2.

2 Humans (Moving substances around Key Points Key terms

the body)
Plasma
Circulation
Veins
Arteries
Capillaries
Alveoli
Syllabus Summary (H) = higher only
You should be able to
Name, locate and state the functions of parts of the

breathing system and the parts of the lungs
 State the difference between inhaled and exhaled
air
 State the work equation for aerobic respiration
 State the symbol equation for aerobic respiration (H)
 explain that during exercise the body may
respire anaerobically;
 state the word equation for anaerobic
respiration:
 state that anaerobic respiration releases much
less energy than aerobic.
 explain fatigue in terms of lactic acid build up;
why lactic acid needs to be removed, and
oxygen debt (H)
 explain that during exercise, breathing and
pulse rates increase to deliver oxygen and
glucose to muscles more quickly;
 explain that high levels of CO2 in the blood are
toxic and must be removed from the body by
the respiratory system;
 describe how the parts of the respiratory
system work together to bring about gaseous
exchange
 describe the changes in position of the ribs and
diaphragm that cause inhalation and
exhalation;
 explain that when increased CO2 levels in the
blood are detected the brain then brings about
an increase in breathing rate (H)
 explain how the alveoli are adapted for efficient
gaseous exchange (H)
 explain the way in which inhalation and
exhalation are brought about by pressure
changes (H)
 describe how the parts of the circulatory
system work
 name and locate parts of the heart and
describe their functions
 explain the advantage of the double circulatory
system in mammals and adaptations of
arteries, veins and capillaries (H)
 State what blood contains and the function of
plasma
 Explain the role of haemoglobin (H)
Respiration
• Aerobic (with oxygen) respiration: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water +
energy
• During rapid exercise oxygen cannot be delivered to the muscle fast enough for
aerobic respiration to take place. So instead anaerobic (without oxygen)
Lungs
respiration occurs: glucose → lactic acid + energy
Diaphragm
• Lactic acid from anaerobic respiration needs to be broken down. Lactic acid is Ribs
broken down by oxygen and the oxygen required is known as the oxygen debt. Bronchus
Lactic acid + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water Aerobic
• Energy released by respiration is used to build up larger molecules from smaller Anaerobic
ones, to make muscles move and to keep warm. Respiration
• The alveoli in the lungs have a large surface area and are moist and thin to allow
Blood
gases to be exchanged easily
Platelets
• When we exercise breathing and pulse rate increase so that oxygen and glucose
get to the muscles quicker
The Circulatory System and Heart
• heart (the muscular pump that keeps
the blood moving)
• arteries (which carry blood away from
the heart under high pressure) have
thick walls
• veins (which return blood to the heart
under low pressure) have thin walls and
valves
• capillaries (tiny blood vessels that are
close to the body’s cells) have very thin
walls
The Blood
• The blood consists of plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells
• White blood cells – fight disease
• Red blood cells – carry oxygen
• Platelets – clot blood
• Plasma – carries carbon dioxide from organs to lungs, products of digestion from
intestine to other organs and urea from liver to kidneys