Mechanics of Materials–II

ME-311
week: 1
Lecture: 1
Level: 6th Semester, 3rd Year
Program: B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Credit Hours : 03
Topics: Course outline, Recommended books, Course learning
objectives (CLOs), weekly planning, Review of basic
concepts.

Course Teacher: Engr. Abdul Hadi

Department of Mechanical Engineering

 Course Outline
1. Analysis of stress and strain in two and three dimensions
2. Principal stresses and strains
3. Mohr’s circle for stress and strain
4. Thick walled pressure vessels
5. Symmetrical and asymmetrical loading
6. Introduction to fracture mechanics
7. Impact loading
8. Fatigue and creep
9. Virtual work
10. Theories of elastic failure
11. Theory of columns

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 Recommended Books
1. E J Hearn, Mechanics of Materials Volume 1 & 2
2. Ferdinand P. Beer & Russel Johnston Jr., Mechanics of Materials,
McGraw-Hill
3. Popov, Mechanics of Materials
4. P. P. Benham & R. J. Crawford, Mechanics of Engineering Materials,
Longman Sci & Tech
5. Boresi, Arthur P., Schmidt, Richard J. Sidebottom, Omar M., Advanced
Mechanics of Materials
6. R. C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials
7. Andrew Pytel and F. L. Singer, Strength of Materials
8. W. F. Riley, L. D. Sturges and D. H. Morris, Mechanics of Materials.
9. W. A. Nashi, Statics and Mechanics of Materials, Schaum’s outline series
New York

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 Course Learning
Objectives (CLOs)
CLO-01: Analyze stresses and strains for two- and three-
dimensional cases using analytical and Mohr’s Circle
technique.
CLO-02: Understand theory of failure of materials and fracture
mechanics.
CLO-03: Solve problems related to early failure of materials under
conditions like fatigue, creep, impact loadings, etc.
CLO-04: Analyze stresses in thick walled cylinders and columns.
CLO-05: Understand special topics like symmetrical &
asymmetrical bending, virtual work, theory of columns,
etc.

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 Weekly Teaching Plan

WEEK Assignments/
Topics CLO
# Quizzes

Review of basic concepts like stress, strain,

1 Hook’s Law, stress-strain diagram, moduli, CLO-01
flexure, torsion, , etc
Combined stresses, Variation of stresses at a point,
Analytical derivation for normal and shear stress
2 CLO-01
in two dimensions, Principal stresses, Principal
planes, Maximum shear stress and its planes.
Mohr’s Circle for stresses in two dimensions, CLO-01
3 Assignment #01
absolute maximum shear stress. CLO-02
Solving problems on combined stresses CLO-01
4 Quiz #01
analytically as well as using Mohr’s Circle. CLO-02
Transformation of strain components, Mohr’s CLO-01
5
circle for strain in two dimensions, Problems CLO-02

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 Weekly Teaching Plan..

WEEK Assignments/
Topics CLO
# Quizzes

Stresses in three dimensions, Principal stresses,

Maximum shear stress for the special case of CLO-01
6 Assignment #02
CLO-02
principal stress.
Stresses in thin-walled cylinders, Stresses in thick-
walled cylinders, Lame’s Method Special, case for CLO-01
7 Quiz #02
CLO-04
maximum stresses,
Solving problems on thin- and thick–walled
8 CLO-04
cylinders

9 Mid-Semester Examination

Impact loading, Gradually applied loads, suddenly

10 applied loads, Resilience, Static and dynamic CLO-03
deflections

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 Weekly Teaching Plan..

WEEK Assignments/
Topics CLO
# Quizzes

11 Problems on Impact Loadings CLO-03

12 Fatigue failure Assignment #03 CLO-03
13 Creep Quiz #03 CLO-03
14 Theories of Failure of materials CLO-02
15 Introduction to Fracture Mechanics Assignment #04 CLO-02
16 Symmetrical & Asymmetrical loading, Problems Quiz #04 CLO-05
17 Theory of columns virtual work CLO-05

18 Final Semester Examination

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 Review of Basic Concepts

Basic Concepts of Mechanics of Materials:

The coming slides contain a quick review of the basic concepts
studied by the students already in MOM – I.
Review of these concepts shall help understand the topics
included in MOM – II.

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 Stress
Stress: For the body shown in figure (a),
P = External force applied to the body.
A= cross sectional area of the body.
For the body to remain in tact under the
load P, the particles at any section within
the body must resist the external force P with an
equal and opposite force (resistance), fig. (b), thus
P =The internal resistance at any cross section, too.
= The resultant of elementary forces distributed
over the entire area of the cross section (fig.b).
Thus qualitatively, stress within a body is the internal resistance
to the externally applied load/loads/forces.
Magnitude of stress is represented by the Greek letter Ϭ and Ʈ for normal
and shear stress respectively. The present stress is of normal type, thus
𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐏
Ϭ= =
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐀
Units of stress : Pascal (Pa) = N/m2 (SI system) , psi = Ib/in2 (British system)
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 Axial loading and
Normal tresses
Axial Force/Loading: A force with its resultant passing through the
centroid of a particular section and being along or parallel to the
longitudinal axis of a body (perpendicular to the cross section).
Axial force can be tensile or compressive. If the axial force acts through the
centroid (center of the area)of the member, it is called concentric loading. If
the force is not acting through the centroid, it is called eccentric loading.
Axial forces cause normal stresses.
Normal Stresses: Stresses due to forces
perpendicular to the area/plane within a body.
Normal stresses can be tensile or compressive.
Tensile stresses: Stresses due to tensile forces
(forces trying to elongate the body).
Compressive stresses: Stresses due to
compressive forces (forces trying to decrease the length of a body).
𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐏
Normal stress: Ϭ = = (units are Pa or psi)
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐀

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 Average Stress &
Stress at a point
𝐏
Average Stress: Stress given by the equation Ϭ =
𝐀
is actually the average stress for the entire section.
Dividing the total load by the total area does not always give the
stress at all points in the cross –sectional area. The stress may vary
throughout the section or cross – section.
Stress at a point: For stress at point Q of the cross section (Fig. a),
consider a small area ∆A. Dividing the magnitude
of ∆F by ∆A, we obtain the average value of the stress over ∆A.
Letting ∆A approach zero, we obtain the stress at point Q:
𝐝𝐅
= , thus
𝐝𝐀
𝐝𝐅
Stress at a point = Ϭ = , where dF is the differential load acting on
𝐝𝐀
the differential area dA.
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 Simple Stress
Simple Stress: The condition under which the stress is
constant or uniform throughout a cross – section is
known as simple stress.
Condition for simple stress: Uniform stress distribution
can exist only if the resultant of the applied loads pass
through the centroid of the cross section (for proof, see
Strength of Materials – Singer, 4th edition, page 6)
Thus in the adjoining figure, a uniform distribution of
stress is possible only if the line of action of the
concentrated load P and P’ passes through the centroid of
the section considered.
Note: The above mentioned condition for the
simple stress applies to the case of normal stress
only and is not applicable to the shearing stress.

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 Stress Concentration
Stress concentration: The adjoining figure shows the
profile of a bar of constant thickness. Although
load P is applied at centerline of the bar, the
stress is not uniform on all the cross sections of the body.
To show the intensity of stress, lines of stresses have been
shown originating from the point of application of P. As can b
be seen, spacing between the lines is constant throughout
section f-f and b-b only and for the rest of sections, the
spacing between the lines varies, meaning that the stress
is not uniform through these sections. This phenomena is
called stress concentration. It is clear from the figure that
stress concentration occurs at abrupt changes of sections,
holes, cuts, sharp edges, etc. Also stress is more at the
point of application of the load.
Importance of stress concentration: The designer have to
consider areas/sections pf stress concentration, especially in case of
repeated loadings which may lead to fatigue failure (fatigue failure is a
special case and shall be studied latter in this course, in shaa Allah).
Note: The case of stress concentration is an exception to the condition of
uniform stress. Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Shearing Stress
Shearing Stress: Shearing stress differs from both tensile and
compressive stress because it is caused by forces acting along or parallel to
the area resisting the forces, whereas the tensile and compressive stresses
are caused by forces perpendicular to the areas on which they act.
Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.
A shearing stress is produced whenever the applied load causes one section
of a body to slide past its adjacent section.
Example of shear Stress:
The rivet in the riveted joint is under
shear stress. The cross section (section a-a)
of the rivet between the two plates is
under shear because the force P applied
by the plates tend to slide the upper part
of the shank past the lower one.
Common Shear Cases: Shear stresses are commonly found in bolts, pins or
rivets used in various structural members and machine components.

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 Shearing Stress…
Magnitude of shear stress :
Magnitude of shear stress is represented by the Greek letter Ʈ.
𝐒𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐏
Shear stress = Ʈ = = = Average shearing stress = Ʈav
𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐀

Caution: Contrary to the normal stresses, the distribution of shear stress

across the section can not be assumed uniform . The actual value Ʈ of the
shearing stress varies from zero at the surface of the member to a maximum
value Ʈmax that may be much larger than the average value Ʈav..
In the figures below, the cross section E - E ‘ of the is bolt under shear stress.

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 Bearing Stress
Bearing stress : The stress due to contact pressure between two separate
bodies is called bearing stress. Bearing stress occurs at the area of contact
and is equal and opposite on the bodies in contact.
Common cases of sbearing stress: Bolts, pins, and rivets create bearing
stresses in the members they connect.

Example:
The two plates A and B connected by
a bolt CD (Fig. a). The bolt exerts on plate A a force P equal and opposite to
the force F exerted by the plate on the bolt (Fig. b). The force P represents
the resultant of elementary forces distributed on the inside surface of a half
cylinder of diameter d and of length t equal to the thickness of the plate.
𝐏 𝐏
The average bearing stress = Ϭb,av = =
𝐀 𝐭𝐝
Note: Bearing stress is different from compressive stress because
compressive stress is the internal stress caused by compressive force.
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 Normal Strain
Normal Strain: Besides stress, another
important property of materials is strain.
Although here we consider normal strain under
axial loadings, the principles and methods
apply well to more complex cases of bending,
twisting, etc.
Consider a rod BC, of length L and uniform
cross-sectional area A, which is suspended from
B (Fig. a). If we apply a load P to end C, the rod
elongates through δ (Fig. b).
The normal strain in a rod under axial loading is
defined as the deformation per unit length of that rod.
Denoting the normal strain by Є (Greek letter epsilon), we write
𝜹 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Є= = = Average Strain
𝐋 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡
𝐝𝛅
Strain at a point = , dδ is the elongation of the differential length dL.
𝐝𝐋
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 Normal Strain
Normal Strain for a member with variable cross section:
In the case of a member of variable
cross-sectional area A, however, the
𝐏
normal stress Ϭ = varies along the
𝐀
member, and it is necessary to define
the strain at a given point Q by
considering a small element of
undeformed length ∆x (see Fig.).
Denoting by ∆δ the deformation
of the element under the given loading,
we define the normal strain at point Q
as
. In general,
𝐝𝛅
Strain at a point = Є = , dδ is the elongation of the differential length dL.
𝐝𝐋
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