbps

E4 = 139.2634 Mbps ( 4 x E3) ie 140Mbps

3. NORTH AMERICAN
INDIA Using Europen Standard only

Multiplexing / Demultiplexing is time consuming

140-565
MUX & LTE

140 Mbit/s
140-565
MUX & LTE

34-140 MUX

34 Mbit/s

34-140 MUX

2-8 MUX

2-8 MUX

2 Mbit/s

8-34 MUX

8 Mbit/s
8-34 MUX

565
Mbit/s