CE230:HydraulicsandHydraulicMachinery

Chapter3

Hydrostatics,Kinematics,Hydrodynamics
Engr.KhurramSheraz
Lecturer
MSc Engineering
DepartmentofAgriculturalEngineering
UniversityofEngineeringandTechnologyPeshawar

Contents
Hydrostatics
HydrostaticForceonaPlaneArea

Kinematics
LaminarandTurbulentFlowsofWater
Renolds Number

Hydrodynamics
EnergyofFlowingWater
BernoullisEquation

Hydrostatics
Thetermhydrostaticsmeansthestudyofpressure,exertedbya
liquidatrest.
Ithasbeenobservedthatthedirectionofsuchapressureisalways
atrightanglestothesurface,onwhichitacts.
Thetotalpressureonanimmersedsurface,maybedefinedasthe
totalpressureexertedbytheliquidonit,mathematicallytotal
pressure:
P=p1a1 +p2a2 +p3a3
where
p1,p2,p3 areintensitiesofpressureondifferentstripsofthe
surface,and
a1,a2,a3 areareasofthecorrespondingstrips.
Thepositionofanimmersedsurfacemaybe:
1. Horizontal
2. Vertical
3. Inclined

HydrostaticForceonaPlaneArea
Whenafluidisatrest,notangentialforcecanexistwithinthefluid
andallforcesarethennormaltothesurfacesinquestion.
Ifthepressureisuniformlydistributedoveranarea,theforceis
equaltothepressuretimesthearea,andthepointofapplicationof
theforceisatthecentroid ofthearea.
Consideraplanehorizontalsurfaceimmersedinaliquidasshown
inFigure.
Let, =specificweightofliquid
A=areaoftheimmersedsurface
x =depthofthehorizontalsurfacefromtheliquidsurface
Since,totalpressureonthesurface:
P=weightoftheliquidabovetheimmersedsurface
P=sp.weightofliquidxvolumeofliquid
P=sp.weightofliquidxareaofsurfacexdepthofliquid
P= A x

LaminarandTurbulentFlows
Therearetwodistinctlydifferenttypesoffluidflowasdemonstratedby
OsborneReynoldsin1883.
Heinjectedafine,threadlikestreamofcoloredliquidhavingthesame
densityaswaterattheentrancetoalargeglasstubethroughwhich
waterwasflowingfromatank,asshowninnextslide.
Avalveatthedischargeendpermittedhimtovarytheflow.
Whenthevelocityinthetubewassmall,thiscoloredliquidwasvisible
asastraightlinethroughoutthelengthofthetube,thusshowingthat
theparticlesofwatermovedinparallelstraightlines.
Asthevelocityofthewaterwasgraduallyincreasedbyopeningthe
valvefurther,therewasapointatwhichtheflowchanged.
Thelinewouldfirstbecomewavy,andthenatashortdistancefromthe
entranceitwouldbreakintonumerousvorticesbeyondwhichthecolor
wouldbeuniformlydiffusedsothatnostreamlinescouldbe
distinguished.
Laterobservationshaveshownthatinthislattertypeofflowthe
velocitiesarecontinuouslysubjecttoirregularfluctuations.

Timedependenceoffluidvelocityatapoint.

LaminarFlow
Thefirsttypeofflowinthepreviousslideisknownaslaminar,
streamline,orviscousflow.
Itisaflow,inwhichtheviscosityoffluidisdominatingovertheinertia
forces.
Itismoreorlessatheoreticalflow,whichrarelycomesincontactwith
theengineersandisalsoknownasaviscousflow.
Alaminarflowcanbebestunderstoodbythehypothesisthatliquid
movesintheformofconcentriccylindersslidingonewithintheanother
orthefluidappearstomovebytheslidingoflaminationsof
infinitesimalthicknessrelativetoadjacentlayers;thattheparticles
moveindefiniteandobservablepathsorstreamlines.
Theseconcentriccylinders,movelikelaminae atverylowvelocities.
Itisaflow,inwhichtheinertiaforceisdominatingovertheviscosity.

ConcentricCylinders

Streamlines

TurbulentFlow
Thesecondtypeisknownasturbulentflow,asshowninFigure,where(a)
representstheirregularmotionofalargenumberofparticlesduringavery
brieftimeinterval,while(b)showstheerraticpathfollowedbyasingle
particleduringalongtimeinterval.

Itisaflow,inwhichtheinertiaforceisdominatingovertheviscosity.
Inthisflowtheconcentriccylindersdiffuseormixupwitheachotherand
theflowisadisturbedone.
Largeeddiesandswirlsandirregularmovementsoflargebodiesoffluid,
whichcanbetracedtoobvioussourcesofdisturbance,donotconstitute
turbulence,butmaybedescribedasdisturbedflow.
Bycontrast,turbulencemaybefoundinwhatappearstobeavery
smoothlyflowingstreamandoneinwhichthereisnoapparentsourceof
disturbance.
Thefluctuationsofvelocityarecomparativelysmallandcanoftenbe
detectedonlybyspecialinstrumentation.

Reynolds Number

Whetherflowislaminarorturbulentdependsonadimensionlessnumber.
Reynold foundthatthevalueofcriticalvelocityisgovernedbytherelationship
betweentheinertiaforceandviscousforces(i.e.,viscosity).
Hederivedaratioofthesetwoforcesandfoundoutadimensionlessnumber
knownasReynold's number(Re)i.e.
Inertial Forces v 2 d 2 d v d

Re
Viscous Forces
vd

Re

where

Mean velocity of liquid Diameter of pipe

Kinematic vis cos ity of liquid

Reynold's numberhasmuchimportanceandgivesustheinformationaboutthe
typeofflow(i.e.laminarorturbulent).
Reynold,aftercarryingoutaseriesofexperiments,foundthatif,
Re<2000
theflowisalaminar
2000<Re<4000 theflowistransitional
Re>4000
theflowisaturbulent
ItmaybenotedthatthevalueofcriticalvelocitycorrespondingwithRe=2000is
foralowercriticalvelocityandthatcorrespondingwithRe=4000isforahigher
criticalvelocity,however,thevalueofthetruecriticalReynolds numberis2000.

EnergyofFlowingWater

Theenergy,ingeneral,maybedefinedasthecapacitytodowork.
Thoughtheenergyexistsinmanyforms,yetthefollowingareimportantfrom
thesubjectpointofview:
1.
2.
3.

Potentialenergy
Kineticenergy
Pressureenergy

1. PotentialEnergyofaLiquidParticleinMotion
Itisenergypossessedbyaliquidparticlebyvirtueofitsposition.
IfaliquidparticleisZmetersabovethehorizontaldatum(arbitrarilychosen),
thepotentialenergyoftheparticlewillbeZmeterkilogram(brieflywrittenas
mkg perkgoftheliquid).
Thepotentialheadoftheliquid,atthatpoint,willbeZmetersoftheliquid.
P.E=mgZ =gZ
P.E/W=gZ /g =Z
(W=mg=g)

EnergyofFlowingWater
2. KineticEnergyofaLiquidParticleinMotion
Itistheenergy,possessedbyaliquidparticle,byvirtueofitsmotionor
velocity.
IfaliquidparticleisflowingwithameanvelocityofVmeterspersecond,then
thekineticenergyoftheparticlewillbeV2/2gmkg perkgoftheliquid.
Velocityheadoftheliquid,atthatvelocity,willbeV2/2gmetersoftheliquid.
K.E=mV2 =V2
K.E/W=V2/g =V2/2g
3. PressureEnergyofaLiquidParticleinMotion
Itistheenergy,possessedbyaliquidparticle,byvirtueofitsexistingpressure.
IfaliquidparticleisunderapressureofpkN/m2 (i.e.,kPa),thenthepressure
energyoftheparticlewillbep/ mkg perkgoftheliquid,where isthe
specificweightoftheliquid.
Pressureheadoftheliquidunderthatpressurewillbep/ metersofthe
liquid.
p=h
h=p/
(pressureenergy/weight)

EnergyofFlowingWater
TotalEnergyofaLiquidParticleinMotion
Thetotalenergyofaliquidinmotionisthesumofitspotentialenergy,kinetic
energyandpressureenergy,mathematically,
E=Z+V2/2g+p/
TheunitsofenergyareinNm(Joule)butaccordingtothesubjectpointof
view,theunitsofenergyaretakenintermsofmoftheliquid.
TotalHeadofaLiquidParticleinMotion
Thetotalheadofaliquidinmotionisthesumofitspotentialhead,kinetic
headandpressurehead,mathematically,
mofliquid
E=Z+V2/2g+p/

BernoullisEquation

Itstatesforaperfectincompressibleliquidflowingincontinuousstreamthe
totalenergyoftheparticlesremainsthesamewhiletheparticlesmovesfrom
onepointtoanother.
TheBernoullisequationisastatementoftheconservationofmechanical
energy,mathematically
V2 p
Z
constant
2g
V12 p1
V2 2 p2
or Z1
Z2

2g
2g

Where,Z=potentialenergy,V2/2g=kineticenergy,p/ =pressureenergy
TheequationineitherofthesetwoformsisknownasBernoulli'stheorem,in
honorofDanielBernoulli,whopresenteditin1738.
ThefollowingaretheassumptionsmadeinthederivationofBernoulli's
equation:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Thefluidisideal,i.e.,viscosityiszero
Theflowissteady
Theflowisincompressible
Theflowisirrotational

BernoullisEquation

LetusconsidertwosectionsAAandBBofapipeasshownbelow.
Z1 =HeightofAAabovethedatum,
p1 =PressureatAA.
V1 =VelocityofliquidatAA,
a1 =CrosssectionalareaofthepipeatAA,
Z2,p2,V2,a2 =correspondingvaluesatBB

LetWbetheweightofliquidbetweenthetwosectionsAAandAA,sincethe
flowiscontinuous,

BernoullisEquation

W a1dl1 a2 dl2
a1dl1

and a2 dl2

a1dl1 a2 dl2
Since, work done by pressure at AA in moving the liquid to AA
Force x Distance = p1a1dl1
Similarly, work done by pressure at BB in moving the liquid to BB
Force x Distance = p2 a2 dl2
Total work done by pressure = p1a1dl1 p2 a2 dl2 p1a1dl1 p2 a1dl1
a1dl1 ( p1 p2 )

( p1 p2 )

loss of potential energy W ( Z1 Z 2 )

V2 2 V12 W
gain in kinetic energy W
(V2 2 V12 )

2g 2g 2g
loss of potential energy + work done by pressure = gain in kinetic energy
W
W
(V2 2 V12 )
W Z1 Z 2 ( p1 p2 )

2g
V2 2 V12
Z1 Z 2

2g 2g
p1

p2

V12 p1
V2 2 p2
Z2

Z1
2g
2g

Problem:
Arectangulartank4mlong2mwidecontainswateruptoadepthof2.5m.Calculatethe
pressureatthebaseofthetank.
Solution:
x
l=4m;b=2mand=2.5m
A=lxb=4x2=8m2
x
p= A=9.81x8x2.5=196.2kN

Problem:
Atank3mx4mcontains2mdeepoilofspecificgravity0.8.Find(i)intensityofpressureat
thebaseofthetank,and(ii)totalpressureonthebaseofthetank.
Solution:
Sizeoftank(A)=3mx4m=12m2,DepthofOil()=1.2m,specificgravityofoil=08,
x
specificweightofoil( ) =981x08=785kN/m
i.

Intensityofpressureatthebaseofthetank
p= h=7.85x1.2=9.42kN/m2=9.42kPa

ii.

Totalpressureonthebaseofthetank
p=wA=7.85x12x1.2=113.4kN
x

Oilwithakinematicviscosityof3stokesflowsthrougha10cmdiameterpipewithavelocityof5m/s.
Istheflowlaminarorturbulent?
=33St=3x104 m2/s,D=10cm=0.1m,V=5m/s
R=(5)(0.1)/3x104 =1667<Rcrit =2000
Therefore,theflowislaminar

Water is flowing through a pipe of 5 cm diameter under a pressure of 29.43 N/cm2 (gage) and
with mean velocity of 2 m/s. Find the total head or total energy per unit weight of the water at a
cross-section, which is 5 m above the datum line.

Solution:
Diameterofpipe=5cm=0.05m
Pressure=p=29.43N/cm2 = 29.43 x 104 N/m2
Velocity=V=2m/s
Datumhead=Z=5m
Totalhead=pressurehead+velocityhead+datumhead
Pressurehead=p/ =29.43 x 104/(1000 x 9.81) = 30 m
Velocity head = V2/2g = (2)2/(2 x 9.81) = 0.204 m
Total head = p/ +V2/2g + Z = 30 + 0.204 + 5
Total head = 35.204 m

The diameter of a pipe changes from 200 mm at a section 5 m above datum to 50 mm at a section 3 m
above datum. The pressure of water at first section is 500 kPa. If the velocity of flow at the first section is
1 m/s, determine the intensity of pressure at the second section.

Solution:
d1 = 200 mm = 0.2 m; Z1 = 5 m; d2 = 50 mm = 0.05 m; Z2 = 3 m; p1 = 500 kPa and V1 = 1 m/s
a1
a2

d12

d22

(0.2) 2 0.03142m 2
(0.05) 2 0.00196m 2

4
4
Since, the discharge through the pipe is continuous
a1V1 a2V2
V2

a1V1
a2

0.03142 1
16m / s
0.00196

Applying Bernoulli's equation to both sections of the pipe

V12 p1
V2 2 p2
Z1
Z2

2g
2g
p
(1) 2
500
(16) 2
5

3
2
2 9.81 9.81
2 9.81 9.81
p
56.05 16.05 2
9.81
p2 392.4kPa