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318311963
1/13
LINEARITY
Mathematicians often speak of operators,
which is mathspeak for any mathematical
operation that can be applied to a single
element (e.g., value, variable, vector, matrix, or
function).
...operators, operators, operators!!
f y y2 3
Jim Stiles
g t 2t
y x x
Dept. of EECS
5/17/2016
318311963
2/13
f y dy
d g t
dt
y x dx
Jim Stiles
L a y a L y
, where a is any constant.
Dept. of EECS
5/17/2016
318311963
3/13
L a y1 b y2 a L y1 b L y2
and at t 2 :
g t 1 2 1 2
g t 2 2 2 4
Now at t 1 2 3 we find:
g 1 2 2 3
6
24
g 1 g 2
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
5/17/2016
318311963
4/13
g t1 t2 2 t1 t2
2t1 2t2
g t1 g t2
and
g a t 2a t
a 2t
a g t
Thus, we conclude that the function g t 2t is indeed a
linear function!
Now consider this function:
y x mx b
Q: But thats the equation of a line! That
must be a linear function, right?
A: Im not surelets find out!
We find that:
y a x m ax b
a mx b
but:
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
5/17/2016
318311963
5/13
a y x a mx b
a m x ab
therefore:
Likewise:
y a x a y x !!!
y x 1 x 2 m x1 x 2 b
m x1 m x2 b
but:
y x 1 y x 2 m x1 b m x 2 b
m x1 m x2 2b
therefore:
y x1 x2 y x1 y x2 !!!
f y y2 3
y x x
Jim Stiles
f x
d
dx
Dept. of EECS
5/17/2016
318311963
6/13
d f x
dx
Note that:
d
d f x d g x
f x g x
dx
dx
dx
and also:
d
d f x
a f x a
dx
dx
We thus can conclude that the derivative operation is a linear
operator on function f x :
d f x
L f x
dx
You can likewise show that the integration operation is
likewise a linear operator:
f y dy
L f y
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
5/17/2016
318311963
d g 2 t
dt
7/13
y x dx
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
5/17/2016
318311963
8/13
v t a0 0 t a1 1 t a2 2 t L
an n t
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
5/17/2016
318311963
9/13
n t t n
n 0
for
v t a0 a1 t a2 t a3 t L an t n
2
n 0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
5/17/2016
318311963
10/13
L v t L
n t an L n t
n
n t .
Q: And thats supposed to be easier??
A: It depends on the linear operation and on the basis
functions n t . Hopefully, the operation L n t is simple
and straightforward. Ideally, the solution to L n t is
already known!
Q: Oh yeah, like Im going to get so lucky.
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
5/17/2016
318311963
11/13
and:
T
2 n
t
T
0 t T
t 0,t T
T
2 n
t
T
j
1
1
an v t n t dt v t e
T 0
T 0
dt
So therefore:
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
5/17/2016
318311963
v t
12/13
2 n
t
T
for 0 t T
L v t L
an e
2 n
t
T
j
an L e
n
2 n
t
T
for all n.
Le
2 n
t
T
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
5/17/2016
318311963
13/13
TIME INVARIANCE
Q: Thats right! You said that most of the microwave devices
that we will study are (approximately) linear, time-invariant
devices. What does time invariance mean?
A: From the standpoint of a linear operator, it means that
that the operation is independent of timethe result does
not depend on when the operation is applied. I.E., if:
then:
L x t y t
L x t y t
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS