Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Members
Dotillos, Jay G.
Famadico, Daryl M.
Logdat, Lizaflor J.
Mariano, Cesario Jr. S.
Rosas, Roy
2013
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Perspective view of 7 storey condominium.....................................................................................8
Figure 1-2 Steps of design project..................................................................................................................10
Figure 2-1 Framing plan of the 7-storey condominium...................................................................................11
Figure 2-2 Front elevation & rear elevation....................................................................................................13
Figure 2-3 Right side and left side elevation..................................................................................................14
Figure 2-4 Basement level for parking lot.......................................................................................................15
Figure 2-5 Ground floor plan for commercial use...........................................................................................16
Figure 2-6 2nd to 7th floor plan for residential use.........................................................................................17
Figure 2-7 Roof deck plan...............................................................................................................................18
Figure 2-8 Occupancy plan for ground floor...................................................................................................19
Figure 2-9 Occupancy plan for 2nd to 7th floor..............................................................................................20
Figure 2-10 Framing plan for ground floor......................................................................................................21
Figure 2-11 Framing plan for 2nd to 7th floor.................................................................................................22
Figure 3-1 Ranking scale for percent difference.............................................................................................24
Figure 4-1 Flowchart of structural design.......................................................................................................33
Figure 4-2 Structural frame for Rolled Section...............................................................................................34
Figure 4-3 Orientation of girders, beams and columns for ground floor.........................................................35
Figure 4-4 Orientation of girders, beams and columns for 2nd to 7th floor....................................................36
Figure 4-5 Seismic-resisting frame of the structure........................................................................................37
Figure 4-6 Gravity load frame of the structure................................................................................................37
Figure 4-7 Foundation plan.............................................................................................................................38
Figure 4-8 Completed model of steel frame using STAAD Pro......................................................................43
Figure 4-9 Critical frame for seismic analysis.................................................................................................44
Figure 4-10 Displacement of the critical frame...............................................................................................45
Figure 4-11Bending stress for critical frame...................................................................................................45
Figure 4-12 Designers classification for connections.....................................................................................54
Figure 4-13 Double Angle Welded Connections (DAW-1)..............................................................................55
Figure 4-14 Double Angle Bolted Connections (DAB-1)................................................................................55
Figure 4-15 Orientation of intermediate beam for Simple Connection (DAW-1 and DAB-1).........................55
Figure 4-16 Sample design of Double Angle Welded connection (DAW-1)...................................................56
Figure 4-17 Effective area of fillet weld...........................................................................................................56
Figure 4-18 Sample design of Double Angle Bolted connection (DAB-1)......................................................57
Figure 4-19 Possible block shear failures (DAB-1).........................................................................................57
Figure 4-20 Seismic-resisting frame (WFP-1 and BFP-1)..............................................................................58
Figure 4-21 Bolted Flange Plate (BFP-1).......................................................................................................58
List of Tables
Table 2-1 Room Classification and Corresponding Area................................................................................12
Table 3-1Designer Raw Rankings for Sections..............................................................................................25
Table 3-2Initial Cost Estimate for Sections (Rolled and Built-up)...................................................................26
Table 3-3 Initial Duration of Construction for Sections (Built-up)....................................................................26
Table 3-4 Designer Raw Rankings for Simple Connections...........................................................................27
Table 3-5 Initial Cost Estimate for Simple Connections (DAB and DAW)......................................................28
Table 3-6 Initial Duration of Construction for Simple Connection (DAB and DAW).......................................28
Table 3-7 Designer Raw Rankings for Moment Connections.........................................................................29
Table 3-8 Initial Cost Estimate for Moment Connection (BFP and WFP).......................................................30
Table 3-9 Initial Duration of Construction for Moment Connection (BFP and WFP)......................................30
Table 4-1 Uniform Loads on Slab Produce by Gravity Loads in kPa.............................................................40
Table 4-2 Occupancy Live Loads....................................................................................................................41
Table 4-3 Load Combination used in STAAD Pro V8i....................................................................................41
Table 4-4 Tabulated Seismic Parameters.......................................................................................................42
Table 4-5 Wind Load Parameters...................................................................................................................43
Table 4-6 Maximum Moment in Critical frame................................................................................................44
Table 4-7 Trial Sections for Design of Beam..................................................................................................47
Table 4-8 Classification of W12 X 279 Rolled Section...................................................................................47
Table 4-9 Uniform Loads on Slab Produce by Gravity Loads in kPa.............................................................67
Table 4-10 Occupancy Live Loads..................................................................................................................68
Table 4-11 Load Combination used in STAAD Pro V8i...................................................................................68
Table 4-12 Tabulated Seismic Parameters.....................................................................................................69
Table 4-13 Wind Load Parameters.................................................................................................................70
Table 4-14 Maximum Moment in Critical frame..............................................................................................71
Table 4-15 Trial Sections for Design of Beam................................................................................................74
Table 4-16 Classification of BW 800 X 296 Rolled Section............................................................................74
Table 4-17 Designer Rankings for Sections...................................................................................................85
Table 4-18 Cost Estimate for Sections (Rolled and Built-up).........................................................................86
Table 4-19 Duration of Construction for Sections (Rolled and Built-up).........................................................87
Table 4-20 Safety of Sections against Lateral Force (Rolled and Built-up)....................................................87
Table 4-21 Designer Rankings for Simple Connections (Built-up Section)....................................................88
Table 4-22 Cost Estimate for Simple Connections (DAB Connections).........................................................89
Table 4-23 Cost Estimate for Simple Connections (DAW Connections)........................................................89
Table 4-24 Duration of Construction for Simple Connection (DAB and DAW)...............................................89
List of Acronyms
ASD
ASEP
AISC
ASCE
ASTM
CJP
DAB
DAW
BFP
WFP
NSCP
NBC
UBC
WSD
STAAD
SMAW
8
Figure 1-1 Perspective view of 7 storey condominium
Design a seven storey condominium in accordance with codes and engineering standards
Evaluate the influence of multiple constraints dictated by the clients and design requirements,
tradeoffs and standards to come up with economical design of the structure
Provide cost estimate for structural works
for the final design, the designers compared the specific constraints variables with appropriate civil
engineering practice standard performance measure like safety against displacement, stresses, and other
collapse patterns.
10
11
Room
description
Parking slot
Area
(sq.m)
13
Access stair/Fire
exit
Elevator
Ground floor
Room
description
Commercial 1
Area
(sq.m)
39.2
Ground floor
Commercial 2
39.2
Sq.m
Ground floor
Commercial 3
39.2
Sq.m
Ground floor
Commercial 4
39.2
Sq.m
Ground floor
Commercial 5
39.2
Sq.m
Office 1
Office 2
Office 3
Office 4
Office 5
Office 6
Office 7
Access stair/Fire
exit
Elevator
Public Comport
room
Public Comport
29
29
39
39
39
29
29
1
2
6.6
Sq.m
Sq.m
Sq.m
Sq.m
Sq.m
Sq.m
Sq.m
Piece
s
Lifter
Sq.m
8.9
Sq.m
Basement
level
Basement
level
Basement
level
Location
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
floor
floor
floor
floor
floor
floor
floor
floor
Ground floor
Ground floor
Ground floor
12
Unit
Remarks
Slots
2.5m x 5m
Piece
s
Lifter
Unit
Remarks
Sq.m
Health
Health
Health
Health
Health
room
Location
2nd to 6th
level
2nd to 6th
level
2nd to 6th
level
2nd to 6th
level
2nd to 6th
level
2nd to 6th
level
2nd to 6th
level
2nd to 6th
level
2nd to 6th
level
2nd to 6th
level
2nd to 6th
level
Location
2nd to 6th
level
2nd to 6th
level
Location
Roof deck
Room
description
Access stair/Fire
exit
Elevator
Area
(sq.m)
2
Unit
Remarks
-------
Piece
s
Lifter
Dwelling unit 1
36
Sq.m
Dwelling unit 2
40.2
Sq.m
Dwelling unit 3
38.2
Sq.m
Dwelling unit 4
40.2
Sq.m
Dwelling unit 5
36
Sq.m
Dwelling unit 6
38.2
Sq.m
Dwelling unit 7
36
Sq.m
40.2
Sq.m
38.2
Sq.m
Room
description
Dwelling unit 11
Area
(sq.m)
36
Unit
Sq.m
Dwelling unit 12
38.2
Sq.m
Room
description
Open space
Area
(sq.m)
595
Unit
Remarks
Sq.m
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
result schemed ways for potential savings when using steel materials. Davison and Owens
(2003) noted that frame in the steel building has a greater percentage in the entire budget of
the structural design. Among the components of the steel structure, the frames can consist30%
in the total cost of construction (Davison & Owens, 2003). With savings in mind, the designers
considered rolled and built-up sections for the column and beams for the frames and check
which of these two materials will give lesser cost in the construction of frame.
The designers also explored on savings in the connection design. The designers considered
two types of connection design for seismic resistance framing, gravity load frames and simply
supported beams. For simply supported beams, double angle welded and double angle bolted
under simple connection is used. For seismic resisting and gravity load frames, welded flange
plate and bolted flange plate under moment connection is used. Overall, the designers want to
produce lower cost of construction in both sections and connection of steel frame.
2. Constructability (Duration of connection). The designers thought on the process of erection
of the structural framing considering ease of installing column and beam framing through
connection type. The designers will determine the man-hour of two alternative method of
connection to check where we can save on labor.
3. Environmental (Resistance to seismic effects). Having considered the constructability of
structure either using rolled or built-up sections, it is also reasonable to look at the safety of the
structure. This must be capable to withstand lateral loads such as seismic, wind loads and
gravity loads.
3.2 Trade-offs
As a startup, when coming up with the design trade-offs, the designers wanted something that will satisfy
the economical, constructability and environmental constraints. For material sections, choosing between
rolled and built-up will provide the appropriate sections satisfying the cost and capability to resist lateral
loads. For connections, the designers will select the type of connection that will provide cheaper alternative
but facilitates easy installation.
In the design of steel frame for 7-storey condominium, a trade-off on steel frame section and connection
are considered. A strategy for steel frame might be to select the performance of rolled and built-up sections
for column and beam members of steel frame, the connection for simply supported beams using double
angle welded and double angle bolted under simple connection and welded flange plate and bolted flange
plate under moment connection for seismic-resisting frames. These trade-off materials are designed in
accordance with the design constraints such as economic, constructability and environmental (safety).The
design choice will be adopted for the entire column and beam members of the steel frame. The details
about the trade-off materials are discussed in chapter 4.
24
Using the model on trade-off strategies in engineering design (Otto & Antonson, 1991), the importance of
each criterion (on scale of 0 to 5, 5 with the highest importance) was assigned and each design
methodologys ability to satisfy the criterion (on a scale from -5 to 5, 5 with the highest ability to satisfy the
criterion) was likewise tabulated. The designers computed the ability to satisfy the criterion using this
procedure.
Computation of ranking for ability to satisfy criterion of materials:
(Higher Value Lower Value)
% difference = (Higher Value)
Eq. 3.1
Subordinate Rank = Governing Rank (% difference) x 10
Eq. 3.2
The governing rank is the subjective choice of the designer. In assigning the value for the criterions
importance and the ability to satisfy the criterion, the designers would subjectively choose any desired
value. This subjective value depends on the initial estimate, say for economic criterion, which the designer
can initially select. The subordinate rank in Eq. 3.2 is a variable that corresponds to its percentage distance
from the governing rank along the ranking scale.
As shown in Figure 3.1 the distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number
of scale that is 10. The product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
Criterion's
Importance
(scale of 0 to 5)
1. Economic (Cost)
2. Manufacturability
25
(Fabrication Duration)
Total =
30
28
*Reference: Otto, K. N. and Antonsson, E. K., (1991). Trade-off strategies in engineering design. Research in Engineering Design, volume 3, number 2,
pages 87-104.Retrieved from http://www.design.caltech.edu/Research/Publications/90e.pdf on March 11, 2013
The designers initial ranking for sections, the economic criterion importance is ranked as five (5) because
the client specified that the budget must be minimal and enough for its area. Manufacturability constraints
ranked as three (3) because the designers fabricate their own built-up sections. On the other hand,
fabrication of sections will not affect the duration of construction. The environmental criterion was not
ranked because we do not have data yet to evaluate its importance.
The discussions on the choice of the governing and subjective ranking on the ability to satisfy the criterion
are as follows:
Economic (Cost).Built-up sections obtained higher ranking since the designers assumed that built-up
members can be fabricated to the exact size needed to meet the loading in each part of
the structure. By comparison, with rolled sections, designers select appropriate size for
the section that will meet the critical load, so they have to be heavier overall. Therefore,
the lesser the weight of the sections, the lesser the cost will be.
Manufacturability (Fabrication Duration).Based on fabrication of sections, rolled sections got higher ranking
than the built-up sections because it is ready for use.
Total
Rolled Section
Php14,474,670
Built-up Section
Php10,962,180
26
Where:
14,474,67010,962,180
x 10=2.42 say 2
14,474,670
Loosing Rank=52=3
The distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number of scale that is 10. The
product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
Duration
1654 Man-hour
2923 Man-hour
difference=
29231654
x 10=4.36 say 4
2923
Loosing Rank=54=1
The distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number of scale that is 10. The
product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
.
Table 3-5 Designer Raw Rankings for Simple Connections
Decision Criteria for
Criterion's
27
(scale from -5 to 5)
Double Angle Bolted
Double Angle Welded
Simple Connections
Importance
(scale of 0 to 5)
1. Economic (Cost)
2. Constructability
(Construction Duration)
-1
35
22
Total =
*Reference: Otto, K. N. and Antonsson, E. K., (1991). Trade-off strategies in engineering design. Research in Engineering Design, volume 3, number 2,
pages 87-104.Retrieved from http://www.design.caltech.edu/Research/Publications/90e.pdf on March 11, 2013
In initial designers ranking for simple shear connections, economic ranked as five (5) in the criterions
importance since installation of connection will provide more expenses in erection of frame. Constructability
ranked as three (3) because the duration of erection for frame construction are based on the installation
process of connections.
Economic (Cost).Double angle Welded got higher ranking because the materials used for this connections
are cheaper than the cost of bolts used for double angle bolted connections. However,
welded produced higher cost in labor than bolted connections that is why the rankings
are almost equal.
Constructability (Construction Duration).Bolted connections design obtained higher ranking because
comparatively, it offers ease of construction and facilitates speed because of more
automated materials for installation.
Initial Cost Estimate for Simple Connections (Double Angle Welded and Double Angle Bolted)
Tables 3-5 and 3-6 listed below are the total cost estimates and installation of connections which show the
difference between Double Angle Welded (DAW) and Double Angle Bolted (DAB). The rankings for ability of
materials to satisfy the criterions are also computed after the table using the model on trade-off strategies
in engineering design by Otto and Antonsson (1991). Detailed computation is attached in the Appendix B.
Table 3-6 Initial Cost Estimate for Simple Connections (DAB and DAW)
Type of connection
D.A
connection
D.A
connection
Welded
Bolted
Material cost
Constructability
(man-hour)
Php116460.8
794 man-hr
Php164579
372 man-hr
28
Total Cost
Php 166,061.00
Php 180,854.00
difference=
180,854166,061
x 10=0.82 say 1
180,854
Loosing Rank=51=4
The distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number of scale that is 10. The
product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
Table 3-7 Initial Duration of Construction for Simple Connection (DAB and DAW)
Type of Materials
Double Angle
Welded
Double Angle
Bolted
Duration
794 Man-hour
372 Man-hour
difference=
794372
x 10=5.3
794
29
Criterion's
Importance
(scale of 0 to 5)
1. Economic (Cost)
2. Constructability
(Construction Duration)
-2
35
19
Total =
*Reference: Otto, K. N. and Antonsson, E. K., (1991). Trade-off strategies in engineering design. Research in Engineering Design, volume 3, number 2,
pages 87-104.Retrieved from http://www.design.caltech.edu/Research/Publications/90e.pdf on March 11, 2013
In initial designers ranking for moment connections, economic ranked as five (5) in the criterions
importance since the clients specified to optimize the budget while it will provide more expenses in
installation. Constructability ranked as three (3) because the duration of erection for frame construction are
based on the installation process of connections.
Economic (Cost).Double angle Welded got higher ranking because the materials used for this connections
are cheaper than the cost of bolts used for double angle bolted connections. However,
welded produced higher cost in labor than bolted connections that is why the rankings
are almost equal.
Constructability (Construction Duration).Bolted connections design obtained higher ranking because
comparatively, it offers ease of construction and facilitates speed because of more
automated materials for installation.
Initial Cost Estimate for Moment Connections (Welded Flange Plate and Bolted Flange Plate)
Table 3.8 and 3.9 listed below are the total cost estimates and installation of connections which show the
difference between Welded Flange Plate (WFP) and Bolted Flange Plate (BFP). The rankings for ability of
materials to satisfy the criterions are also computed after the table using the model on trade-off strategies
in engineering design by Otto and Antonsson (1991).Detailed computation is attached in the Appendix B.
Table 3-9 Initial Cost Estimate for Moment Connection (BFP and WFP)
Type of connection
Material cost
Php 71,754.88
Constructability
(man-hour)
397 man-hour
30
Total Cost
Php 96,584.88
Php 101,401.9
229 man-hour
Php 111,429.4
difference=
111,429.496,584.88
x 10=1.33 say 1
111,429.4
Loosing Rank=51=4
The distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number of scale that is 10. The
product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
Table 3-10 Initial Duration of Construction for Moment Connection (BFP and WFP)
Type of Materials
Welded Flange
Plate
Bolted Flange
Plate
Duration
917 Man-hour
229 Man-hour
31
Where:
difference=
917229
x 10=7.50 say 8
917
Loosing Rank=58=3
The distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number of scale that is 10. The
product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
The discussions below explain how the designers came up with their criteria about the ability of the
construction method in the aspect of structural frame used.
1. Economic (Cost).The designers ranking are computed based on the trade-off strategies on the
engineering design (Otto & Antonson, 1921). The rankings considered that the built-up sections are
more economical since the designers can fabricate members to the exact size needed to meet the
loading in each part of the structure. By comparison, with rolled sections, designers size their
sections to meet their critical load, so they have to be heavier overall. Therefore, the lesser the
weight of the sections, the lesser the cost will be.
In terms of ranking connections, bolted connections requires nuts, washers and bolts that maybe a
little expensive than welding rods and this connection will not normally as strong as welded
because of reduction of area caused by drilling the holes. In terms of installation, welded
connection requires skilled welder that may cost high labor cost. These materials and labor costs
are considered in ranking of designers for both simple and moment connections.
2. Constructability (Duration of Construction). The designers ranking are based on construction
methodology. What are more important in this part are the connections that link each member of
the structure. For both simple and moment connections, bolted connections design obtained higher
rating because comparatively, it offers ease of construction and facilitates speed because of more
automated materials for installation.
Ultimately, the cost factor is the most essential consideration in the design of sections and both
simple and moment connections.
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) vol. 1-2010 edition (PD1096)
32
2
3
4
5
1. The National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010.This structural code provides minimum
requirements for building structural systems using prescriptive and performance-based provisions. It is
founded on broad-based principles that make possible the use of new materials and new building
designs. It is also designed to meet these needs through various model codes/regulations, to
safeguard the public health and safety nationwide. This is the main reference for the design procedure
of the structure.
Material Strength. Materials conforming specifications of NSCP 6th edition 2010 were used in the
design of the project.
Loadings.Dead loads, live loads and environmental loads (wind and earthquake) are the forces
acting on the structure. Dead loads are consists of the weight of all materials of construction and
partition loads that are presented in the next chapter. Live loads shall be the maximum loads
expected by the occupancy; these loads are attached in chapter 4 as well. The required lateral
loads due to wind and earthquake forces shall be separately calculated.
Wind Loads.The wind load is calculated in STAAD Pro using specifications adopted in American
Society of Civil Engineers ASCE7-05 and based on procedure as stated in NSCP 2010, section
207.
Seismic Loads.The structure shall be designed and constructed to resist the effect of seismic
ground motion as provided in section 208 of NSCP 6 th edition (2010).
Load Combinations. Steel sections shall be designed using the Allowable Stress Design method
using the following combination
:
:
:
:
DL + LL
DL + 0.75 LL
DL + WL
DL + 0.7 EL
:
:
:
33
DL + 0.75 WL + 0.75 LL
0.6 DL + WL
0.6 DL + 0.7 EL
Deformation Limits. Structures or structural members shall be checked such that the maximum
deformation does not exceed the following:
a. Beams and Girders. Beams and girders supporting floors and roof shall be proportioned with due
regard to the deflection produced by the design loads. Considering then the total deflection, which
is due to the additional live loads, occurring after attachment of non-structural elements shall not
exceed L/360.
2. The National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096).The National Building Code of the
Philippines, also known as Presidential Decree No. 1096 was formulated and adopted as a uniform
building code to embody up-to-date and modern technical knowledge on building design, construction,
use, occupancy and maintenance. The Code provides for all buildings and structures, a framework of
minimum standards and requirements to regulate and control location, site, design, and quality of
materials, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance.
A. Loading
B. Steel
:
:
contents the framing, connections, slabs, supports, basement, and elevator specifications. Next is the final
decision of the designers for the structure regarding the presented trade-offs, followed by loadings
considering dead loads, live loads, seismic loads and wind loads. After physical modeling, the structure was
analyzed and then finally the design of the entire structure.
In accordance to section 208.4 of NSCP 6 th Edition (2010), the structural system that we used is classified
as dual system because of the integration of moment frames and shear wall. Resistance to lateral load is
provided by shear wall and moment-resisting frames shall be designed to independently resist at least 25
percent of the design base shear. The 75% of base shear shall be resisted by the shear wall.
Figure 4-17 Orientation of girders, beams and columns for ground floor
Figure 4-18
Orientation of girders, beams and columns for 2nd to 7th floor
4.2.1.1.1 Column-Beam
Connections
For column-beam connection we considered two types of connection design for seismic resistance framing
and gravity framing system. For gravity framing system, simply supported beams, double angle welded and
double angle bolted under simple connection is used. For seismic resisting and gravity load frames, welded
flange plate and bolted flange plate under moment connection is used.
Figure 4-5 shows the highlighted members in red assigned as seismic-resisting frame of the structure. The
seismic-resisting frame acted as support and resistance to lateral loads. The designers assumed the
column-beam members intersections on this frame to be fixed at both ends.
Figure 4-6 shows the location for gravity load frame of the steel building. The gravity load frames provided
resistance to all vertical loads and assumed pinned at both ends. In this case, the degrees of freedom were
restricted to rotational displacement for moment Z.
minimum design loads and standards for construction and the National Structural Code of the Philippines
provided the detailed standards and loads for actual design.
4.2.1.5.1 Primary Loadings
Dead Loads
Corresponding loads of the following materials listed below were based on section 204 of NSCP 6 th edition
(2010). The actual weights of materials are applied in determining dead loads; minimum values per floor
are permitted in Tables 4-1.
1. Masonry concrete (Solid portion) = 23.6 kPa
2. Steel decking 18 gage = 0.14 kPa
3. Ceramic of Quarry tile (20mm) on 25 mm mortar bed = 1.53 kPa
4. Concrete masonry units
A. Exterior wall Concrete masonry, 150 mm width thickness (Including plaster w/ an
additional of 0.24 kPa on both sides) = 3.32 kPa
B. Interior wall Concrete masonry, 100 mm width thickness (Including plaster w/ an
additional of 0.24 kPa on both sides) = 3.17 kPa
5. Wall partition loads based on section 204.3 of NSCP 6 th edition (2010) where office buildings and
other buildings where partition location are subject to change shall e designed to support, in
addition to all other loads, a uniformly distributed dead load = 1 kPa of floor area
6. Ceiling system
A. Suspended metal lath and gypsum board =0.48 kPa
B. Mechanical duct allowance = 0.20 kPa
Table 4-11 Uniform Loads on Slab Produce by Gravity Loads in kPa
Ground floor
Floor level
Basement level
Occupancy
Category
Description
Parking
Parking
Lobbies and
office
Corridor
office
Office use
commercial
Storage whole
Dead load(kPa)
12.0
5.3
5.3
5.3
2nd to 7th
commercial
Office and
commercial
Residential
Residential
Residential
Residential
sale
General storage
6.3
Exit Facilities
5.3
6.3
5.3
6.3
6.3
Roof deck
Live Loads
Table 4-2 below shows the summarized loadings for types of occupancy to be considered in the design of
live load which is based on section 205.3.1 table 205.1 of NSCP 6 th edition (2010) for the Minimum uniform
floor live load.
Table 4-12 Occupancy Live Loads
Floor level
Basement level
Ground floor
2nd to 7th
Ground floor
Roof deck
Occupancy
Live load(kPa)
Category
Description
1.9
Lobbies and
office
4.8
Corridor
office
Office use
2.4
Storage whole
commercial
6.0
sale
commercial
General storage
4.8
Office and
Exit Facilities
4.8
commercial
Residential
Basic Floor area
1.9
Residential
Corridor
3.8
Residential
Restrooms
1.9
Residential
storage
1.9
Same as area served of occupancy
Description
DL + LL
Parameters
Combination for ASD from NSCP
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
DL + 0.75 LL
DL + WL
DL + 0.7 EL
DL + 0.7 EL
DL + 0.75 WL + 0.75 LL
DL + 0.525 EL + 0.75 LL
DL + 0.525 EL + 0.75 LL
0.6 DL + WL
0.6 DL + 0.7 EL
0.6 DL + 0.7 EL
:
:
:
:
:
:
Value
0.4
1
5.5
5.5
3
1.2
1.6
:
:
:
:
Value
Category IV
200 km/h
Exposure B
Building Structure
ASCE 7 (2010) for the wind intensities. We also inputted the seismic parameters as described in section
4.2.1.5.3. Then, we entered primary and load combinations.
The supports for the structure were all assumed the column bases to be pinned, that are, not transmitting
any bending moments to the foundation.
Shown in Figure 4-8 is the completed model in STAAD Pro.
BEAMS
Designation
As shown in Figure 4-10 horizontal displacements or drifts of the critical frame are computed, these results
must not exceed the allowable drift as required by section 208.5.9 of the NSCP 6 th edition (2010). From the
result of STAAD Pro v8i, the maximum horizontal drift of the structure (41 mm) does not exceed the
allowable drift of 75 mm.
In the design of beams sections, we initially assumed the beams as non-compact. This assumption gives
allowance or factor of safety than the other possible compactness of section. From this assumption, the
designers computed the section modulus that serves as basis in the selection of appropriate section for the
final design. This section is to be selected from rolled shapes section as provided in ASEP Steel Handbook.
The designers must select at least equal or greater than from the initial computed value and check its
adequacy from all possible failures of the section. This involves shear, bending and deflection failures as
discussed below.
Considering the maximum moment of 918 kN-m acting on the critical beam member from moment resisting
frame, initial section modulus is to be computed using this equation:
Sx =
With the computed section modulus, the designers may now select trial sections from the ASEP steel
handbook for the final design as Listed in Table 4-7.
Table 4-17 Trial Sections for Design of Beam
Section
W 24 x 162
W 18 x 211
W12 x 279
Section modulus
Beam depth ( d )
635 mm
525.02 mm
402.59 mm
Web thickness
(t w )
17.92 mm
26.92 mm
38.86 mm
Section
W 24 x 162
W 18 x 211
W12 x 279
b
Flange base ( f )
329.06 mm
293.50 mm
333.76 mm
Flange thickness
(t f )
30.99 mm
48.51 mm
62.74 mm
241 mm
314 mm
415 mm
From the selected sections, the designers chose to design the lightest section which is W12 X 279 to
provide lesser cost for the steel material.
Table 4-18 Classification of W12 X 279 Rolled Section
Stiffen element
b f /2t f
2.659
Un-stiffen element
d /t w
10.36
170/
F y
10.79
Remarks
1680/
Compact
F y
Remarks
106.68
Compact
Since the section is compact, therefore the allowable bending stress is equal to 0.66
Fy
= Fb. The
actual bending stress must not exceed the allowable bending stress; the stress can be computed using
formula:
For Bending Stress of Beams:
fb=
Where:
M
< Fb
Sx
Equation 4.2.1.2
fb
Fb
(Strong axis)
Fb=0.75 Fy
(Weak axis)
Equation 4.2.1.3
Equation 4.2.1.4
2 tf Fy
Equation 4.2.1.5
d 1680
tw Fy
And when
Equation 4.2.1.6
Lb < Lc
Where:
Lc
L1 =
200bf
Fy
L1 =
Lu
is the larger of
L1
and
L2
Equation 4.2.1.7
137900
Fy d
bf tf
Equation 4.2.1.8
For partially compact sections bending about strong and weak axes
Fb=Fy 0.790.000762
Fb=Fy 1.0750.0019
bf
Fy
2 tf
bf
Fy
2 tf
Equation 4.2.1.9
Equation 4.2.1.10
Lb > Lc
but
Equation 4.2.1.11
Lb < Lu
Check whether :
Lb > Lc
but
Lb > Lu
703270 Cb L
3516330Cb
< <
Fy
rt
Fy
Equation 4.2.1.12
(a)
(b)
L/ rt 2
Fy
2
3
Fb =F y
Fb =
Equation 4.2.1.13
82740Cb
Ld
bf tf
Equation 4.2.1.14
703270 Cb L
3516330Cb
< >
Fy
rt
Fy
(a)
(b)
Where:
L/rt 2
1172100 Cb
Fb =
Fb =
Equation 4.2.1.15
82740Cb
Ld
bf tf
Equation 4.2.1.16
M1
M1 2
Cb=1.75+1.05
+0.3
< 2.3
M2
M2
( )
M1
M2
M1
M2
M1
M2
M1
M2
Note: Since the beam section is compact, the actual bending stress is equal to 142.55 MPa which is less
than the allowable bending stress of 163.68 MPa. Therefore, W 12 X 279 rolled section is SAFE for
bending stress.
h 998
tw Fy
F v =0.40 F y
Equation 4.2.1.17
Equation
4.2.1.18
But if
h 998
>
tw Fy
F v=
Fy Cv
0.40 F y
2.89
Equation 4.2.1.19
Equation 4.2.1.20
Where:
h/tw 2
Fy
310264 Kv
C v=
C v=
500
h/tw
K v =4.00+
a
K v =5.34 +
Kv
Fy
5.34
4.00
When
C v < 0.80
When
C v > 0.80
When
a/ h< 1.0
When
a/ h> 1.0
Note: based on Eq. 4.2.1.17, 7.13 < 63.37, the allowable shearing stress is 0.40 Fy = Fv or equal to
V
d (tw)
L
360 of span. For the design of the beams, two types of load
occurred.
For uniformly loaded beams which are simply supported at both ends, the maximum deflection can be
computed using formula.
4
5W L
=
384 EI
Equation 4.2.1.21
And for two concentrated load acting on fixed end beams, the maximum deflection is computed using.
5P L
648 EI
Equation 4.2.1.22
KL
< Cc
r
KL /r 2
Fy
F .S.
1
F a=
(Intermediate Column)
Equation 4.2.1.23
KL /r
5 3( KL/r)
F . S .= +
3
8C c
Equation 4.2.1.24
2 2 E
Fy
Where:
C c=
When:
KL
> Cc
r
(Long Column)
KL /r 2
23
12 2 E
Fa =
Cc
Where:
Equation 4.2.1.25
Fy
Fa
P MC
A
I
Equation
f=
P M x Cx M y C y
A
Ix
Iy
= stress
Equation
4.2.1.27
Where:
C mx fb x
Cmy fb y
+
1.0
fa
fa
(1 ' ) Fbx ( 1 ' )Fb y
F ey
F ex
Equation
4.2.1.28
When
fa
f
f
+ bx + by 1.0
0.60 F y Fbx F by
Equation 4.2.1.29
fa
0.15
Fa
Equation 4.2.1.30
f a f bx f by
+
+
1.0
F a Fb x F by
Equation
4.2.1.31
Where :
P
A
fa
fb
Fa =
Fa
= axial compressive stress that would permitted if axial force alone existed
Fb
alone existed
K l/r 2
23
12 E
F ' e=
Lb
rb
= 0.85
Where
M2
= 0.6 - 0.4 ( M 1 /
M 1 /M 2
2. For members whose ends are unrestrained against rotation in the plane of
Cm
bending.
= 1.0
Connections
Connections are elements used for joining different members of a structural steel frame. Any steel structure
is an assemblage of different members such as beams and columns which are connected to one another,
usually at the members end.
Connections are mainly composed of any or in combination of components such as bolts (shop or site),
weld (shop or site), connecting plates or connecting angles. Connections are basically classified as:
With this, the designers classified the connection to be used in the structural steel frame as shown in Figure
4-12.
Primarily, according to the internal forces that the connections need to transmit, the designers came up with
the use of simple (shear) and moment (rigid) connections. Simple connections are applied for all
intermediate beams and gravity load frames while moment connections are implemented for seismicresisting frames.
For simple (shear) connections and moment (rigid) connections, the designers typically provided two
options for both connections: For simple connection, double angle welded (DAW) indicated in Figure 4-13
and double angle bolted (DAB) shown in Figure 4-14 were compared as connection to be used for all
intermediate beam and gravity load frames. For moment connections, welded flange plate (WFP) indicated
in Figure 4-22 and bolted flange plate shown in Figure 4-21 were also distinguished as connection for
seismic-resisting frames.
4.2.1.7.3 Design of Simple Connection for Rolled Sections (Shear connection)
These types of connection are applied to join member
(intermediate beam-beam) of the structure together at a
point such that forces can be transferred between them
safely. These are considered flexible and beams become
simply supported. In this case only the web is connected
with the other member because most of shear stresses
Figure 4-27 Double Angle Welded Connections (DAW-1)
are concentrated in the web.
The design of simple (shear) connection is commonly
based that the member is free to rotate because both
ends are pinned connected. Therefore, the design is
simple since the moment at both ends is zero. This
connection is usually based on the assumption that the
web of the section carries the entire shear acting on it.
Consequently, this connection is typically designed for Figure 4-28 Double Angle Bolted Connections (DAB-1)
shear only.
As shown in Figures 4-13 and 4-14 respectively, double angle welded (DAW-1) and double angle bolted
(DAB-1) connections are used for all intermediate beam-beam members. The designers prefer to use
connection for intermediate beam at gridline 3 and gridline E as a sample joint because it is where the
maximum shear occurs.
Figure 4-29 Orientation of intermediate beam for Simple Connection (DAW-1 and DAB-1)
4.2.1.7.3a Design of Simple Connection (Double Angle Welded)
The result of the analysis showed critical shear force at the intermediate gridline 3 and gridline E
connection as shown in figure 4-15. The critical shear force is equal to 88.1 kN. In the design of double
angle welded connection, two angle bars are placed on the web of the intermediate beam that acts as web
shear plate. As shown in Figure 4-16, double angle welded connection use 75x75x7 angle bar welded to
W27x407 beam and to W10x60 intermediate beam web using fillet weld (SMAW process). In using welding
electrodes, the higher electrodes used reduce the required length of fillet weld and as well as the length of
required plate. E6021 is applied in this connection since the web plate passed the designed length of the
fillet weld.
Stress=
Reaction
Effective Areaof fillet weld
minimum tensile strength (Fu = 415 MPa) of electrodes and the effective area of the fillet welds shall be
taken as the effective length times the effective throat thickness. The designers calculated the effective
length of the weld based on this derived equation
Length=
Reaction
0.707 ( weld )(0.3 Fu) and came up with
200 mm length of fillet weld as shown in Figure 4-17. Detailed computation is attached in Appendix E.
510.3.3 of NSCP 6th edition, (2010). Distance between centers of standard holes shall not be less than
2
2
3
times the nominal diameter of the bolt nor less than 3d when Fp = 1.2 Fu is used.
The connection must satisfy all the limitations for joining members and connection in accordance with
section 510 of NSCP 6th edition (2010).
4.2.1.7.4b Design of Moment Connection (Bolted Flange Plate)
As shown in Figure 4.24 bolted flange plate (BFP) moment connection uses plates welded to column
flanges with complete-joint-penetration (CJP) groove welds and bolted to beam flanges with A325 bolts.
The beam web is connected to the column flange using a bolted single-plate shear connection with bolts in
standard holes.
Installation process of moment connections (WFP and BFP). Reference: Bolduc M., Thomsen J., Zona J., (2007). Modern Steel Construction.A
tale of two projects.
act=
f 'c
fy
min=
1.4
fy
'
max=
0.85 f c 600
fy (fy +600)
Then solve for the pmax and pmin and follow the provision bellow for knowing the design p
If p is less than pmax and greater than pmin, use p
If p is greater than pmax, increase the depth of slab to ensure ductile failure
If p is less than pmin, use p = pmin
Then determine the required area of steel and the spacing using the formula below,
As=bd S=
As
x 1000
Ab
In one-way floor system, we may be able to improve constructability since the concentration of the
reinforcing bars will be on one direction only.
In accordance to section 208.4 of NSCP 6 th Edition (2010), the structural system that we used is classified
as dual system because of the integration of moment frames and shear wall. Resistance to lateral load is
provided by shear wall and moment-resisting frames shall be designed to independently resist at least 25
percent of the design base shear. The 75% of base shear shall be resisted by the shear wall.
Figure 4-41 Orientation of girders, beams and columns for ground floor
FigureConnections
4-42 Orientation of girders, beams and columns for 2nd to 7th floor
4.2.2.1.1 Column-Beam
For column-beam connection we considered two types of connection design for seismic resistance framing
and simply supported beams. For simply supported beams, double angle welded and double angle bolted
under simple connection is used. For seismic resisting and gravity load frames, welded flange plate and
bolted flange plate under moment connection is used.
Figure 4-29 shows the highlighted member assigned as seismic-resisting frame of the structure. The
seismic-resisting frame acted as support for gravity loads and resistance to lateral loads. The designers
assumed the members on this frame to be fixed at both ends.
6. Ceiling system
A. Suspended metal lath and gypsum board =0.48 kPa
B. Mechanical duct allowance = 0.20 kPa
Ground floor
Floor level
Basement level
Occupancy
Category
Description
Parking
Parking
Lobbies and
office
Corridor
office
Office use
Storage whole
commercial
sale
commercial
General storage
Dead load(kPa)
12.0
5.3
5.3
5.3
6.3
2nd to 7th
Office and
commercial
Residential
Residential
Residential
Residential
Exit Facilities
5.3
6.3
5.3
6.3
6.3
Roof deck
Live Loads
Table 4-10 below shows the summarized loadings for types of occupancy to be considered in the design of
live load which is based on section 205.3.1 table 205.1 of NSCP 6 th edition (2010) for the Minimum uniform
floor live load.
Table 4-20 Occupancy Live Loads
Floor level
Basement level
Ground floor
2nd to 7th
Ground floor
Roof deck
Occupancy
Live load(kPa)
Category
Description
1.9
Lobbies and
office
4.8
Corridor
office
Office use
2.4
Storage whole
commercial
6.0
sale
commercial
General storage
4.8
Office and
Exit Facilities
4.8
commercial
Residential
Basic Floor area
1.9
Residential
Corridor
3.8
Residential
Restrooms
1.9
Residential
storage
1.9
Same as area served of occupancy
Description
DL + LL
DL + 0.75 LL
DL + WL
Parameters
Combination for ASD from NSCP
Combination for ASD from NSCP
Combination for ASD from NSCP
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
DL + 0.7 EL
DL + 0.7 EL
DL + 0.75 WL + 0.75 LL
DL + 0.525 EL + 0.75 LL
DL + 0.525 EL + 0.75 LL
0.6 DL + WL
0.6 DL + 0.7 EL
0.6 DL + 0.7 EL
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Value
0.4
1
5.5
5.5
3
1.2
1.6
:
:
:
:
Value
Category IV
200 km/h
Exposure B
Building Structure
The supports for the structure were all assumed the column bases to be pinned, that are, not transmitting
any bending moments to the foundation.
Shown in Figure 4-32 is the completed model in STAAD Pro.
BEAMS
Designation
As shown in Figure 4-34 horizontal displacements or drifts of the critical frame are computed, this results
must not exceed the allowable drift as required by section 208.5.9 of the NSCP 6 th edition (2010).From the
result of STAAD Pro v8i, the maximum horizontal drift of the structure (41 mm) does not exceed the
allowable drift of 75 mm.
As shown in Figure 4-35, the loadings acted on the frame transmitted moments that produced bending on
each member. The bending stress produced by these loadings must not exceed the computed allowable
bending stress.
Handbook. The designers must select at least equal or greater than from the initial computed value and
check its adequacy from all possible failures of the section. This involves shear, bending and deflection
failures as discussed below.
Considering the maximum moment of 1038kN-m acting on the critical beam member from moment resisting
frame, initial section modulus is to be computed using this equation:
Sx =
With the computed section modulus, the designers may now select trial sections from the ASEP steel
handbook for the final design as listed in Table 4-15.
Table 4-25 Trial Sections for Design of Beam
Section
BW 800 X 296
BW 800 x 212
BW 900 x 347
Section modulus
Beam depth ( d )
10,160x103 mm3
800 mm
800 mm
900 mm
Web thickness
(t w )
20mm
12 mm
28 mm
Section
BW 800 X 296
BW 800 x 212
BW 900 x 347
b
Flange base ( f )
736 mm
360 mm
300 mm
Flange thickness
(t f )
32 mm
25 mm
62.74 mm
296 mm
212 mm
415 mm
From the selected sections, the designers chose to design the lightest section which is BW 800 X 296 to
provide lesser cost for the steel material.
Table 4-26 Classification of BW 800 X 296 Rolled Section
Stiffen element
b f /2t f
11.92
170/
F y
Remarks
10.79
Partially
Compact
Un-stiffen element
d /t w
40
1680/
F y
Remarks
106.68
Compact
Since the section is compact, therefore the allowable bending stress is equal to 0.66
Fy
= Fb. The
actual bending stress must not exceed the allowable bending stress; the stress can be computed using
formula:
Ra
Where:
Rn
Equation 4.2.2.1
Ra
Rn
Rn /
= allowable strength
When :
b f 250
<
2 tf
Fy
Kc
Where
h 0.46
tw
4.05
K c=
if
K c =1.0
Otherwise
Fb =F y 0.790.000762
When :
h 2547
>
tw F y
h
< 70
tw
bf
2 tf
]
Fy
Kc
Equation 4.2.2.2
Fb ' Fb R PG R e
Where
Equation 4.2.2.3
RPG
Fb
RPG =10.0005
A w h 1996
t w tw F b
Shearing Stress
Built-up sections must satisfy:
F v =0.40 F y
Equation 4.2.2.4
Actual Shear Stress
f v=
V
dtw
Equation 4.2.2.5
L
360 of span. For the design of the beams, two types of load
occurred. For uniformly loaded beams which are simply supported at both ends, the maximum deflection
can be computed using formula.
4
5W L
384 EI
Equation 4.2.2.6
And for two concentrated load acting on fixed end beams, the maximum deflection is computed using.
5 P L3
=
648 EI
Equation 4.2.2.7
the design of all columns on the basement level. The designers oriented the columns per two floors except
for basement and ground level which was oriented per floor. With this, we can obtain economical and
appropriate columns.
In the design of columns at basement, the column bases were assumed to be pinned, that are, not
transmitting any bending moments to the foundation or it is free to rotate but translation fixed. For ground to
succeeding floors, all columns were assumed to be rotation and translation fixed at both ends.
In the selection of built-up sections for the design of columns, the designers considered the dimension and
internal aspect such as weight and depth of the section. In this way, we were able to select built-up sections
which were economical as well as optimizing space.
Columns occurred in the design were subjected to axial compression and bending stresses. Most of the
columns that has larger axial load than the moment were considered by the designers since it is more
critical and it produced larger dimension in the final design. Detailed computations of columns are attached
in Appendix I.
At first, the designers classified the columns according to slenderness ratio to determine its allowable
compressive stress using these equations.
When:
KL
< Cc
r
(Intermediate Column)
KL /r 2
Fy
F .S.
1
F a=
Equation 4.2.1.23
KL /r 3
5 3( KL/r)
F . S .= +
3
8C c
2 2 E
Fy
Where:
C c=
When:
KL
> Cc
r
(Long Column)
Equation 4.2.1.24
KL /r
23
12 2 E
Fa =
Cc
Where:
Equation 4.2.1.25
Fy
Fa
P MC
A
I
f=
P M x Cx M y C y
A
Ix
Iy
= stress
Equation 4.2.2.8
(Bending in both axis)
Equation 4.2.2.9
Where:
fa
+
Fa
C mx fb x
Cmy fb y
+
1.0
fa
fa
(1 ' ) Fbx ( 1 ' )Fb y
F ey
F ex
Equation
4.2.2.10
When
fa
f
f
+ bx + by 1.0
0.60 F y Fbx F by
Equation 4.2.2.11
fa
0.15
Fa
Equation 4.2.2.12
f a f bx f by
+
+
1.0
F a Fb x F by
Equation
4.2.2.13
Where :
P
A
fa
fb
Fa =
Fa
= axial compressive stress that would permitted if axial force alone existed
Fb
alone existed
2
K l/r
23
12 E
F ' e=
Lb
rb
Equation 4.2.2.14
Cm
= 0.85
Equation 4.2.2.15
Where
M2
= 0.6 - 0.4 ( M 1 /
M 1 /M 2
Equation 4.2.2.16
intermediate beam and gravity load frames. For moment connections, welded flange plate (WFP) indicated
in Figure 4.43 and bolted flange plate (BFP) shown in Figure 4.42 were also distinguished as connection for
seismic-resisting frames.
4.2.2.7.3 Design of Simple Connection for Built-up Sections (Shear connection)
These types of connection are applied to join member
(intermediate beam-beam) of the structure together at a
point such that forces can be transferred between them
safely. These are considered flexible and beams become
simply supported. In this case only the web is connected
with the other member because most of shear stresses
Figure 4-50 Double Angle Welded Connections (DAW-1)
are concentrated in the web.
The design of simple (shear) connection is commonly
based that the member is free to rotate because both
ends are pinned connected. Therefore, the design is
simple since the moment at both ends is zero. This
connection is usually based on the assumption that the
web of the section carries the entire shear acting on it.
Consequently, this connection is typically designed for Figure 4-51 Double Angle Bolted Connections (DAB-1)
shear only.
As shown in Figure 4-44 and Figure 4-45, double angle welded (DAW-1) and double angle bolted (DAB-1)
connections is used for all intermediate beam-beam members. As shown in Figure 4-38, the designers
prefer to use connection for intermediate beam at gridline 3 and gridline E as a sample joint because it is
where the maximum shear occurs.
Figure 4-52 Orientation of intermediate beam for Simple Connection (DAW-1 and DAB-1)
Stress=
Reaction
Effective Areaof fillet weld
minimum tensile strength (Fu = 415 MPa) of electrodes and the effective area of the fillet welds shall be
taken as the effective length times the effective throat thickness. The designers calculated the effective
length of the weld based on this derived equation
Length=
Reaction
0.707 ( weld )(0.3 Fu) and came up with
200 mm length of fillet weld as shown in Figure 4-40. Detailed computation is attached in Appendix I.
2
3
times
Not all the time that only shear and bearing are checked as failure in this connection. Sometimes, the
allowable block shear strength shall also be considered. This failure is determine by computing the
allowable shear stress 0.30 Fu times the net shear area Av plus the allowable tensile stress 0.50 Fu times
the net tension area At as shown in Figure 4-42.
This design of double angle bolted connection with two 16 mm diameter bolts and 75x75x7 angular bar is
applied in all connection of intermediate beam and beam members. Detailed computations of double angle
bolted are attached in Appendix J.
4.2.2.7.4 Design of Moment Connections for Built-up Sections (Rigid connection)
Moment connections are designed to join members from seismic-resisting frames to resist both moment
and shear. These connections are often referred to as rigid connections as they provide full continuity
between the connected members and designed to carry the full factored moments. Maximum moment
occurs on node 146 as shown in Figure 4-43.
Figure 4-57two
Seismic-resisting
frameconnections:
(WFP-1 and welded
BFP-1) flange plate (WFP)
For this type of connection, we considered
options for moment
indicated in Figure 4-44 and bolted flange plate (BFP) shown in Figure 4-45 are compared. These types of
connections are selected based on prequalification of American Institute of Steel Construction (2010).
Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications
(pp.39-50). United States of America.
The connection must satisfy all the limitations for joining members and connection in accordance with
section 510 of NSCP 6th edition
Figure
(2010).
4-61 Sample design of Bolted Flange Plate (BFP-1)
In the design of this connection, maximum moment is taken from the result of STAAD Pro. As general
provision in accordance to section 510 of NSCP 6 th edition (2010), the calculated stress shall be less than
the allowable stress determined by structural analysis for loads acting on the structure or as specified
proportion of the strength of the connected members, whichever is appropriate.
In selecting the diameter of bolt, it must be check that the edge distance and spacing for beam flange holes
satisfies the AISC specification requirements. Assume a flange plate thickness, tp.
Not all the time that only shear and bearing are checked as failure in this connection. Sometimes, the
allowable block shear strength shall also be considered. This failure is determine by computing the
allowable shear stress 0.30 Fu times the net shear area Av plus the allowable tensile stress 0.50 Fu times
the net tension area At as shown in Figure 4-48.Detailed computations of BFP are attached in Appendix J.
Installation process of moment connections (WFP and BFP). Reference: Bolduc M., Thomsen J., Zona J., (2007). Modern Steel Construction.A
tale of two projects.
act=
f 'c
fy
min=
1.4
fy
max=
Then solve for the pmax and pmin and follow the provision bellow for knowing the design p
If p is less than pmax and greater than pmin, use p
If p is greater than pmax, increase the depth of slab to ensure ductile failure
If p is less than pmin, use p = pmin
Then determine the required area of steel and the spacing using the formula below,
As=bd S=
As
x 1000
Ab
In one-way floor system, we may be able to improve constructability since the concentration of the
reinforcing bars will be on one direction only.
Criterion's
Importance
(scale of 0 to 5)
1. Economic (Cost)
-4
36
41
2. Environmental
(Resistant to Seismic)
2. Manufacturability
(Fabrication of Section)
Total =
*Reference: Otto, K. N. and Antonsson, E. K., (1991). Trade-off strategies in engineering design. Research in Engineering Design, volume 3, number 2,
pages 87-104.Retrieved from http://www.design.caltech.edu/Research/Publications/90e.pdf on March 11, 2013.
In the final design rankings, the designers ranked economic as five (5) since the cost provided greater
impact on the final design and as the client specified. As the designers, we must ensure the safety and
capability of the structure to withstand lateral loads that is why environmental ranked as four (4).
Manufacturability of sections is ranked as one (1) since it does not affect the duration of construction and
because of their great difference in fabrication and it is somehow became a part of economic constraints.
Economic (Cost).Based on the final design, built-up sections got higher ranking because it gave lighter
section than the rolled sections produced, therefore, the lesser the weight of the
sections, the lesser the cost will be.
Environmental (Resistant to Seismic). In the result of the analysis of lateral drift along the weaker axis (Yaxis). Both sections passed the allowable drift, but frame composed of built-up sections
provided lower drift value that is why it is ranked higher than the rolled sections.
Manufacturability (Fabrication of section).the result of final design gave higher ranking on rolled sections
since it doesnt need fabrication anymore and it is ready to install at the time it was
delivered.
Final Estimate for Sections (Rolled and Built-up)
Table 4-18 and 4.-19 listed below are the total cost estimates and fabrication of sections which show the
difference between rolled and built-up. The rankings for ability of materials to satisfy the criterions are also
computed after the table using the model on trade-off strategies in engineering design by Otto and
Antonsson (1991).Detailed final estimate of sections is attached in the Appendices L and Appendix M.
Table 4-28 Cost Estimate for Sections (Rolled and Built-up)
Type of Materials
Total
Rolled Section
Php
52,096,405.10
Built-up Section
Php
41,000,052.37
difference=
52,096,405.141,000,052.4
x 10=2.13 say 2
52,096,405.1
Loosing Value=52=3
The distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number of scale that is 10. The
product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
Duration
Rolled Section
Built-up Section
744 Man-hour
14716 Man-hour
difference=
14,716744
x 10=9.4 say 9
14,716
Loosing Value=59=4
The distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number of scale that is 10. The
product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
Table 4-30 Safety of Sections against Lateral Force (Rolled and Built-up)
Type of Materials
Average of Drift
Rolled Section
31.2 mm
Built-up Section
27.9 mm
Where:
difference=
31.227.9
x 10=1.06 say 1
31.2
LoosingValue=51=4
The distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number of scale that is 10. The
product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
Criterion's
Importance
(scale of 0 to 5)
1. Economic (Cost)
2. Constructability
(Construction Duration)
30
31
Total =
*Reference: Otto, K. N. and Antonsson, E. K., (1991). Trade-off strategies in engineering design. Research in Engineering Design, volume 3, number 2,
pages 87-104.Retrieved from http://www.design.caltech.edu/Research/Publications/90e.pdf on March 11, 2013
In the final design rankings, the designers ranked economic as five (5) because it became the denominator
of all constraints since the clients specified that the budget is to be observed. In constructability, the number
of joints in where the simple shear connections are used are fewer than that on the moment connections so
it is ranked as two (2).
Economical (Cost).After the final design, double angle welded got higher rankings because it provided
lower cost in the total expenses for material and labor than the cost of double angle
bolted produced.
Constructability (Construction Duration).Simple shear connections are fewer than moment connections
since it is only applied for the intermediate beams of frames. Double angle bolted ranked
higher because it is easier to install than the double angle welded
Final Cost Estimate for Simple Connections (Double Angle Welded and Double Angle Bolted)
Table 4-22 and 4-23 listed below are the total cost estimates and installation of connections which show the
difference between DAW and DAB. The rankings for ability of materials to satisfy the criterions are also
computed after the table using the model on trade-off strategies in engineering design by Otto and
Antonsson (1991). Detailed computation is attached in the Appendix N.
Table 4-32 Cost Estimate for Simple Connections (DAB Connections)
Item
Quantity
I. A325 Bolts
II. seat angle plate
III crane rent
3136 pcs
830.84 kg
Material Cost
per kg
Php 93,766.40
Php 36,889.47
Labor Cost
(man-hr)
235 man-hr
19 man-hr
50 per hr
total =
Total
Php 104,056.40
Php 37,720.32
Php 244,000.00
Php 291,766.72
Quantity
1861.78 kg
552.9 kg
material cost
per kg
Php 111,706.8
Php 24,548.76
Labor cost
(man-hr)
313 man-hr
10man-hr
32 per hr
total =
Total
Php 131,255.5
Php 24,986.26
Php
96,000
Php 252,241.8
difference=
291,766.7252,241.8
x 10=1.35 say 1
291,766.7
LoosingValue=51=4
The distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number of scale that is 10. The
product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
Table 4-34 Duration of Construction for Simple Connection (DAB and DAW)
Type of Materials
Double Angle
Bolted
Double Angle
Welded
Duration
254 Man-hour
323 Man-hour
Where:
323254
x 10=2.14 say 2
323
Loosing Value=52=3
The distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number of scale that is 10. The
product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
Criterion's
Importance
(scale of 0 to 5)
1. Economic (Cost)
2. Constructability
(Construction Duration)
-1
35
21
Total =
*Reference: Otto, K. N. and Antonsson, E. K., (1991). Trade-off strategies in engineering design. Research in Engineering Design, volume 3, number 2,
pages 87-104.Retrieved from http://www.design.caltech.edu/Research/Publications/90e.pdf on March 11, 2013
In the final design rankings, the designers ranked economic as five (5) because the same in simple
connections it became the denominator of all constraints since the clients specified that the budget is to be
detected. In constructability, the numbers of joints in which the moment connections are applied are higher
than simple connections. Therefore the designers gave higher criterions importance ranked as four (4) than
the criterions importance of simple connections that ranked as two (2).
Economic (Cost).Based on the final design, welded flange plate obtained higher ranking since it gave lower
cost in total expenses of labor and materials than the cost of materials and labor in bolted
flange plate.
Constructability (Construction Duration).Simple shear connections are fewer than moment connections
since it is only applied for the intermediate beams of frames. Double angle bolted ranked
higher because it is easier to install than the double angle welded
Final Cost Estimate for Moment Connections (Welded Flange Plate and Bolted Flange Plate)
Tables 4-26 and 4-27 are the total cost estimates and installation of the moment connection which show the
difference between two trade-off processes. Using the model on trade-off strategies in engineering design
(Otto & Antonson, 1991), the designer followed the computations on how to rank the connections using
welded flange plate or bolted flange plate based on the constraints. Detailed estimate of cost and
installation is attached in Appendix O.
Table 4-36 Cost Estimate for Moment Connection (BFP)
Item
I.
II.
III.
IV.
A325 Bolts
Plate
Weld
crane rent
Material Cost
(per kg)
12,750 pcs Php 446,250.0
27,995 kg Php 1,242,978.0
238 kg
Php 14,280.0
Quantity
Labor Cost
(man-hr)
956 man-hr
448 man-hr
206 man-hr
144 per hr
total =
Total
Php 488,085.9
Php 1,262,574.5
Php 27,136.3
Php432,000.00
Php 2,209,796.7
E70xx 1/8
Plate
A325 bolt
crane rent
Quantity
1410 kg
26,558 kg
1,750 pcs
Material Cost
(Per kg)
Php 84,599.4
Php 1,179,153.0
Php 52,325.0
Labor Cost
(man-hr)
3,428 man-hr
425 man-hr
131 man-hr
97 per hr
total =
Total
Php 298,824.4
Php 1,197,743.3
Php58,067.2
Php 291,000.0
Php 1,845,634.8
difference=
2,209,796.61,845,634.8
x 10=1.65 say 2
2,209,796.6
LoosingValue=52=3
The distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number of scale that is 10. The
product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
Table 4-38 Duration of Construction for Moment Connection (WFP and BFP)
Type of Materials
Welded Flange
Plate
Bolted Flange
Plate
Duration
3984 Man-hour
1610 Man-hour
difference=
39841610
x 10=5.96 say 6
3984
Loosing Value=56=1
The distance is determined by multiplying the percentage difference by the number of scale that is 10. The
product will be the number of stride/interval from the governing value.
The discussions below explain how the designers came up with their criteria about the ability of the
construction method in the aspect of structural frame used.
1. Economic (Cost).The designer rankings are computed based on the trade-off strategies on the
engineering design (Otto &Antonsson, 1921). The rankings provided that the built-up sections are
more economical than the rolled sections since the designer can fabricate members to the exact
size needed and it occurs that the built-up produced lighter sections than the rolled sections
required.
In terms of ranking connections, bolted connections required materials that provided more
expenses than welding rods and this connection will not normally as strong as welded because of
reduction of area caused by drilling the holes. In terms of installation, welded connection requires
skilled welder that may cost high labor cost. These materials and labor costs are considered in
rankings of designers for both simple and moment connections.
2. Constructability (Duration of Construction).For both simple and moment connections, bolted
connections design obtained higher rating because comparatively, it offers ease of construction
and facilitates speed because of more automated materials for installation. While the rolled
sections considered as easier to construct since the designer will allocate more time in fabricating
the built-up sections than ordering rolled sections.
Ultimately, the cost factor is still the most essential consideration in the design of sections and for
both simple and moment connections. After the final design is considered, rankings did not
changed and it produced the same governing materials.
4.2.4. Influence of multiple constraints, trade-offs and standards in the Final Design
After performing the designs for the selected alternative tradeoffs to satisfy economic, constructability, and
environmental constraints, the designers are now able to decide which of these tradeoffs will be appropriate
as the final design choice. Based on economic constraints, the designers traded the cost of built-up and
rolled steel sections for all columns and beams framing while satisfying adequate structural design in terms
of drift to withstand against lateral loads such as seismic and gravity loads. For intermediate beams which
simple shear connections, double-angle welded or double-angle bolted are options for connections of
gravity resisting frames, adequate resistance were checked against shear capacity. For moment
connections of the frames, welded flange plate and bolted flange plate are alternatives for seismic-resisting
frames design which we checked against moment capacity.
For constructability, the designers determined the duration of installation and erection of the alternative
method of connections and check where we can save labor.
Another factor that influenced the final design is the manufacturability of the rolled and built-up sections.
Although the fabrication of section will not affect the duration of construction, it is also considered as a
factor that influenced the final design since the designers fabricate their own built-up section on site rather
than order rolled sections from the suppliers.
As shown in Figure 4-50, rolled sections have advantage from built-up sections with difference of
13,971man-hr since rolled sections are ready to use from the time it was delivered on site while built-up
sections needed time for its fabrication. This factor is also considered since it gave additional expenses in
fabrication of built-up section. At this moment, the designers choices are equal based on the economic and
manufacturability factors.
The last factor that the designers considered in the selection process of the columns and beams sections
for frame is the storey drift. Calculated storey drift using M shall not exceed 0.025 times the storey
height for the structures having a fundamental period of less than 0.7 sec. For structure having a
fundamental period of 0.7 or greater, the calculated storey drift shall not exceed 0.020 times the storey
height based on NSCP 2010 section 208.5.
The result of the analysis of lateral drift on X and Y axes revealed greater amount of displacement along Y
axis. Delineated values of storey drift along Y axis for rolled and built-up sections are shown in Figure 4-51.
This factor will help the designers for their final design choice of section to be used.
Figure 4-54 shows the difference in shear capacity of DAW and DAB connection with variance of 46.9 Kn.
4-67 Constructability
of simple
The maximum shear capacityFigure
of connections
are computed
using connections
derived stress formula, Stress = Force /
Area. Therefore, the double angle welded gave stronger capacity than that on the double angle bolted
connection.
The designers considered the moment capacity of both connections as another factor that influenced the
Figure 4-70 Constructability of moment connection
final design choice. With this factor, the designers are now able to select between WFP and BFP the most
appropriate moment connection for seismic-resisting frame.
Figure 4-57 shows the difference in capacity of moment connections. A variance of 19 Kn.m moment
capacities is provided in advantage of bolted flange plate. It means that the BFP produced larger capacity
than the WFP.
After considering the influence of multiple constraints, tradeoffs and standards, the designers have decided
on which of the tradeoffs will be appropriate for the final design. For columns and beams of the steel frame,
the use of built-up sections must be implemented entirely. For connections, applications of double angle
welded for simply supported beams and bolted flange plate for seismic-resisting frames must be
implemented. These governing tradeoffs provided the most appropriate design with accordance of the
design codes and standards of National Structural Code of the Philippines (2010). Final design schedules
are attached in Appendix A.
As a result, the objectives presented in chapter 1 are accomplished to satisfy the clients requirements. At
the same time, the use of this strategy trade-off will implement the most appropriate way in constructing the
structural frame based on multiple constraints. All parts of the steel building are designed in accordance
with the design codes and standards of National Structural Code of the Philippines (2010).
References
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, I. (2004). Steel Handbook: Dimension and
Properties. philippines: ASEP.
Association of the Structural Engineers of the Philippines. (2010). National Structural Code of the
Philippines. Quezon City: Association of the Structural Engineers of the Philippines.
Bolduc, T. M., & Zona, J. (n.d.). A Tale of Two Project.
Carter, C. J., & Grubb, K. A. (n.d.). Prequalifies Seismic Moment Connection.
Center, A. U. (2009). Writing Lab Update, Paragraph Unity and Coherence.
Davison, B., & Owens, G. W. (2003). Steel Designers' Manual. Blackwell Publishing.
Otto, K. N., & Antonsson, E. K. (1991). Trade-off Strategies in Engineering Design. Researches in
Engineering Design, 3(2), 87 - 104.
Robles, C. (1995). National Building Code of the Philippines. Quezon City: Department of Public Works and
Highways.
Steel Deck Institute. (2003). Designing with Steel Form Deck. Illinois: Steel Deck Institute.
Appendices
Appendix F: Manual Computations of Simple Connection for Rolled Sections (DAB and
DAW)
Appendix G: Manual Computation of Moment Connections for Rolled Sections (BFP and
WFP)
Appendix J: Manual Computations ofSimple Connection for Built-up Sections (DAW & DAB)
Appendix K: Manual Computations of Moment Connections for Built-up Sections (BFP &
WFP)