Teknik Kelautan FTK- ITS

Fatigue of Marine
Structures
Prof. Ir. Eko Budi Djatmiko, MSc., PhD.
Nur Syahroni, ST., MT.

Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics (MO-091334)

Outline
 Mechanisms of Fatigue Failure
 Basic of Fatigue Analysis
 SN Curve Approach
 Fracture Mechanics Approach

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Mechanism of Fatigue Failure

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Simple Illustration of Fatigue Failure
Mechanism
LOAD (kN)

tension

0 cycle
compression

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Fatigue Stages

Ntot = Ni + Np + Nf
Ntot = total cycles of fatigue live
Ni = number of cycles of fatigue crack initiation (stage-1)
Np = number of cycle of fatigue crack propagation / growth (stage-II)
Nf = number of cycle of final failure (stage-III)
Since Nf is too short compared with number of cycles of other stages, then:

Ntot = Ni + Np

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Fatigue Initiation (Stage-I)
 Plain specimen

Persistent slip band produces extrusion – intrusion in the

free surface lead to crack nucleation

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Fatigue Initiation (Stage-I)
 Microcrack growth occurs up to few grains with approx. 45o
from loading direction
 Fatigue crack initiation (FCI) period in plain specimens is very
dominant among other stages

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Fatigue Initiation (Stage-I)
 Welded joint

FCI in welded joint normally takes place at the highly

concentrated stress sites especially at weld toe or weld root.

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Fatigue Initiation (Stage-I)
 Welded joint

FCI period in welded joint is not so significant due to weld

discontinuities

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Fatigue Crack Propagation (Stage-II)
 Microcrack transforms into macrocrack after few grains and
stable crack propagation (stage-II) begins
 The direction of Fatigue Crack Propagation (FCP) is
perpendicular to the loading direction

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Fatigue Crack Propagation (Stage-II)
 FCP is microscopically characterized by striation
 1 cycle of fatigue loading is represented by 1 spacing of
striation

Striation mechanism Striation photograph

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Fatigue Crack Propagation (Stage-II)
 The spacing size of striation is dependent on the
amplitude of fatigue loading
 The higher amplitude load the wider striation

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Fatigue Crack Propagation (Stage-II)
 In the constant amplitude
fatigue load, the spacing of
striation is relatively
constant (no beach mark)
 In the variable amplitude
fatigue load, the change of
striation will be taken
place producing so called
beach mark
 One spacing of beach
mark may comprises
thousand of striations

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Final failure (Stage-III)
 When the crack reach a
critical length and the
remaining part of specimen
cannot withstand the cyclic
load, the fast fracture will be
occured
 The characteristic of
fracture are depent on the
material properties:
 Tough material: ductile
fracture
 Brittel material: brittle
fracture

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 Typical fatigue fracture surface
 Welded joint

crack initiation

crack growth final fracture

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Basic of Fatigue Analysis
 SN Curve Approach
 Fracture Mechanics Approach

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SN Curve Approach
 The SN approach is based on experimental
 Types of SN test:
 Plain materials
 Welded joints
 Structural components

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SN Curve Approach
 Plain materials:
• Specimens are normally
smooth cylindrical or hour-
glass shapes
• Load types: axial or bending
• Test results a basic fatigue
strength of material
• Most of fatigue life is spent
in crack initiation stage

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SN Curve Approach
 Welded joints (small scale specimens):
• Some typical welded joints are used to generate SN data
• According to the fatigue test, the joint details can be classified
into several fatigue classes

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SN Curve Approach
 Structural components (large scale specimens):
• In many cases, the stress distribution of members is so
complicated so that fatigue strength cannot be represented by
SN data of small scale specimen
• Typical structural components are tubular joints and build-up
beams

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Fatigue Terminology
o Main parameter affect on the
fatigue is stress (S) range

Ds = smax - smin
smax

Stress
sa Ds
o It is equal to two times of sm
stress amplitude smin

Ds = 2·sa 0 time

o Mean stress gets

sm = (smax + smin) / 2
o Stress ratio (R)
R = smin / smax
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Fatigue Terminology
o Stress ratio (R)
R = smin / smax

R>1 R=∞ R<0 R=0 0<R<1

R=-1

Compression- Pulsating Alternating Pulsating Tension-

compression compression tension tension

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SN Data

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Fatigue Analysis Procedures
Three different methods for Notch stress

fatigue analysis according to Hot-spot stress

Nominal stress

the stress to be considered:

 Nominal stress approach
 Hot-sot approach
 Notch stress approach
F M
Nominal stress: s nom   y
A I

Hot-spot stress: s hs  K s  s nom

Notch stress: s ln  Kt  s nom

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SN Curve Approach
 The SN approach is based
on experimental

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Fracture Mechanics Approach

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