Mechanical Design 1

(MCE 321)

Chapter 4
Deflection and Stiffness
Dr. Lotfi Romdhane
lromdhane@aus.edu
Mechanical Design I (MCE 321)

Summer 2016

L. Romdhane, SS 2016, 11:33 AM -- 1--

Chapter Outline

Mechanical Design I (MCE 321)

4-1

Spring Rates

4-2

Tension, Compression, and Torsion

4-3

Deflection Due to Bending

4-4

Beam Deflection Methods

4-5

Beam Deflections by Superposition

4-6

Beam Deflections by Singularity Functions

4-7

Strain Energy

4-8

Castiglianos Theorem

4-9

Deflection of Curved Members

4-10

Statically Indeterminate Problems

4-11

Compression MembersGeneral

4-12

Long Columns with Central Loading

4-13

Intermediate-Length Columns with Central Loading

4-14

Columns with Eccentric Loading

4-15

Struts or Short Compression Members

4-16

Elastic Stability

4-17

Shock and Impact

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Spring Rates
A spring is a mechanical element that exerts a force
when deformed.
If we designate the general relationship between force
and deflection by the equation
then spring rate is defined as
where y must be measured in the direction of F and at
the point of application of F.
For linear force-deflection problems, k is a constant,
also called the spring constant
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Tension, Compression, and Torsion

The total extension or contraction of a uniform bar in
pure tension or compression, is given by
The spring constant of an axially loaded bar is then
The angular deflection of a uniform round bar
subjected to a twisting moment T is
where is in radians

The torsional spring rate is

Mechanical Design I (MCE 321)

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Deflection Due to Bending

The curvature of a beam subjected to a bending
moment M is given by

where is the radius of curvature

The slope of the beam at any point x is

Therefore
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Deflection Due to Bending

(410)
(411)
(412)
(413)

(414)
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Beam Deflection Methods

There are many techniques employed to solve
the integration problem for beam deflection.
Some of the popular methods include :
Superposition
Singularity functions
Energy

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Example 1: Superposition
Beam Deflections by
Superposition :
Superposition resolves the effect of
combined loading on a structure by
determining the effects of each load
separately and adding the results
algebraically.

+
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Example 4 2 (continued)

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Example 2: Superposition

+
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Example 2: Superposition

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Example 2: Superposition

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Example 2: Superposition

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Tables

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Strain Energy
The external work done on an elastic
member in deforming it, is transformed
into strain, or potential energy.
For tension and compression The strain energy due to direct
The energy is equal toshear
the product of the
average force and the deflection, or
The strain energy for torsion is
given by

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Strain Energy due to

Bending and shear loading

The strain energy stored

in a section of the elastic
curve of length ds is
=

=
2
2

For small deflections,

1

= and = . Then,
for the entire beam
Summarized to include
both the integral and
non integral form, the
strain energy for bending is
The strain energy due
to shear loading of a
beam can be
approximated as

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Example 1: Strain Energy

Determine the
strain energy for the
simply supported
beam

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Example 2: Strain Energy

Determine the Bending

Strain Energy for the
curved beam

B
R

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Castiglianos Theorem
Castiglianos theorem states that
when forces act on elastic systems subject to small displacements, the
displacement corresponding to any force, in the direction of the force, is
equal to the partial derivative of the total strain energy with respect to
that force.
where i is the displacement of the point of application of the force Fi
in the direction of Fi

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Castiglianos Theorem (applications)

Castiglianos theorem can be used to find the deflection at a
point even though no force or moment acts there.
Set up the equation for the total strain energy U
Find an expression for the desired deflection
Since Q is a fictitious force, solve the expression by setting Q equal to zero.

Torsion

Tension/ Compression

T 2 L TL

T 2GJ GJ

F 2 L FL

F 2 AE AE

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Castiglianos Theorem (applications)

Bending (Shear Contributions)

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P 2 R3 PR3
yA

P 8EI 4 EI

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Example 410

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Example 410 (continued)

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Example 410 (continued)

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Example 410 (continued)

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Example 3: Castiglianos Theorem

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Long Columns with Central Loading

If the axial force P shown acts along the
centroidal axis of the column, simple
compression of the member occurs for low
values of the force.

Under certain conditions, when P reaches a

specific value, the column becomes
unstable and bending develops rapidly.

The critical force for the pin-ended

column is given by
which is called the Euler column formula.

Euler Column formula can be extended to apply

to other end-conditions by writing
where the constant C depends on the end conditions

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Long Columns with Central Loading

Critical Buckling Load

C EI
Pcr
2
l
2
I Ak
2

Pcr C E

2
A l

k
2

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Euler Column Formula : General

Using the relation = 2, where is the area and the radius of
gyration. Euler Column Equation can be rearranged as

where is called the slenderness ratio

The quantity
is the critical unit load. It is the load per unit area

necessary to place the column in a condition of unstable equilibrium.

The factor C is called the
end-condition constant,

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Euler Column Formula : Application

In practical engineering applications where defects such as initial
crookedness or load eccentricities exist, the Euler equation can only be

used for slenderness ratio greater than

Most designers select point T such that
value of

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with corresponding

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Euler Column Formula : Example

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Columns with Eccentric Loading

The magnitude of the maximum compressive
stress at mid span is found by superposing the
axial component and the bending component.

By imposing the compressive

yield strength as the
maximum value of

The term 2 is called the

eccentricity ratio.
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Struts or Short Compression Members

A strut is a short compression member such that
the maximum compressive stress in the x direction
at point B in an intermediate section is the sum of a
simple component P/A and a flexural component
Mc/I

1
2

where =
is the radius of gyration, is the

coordinate of point B, and is the eccentricity of

loading.
How long is a short member?
If we decide that the limiting percentage is to be 1
percent of , then, the limiting slenderness ratio
turns out to be
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Summary

Struts
Short columns

1+ 2

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Intermediate
length columns

Long columns

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