UNIT II

1. POWERPACK DETAILS
1.1 Oil Tank:
1.2 Oil Level Indicator:
1.3 Filler Breather
1.4 Drain Valve
1.5 Float Switch With
This device is used to indicate the position of transformer insulating oil level
inconservator of transformer. This is a mechanical device. Magnetic oil level indicator
of transformer consists of mainly three parts1.

One float,

2.

Bevel gear arrangement and

3.

An indicating dial.

Construction of Magnetic Oil Gauge or MOG

Lets explain the construction of magnetic oil gauge or MOG from its dial parts. The
dial of this device has scale from empty to full. It has some intermediate divisions such
as 1/4, 1/1, 3/4. The prescribed oil level at either 30C or 35C ambient temperature
may also be indicated on the dial. A mercury switch and bevel gear is fixed with pointer.
When pointer rotates, the alignment of mercury switch also changes according to the
angle of rotation of the pointer. One ball type or drum type float is attached with a
sufficiently long float arm. One unit of bevel gear is fitted on the other side of the float
arm. Other unit of the bevel gear is magnetically coupled with pointer and mercury
switch arrangement. The bevel gear arrangement is positioned inside the conservator
tank of transformer and dial, pointer and mercury switch are positioned outside the
conservator tank.

Working Principle of Magnetic Oil Gauge or MOG

All oil immersed distribution and electrical power transformers are provided with
expansion vessel which is known as conservator of transformer. This vessel takes care
of oil expansion due to temperature rise. When transformer insulating oil is expanded,
the oil level in the conservator tank goes up.

Ag
ain when oil volume is reduced due to fall in oil temperature, the oil level in the
conservator goes down. But it is essential to maintain a minimum oil level in
theconservator tank of transforer even at lowest possible temperature. All
large electrical power transformers are therefore provided with a magnetic oil level
indicator or magnetic oil gauge. In conventional conservator tank, a light weight
hollow ball or drum floats on the transformer insulating oil. The float arm is attached with
bevel gear as we already explained during the discussion on the construction of
magnetic oil gauge. Naturally the position of the float goes up and down depending
upon the oil level in the conservator and consequently the alignment of float arm
changes. Consequently, the bevel gear rotates. This movement of bevel gear is
transmitted to the pointer outside the conservator, as this pointer is magnetically coupled
with the bevel gear. The pointer of magnetic oil level indicator is also incorporated with a
mercury switch. So it is need not say, when oil level in the conservator goes up and
down, the pointer moves on the MOG dial to indicate the actual level of transformer
insulating oil in conservator tank. As the alignment of mercury switch changes along

with the pointer, this switch closes and actuates an audible alarm when pointer reaches
near empty position on the dial of magnetic oil gauge. This event alerts us for topping up
oil in electrical power transformer.
In air cell conservator, the float arm is attached with air cell and alignment of float arm
changes with the changing size of air cell due to the expansion and contraction of oil.

1.6 Suction Strainer

Suction filtration is a chemistry laboratory technique which allows for a greater rate of
filtration. Whereas in normal filtration gravity provides the force which draws the liquid
through the filter paper, in suction filtration a pressure gradient performs this function.
This has the advantage of offering a variable rate depending on the strength of the
pump being used to extract air from the Bchner flask. Care must be taken not to use
such a strong vacuum that the filter paper rips (in which case all the solid will be lost
back into the solvent) or in extreme cases the glass flask breaks.
The quality of fuel oil flowing in a ship's fuel oil system play a vital role on
the overall efficiency of a ship's engine. Strainers help in clarifying the fuel
oil and removing large size impurities from the fuel oil system. Also, learn
about the difference between a filter and a strainer.

Fuel Strainers
The type of fuel oil used on a ship plays a vital role in determining the quality
of combustion, efficiency of the engine and the amount and type of
maintenance required. In order to ensure a clean supply of fuel oil, the oil
should be free from any type of solid contaminants and impurities. The
process of removing solid particles from the fuel oil is known as mechanical
separation, which is achieved by using filters and strainers. In fact a strainer
is also a kind of a coarse filter used for separating solid particles of a
different size.
The main difference between a fuel filter and a fuel strainer assembly is that
the latter is usually used to remove large solid contaminant particles while a
filter is used for fine filtration. Both, filters and strainers are mounted in
pairs, with one as working and the other as standby.

Construction and Working

The strainer assembly consists of a closely packed cylindrical arrangement of
metal plates or wire coils, which is commonly known as mesh screen. The
holes of the mesh screen is such that they filter all the large solid particles
but allow the smaller ones to pass. The strainers are always fitted on the
suction side of the pump. If the pump is placed at a position where it tends to
get suction problem, then the strainer is fitted on the discharge side. As the

strainers are fitted in pairs, a change-over valve is provided at the top of the
assembly to change the strainer when the one is use becomes dirty and
chocked. When dirty, the strainer will produce low differential pressure
across the pump. Drop in suction pressure is an important signal for
changing the strainer. The strainer assembly is so designed that in case a
strainer gets chocked with impurities, the system can be put on the standby
strainer till the time the chocked strainer is cleaned. During the change over,
the system will run normally with continuous oil circulation.
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The solid particles gets collected at the outside of the strainer and can be
removed with the help of a metallic brush and compressed air.It is also
advisable to keep cleaned strainer as standby, in case of an emergency.

Magnetic Strainers
Nowadays, apart from the conventional strainers, magnetic strainers are also
used. Lately, it has been seen that heavy fuel oil used in marine engines
often contain dissolved iron particles. Some of these iron particles are
already present in the oil while some iron particles come off the oil tanks
surfaces and walls as a result of corrosion. Magnetic strainers are mainly
used for lubricating oil systems. The magnetic strainers consists of a large
magnet which attracts and collects any ferrous particles that are suspended
in the oil. The arrangement of a magnetic strainer is also same as that of a
conventional strainer with the magnet located in the closely held cage or
basket. This is done to make the cleaning process easy and for the smooth
removal of metallic particles from outside the strainer.

1.7 Butterfly Valve

1.8 Suction Bellow

An expansion joint or movement joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced
expansion and contraction of construction materials, to absorb vibration, to hold parts together, or to
allow movement due to ground settlement or earthquakes. They are commonly found between
sections of buildings, bridges, sidewalks, railway tracks, piping systems, ships, and other structures.
Building faces, concrete slabs, and pipelines expand and contract due to warming and cooling from
seasonal variation, or due to other heat sources. Before expansion joint gaps were built into these
structures, they would crack under the stress induced.

Pipe expansion joints[edit]

Main article: Metal expansion joint

Single sphere rubber bellows expansion joint, with flanges.

Stainless steel pipe expansion joint, with control rods.

Pipe expansion joints are necessary in systems that convey high temperature substances such
as steam or exhaust gases, or to absorb movement and vibration. A typical joint is a bellows of metal
(most commonly stainless steel), plastic (such as PTFE), fabric (such as glass fibre) or
an elastomer such as rubber. A bellows is made up of a series of convolutions, with the shape of the
convolution designed to withstand the internal pressures of the pipe, but flexible enough to accept
axial, lateral, and angular deflections. Expansion joints are also designed for other criteria, such as
noise absorption, anti-vibration, earthquake movement, and building settlement. Metal expansion

joints have to be designed according to rules laid out by EJMA, for fabric expansion joints there are
guidelines and a state-of-the-art description by the Quality Association for Fabric Expansion Joints.
Pipe expansion joints are also known as compensators, as they 'compensate' for the thermal
movement.
Pressure balanced expansion joints
Expansion joints are often included in industrial piping systems to accommodate movement due to
thermal and mechanical changes in the system. When the process requires large changes in
temperature, metal components change size. Expansion joints with metal bellows are designed to
accommodate certain movements while minimizing the transfer of forces to sensitive components in
the system.
Pressure created by pumps or gravity is used to move fluids through the piping system. Fluids under
pressure occupy the volume of their container. The unique concept of pressure balanced expansion
joints is they are designed to maintain a constant volume by having balancing bellows compensate
for volume changes in the bellows (line bellows) which is moved by the pipe. An early name for
these devices was pressure-volumetric compensator. [4]

Rubber expansion Joint Manufacturing[edit]

Wrapping fabric reinforced rubber sheets
Rubber expansion joints are mainly manufactured by manual wrapping of rubber sheets and fabric
reinforced rubber sheets around a bellow-shaped product mandrel. Besides rubber and fabric,
reinforced rubber and/or also steel wires or metal rings are added for additional reinforcement. After
the entire product is build up on the mandrel, it is covered with a winding of (nylon) peel ply to
pressurize all layers together before pressurization. Because of the labor-intensive production
process, a large part of the production has moved to eastern Europe and Asian countries.
Molded rubber expansion joints
Some types of rubber expansion joints are made with a molding process. Typical joints that are
molded are medium sized expansion joints with bead rings, which are produced in large quantities.
These rubber expansion joints are manufactured on a cylindrical mandrel, which is wrapped with
bias cut fabric ply. At the end the bead rings are positioned and the end sections are folded inwards
over the bead rings. This part is finally placed in a mold and molded into shape and vulcanized. This
is a highly automated solution for large quantities of the same type of joint.
Automated winding of rubber expansion joints
New technology has been developed to wind rubber and reinforcement layers on the
(cylindrical or bellow shaped) mandrel automatically using industrial robots instead of
manual wrapping. This is fast and accurate and provides repeatable high quality.

Another aspect of using industrial robots for the production of rubber expansion joints is
the possibility to apply an individual reinforcement layer instead of using pre-woven
fabric. The fabric reinforcement is pre-woven and cut at the preferred bias angle. With
individual reinforcement it is possible to add more or less fiber material at different
sections of the product by changing the fiber angles over the length of the product

1.9 Electrical Motor

1.10 Coupling
1.11 Double Internal Vane Pump

Fixed displacement vane pump

1.12 Hose Pipe

1.13 Manifold Block
1.14 Check Valve
1.15 Relief Valve
1.16 D.C Valve
1.17 2-Way Puppet Type Direction Control Valve
1.18 Counter Balance Valve

1.19 Air Oil Cooler

1.20 Return Line Filter
1.21 Check Valve
1.22 Elecrical Junction Box
1.23 Minimizes Hose Pipe
1.24 Pressure Gauge