tio

n
al
ua

PD

Pr
o

Ev

Cathodic Protection

tio
n

Dfinition of Corrosion

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

The chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material and its environments

that produces a deterioration of the material and its properties

tio
n

problem

al
ua

Degradation of technical qualities of the system

PD

Pr
o

Ev

Activation in neutron flux corrosion products

 Choice of metal or alloys

metal insulation
Imposed current protection

PD

Pr
o

Ev

Chemical (water purity, Ph)

al
ua

Reagent external environment adaptation

tio
n

Solutions

tio
n

Cathodic protection
Cathodic protection controls corrosion by making the whole metal surface a cathode of an electrochemical

By Sacrificial Anodes.

By Impressed Current.

PD

Pr
o

Ev

Cathodic protection can be achieved in two ways:

al
ua

cell

Sacrificial Anode

tio
n

In this method, Metallic structure is connected to more anodic metal.

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

The more active metal so employed is called sacrificial anode.

Galvanic series

Protection of buried pipelines.

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

Pipeline

tio
n

Applications of sacrificial method

PD

Backfill

Sacrificial
anode

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Water tanks

PD

Sacrificial Anode

al
ua

tio
n

Marine structures

PD

Pr
o

Ev

Sacrificiel anode

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

Pipe lines

tio
n

Choice of Galvanic Anode Material

al
ua

Metals like (Zn, Mg, Al) are used for making anode because they are more active low
electrochemical potential as compared to steel.
Zinc

high efficiency

Pr
o

low current output

Ev

generally used for the protection of pipelines, where the effects of burial along
with the high duty coating tend to give low anode current densities.

PD

driving voltage diminishes with increasing temperature virtually ineffective at

temperatures of about 60o c.

Aluminium

tio
n

high capacities

al
ua

capable of operating at high temperatures upto

100o c.
alloy compositions relatively tolerant of trace
impurities

PD

Pr
o

Ev

offer an economic solution to sea water protection.

tio
n

Magnsium
dissolves vigorously in sea water use restricted only to soil applications or

al
ua

estuarine waters (high resistivity)

high current output

Ev

high rate of intergranular corrosion especially in low resistivity soils

PD

Pr
o

low current output efficiency

tio
n

Recommended Electrolyte

Magnesium (Mg)

Soils & hot water

PD

Pr
o

Aluminum (Al)

Soils & fresh / sea water

Ev

Zinc (Zn)

al
ua

Anode

Sea waters

Prepackaged Sacrificial Anode

tio
n

For soil applications: prepackaged Mg & Zn anodes

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

Mg

Backfill

Carbonaceous backfill

218-L

4518

Resistivity,
ohm-inch

0.02

0.01

Resistivity,
ohm-cm

0.05

0.03

99.0

99.9%

Ev

al
ua

Property

Carbon (L.O.I.
method)

Pr
o

Moisture

0.10%

0.02%

Ash

0.35%

0.10%

VCM

0.30%

0/22%

Sulfur

3.75%

4.3%

46-50

62-66

+4M < 10%

+8M > 90%
-8M < 10%

4M 10%
+20M > 80%
-20M 10%

Bulk Density
(lbs/ft3)

PD

tio
n

Low resistivity to reduce anode to earth resistance.

High porosity to allow gases produced at the surface of the anode to escape.
Low density to provide high permeability with cost effectiveness.
In addition, the backfill should flow easily, and be of high purity.

General Sizing
+ 4 Mesh
+ 8 Mesh
- 8 Mesh

Magnsium

Potentiel CuSO4 Potentiel Ag/Agcl(v)

(V)
-1.50( standard)
-1.70(high
potentiel)
-1.1( Beralin )
-1.12(Becalin)
-1.00
-1.05

Consumption rate
(kgper/A/year)

PD

Pr
o

Zinc

Current capacity (Ah/kg)

7.3
7.3

1100
1230

3.27( Beralin )
3.45 (Becalin)
11.5

2680( Beralin )
2550( Becalin)
760

Ev

Aluminium

al
ua

tio
n

sacrificial anode properties

Les formes de anode Aluminium et Zinc

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Slender ( stand-off )

PD

Pr
o

Application

Double crank flat bar

Straight flat bar

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Flush mounted

PD

Application

al
ua

tio
n

Bracelet

segmented Bracelet Anode

Ev

Half-Shell Bracelet Anode

PD

Pr
o

Application

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Magnesium and Zinc Ribbon anodes

PD

Pr
o

Application

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

Spherical

Type of anode

Value of Utilization Factor

0.9

al
ua

Long-slender tand off (L>4r)

0.85

Short -slender tand off (L<4r)

Bracelet half-shell

PD

Pr
o

Bracelet segmented

0.85
0.80

Ev

Long-flush-mounted (L>4r)
Short-flush mounted (L<4r)

tio
n

Anode utilization factor

0.80
0.75

tio
n

Impressed Current
ICCP systems use anodes connected to a DC source.

al
ua

For larger structures, galvanic anodes cant economically deliver

enough current to provide complete protection.

Pr
o

Ev

The negative terminal of DC is connected to pipeline to be protected.

The anode is kept in back fill to increase the electrical contact with the
surrounding soil.

PD

This current is given to insoluble anode like graphite, stainless steel or

scrap iron buried in soil.

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

al
ua

consumables( produits ferreux, acier,fonte)

tio
n

The anodes are classified into 2 large families

PD

Pr
o

Ev

No consommables (graphite imprgn , ferro-silicuim ,magntite ,

Mixed Metal oxide (MMO),High-silicium cost iron (HSCI ), titane platin
,niobium platin)

al
ua

tio
n

consumables( ferreux ,acier)

Ev

Tubular
Consumption rate

Current density

Density

Water, soil

9kg/A.year

No limit

7.8g/cm3

Pr
o

Place

Are the most common impressed current anodes

Are used in soil, water or sea water

Come in two grades; FeSi and FeSiCr for sea water applications

Cable connection to anode shall be handled with great care.

PD

No consumable

tio
n

Anode Type

Ev

1.Mixed metal oxide coated titanium.

2. Platinised titanium/niobium.
3. Lead-silver-antimony.
4. Silicon iron with chrome.
5. Magnetite.

al
ua

For seawater applications

PD

Pr
o

For buried applications

1.Mixed metal oxide coated titanium.
2. Scrap iron
3. Lead-silver-antimony.
4. Silicon iron with chrome.
5. Graphite

tio
n

Mixed Metal oxide (MMO)

Ribbon ,
Mesh et tubular
, wire ,rod

27kg

Weight

PD

Forme

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

Is corrosion proof anode coat Ir and Ta on titanium substrate pevided ,Ribbon,Mesh and tubular
By its form used to prevent corrosion for storage tank bottom,pipe and offshore structures

Application

Avantages et dsavantages

pile, tank
bottom,

Tend to use MMO anode

Light weight
High durability , variaty form

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Types MMO anodes

Ev

al
ua

Ribbon

tio
n

MMO-Ribbon Anode

Out put current

Current density

Design life

0.5-4 mg/A/year

0.45mA/m

3A/m

50 years

Pr
o

Consumption rate

PD

Tableau de Dimensions

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

Application

Consumption rate

Out put current

Current density

Design life

3.5mA/m

110A/m

100 years

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

MMO-Mesh Anode

PD

Tableau de Dimensions

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

Application

Carbounacious

Size anode
Diameter(m Length(mm)
m)
500

Pr
o

Environement

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Anode MMO-Tubular

Out put current Current

Design life
density(A/m)
(A/m)
4

50

20

1000

500

100

20

25

1000

100

20

Brackich water

25

1000

100-600

20

Sea water

25

500

25

600

20

1000

50

Brakfill

25

PD

Fresh water

25

Calcined
petrolum coke

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

Application

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

MMO-wire Anode

Application

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

TANKS above ground

Underground Storage Tanks
TANKS WATER
Shallow horizontal
NATURAL WATER

Length (inch)

Brakfill

39.37

0.25

0.25
0.50
0.75
0.125

Fresh water

39.37

39.37

PD
Sea water

0.0006 to 0.006

0.210
0.044

0.167

39.37

0.270
0.123

0.25

0.245

0.50

0.490

0.75
0.125

20 years

100

20 years

100

20 years

100-300

20 years

600

20 years

0.140

0.50

50

0.069

0.088

0.75
0.125

Brackich water

0.210
0.035

0.25

Pr
o

Design life

0.140

Ev

0.75
0.125

0.035

Current density
(A/m)

0.069

0.50

Calcined petrolum coke

Out put current (A/inch)

al
ua

Dimeter(inch )
0.125

Carbounacious

tio
n

MMO-ROD Anode

39.37

0.740
0.123

0.25

0.245

0.50

0.490

0.75

0.740

tio
n

Application

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

PUMPS
CONDENSERS and water boxes
Water intakes

PD

Pr
o

Tubular Anode

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

high-silicon cost iron (HSCI)

Rod sitck Anode

al
ua

tio
n

Tubular Anode

Consumption rate : 0.45kg/A/year, utilization factor : 0.65

Pr
o

Ev

Rod sitck Anode

Consumption rate : 0.25kg/A/year, utilization factor : 0.85

Environement

10-30

Sea water

10-50

Fresh water

10-30

PD

soil

Current density(A/m)

Application

Most universal matriel

Strong fragility

Pr
o

Avantages & dsavantages

PD

Bad construct ability

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

underground piping
underground tank
the tank bottom
inside of the water tank

tio
n

Flexible anode
PROTECT MULTIPLE PIPELINES IN A CORRIDOR
EASY TO INSTALL ALONG WITH PIPE IN THE SAME TRENCH.

PD

38

Length (m)

Pr
o

Diameter (mm)

Ev

al
ua

MULTIPLE LINEAR ANODES CAN BE DEPLOYED TO ENSURE

500-1000

Out put current

(mA/m)

Backfill weight

weight

52-1000

1.15kg/m

1.5kg/m

Application

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Parallel Anode Pipeline CP

Underground Cable Ducts CP
New Construction Tank Bottom CP
Replacement Tank Bottom CP

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Graphite anode

Avantages

Dsavantages

PD

Pr
o

Readily available in a variety of sizes

relatively inexpensive
A good conductor of electricity
high ratio of surface area to weight
improve low current density current
discharge and low resistance
electrolyte
chemically resistant
Do not form a high resistance layer
corrosion products
Easy to machine

Operating at low current density

lower mechanical strength, very fragile

al
ua

tio
n

Consumption rate& current density

PD

Pr
o

Ev

Dimensions

PD

Pr
o

Characteristic of Magntite anode

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Magntite Anode

operates at high current densities with

extremely low dissolution
not susceptible to ripple in DC supply
no limit on DC voltage output
light weight and easy to install, removable for
inspection and reinstallment
centre cable-to-anode connection for uniform
current distribution and consumption of anode
surface

al
ua

tio
n

Type of magntite anode

Place: neutral soil and water without chlorine and sulphate content

Pr
o

Ev

Applications:shallow groundbeds, deep groundbeds

PD

Place :chlorine and/or sulphate containing soil or stagnant water

Applications :shallow groundbeds, deep groundbeds

tio
n

CANISTER FOR TYPE: MA-U + TYPE: MA-CS

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

Coke brackfill

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

Application

tio
n
Ev

al
ua

Place : flowing seawater or brackish water

Applications: platforms, jetties, harbours

PD

Pr
o

Place :chlorine containing soil or stagnant water

Applications: deep groundbeds open hole, deep groundbeds closed
hole, water tanks

Place : chlorine containing soil or stagnant water

Applications: deep groundbeds open hole, deep groundbeds closed
hole, water tanks

Passive film formation, high cost, high

breakdown potential, fair conductivity.

Titanium (Ti)

Passive film formation, low cost, low

breakdown potential, poor conductivity

Ev

al
ua

Niobium (Nb)

tio
n

Platinised Titanium/Niobium

PD

Pr
o

Pt/Ti-Nb- Rod anodes

Screw-in type Pt/Ti-Nb rod anodes with pressure

resistant head structure are widely used for internal
protection of condensers and other process equipment

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Pt/Ti-NbMesh anodes

PD

Pt/Ti-Nb Wire anodes

Pr
o

Pt/Ti-Nb mesh anodes are used for the protection

of reinforced concrete structures.

Pt/Ti-Nb wire anodes are used for the internal protection of water
tanks and pipelines.

tio
n

Electrochemical characteristics of impressed current anodes

Consumption
Rate (g/Ay)

Maximum current
(A/m)

Maximum
voltage(V)

MMO-SeawaterMMO-buried-

0.0006 to 0.006
0.006to 0.008

400to 1000
80to100

Platinised
titaniumseawater-

0.004to 0.012

Platinised
Niobiumseawater-

0.004to0.012

Lead silverseawater-

15to75

al
ua

Anode Materiels

500to1000

50

150to250

24

Pr
o

Ev

500to 1000

100to300

10to30

50

Magnetite-buried

2to 3

80to100

50

Graphite buried-

200to500

5to15

50

PD

Silicon iron
chrome-buried-

tio
n

Transformer rectifier

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

The rectifier transformers are used for current cathodic protection systems imposed from underground
structures or submerged.

PD

Transformer rectifier intrieur

Transformer rectifier extrieur

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Types of transformers rectifier

PD

Transformers rectifier Air cooled

Transformers rectifier oil cooled

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Air cooled standard Line

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Air Cooled UT & SW Series

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Air Cooled Gas Station Series

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Oil Cooled & Explosion Proof

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Oil Cooled & Explosion Proof

ORD Oil Cooled & Explosion Proof

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Rugged smaller rectifiers for lower output

applications under severe conditions
Maximum 200 watts & 20 amps single phase

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Air Cooled ES Line

PD

Low output, low cost, lightweight cathodic protection

rectifiers for underground
storage tanks and other low DC power cathodic
protection applications maximum 200 wattts & 10
amps

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Example of transforms rectifier forms

al
ua

At each regular cycle operator confirm type potential

value and manually adjust voltage and current in order
to maintain target potential value.

Automatic Rectifier

Pr
o

Ev

For maintaining initially set type potential value such

value is feed back by rectifier automatically thus
voltage and current is controlled accordingly.

PD

tio
n

Manual Rectifier

tio
n
al
ua

Rectifier

Tension entre

Tension sortie

Courant sortie

Type de
redresseur

Frquence

12,16,24,48,75,
100V DC

5,10,15,25,50,1
00,150,200,250,
300,400,500,60
0A DC

Silicium diode
Thyristor

50Hz/60Hz

PD

230v AC/400v
AC

Pr
o

Characteristic of transformers rectifier

Ev

Transformer

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Anode jonction box

Specifically construted for CP system installations

Sufficient number of terminals ( five terminals minimum) with associated hardware for number and size

of cables

PD

Equipped with variable resistors of adequate electrical rating for each anode
Equipped with combination bracket for pole or wall mounting

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Example of junction Box order form

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Test stations

Specifically constructed for CP system installations

PD

wire specified

Post is 7 foot long -3inch-diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with a1/2 inch-diameter, solid PVC cross bar unless other

Sufficient number of terminal ( five terminal minimum)with associated hardware for the number and size of cable

Vent Pipe

tio
n

Nominal 1-inch inside diameter

at surface
Pipe below surface can be larger

al
ua

than 1 inch in diameter and sized

as needed for depth of well and
per CP specification section

within the coke backfill column and

non slotted outside the limits of

PD

Pr
o

the coke backfill column

Ev

The vent pipe should be slotted

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Remote Monitoring Test Box

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Remote Monitoring Test Box

Definition of Ground bed

al
ua

System of buried or submerged anodes connected to positive terminal.

.

Types of ground beds

Deep-well GB

Horizontal shallow GB

Vertical shallow GB

Pr
o

Ev

PD

tio
n

cathodic protection system installation

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Deep-well GB
One or more anodes installed vertically at a nominal depth of 50 m or more below the
earth's surface.

Attach the first anode to centralizer

tio
n

Anode and vent pipe installation

The vent pipe should be installed with the first anode by attaching it to one of

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

the centralizer straps with a stainless clamp as shown in

tio
n

No anodes should be buried until the Earth has inspected the placement of anodes
and given permission to backfill

al
ua

coke backfill materiel should be introduced into the bottom of the drill hole using a pipe
is the length of the anode hole and a pumping action to fill the drill hole

PD

Pr
o

Ev

five feet of sand backfill placed on top of the coke backfill

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

tio
n

Shallow vertical groundbed ( depth 3m-5m)

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

The individual or multiple anode groundbed resistances can be determined using Dwight
formula or can be determined graphically

Shallow horizontal groundbed( depth 3m-5m)

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Sometimes due to unfavorable soil conditions shallow horizontal groundbeds are preferred.
Again earth resistances can be determined by calculation.

tio
n

Avantages & disavantages groundbed

Avantages

Disavantages

al
ua

Shallow ground bed resistance is higher in areas of high

resistivity surface soils.
Shallow ground beds are more affected by seasonal variations
than deep ground beds
It may not be possible to install a shallow ground bed in
congested areas and areas of interference.
Shallow ground bed may results in higher anodic potential
gradients to other structures than a deep ground bed.

PD

Pr
o

Ev

Shallow ground beds are less expensive to install than the deep
ground beds.
Current requirement tests that accurately simulate actual
installation are easy to conduct.
Shallow ground beds may be installed with anodes either in
vertical or in horizontal position. Vertical anode ground bed has
slight edge over the horizontal ground bed in terms of resistance
and current spread. However, field condition lead to the
selection.
Compaction of backfill material around the anode in a shallow
ground bed is easy to achieve.
Anodes may be added in a shallow ground bed after installation
if required, provided there is capacity in the power supply and
the cable.
Inspection, replacement or repair of ground bed components is
easy.
Determination of shallow ground bed performance is easy and
fairly accurate.

al
ua

tio
n

Cable Connections

Cable to - cable connection

Cable to - pipe connection

PD

Pr
o

Ev

tio
n

Cable to - cable connection

Ev

al
ua

straight joint

Application

PD

Pr
o

Low Voltage 1kV (1000v), Telecommunication

and Signalisation
- Underground, above ground, under water

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Jointing resin

Pr
o

Very high resistance against UV, chemicals and earth alkaline & sea water
High impact resistance

Low curing temperature

PD

No toxic emission

Good adhesion to all cable materials (PVC, PE, PP and XLPE)

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

Application

For cable-to-pipe connection :

al
ua

tio
n

Cable to - pipe connection

Ev

1- Thermite ( Cad / Exothermic ) Welding

2- Pin Brazing

PD

Pr
o

3- Mechanical connection ( for gas pipelines )

tio
n

Thermite welding

al
ua

Crucible

Disks

PD

Pr
o

Ev

Cartridge

Cartridge

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Thermite Plastic Weld Cap

No Liquid Primer Needed

Easy Field-Applied Corrosion Protection
Ideal for Keyhole Applications
Elastomeric Compound Encases Weld
Profile
Serrations Conform to Small Diameter

Application

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Thermite Welding

tio
n

Protecting the Thermite Weldment

PD

Self-adhesive
Handy-cap

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

al
ua

tio
n

Pin Brazing

Pins & Ferrules

Pin Brazing Unit

PD

Ev
Pr
o

Grinder

Pistol / Gun

Lug

al
ua

tio
n

Application

Ev

1 Clean the surface

2 Load gun with pin &

Pr
o

ferrule

PD

4 Test connection

3 pin braze

connection of gas

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Mechanical Connection : recommended for drain point

pipelines

Electrical Isolation(Insulation)

tio
n

AC Fault Currents
Mitigation of induced AC Voltages
Lightning

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

Isolation joint Flange kit

al
ua

tio
n

Isolation joint Flange kit

PD

Pr
o

Type E Gaskets extend to the

outside diameter of the flange.
They feature precision located
bolt holes, to automatically center
the gasket, and offer maximum
protection against foreign
material shorting-out the flange

Ev

Type E Gaskets

Type F Gaskets

Type "F" gaskets are made without

bolt holes, to fit tightly inside the
overall bolt hold circle of the flange
faces. The outside diameter of the
gasket fits tightly in place, assuring a
well centered position.

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Polarization cell

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Monoblock joints

PD

Resistance in air: greater than 5 M

Testing voltage: 3 000 V - 50 Hz
Hydraulic test pressure: 1.5 x PN
Temperature: up to 70 C

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Surge Protection

Specification
Type

EC-Type Examination Certificate

DC Spark-Over Voltage
AC Spark-Over Voltage (50Hz)

Pr
o

Impulse Spark-Over Voltage at 5kV/

-for 99% of measured values (Wave 1.2/50, 6kV)

Max. Impulse Discharge Current (wave 8/20)

Nominal Impulse Discharge Current (wave 8/20)
Max. Lightening Impulse Current Iipm (10/350)
Charge
Specific Energy
Insulation Resistance at 100VDC
Capacitance at 1MHz
Weight

PD

Casing

Degree of Protection
Operating and Storage Temperature
Ordering Code

HGS 100 EX
400 . 750 kV
> 500 Vrms
< 1500 V
150 kA
75 kA
100 kA
50 As
2500 kJ/
>1G
5 pF
535 g
Korundum/ binary resin with an external
Steel Coat, resistant to climatic effects
IP66
-40.+90oC
100 04

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Application

PD

Pr
o

Spark Gap Fitted

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Carrier pipeline insulators

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

Application

tio
n

Anode connection

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

Anodes cables are connected to anode / positive junction box

Each anode can be connected via a variable resistance to control the
current output
A header cable connects the AJB to e +Ve terminal of T/R

PD

Main Cable to +ve

Terminal of T/R
Direct connection to +ve bus bar

Positive Junction Box

Anode Cables from

GB

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Anode connection

al
ua
Pr
o

Ev

Main Cable to +ve

Terminal of T/R

Connection via variable

resistance

PD

Anode Cables from GB

tio
n

Anode connection

Positive Junction Box

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Impressed current anodes are some

times packaged with the
Carbonaceous backfill.

tio
n

Safety and Testing

Do not test electrical equipment when it is raining

Approach a rectifier carefully

Ev

Check for grounding using an AC voltmeter

al
ua

Safety

All work performed on the rectifier should take place with the power off at both the rectifier and an external

PD

Pr
o

circuit breaker

tio
n

Testing

1-Structure electrical continuity

Voltage difference between the cable

Ev

3- Static anode to electrolyte potentials

al
ua

2-Test station integrity

At anode location for impressed current system

PD

Pr
o

At each test station enclosure for galvanic anodes

metalwork
At each individual test station location

tio
n

4-Static structure to soil potentials of the buried and submerged

al
ua

Portable reference electrode placed as close to buried metalwork

as possible

Ev

Current output of each individual anode in junction box

Pr
o

Variable resistor setting for each anode and structure

5- Cable connection to rectifier

PD

terminal

Structure cable must be connected to the Negative DC output

Anode cable must be connected to the positive DC output

terminal

al
ua

Time between testing cycles is 30 to 60 days

tio
n

6-Second and Subsequent Testing Cycles

Cathodic protection system not adjusted between

Ev

testing cycles

PD

Pr
o

All testing during the first testing cycle repeated

tio
n

Mesurement potentiel

Copper / Copper Sulfate

Silver / Silver Chloride

Soil

Sea Water

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

Structure/Electrolyte Potential is measure by means of a reference

electrode :

Copper sulfate

Silver chloride

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Copper / Copper Sulfate

Typical Arrangement for

Pipe to Soil
Measurement

al
ua

CopperRod
Copper

CuSO4 Saturated
Solution
HIGH SO42- IONS
CONTENT

tio
n

Copper / Copper Sulfate

AVO meter

Cu

SO42-

Ev

Cu2+

SO42-

Pr
o

Porous Disc

Sulfate ions migrate

PD

from CSE to soil

H2O (Soil) HIGH WATER CONTENT

Water molecules

migrate into CSE

Pipe

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

PD
Pr
o

tio
n

al
ua

Ev

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

corrosion Potentiels in soil and seawater

PD

The value 850 mV is the CP criterion for protecting steel in

aggressive soils
The value 800 mV is the CP criterion for protecting steel in
aggressive seawater

Soil resistivity

al
ua

tio
n

Soil represents the electrolyte

Soils with low resistivity have high conductivity; i.e. corrosive

Corrosivity

up to 1,000

Severely corrosive

1,000-5,000
5,000-10,000

Ev

Soil resistivity (ohm.cm)

Corrosive

Moderately corrosive
Slightly corrosive

20,000 and above

Non-corrosive

Pr
o

10,000-20,000

PD

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

For Measurement of Soil Resistivity

Pr
o

Power Unit

Kit

PD

Stainless Steel Pins

Cables

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Test Posts for CP Monitoring

tio
n

Application

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

Copper / Copper Sulfate

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Silver / Silver Chloride

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Avantages of sacrificial and Impressed current

PD

Pr
o

Ev

al
ua

tio
n

Disavantages of sacrificial and Impressed current