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Particle Technology Exam Questions PDF
Particle Technology Exam Questions PDF
PART 2
PARTICLE MECHANICS II
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
Chapter - 1
Sedimentation and Thickening
1.*
A single batch-settling test was made on a limestone slurry. The interface
between clear liquid and suspended solids was observed as a function of time, and the
results are tabulated below. The test was made using 236 gm of limestone per liter of
slurry. Prepare a curve showing the relation ship between settling rate and solids
concentration.
Test Data
Time, hr
Height of Interface ,cm
0
0.25
0.50
1.00
1.75
3.0
4.75
12.0
20.0
36.0
32.4
28.6
21.0
14.7
12.3
11.55
9.8
8.8
2.*
A limestone-water slurry equivalent to that of problem 1 is fed to a thickener
at a rate of 50 tons of dry solids/hr to produce a thickened sludge of 550 gm limestone
per liter. For an initial slurry concentration of 236 gm limestone per liter of slurry
concentration of 236 gm limestone per liter of slurry specify the thickener area
required.
3.*
A slurry of calcium carbonate in water, containing 45 g of calcium carbonate
per liter, was allowed to settle in a 6.0 cm I.D glass cylinder. The height of the line
between clear liquid and zone B-the zone of relative constant solid concentration, was
measured as a function of time. The results are given below. Prepare a curve of
settling rate Vs concentration.
Time, min
0
100
200
300
400
500
Height, in
44
34
25
17
10
7
4.*
A batch sedimentation test was made with 5 micron silica particles in water at
86 F. A 4.5 cm I.D cylinder was used, and the initial slurry concentration was 0.125 g
of silica per cu cm of slurry. The data are given below. Prepare the corresponding
settling rate vs concentration curve.
Final height = 5.53 cm
Time, min
Height, cm
0
34
10.8
25
16.8
20
26.4
15
43.1
10
65.8
7.5
89.5
6.4
100
6.1
5.*
The data given below were obtained from a single batch sedimentation test on
an ore slurry. The true density of the solids in the slurry was 2.5 g/cu-cm, and the
density of the liquid was 1 g/cu-cm. Determine the diameter required for a thickener
to handle 100 tons of solids per day from a feed concentration of 64.5 g/liter to an
underflow concentration of 485 g/liter.
Concentration (g of solids/liter of slurry)
64.5
70.9
94.3
111.7
139.9
173.9
222.0
331.0
6.** Estimate the depth of the thickener required to perform the operation of
Example 1.2. The batch-settling test indicated a value of z = 7.7 cm. The specific
gravity of the limestone is 2.09.
7.*** Waste water from a drinking plant is to be clarified by continuous
sedimentation. Feed to the thickener is one million gal per day containing 1.2 % by
weight solids. The underflow from the unit analyzes 8 % solids. Specify the depth and
diameter of the thickener.
A single batch - settling test on the feed material gave the following
information:
Specific gravity of solids
2.00
Specific gravity of solution
1.00
Concentration of solids in test
1.2 %
Time, min
0
5
Height of
31
21
Liquid-solid interface, cm
10
10
20
3.2
40
2.2
60
2.1
180
2.0
240
1.96
1.94
Chapter 2
Classification
8.*
Calculate the terminal velocity for sphericity droplets of coffee extract, 400
microns in diameter, falling through air. The specific gravity of the coffee
extract is 1.03, and the air is at a temperature of 300F.
9.*
10.*
Drops of oil 15 microns in diameter are to be settle from their mixture with air.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.9, and the air is at 21C and 1 atm. A
settling time of 1 min is available. How high should the chamber be to allow
settling of these particles? Assume that the motion of the particle lies in the
Stokes-Law range.
11.*
Air is being dried by being bubbled (in very small bubbles) through
concentrated sulfuric acid (specific gravity, 1.84, viscosity, 15 cp, temperature
100F). The sulfuric acid fills a 24 in tall, 2 in ID glass tube to a depth of 6 in.
The dry air above the acid is at a pressure of 0.8 atm and at 100F. If the dry
air rate is 3.5 cfm, what is the maximum diameter of a sulfuric acid spray
droplet which might be carried out of the apparatus by entrainment in the air
stream.
12.*
13.** Particles of sphalerite (specific gravity = 4.0) are settling under the force of
gravity through a slurry consisting of 25% by volume of quartz particles
(specific gravity = 2.65) and water. The diameter of the sphalerite particles is
0.006 in. The volumetric ratio of sphalerite to slurry is 0.25. The temperature
is 50F. What is the terminal velocity of the sphalerite? What is the density of
slurry?
14.** Calculate the settling velocity for the hindered settling of glass sphere in water
at 68F when the suspension contains 1206 g of glass spheres in 1140 cm3 of
total volume. The average diameter of the spheres, as determined from
photomicrographs, was 0.0061 in and the true density of the spheres was 154
lb/ft3.
15.*** Urea pellets are made by spraying drops of molten urea into cold gas at the top
of a tall tower and allowing the material to solidify as it falls. Pellets 1/4 in. in
diameter are to be made in a tower 80 ft high containing air at 70F. The
density of urea is 83 lb/cu-ft.
(a) What would be the terminal velocity of the pellets, assuming free-settling
conditions?
(b) Would the pellets attain 99 % of this velocity before they reached the
bottom of the tower?
16.*** Quartz and pyrites are separated by continuous hydraulic classifications. The
feed to the classifier ranges in size between 10 microns and 300 microns.
Three fractions are obtained: a pure-quartz product, a pure-pyrites product, and
a mixture of quartz and pyrites. The specific gravity of quartz is 2.65 and that
of pyrites is 5.1. What is the size range of the two materials in the mixed
fraction for each of the following cases.
(a) The bottoms product to contain the maximum amount of pure pyrites.
(b) The overhead product to contain the maximum amount of pure quartz.
17.*** A mixture of coal and sand in particle size smaller than 20 mesh is to be
completely separated by screening and then elutriating each of the cuts from
the screening operation with water as the elutriating fluid. Recommend a
screen size such that the oversize cut can be completely separated into coal and
sand fractions by water elutriation. What water velocity will be required? The
specific gravity for sand and coal is 2.65 and 1.35 respectively.
18.*** A mixture of spherical particles of silica contains particles ranging in size from
14 mesh to 200 mesh. This mixture is to be divided into two fractions by
elutriation, utilizing the upward velocity of a stream of water at 55F rising
through a tube 4 in in diameter.
(a) What quantity of water, in gpm, will probably be needed to divide the
mixture at a size equal to the aperture of a 48-mesh screen?
(b) When the water flow through the tube is 1.5 gpm, what is the smallest size
of silica particle which will probably settle through the stream? The specific
gravity for silica is 2.65.
Chapter 3
Centrifugation
1.*
A Tubular bowl centrifuge is to be used to separate nitrobenzene with the
density of 75 lb/ft3 , from an aqueous wash liquid having a density of 64 lb/ft3. The
centrifuge has a bow 1.4 in inside dia & rotates at 15,000 rpm. The radius of the dam
overwhich the light phase flow is 1 in. If the centrifuge bowl is to contain equal
volumes of the two liquids, what should be the radial distance from the rotation axis
to the dam overwhich the heavy phase flow?
2.*
What is the capacity in m3 / hr of the centrifuge operation under the following
conditions?
Dia of bowl
600 mm
Thickness of liquid layer
75 mm
Speed
1000 rpm
Depth of bowl
400 mm
Sp-gr of liquid
1.3
Sp-gr of soild
1.6
Viscosity of liquid
3 cp
Critical particle dia
30 m
3.** A liquid-detergent solution of 100 centipoises viscosity and 0.8 gm/cu cm
density is to be clarified of fine Na2SO4 crystals (Ps= 1.46 gm/cu cm)by
centrifugation. Pilot runs in a laboratory super centrifuge operating at 23,000 rpm
indicate that satisfactory clarification is obtained at a throughput of 5 lb/hr of solution.
This centrifuge has a bow 734 in. long internally with r2 =7/8 in, and(r2-r1)=19/32 in.
(a) Determine the critical particle diameter for this separation.
(b) If the separation is to done in the plant using a No,2 disk centrifuge with
50 dicks at 45 half angle, what production rate could be expected?
4.** In the primary refining of vegetable oils, the crude oil is partially saporified
with caustic and the refined oil separated immediately from the resulting soap stock in
a centrifuge. In such a process, the oil has a density of 0.92 gm/cu cm and a viscosity
of 20 centipoises, and the soap phase has a density of 0.98 gm/cu cm and a viscosity
of 300 centipoises. It is proposes to separate these phases in a tubular-bow1 centrifuge
with a bow1 30 in long and 2 in. I.D. rotating at 18.000 rpm. The radius of the dam
over which the light phase flows is 0.500 in, whereas that over which the heavy phase
flows is 0.510 in.
(a) Determine the location of the liquid-liquid interface within the centrifuge.
Chapter 4
Filteration
1.*
Ruth and Kempe report the results of laboratory filtration tests on a precipitate
of CaCO3 suspended in water A specially designed plate-frame with a single frame
was used. The frame had a filtening area of 0.283 sq ft and a thickenss of 1.18 in. All
tests were conducted at 66F and with a slurry containing 0.0723 weight fraction
CaCO3. The density of the dried cake was 100 lb/cu ft. Test results for one run are
given below:
P = 40 psi = constant
Volume of Filtrate, 1.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
22
24
26
28
Time, sec
1.8
4.2
7.5
11.2
15.4
20.5
26.7
33.4
41.0
48.8
57.7
67.2
77.3
88.7
Determine the filtrate volume equivalent in resistance to the filter medium and piping
(Ve), the specific cake resistance (), the cake porsity (),and the cake specific
surface(So).
2.*
The results of laboratory tests on 6 in plate and frame filter press using two
frames, each 2 in thick and having a total active filter area of 1 sq-ft are given below.
A slurry of calcium carbonate in water was used.
Experimental data for constant pressure filtration
Time of filtration(sec)
0
26
98
211
361
555
788
1083
pressure difference across the press
wt ratio of wet cake to dry cake
p of dry cake
wt fraction of CaCO3 in slurry
viscosity of filtrate
of CaCO3
of filtrate
wt of filtrate (lb)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
30 lb.f/in2
1.473
73.8 lb/ft3
0.139
2.07 lb/ft-hr
264 lb/ft3
62.2 lb/ft3
10
11
- P, psi
1, sec
4.4
5.0
6.4
7.5
8.7
10.2
11.8
13.5
15.2
17.6
20.0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
12
Chapter - 5
Handling of Solids
1.*
2.*
3.*
13
Chapter - 6
Agitation and Mixing
1.*
A flat-blade turbine with six blades is installed centrally in a vertical tank. The
tank is 6 ft (1.83 m ) in diameter: the turbine is 2 ft (0.61 m ) in diameter and is
positioned 2 ft (0.61 m ) from the bottom of the tank. The turbine blades are 5
in (127 mm) wide. The tank is filled to a depth of 6 ft (1.83m) with a solution
of 50 percent caustic soda. at 150 F (65.6 C) which has a viscosity of 12 cP
and a density of 93.5 lb/ft3 (1498 kg/m3). The turbine is operated at 90r/min.
The tank is baffled. What power will be required to operate the mixer?
2.
3.
WORKED OUT
EXAMPLES
Chapter - 1
Sedimentation and Thickening
1.*
A single batch-settling test was made on a limestone slurry. The interface
between clear liquid and suspended solids was observed as a function of time, and the
results are tabulated below. The test was made using 236 gm of limestone per liter of
slurry. Prepare a curve showing the relation ship between settling rate and solids
concentration.
Test Data
Time, hr
Height of Interface ,cm
0
0.25
0.50
1.00
1.75
3.0
4.75
12.0
20.0
36.0
32.4
28.6
21.0
14.7
12.3
11.55
9.8
8.8
Using the test data. The height of the interface (z) is plotted as a function of
time () (Figure)
Height of interface, cm
V, settling velocity y ,
cm/hr
0
800
Solid conc, g/lit
Zi, cm
i,cm/hr
C,gm/l
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
8.0
36
36
23.8
20
16.2
14.2
11.9
15.65
15.65
5.00
2.78
1.27
0.646
0.158
236
236
358
425
525
600
714
2.*
A limestone-water slurry equivalent to that of problem 1 is fed to a thickener
at a rate of 50 tons of dry solids/hr to produce a thickened sludge of 550 gm limestone
per liter. For an initial slurry concentration of 236 gm limestone per liter of slurry
concentration of 236 gm limestone per liter of slurry specify the thickener area
required.
, cm/hr
cL, gm/l
1
cL
1
1
cL
c
LL cl
S
10
8
6
3
2
1
265
285
325
415
465
550
0.00377
0.00351
0.00307
0.00241
0.00215
0.00182
0.00195
0.000169
0.00125
0.00059
0.00033
0
5140
4740
4800
5090
6060
To determine the minimum value of LL cL / S, the data of Table 1.2 are plotted
in Figure 1.9 This plot yields a minimum value of
LL c L
= 4730 cm / hr
S
1 / gm
Mm
corresponding to = 6.9 cm/hr, and, from Figure 1.7, cL = 310 gm /l. Since
no solids leave in the overflow, a solids material balance (Equation 1.14) gives
LLcL= 50 tons/hr = 100,000 lb solids /hr
Now, 4730
S=
cm / hr
ft / hr
= 9.68
1 / gm
cu ft / lb
and
100,00
= 10,32.sq ft
9.68
LLCL/S
6200
4600
V, settling velocity
10
3.*
A slurry of calcium carbonate in water, containing 45 g of calcium carbonate
per liter, was allowed to settle in a 6.0 cm I.D glass cylinder. The height of the line
between clear liquid and zone B-the zone of relative constant solid concentration, was
measured as a function of time. The results are given below. Prepare a curve of
settling rate Vs concentration.
Time, min
0
100
200
300
400
500
Height, in
44
34
25
17
10
7
ZO
Co = 45
g/lit
Zo = 44
Z, in
Zi
ZL
in
0
L
, min
L, min
100
200
300
400
450
ZL , in
34
25
17
10
Zi, in
43.5
43
38
27.8
20.5
VL, jn / min
CL , g/Lit
VL =
zi z L
0.095
0.09
, in/min
cL=
co zo
, g / lit
zi
45.517
46.046
4.*
A batch sedimentation test was made with 5 micron silica particles in water at
86 F. A 4.5 cm I.D cylinder was used, and the initial slurry concentration was 0.125 g
of silica per cu cm of slurry. The data are given below. Prepare the corresponding
settling rate vs concentration curve.
Final height = 5.53 cm
Time, min
Height, cm
0
34
10.8
25
16.8
20
26.4
15
43.1
10
65.8
7.5
89.5
6.4
100
6.1
co = 0.125
zo = 34
g / cm3
cm
ZO
Zi
Z , cm
ZL
L , min
zL, cm
, min
zi , zna
vL =
zi z L
, cm/min
cL =
co z o
, g/lit
zL
vL , cm/min
cL , g/lit
5.*
The data given below were obtained from a single batch sedimentation test on
an ore slurry. The true density of the solids in the slurry was 2.5 g/cu-cm, and the
density of the liquid was 1 g/cu-cm. Determine the diameter required for a thickener
to handle 100 tons of solids per day from a feed concentration of 64.5 g/liter to an
underflow concentration of 485 g/liter.
Concentration (g of solids/liter of slurry)
64.5
70.9
94.3
111.7
139.9
173.9
222.0
331.0
Lo co
co
cu
D
s
L
=
=
=
=?
=
=
100
64.5
485
2.5
g / cm3
1
g / cm3
tons / day
g / lit
g / lit
cL , g / lit
vL (cm/hr)
64.5
139.9
70.9
103.6
94.3
71.9
111.7
49.4
139.9
27.1
173.9
16.8
222.0
10.0
331.0
6.4
vL
1
1
c L cu
1
1
c L cu
VL / ( 1/ CL 1 / CU )
cm/hr / lit/g
VL / ( 1/ CL 1 / CU )
min
VL, cm/hr
vL
1
1
c c
u
L
A = 100
= Lo co =
A min
min
ton lit / g
day cm / hr
D2 =
D =
ft
cm / hr
lit / q
6.** Estimate the depth of the thickener required to perform the operation of
Example 1.2. The batch-settling test indicated a value of z = 7.7 cm. The specific
gravity of the limestone is 2.09.
From the information of Problem 1 (must know), the following Table may be
prepared.
Time hr
z z
zo z
(z-z )
0
0.25
0.50
1.00
1.75
3.0
4.75
12.0
20.0
28.3
24.7
20.9
13.3
7.0
4.6
3.85
2.1
1.1
0
1.0
0.871
0.739
0.470
0.247
0.162
0.136
0.0743
0.0389
0.0
Wg/WL
Wl /Wg
gm solid / 1, water
1/gm solid
236
236
236
236
392
525
644
850
0.000444
0.000444
0.000444
0.000444
0.00255
0.00191
0.00155
0.00118
The critical time is evaluated from Figure by determining determining the time
at a value of (zo + zo' ) /2. This time is found to be 0.80 hr. The final concentration is
specified by Problem 2 (must know) as 550 gm/l. From Table, a time of about 3.4 hr
is required to produce a concentration of solids equal to 550 gm/l. Thus the retention
time in the compression zone is (3.4-0.8)or 2.6 hr.
Z-Z / ZO - Z
ZO
0.6
0.2
ZO
Time , hr
14
100,000
100,000
2.6 +
6.89
130
62.3
=7.3 ft
10
10
20
3.2
40
2.2
60
2.1
180
2.0
240
1.96
1.94
LO
CO
Lu
Cu
Lo
Co = 1.2 % solid =
Cu = 8 % solid =
1 .2 g
100 g / 1 g / cm
= 0.012 g/cm3
8
= 0.08 g/cm3
100 / 1
Zo = 31 cm
Z = 1.99 cm
Zo -Z = 29.06 cm
z,cm
L, min
zL, cm
zi, cm
vL , cm/min
, min
cL, g/cm
VL / ( 1/ CL 1 / CU )
VL / ( 1/ CL 1 / CU )
min
1/cL
vL
1
1
c L cu
From fig
vL
1
1
cL cu
l o co
=
A
A=
=
A=
D =
min
cm / min
cm 3 / g
cm / min
cm 3 / g
g
105 0.012 gal
min
1day
1 ft 3
3
day cm
cm 24 60 min 7.48 gal
ft2
D2
, min
z, cm
0
5
10
20
40
60
180
240
31
21
10
3.2
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.96
ft
z- z , cm
z z
zo z
1/CL , cm /gal
ln (Z-Z)/ (Z0- Z)
c =
u =
C
u
, min
C
, min
min
loco
( u c ) + l o c o cu 1 d
ys
cL
= 105
gal
g
0.012 3 ( )
day
cm
min
1 day
cm 3
1 ft 3
+ 105
gal
g
cm 3
0.012 3
min
day
cm
g
1 day
24 60 min
1ft 3
gal =
7.48
ft 3
Chapter 2
Classification
8.*
Calculate the terminal velocity for sphericity droplets of coffee extract, 400
microns in diameter, falling through air. The specific gravity of the coffee
extract is 1.03, and the air is at a temperature of 300F.
In this problem, the terminal velocity can be calculated using Equation 2.12;
but since the velocity is unknown, CD cannot be directly evaluated. This
method would require a trial-and-error solution, but the problem is easily
solved using Equation 2.21. This equation will be plotted on Figure 2.1 using
the specified data. It will pass through the point NRc = 1.0 and
CD =[4gD3 p(ps-p )/ 32] with slop of -2.
400 10 4
= 1.31 x 10-3 ft
30.48
air = 0.026 x 6.72 x 10-4 = 1.747 x 10-5 lb/ft sec
ps = 1.03 x 62.3 = 64.1 lb/cu ft
29 492
= 0.0524 lb/cu ft
pair =
359 760
Dp =
CD =
CD =
4 gDp 3 p ( ps p )
3 2
(4)(32.2)(0.00131)3(0.0524)(64.1)(0.0524)
(3)(1.747 10 5 )2
CD = 611
On Figure 2.1a at (CD =611, NRe = 1.0), draw a line of slope of -2 At its intersection
with. = 1.0, NRe =14.
Therefore, Dp tp / = 14,
and
t =
9.*
14
14(1.747 105 )
=
= 3.57 ft / sec
D p P (1.31 10 3 )(5.24 10 2 )
(a) For equal-sized silica and galena particles, the heavier galena will settle
faster. Therefore, the settling velocity of the largest silica particle will
determine the water velocity.A water velocity equal to this settling velocity
should give a pure galena product . By Equation 2.21, using the metric system
of units.
4 gD p 3 ( p sil p )
3(0.01)
This is a straight line on Figure 2.1 passing through (NRe = 1, CD = 7400) with a slope
of -2.
This line intersects the = 0.806 curve at NRe = 28.
A Reynolds number of 28 corresponds to a settling velocity of
N (28)(0.01)
t = Re =
= 4.0 cm /sec
D p p (0.07 )(1.0 )
This velocity must also be the water velocity to a ensure a clean galena product, since
it will carry all silica overhead.
(b) calculation of the size of a galena particle that settles at a velocity of 4.0 cm/sec
fixes the smallest galena particle in the galena product. By Equation 2.22.
4 g ( p gat p )
(4)(981)(7.5 1.0)0.01
log CD = log NRe + log
(3)(1)2 (4.0)3
This is a straight line on Figure 2.1 passing through (NRe = 1.0, CD= 1.33) with a slop
of + 1. This line intersects the = 0.806 curve at NRe = 9.0. This Reynolds number
corresponds to a diameter of
Dp =
N Re
(9(0.01)) = 0.0225cm
(4.0)(1.0)
Thus, The galena product size ranges between 0.0225 cm and 0.07 cm. Galena
particles smaller than 0.0225 cm are carried overhead along with all silica.
10.*
Drops of oil 15 microns in diameter are to be settle from their mixture with air.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.9, and the air is at 21C and 1 atm. A
settling time of 1 min is available. How high should the chamber be to allow
settling of these particles? Assume that the motion of the particle lies in the
Stokes-Law range.
oil
Dp = 15
sp.gr of oil = 0.9
D p2 g ( s )
vt =
18
Dp = 15 x 10-4 cm
s = 0.9 g/cm3
= 0.018 x 10-2 g/cm-5
pv = nRT
R=
pv 1atm 22.4 10 3 cm 3
=
nt
1 g.mol 273K
air =
pM
RT
1atm 29 g / g mol
1 22.4 10 3
294K
273
= 0.0012 g/ cm3
(15 10 )
vt =
4 2
11.*
Air is being dried by being bubbled (in very small bubbles) through
concentrated sulfuric acid (specific gravity, 1.84, viscosity, 15 cp, temperature
100F). The sulfuric acid fills a 24 in tall, 2 in ID glass tube to a depth of 6 in.
The dry air above the acid is at a pressure of 0.8 atm and at 100F. If the dry
air rate is 3.5 cfm, what is the maximum diameter of a sulfuric acid spray
droplet which might be carried out of the apparatus by entrainment in the air
stream.
air
dry air
6 in
S/A conc
sp.gr = 1.84
= 15 cp, 100F
Q = 3.5 ft3 /min
vt - A = 3.5 ft3 / min
3.5 3
2
ft / s
vt =
4 12
60
vt =
ft/s
p = 1.84 x 62.4 lb / ft3
PM
t =
=
RT
f = air
Dp
s/^
=?
4g p f
3v
3
t
2
f
at NRe = 1
DD =
4g p f f
3v
3
t
2
f
fig 2.1
NRe =
D p v
Dp =
5cm,10A,
at noon
water
vt = 5 cm /2 hr
p = 2.5 g/ cm3
f = 62.4 lb/ft3
f = 1 cp
Dp can be calculated same as problem 4.
13.** Particles of sphalerite (specific gravity = 4.0) are settling under the force of
gravity through a slurry consisting of 25% by volume of quartz particles
(specific gravity = 2.65) and water. The diameter of the sphalerite particles is
0.006 in. The volumetric ratio of sphalerite to slurry is 0.25. The temperature
is 50F. What is the terminal velocity of the sphalerite? What is the density of
slurry?
sphalerite
sp gr = 4
Dp = 0.006 in
50F
vol of sphalerite
vol of slurry
= 0.25
vt = ?
slurry = ?
slurry
quarty+ water
25% vol
sp gr=2.65
D 2p g p f
18 f
)=F
g/cm3
X2
10182 (1 X )
x = 0.75
Dp = 0.006 in x
2.54cm
= 0.006 x 2.54cm
1in
p = 4 g/cm3
f = 1.31 cp = 1.31 x 10 -2 g/cm.s
f = 62.42 lb/ft3 x
Fs =
0.752
101.82 (10.75)
1g / cm 3
= 1 g/cm3
62.37lb / ft 3
= 0.197
14.** Calculate the settling velocity for the hindered settling of glass sphere in water
at 68F when the suspension contains 1206 g of glass spheres in 1140 cm3 of
total volume. The average diameter of the spheres, as determined from
photomicrographs, was 0.0061 in and the true density of the spheres was 154
lb/ft3.
gass sphere
Dp =0.0061 in
p = 154 lb /ft3
vH = ?
68F
water
t = 62.31 lb/ft3
t = 0.982 cp
1206
154 / 62.4 = 0.571
1140
1140
x=
Fs =
vH =
x2
10182 (1 x )
==
D 2p g p f
18 f
0.5712
=
101.82 (10571)
) .F
15.*** Urea pellets are made by spraying drops of molten urea into cold gas at the top
of a tall tower and allowing the material to solidify as it falls. Pellets 1/4 in. in
diameter are to be made in a tower 80 ft high containing air at 70F. The
density of urea is 83 lb/cu-ft.
(a) What would be the terminal velocity of the pellets, assuming free-settling
conditions?
(b) Would the pellets attain 99 % of this velocity before they reached the
bottom of the tower?
molten urea
80 ft
air
70F
(a)
urea pellets
Dp = 1/4 in = 1/48 ft
urea = 83 lb/ft3
vt = ?
Dp = 1/48 ft
f =
p = 83 lb/ft3
PM
RT
f =
4D 3p g ( p f ) f
3 f2
at NRe = 1
4D 3p g ( p f ) f
cD =
3 f2
cD
slope = -2
=1
cD
1
NRe =
NRe
Fig 2.1
NRe =
D p vt
vt
(b)
80 ft vp
vt
v = 0.99 vt
0 ft
a=
vb
dv
dt
d . a =
dv
dz
dt
d . a = v
0
80
d =
Vb
0
dv
v
a
dv = -80
F = mpa = FE - FB - FR
C D A pf v 2
= mp g - mf g -
c D / 4 D 2p f v 2
mp
mpa = mpg t g
2
p
mp =
a =
p f
p
.g
D p3 p
3c D f v 2
4D p p
3 0.075c D v 2
83 0.075
62.4
1
83
4 83
48
Dpv f v
NRe , p =
=
a=
Assume
v c ft/s
NRe
0
cD
0
v
a
vt
v
a
vb =
- 80
0
vb vt
vb
=
vt
16.*** Quartz and pyrites are separated by continuous hydraulic classifications. The
feed to the classifier ranges in size between 10 microns and 300 microns.
Three fractions are obtained: a pure-quartz product, a pure-pyrites product, and
a mixture of quartz and pyrites. The specific gravity of quartz is 2.65 and that
of pyrites is 5.1. What is the size range of the two materials in the mixed
fraction for each of the following cases.
(a) The bottoms product to contain the maximum amount of pure pyrites.
(b) The overhead product to contain the maximum amount of pure quartz.
Q& p
Q+P
10 to 300
- pure Q
- pure P
- Q& p
H2 O
P (pure)
sp.gr of Q = 2 .65
p = 5.1
(a)
g/cm3
f = 1 x 10-2 gl cm.s
vt = ?
log cD = - 2 log NRe + log
4 D 3p g ( p )
at NRe = 1
cD =
4 D p3 g ( p )
3 2
3 2
slope = -2
cD
cD
=1
1
NRe =
NRe
NRe =
vt =
For pyrite
vt =
vt
Dp = ?
cm/s
g/cm3
p = 5.1
4 g ( p )
3vt3 2
at NRe = 1
cD =
4 g ( p )
3vt3 2
slope = 1
cD
cD
= 1
NRe = 1
NRe =
Dp
vt
Dp =
10 to 300 for quart 2
10 to _ _ _ for pyrite
(b)
Q& p
Q (pure) 10 to Dp
10 to 300
H2 O
P + Q Dp to 300
4 D p3 g ( p )
3 2
at NRe = 1 = >
cD =
4 D p3 g ( p )
3 2
slope = -2
cD
cD
=1
NRe =
NRe
NRe =
vt
vt =
For quartz
vt =
p = 2.65
Dp = ?
log cD = log NRe + log
at NRe = 1
4g p
3v
3
t
2
f
cD =
4g p
3v 3t f2
slope = 1
cD
cD
= 1
NRe = 1
NRe =
Dp
vt
Dp =
10 to 300 for pyrite
17.*** A mixture of coal and sand in particle size smaller than 20 mesh is to be
completely separated by screening and then elutriating each of the cuts from
the screening operation with water as the elutriating fluid. Recommend a
screen size such that the oversize cut can be completely separated into coal and
sand fractions by water elutriation. What water velocity will be required? The
specific gravity for sand and coal is 2.65 and 1.35 respectively.
s&s
0
< 20 mesh
sp.gr = 1.35
u
screen size = ?
> Dps
H2o
sand
sp.gr=2.65
cD =
NRe =
cD =
cD =
4D p g ( p f )
3v 2t
Dp
vt
4D P g p
3
4 D p3 g ( p )
3
D p 2
N 2Re 2
.
1
2
N Re
4 D p3 g ( p )
3 2
4 D p3 g ( p )
3 2
4 0.08333 980(1.35 1)1
3 (10
2 2
= 0.26 10 4
=1
NRe , p = 30
Dp
vt
vt =
For sand
Dp = ?
vt =
4 g ( p )
3vt3
4 g ( p )
3vt3
slope = 1
cD
cD
= 1
NRe =
NRe
NRe
Dp
vt
Dp =
18.*** A mixture of spherical particles of silica contains particles ranging in size from
14 mesh to 200 mesh. This mixture is to be divided into two fractions by
elutriation, utilizing the upward velocity of a stream of water at 55F rising
through a tube 4 in in diameter.
(a) What quantity of water, in gpm, will probably be needed to divide the
mixture at a size equal to the aperture of a 48-mesh screen?
(b) When the water flow through the tube is 1.5 gpm, what is the smallest size
of silica particle which will probably settle through the stream? The specific
gravity for silica is 2.65.
silica
200-48
200-14
4 in dia
H2 O
55F
sp - gr = 2.65
48-14
(a) Q = ? g pm
Dp = 48 mesh
p = 2.65 x 62.4 lb /ft3
f =
f =
vt = ?
Q = vt . A = vt x
D2 =
4 D p3 g ( p )
3 2
at NRe = 1
cD =
4 D p3 g ( p )
3 2
cD
slope = -2
cD
=1
1
NRe = 1
NRe
NRe =
Dp
vt
vt =
Q= vt x
D2 =
(l)
200-14
H 2O
200-Dp
Dp-14
Q = 1.5 gpm
vt . A = 1.5 gal/min
1.5
1 ft 144 1
vt =
7
.
48
1
cos
2
4
4
= 0.0383 ft/s
Dp = ?
=1
p = 2.65 x 62 .4 lb/ft3
log cD = log NRe + log
at NRe = 1
cD =
4 g ( p )
3vt3 2
4 g ( p )
3 vt3
slope = 1
cD
1
NRe =
NRe
Fig = 2.1
Dp
vt
Dp =
Chapter 4
Filteration
19.* Ruth and Kempe report the results of laboratory filtration tests on a precipitate
of CaCO3 suspended in water A specially designed plate-frame with a single frame
was used. The frame had a filtening area of 0.283 sq ft and a thickenss of 1.18 in. All
tests were conducted at 66F and with a slurry containing 0.0723 weight fraction
CaCO3. The density of the dried cake was 100 lb/cu ft. Test results for one run are
given below:
P = 40 psi = constant
Volume of Filtrate, 1.
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
22
24
26
28
Time, sec
1.8
4.2
7.5
11.2
15.4
20.5
26.7
33.4
41.0
48.8
57.7
67.2
77.3
88.7
Determine the filtrate volume equivalent in resistance to the filter medium and piping
(Ve), the specific cake resistance (), the cake porsity (),and the cake specific
surface(So).
20.* The results of laboratory tests on 6 in plate and frame filter press using two
frames, each 2 in thick and having a total active filter area of 1 sq-ft are given below.
A slurry of calcium carbonate in water was used.
Expermental data for constant pressure filtration
Time of filtration(sec)
0
wt of filtrate (lb)
0
26
Chapter - 5
Handling of Solids
1.*
A belt conveyor is required to deliver crushed limestone having a bulk density
of 75 lb/cu ft at the rate of 200 tons/hr. The conveyor is to be 200 ft between
centers of pulleys with a rise of 25ft. The largest lumps are 4 in an and
constitute 15% of the total. The conveyor will discharge over the end. For a
belt speed of 200 fpm, what is the minimum width of belt that can be used?
Calculate the horsepower for the drive motor.
Solution
minimum width of belt = 14 in
Data
friction factor =
0.03
Lo
= 150
wt of conveyor = 30
lb/ft
h.p =
2.*
= 28.6 h.p
3.*
gal
1ft 3
= 855.6 ft 3 /hr
h 7.48gal
Chapter - 6
Agitation and Mixing
tajccHar;cGef;rsm;(must know)
Problems
1.*
A flat-blade turbine with six blades is installed centrally in a vertical tank. The
tank is 6 ft (1.83 m ) in diameter: the turbine is 2 ft (0.61 m ) in diameter and is
positioned 2 ft (0.61 m ) from the bottom of the tank. The turbine blades are 5
in (127 mm) wide. The tank is filled to a depth of 6 ft (1.83m) with a solution
of 50 percent caustic soda. at 150 F (65.6 C) which has a viscosity of 12 cP
and a density of 93.5 lb/ft3 (1498 kg/m3). The turbine is operated at 90r/min.
The tank is baffled. What power will be required to operate the mixer?
Solution
1.
Curve A in Fig. 6.5 applies under the conditions of this problem. The
Reynolds number is calculated. The quantities for substitution are. in
consistent unit.
90
Da = 2 ft
n =
= 1.5 r/s
60
= 12 x 6.72 x 10-1 = 8.06 x 10-3 lb/ft-s
= 93.5 lb /ft3 ,
g = 32.17 ft/s2
Then
NRe =
D a2 n 2 2 x1.5 93.5
=
= 69.600
8.06 10 3
From curve A (Fig 6.5). for NRe = 69.600. NRe = 5.8 and from Eq. (6.11)
5.8 93.5x1.53 2 3
= 1821ft lb.s
32.17
The power requirement is 1821/550 = 3.31 hp (2.47 kw).
=
2.
nDa 1.5 2 2
=
= 0.14
g
32.17
From Table 61, the constants a and b for substitution into Eq. (6.10) are a =1.0
and b= 40.0 From Eq (6.10)
Do log10 69,600
m=
= 0.096
40.0
The power number read from Fig 6.5, curve D.for NRe = 69.600 , is 1.07 ; the
corrected value of NRe = is 1.07: 0.14 -0.096 =1.29. Thus, from Eq(6.11)
1.29 93.5 1.53 2 3
= 406 ft lb ds
32.17
The power requirement is 406/550 = 0.74 hp (0.55 KW)
It is usually not good practice to operate an unbaffled tank under these
conditions of agitation.
3.
The mixer of Problem 1 is to used to mix a rubber-later compound having a
viscosity of 1200 P and a density of 70lb/ft3 (1120 kg/m3). What power will be
requied?
Solution
The Reynolds number is now
p=
2 2 1.5 70
= 5.2
1200 0.0672
This is well within the range of laminar flow. From Table 6.3 KL=65: from
Eq.(6.12)NRe = 65/5.2=12.5 and
NRe =
1.25 70 1.53 2 3
= 2938 ft lbds
32.17
The power required is 2938 =5.34 hp (3.99kw). This power requirement is
independent of whether or not the tank is battled. There is no reason for baffles
in a mixer operated at low Reynolds numbers, as vortex formation does not
occur under such conditions.
p=