CONTENTS

1.0 Design loadings.

2.0 Reference drawings.

3.0 Wind Load analysis.

4.0 Analysis for steel bracket staad pro software.

5.0 APPENDIX: Technical References.

1
1.0 OVERVIEW
This report is the preliminary structural calculation for the proposed steel bracket individually sustaining
louver system for Zamzam tower, MAKKAH, KSA.

1.1 DESIGN STANDARDS AND REFERENCES

A. ASCE 7‐05 "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures”.
B. Aluminum Design Manual 2005 “Specifications and Guidelines for Aluminum Structures”.
C. AAMA TIR‐A11‐04 “Maximum Allowable Deflection of Framing Systems for Building Cladding Components”.
D. ASTM E‐1330‐02.
E. AISC DESIGN MANUALS.
F. SAUDI BUILDING CODE: SBC‐301, SBC‐306C, SBC‐201.
G. STAAD PRO SOFTWARE.

1.2 Materials
Galvanized Steel welded eccentric plates (BRACKET)
ISOMETRIC VIEWS

Fig (01)
STEEL BRACKET

Fig (02)
STEEL BRACKET + STEEL MULLION

2
 Fig (03)
STEEL BRACKET + STEEL MULLION
+ ALUMINUM LOUVERS

Fig (04)
STEEL MULLION section

3
1.3 DEFLECTION CRITERIA
As per Code and Standard
Cantilever (Perpendicular to Wall Plane / Wind Load)
L/360 of the clear span

1.4 STRESSES: GENERAL

Where permitted by code: 1/3 increase in allowable stresses for loads in combinations with wind or seismic
loads.

1.5 DESIGN LOADINGS

1.5.1 DEAD LOADS
* Standard weight units
Steel density = 78 KN/M3
Aluminum Density = 27 KN/m3
Cat walk steel members = 0.142 KN
(as 4 concentrated loads acting down wards @ 34.5, 49.2, 66.1, 81.9 mm from
fixation point).

• Self-weight of structures is automatically generated in STAAD PRO.

1.5.2 LIVE LOADS

Reference ASCE-7-10 for catwalk L.L. = 1.92 KN/m2
(as uniform load @ 34.5 ˜̴ 81.9 mm from fixation point).

1.5.3 WIND LOADS

Reference Saudi Building Code (SBC‐301) ‐ Wind Design
Wind Load on perforated panels = 1.60 KN/m2
(minimized Pressure applied on perforated panels).

1.5.5 LOAD COMBINATION (Auto Generated in Staad)

1DL + 1WL
1DL + 0.75LL + 0.75WL

1.5.6 Stresses of Steel

Modulus of elasticity (Ea) = 205000 Mpa.
Yield strength (Fy) = 248.213 Mpa.
Ultimate strength (Fu) = 400 Mpa.

4
2. REFERENCE DWG.

5
3.0 WIND LOAD DATA.
Design pressure calculation (p)
where p = q (GCp) ‐ qi(Gcpi) (KN/m2) : equation 7.2‐14

q = velocity pressure, KN/M2

qi = velocity pressure for internal pressure determination
G = Gust effect factor
Cp = external pressure coefficient to be used in determination of wind
loads for building.
Gcpi = Product of internal pressure coefficient and gust effect factor to
be used in determination of wind loads for building.

By Considering q = qi = qz
Determining 'qz':
qz = 0.0473x10⁻3 Kz*Kzt*Kd*V2I (KN/m2) (eq. 7.2‐12) (SBC)

ELEVATION OF LOUVERS FROM GROUND = 54.40 m

By using Table 7.2‐2; Exposure C, Case 1&2, @ H = 50 m

Determining value of Kz
The value of Kz from table @ 50 m ht. is equal to 1.4
Kz = 1.40 ‐ Table 7.2‐2; Exposure C, Case 1&2, @ H = 50 m
Kzt = 1.0 ‐ Ref. 7.1.1.2; item no. 5
Kd = 0.85 ‐ Table 6.4‐1
V = 152 km/hr ‐ Fig. 6.4‐1; MAKKAH (45m/sec)
I = 1.15 ‐ Table 6.5‐1 For Category IV
qz = 0.0000473*(1.4) *(1.0) *(0.85) *(162) *2*(1.15)
qz = 1.6988 KN/m2

Determining 'p':
(As) p = q * (GCp) ‐ qi * (Gcpi) (KN/m2)
where G = 0.85 ‐ section 7.2.7
Cp = 0.80 ‐ Figure 7.2‐2,
Gcpi = +0.18 ‐ Figure 7.2‐1
Gcpi = ‐0.18 ‐ Figure 7.2‐1
By Substituting the given values above
p = 1.6988(0.85) *(0.80) ‐1.6988(0.18)
= 1.155 ‐ 0.306
= 0.849 KN/m2
p = 1.6988(0.85) *(0.80) ‐1.6988(‐0.18)
= 1.155 + 0.306
∴ P max = 1.461 KN/m2 " Design wind pressure to govern "
(Max. Wind pressure to apply into LOUVERS)
NB: 1.60 KN/m2 used in staad calculation.

6
4.0 BRACKET ANALYSIS:

Support Reaction due to D.L. + L.L + W.L. (from Staad analysis)

Maximum Shear force ‐ X, Fx = ‐0.00 KN
Maximum Shear force ‐ Y, Fy = 0.804 KN
Maximum Shear force ‐ Z, Fz = 3.312 KN

Ry = [(Fx)²+(Fy)²+(Fz)²] ½
Ry = [(‐0.0) ²+(0.804) ²+(3.312) ²] ½
RY1 = 3.4 KN
RY2 = (4*0.142*2) = 1.136 KN (note: see Live Loads calculations)
Check for Bracket
Dimensional Properties of the bracket:

Depth of extended leg d = 160 mm

Thickness of extended leg t = 5 mm
length of extended leg up to bracket location RY1 Lb1 = 977 mm
length of extended leg up to bracket location RY2 Lb2 (effective)= 576.5 mm
Due to Dead Load
My1 = Ry1*Lb1 = 3,321.8 KN.mm
My2 = Ry2*Lb2 = 327.45 KN.mm
Myt = My1 + My2 = 3,649.25 N.mm
Actual Bending Stress fby = 6*Myt/t*d2 = 17.105 Mpa
Allowable Stress:
Fby (all) = 0.60 x fy = 148.92 Mpa
Fby allow > fby max

Therefore, the STEEL Bracket is structurally adequate for sizes;

7
 270X170X10 mm with extended leg of
977X100X10 mm

WELDED CONNECTION
MINIMUM SIZE OF FILLET WELD as per SBC 306
Material Thickness of Thicker Minimum Size of Fillet
Part Joined (mm) Weld (mm)

To 6 inclusive 3
Over 6 to 13 5
Over 13 to 19 6
Over 19 6

For plate with 10 mm thk. Welded

t = 10.0 mm min. weld size =5 mm

CHECK ON WELD BETWEEN THE TWO PLATES:

Let Length of weld on every joint L = (160*2) +(10*2) = 340 mm

*Direct Shear Stress fv1 = F/L

= (3.4+1.136)/340

fv1 = 13.34 N/mm

*Actual Stress due to bending Moment fv2 = M/Sw

MX (max) = 2.234 (from STAAD output) KN.m

Sw = L2/3
= 38,533.33 mm2

fv2 = 223400/38533.33
= 5.79 N/mm

fv = √ (fv12 + fv22)
= √ (13.342 + 5.792)
fv = 14.54 N/mm

(Using E60xx Electrode, Fu = 60ksi)

where fU = 413.7 Mpa
FW weld = 0.707 * Tweld * 0.3 * FU
I.e. Tweld = 14.54/87.75
Tweld = 0.16 mm

This means we must use minimum size of fillet weld = 5.0 mm

8
Check on Expansion Bolt Connecting Bracket to Concrete:
Maximum Shear force ‐ X, Fx = ‐0.00 KN
Maximum Shear force ‐ Y, Fy = 0.804 KN
Maximum Shear force ‐ Z, Fz = 3.312 KN

Ry = [(Fx)²+(Fy)²+(Fz)²] ½
Ry = [(‐0.0) ²+(0.804) ²+(3.312) ²] ½
RY1 = 3.4 KN
RY2 = (4*0.142*2) = 1.136 KN

USING 10mm dia. Hilti HSA (M10) EXP. ANCHOR BOLT

TENSILE / BOLT = 12.80 kN (2 bolt /bracket 2 * 12.8 = 25.6 kN)

SHEAR / BOLT = 18.90 kN (2 bolt /bracket 2 * 18.9 = 37.8 kN)
TENSILE / Support = 25.60 kN > LOAD FACTOR OK
SHEAR / Support = 37.80 kN > LOAD FACTOR OK

Therefore use ( Ø10mm ) Hilti HSA exp. anchor bolts or approved equal.

9
 Job No Sheet No Rev
21621 1 02

Part 00
Software licensed to
Job Title cantilever bracket Ref

By mostafa Date21-Jun-21 Chd

Client zamzam File Structure3.std Date/Time 21-Jun-2021 10:00

Job Information
Engineer Checked Approved

Name: mostafa
Date: 21-Jun-21

Structure Type SPACE FRAME

Number of Nodes 2 Highest Node 2

Number of Elements 1 Highest Beam 1

Number of Basic Load Cases -2

Number of Combination Load Cases 0

Included in this printout are data for:

All The Whole Structure

Included in this printout are results for load cases:

Type L/C Name

Primary 1 LOAD CASE 1

Node Displacements
Node L/C X Y Z Resultant rX rY rZ
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (rad) (rad) (rad)
1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.010 0.000 0.000
2 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Beam Displacement Detail

Displacements shown in italic indicate the presence of an offset
Beam L/C d X Y Z Resultant
(m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.360 0.000 -0.000 -3.345 3.345
0.720 0.000 -0.000 -6.303 6.303
1.080 0.000 -0.000 -8.531 8.531
1.440 0.000 0.000 -9.721 9.721
1.800 0.000 -0.000 -9.689 9.689
2.160 0.000 0.000 -8.306 8.306
2.520 0.000 -0.000 -6.041 6.041
2.880 0.000 -0.000 -3.394 3.394
3.240 0.000 0.000 -1.074 1.074
3.600 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Print Time/Date: 21/06/2021 10:10 STAAD.Pro V8i (SELECTseries 6) 20.07.11.33 Print Run 1 of 4
 Job No Sheet No Rev
21621 2 02

Part 00
Software licensed to
Job Title cantilever bracket Ref

By mostafa Date21-Jun-21 Chd

Client zamzam File Structure3.std Date/Time 21-Jun-2021 10:00

Beam Relative Displacement Detail

Beam L/C d Disp. x Disp. y Disp. z Resultant
(m) x (mm) y (mm) z (mm) (mm)
1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.360 -0.000 0.000 -3.345 3.345
0.720 -0.000 0.000 -6.303 6.303
1.080 -0.000 0.000 -8.531 8.531
1.440 0.000 0.000 -9.721 9.721
1.800 -0.000 -0.000 -9.689 9.689
2.160 0.000 0.000 -8.306 8.306
2.520 -0.000 0.000 -6.041 6.041
2.880 -0.000 0.000 -3.394 3.394
3.240 0.000 0.000 -1.074 1.074
3.600 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Beam Maximum Relative Displacements

Distances to maxima are given from beam end A.
Beam Node A Length L/C y d z d Resultant d Span
(m) (mm) (m) (mm) (m) (mm) (m) Max z
1 1 3.600 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.000 -9.865 1.500 9.865 1.500

X = 0.000 kN
Y = 0.192 kN
Z = 3.312 kN
MX = -2.234 kNm
MY = 0.000 kNm
MZ = 0.000 kNm

Y
X
Z Load 1

X = 0.000 kN
Y = 0.804 kN
Z = 0.900 kN
MX = FREE
MY = FREE
Whole Structure

Print Time/Date: 21/06/2021 10:10 STAAD.Pro V8i (SELECTseries 6) 20.07.11.33 Print Run 2 of 4
 Job No Sheet No Rev
21621 3 02

Part 00
Software licensed to
Job Title cantilever bracket Ref

By mostafa Date21-Jun-21 Chd

Client zamzam File Structure3.std Date/Time 21-Jun-2021 10:00

Beam Force Detail

Sign convention as diagrams:- positive above line, negative below line except Fx where positive is compression. Distance d is given from
beam end A.
Axial Shear Torsion Bending
Beam L/C d Fx Fy Fz Mx My Mz
(m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.192 0.000 0.900 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.360 0.154 0.000 0.900 0.000 0.324 0.000
0.720 0.115 0.000 0.900 0.000 0.648 0.000
1.080 0.077 0.000 0.706 0.000 0.953 0.000
1.440 0.038 0.000 0.188 0.000 1.128 0.000
1.800 0.000 0.000 -0.396 0.000 1.102 0.000
2.160 -0.038 0.000 -0.979 0.000 0.843 0.000
2.520 -0.077 0.000 -1.562 0.000 0.380 0.000
2.880 -0.115 0.000 -2.145 0.000 -0.287 0.000
3.240 -0.154 0.000 -2.728 0.000 -1.158 0.000
3.600 -0.192 -0.000 -3.312 -0.000 -2.234 -0.000

Beam Force Detail Summary

Sign convention as diagrams:- positive above line, negative below line except Fx where positive is compression. Distance d is given from
beam end A.
Axial Shear Torsion Bending
Beam L/C d Fx Fy Fz Mx My Mz
(m) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
Max Fx 1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.192 0.000 0.900 0.000 0.000 0.000
Min Fx 1 1:LOAD CASE 1 3.600 -0.192 -0.000 -3.312 -0.000 -2.234 -0.000
Max Fy 1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.192 0.000 0.900 0.000 0.000 0.000
Min Fy 1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.192 0.000 0.900 0.000 0.000 0.000
Max Fz 1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.192 0.000 0.900 0.000 0.000 0.000
Min Fz 1 1:LOAD CASE 1 3.600 -0.192 -0.000 -3.312 -0.000 -2.234 -0.000
Max Mx 1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.192 0.000 0.900 0.000 0.000 0.000
Min Mx 1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.192 0.000 0.900 0.000 0.000 0.000
Max My 1 1:LOAD CASE 1 1.440 0.038 0.000 0.188 0.000 1.128 0.000
Min My 1 1:LOAD CASE 1 3.600 -0.192 -0.000 -3.312 -0.000 -2.234 -0.000
Max Mz 1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.192 0.000 0.900 0.000 0.000 0.000
Min Mz 1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.192 0.000 0.900 0.000 0.000 0.000

Beam Maximum Moments

Distances to maxima are given from beam end A.
Beam Node A Length L/C d Max My d Max Mz
(m) (m) (kNm) (m) (kNm)
1 1 3.600 1:LOAD CASE 1 Max +ve 1.500 1.148 0.000 0.000
Max -ve 3.600 -2.234 0.000 0.000

Print Time/Date: 21/06/2021 10:10 STAAD.Pro V8i (SELECTseries 6) 20.07.11.33 Print Run 3 of 4
 Job No Sheet No Rev
21621 4 02

Part 00
Software licensed to
Job Title cantilever bracket Ref

By mostafa Date21-Jun-21 Chd

Client zamzam File Structure3.std Date/Time 21-Jun-2021 10:00

Beam Maximum Shear Forces

Distances to maxima are given from beam end A.
Beam Node A Length L/C d Max Fz d Max Fy
(m) (m) (kN) (m) (kN)
1 1 3.600 1:LOAD CASE 1 Max +ve 0.000 0.900 0.000 0.000
Max -ve 3.600 -3.312 0.000 0.000

Beam Maximum Axial Forces

Distances to maxima are given from beam end A.
Beam Node A Length L/C d Max Fx
(m) (m) (kN)
1 1 3.600 1:LOAD CASE 1 Max +ve 0.000 0.192
Max -ve 3.600 -0.192

Reactions
Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Moment
Node L/C FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
1 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.804 0.900 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1:LOAD CASE 1 0.000 0.192 3.312 -2.234 0.000 0.000

X = 0.000 kN
Y = 0.192 kN
Z = 3.312 kN
MX = -2.234 kNm
MY = 0.000 kNm
MZ = 0.000 kNm

Y
X
Z Load 1

X = 0.000 kN
Y = 0.804 kN
Z = 0.900 kN
MX = FREE
MY = FREE
Whole Structure

Print Time/Date: 21/06/2021 10:10 STAAD.Pro V8i (SELECTseries 6) 20.07.11.33 Print Run 4 of 4
DESIGN TECHNICAL REFERENCES

2 of 2
 GENERAL

TABLE 1.6-1:
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES FOR
FLOOD, WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADS

Nature of Occupancy Category

1) Buildings and other structures that represent a low hazard to human life in the event of failure I
including, but not limited to:
a) Agricultural facilities
b) Certain temporary facilities
c) Minor storage facilities
All buildings and other structures except those listed in Categories I, III, and IV II

1) Buildings and other structures that represent a substantial hazard to human life in the event of III
failure including, but not limited to:
a) Buildings and other structures where more than 300 people congregate in one area
b) Buildings and other structures with day care facilities with capacity greater than 150
c) Buildings and other structures with elementary school or secondary school facilities with
capacity greater than 250
d) Buildings and other structures with a capacity greater than 500 for colleges or adult education
facilities
e) Health care facilities with a capacity of 50 or more resident patients but not having surgery or
emergency treatment facilities
f) Jails and detention facilities
g) Power generating stations and other public utility facilities not included in Category IV
2) Buildings and other structures not included in Category IV (including, but not limited to, facilities
that manufacture, process, handle, store, use, or dispose of such substances as hazardous fuels,
hazardous chemicals, hazardous waste, or explosives) containing sufficient quantities of hazardous
materials to be dangerous to the public if released.
3) Buildings and other structures containing hazardous materials shall be eligible for classification as
Category II structures if it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the authority having
jurisdiction by a hazard assessment as described in Section 1.6.2 that a release of the hazardous
material does not pose a threat to the public.
1) Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities including, but not limited to: IV

a) Hospitals and other health care facilities having surgery or emergency treatment facilities
b) Fire, rescue, ambulance, and police stations and emergency vehicle garages
c) Designated earthquake, hurricane, or other emergency shelters
d) Designated emergency preparedness, communication, and operation centers and other facilities
required for emergency response
e) Power generating stations and other public utility facilities required in an emergency
f) Ancillary structures (including, but not limited to, communication towers, fuel storage tanks,
cooling towers, electrical substation structures, fire water storage tanks or other structures
housing or supporting water, or other fire-suppression material or equipment) required for
operation of Category IV structures during an emergency
g) Aviation control towers, air traffic control centers, and emergency aircraft hangars
h) Water storage facilities and pump structures required to maintain water pressure for fire
suppression
i) Buildings and other structures having critical national defense functions
2) Buildings and other structures (including, but not limited to, facilities that manufacture, process,
handle, store, use, or dispose of such substances as hazardous fuels, hazardous chemicals, hazardous
waste, or explosives) containing extremely hazardous materials where the quantity of the material
exceeds a threshold quantity established by the authority having jurisdiction.
3) Buildings and other structures containing extremely hazardous materials shall be eligible for
classification as Category II structures if it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the authority
having jurisdiction by a hazard assessment as described in Section 1.6.2 that a release of the
extremely hazardous material does not pose a threat to the public. This reduced classification shall
not be permitted if the buildings or other structures also function as essential facilities.

SBC 301 2007 1/9

 GENERAL

TABLE 1.4-1: DEFLECTION LIMITSa, b, c, g,

Construction L We D+Lf
Roof membersd
Supporting plaster ceiling l/360 l/360 l/240
Supporting nonplaster ceiling l/240 l/240 l/180
Not supporting ceiling l/180 l/180 l/120
Floor members l/360  l/240
Exterior walls and interior
partitions:
With brittle finishes  l/240 
With flexible finishes  l/120 
Farm buildings   l/180
Greenhouses   l/120
a. For structural roofing and siding made of formed metal sheets, the total load deflection shall not exceed
l/60. For secondary roof structural members supporting formed metal roofing, the live load deflection
shall not exceed l/150. For secondary wall members supporting formed metal siding, the design wind
load deflection shall not exceed l/90. For roofs, this exception only applies when the metal sheets have
no roof covering.
b. Interior partitions not exceeding 1.8 m in height and flexible, folding and portable partitions are not
governed by the provisions of this section. The deflection criterion for interior partitions is based on the
horizontal load defined in Section 4.11.
c. See SBC 201 for glass supports.
d. The above deflections do not ensure against ponding. Roofs that do not have sufficient slope or camber
to assure adequate drainage shall be investigated for ponding. See Chapter 8 for rain and ponding
requirements and SBC 201 for roof drainage requirements.
e. The wind load is permitted to be taken as 0.7 times the “component and cladding” loads for the purpose
of determining deflection limits herein.
f. For steel structural members, the dead load shall be taken as zero.
g. For cantilever members, l shall be taken as twice the length of the cantilever.

1.4.3.2 Reinforced Concrete. The deflection of reinforced concrete structural members

shall not exceed that permitted by SBC 304.
1.4.3.3 Steel. The deflection of steel structural members shall not exceed that permitted by
SBC 306.
1.4.3.4 Masonry. The deflection of masonry structural members shall not exceed that
permitted by SBC 305.

1.4.4 Analysis. Load effects on individual structural members shall be determined by

methods of structural analysis that take into account equilibrium, general stability,
geometric compatibility, and both short- and long-term material properties.
Members that tend to accumulate residual deformations under repeated service
loads shall have included in their analysis the added eccentricities expected to
occur during their service life.

The total lateral force shall be distributed to the various vertical elements of the
lateral-force-resisting system in proportion to their rigidities considering the
rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or diaphragm. Rigid elements that are
assumed not to be a part of the lateral-force-resisting system shall be permitted to
be incorporated into buildings provided that their effect on the action of the system
is considered and provided for in design. Provisions shall be made for the
increased forces induced on resisting elements of the structural system resulting
SBC 301 2007 1/5
 WIND LOADS

TABLE 6.4-1:
WIND DIRECTIONALITY FACTOR, Kd
Directionality
Structure Type
Factor Kd*

Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85
Arched Roofs
0.85

Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures

Square 0.90
Hexagonal 0.95
Round 0.95

Solid Signs 0.85

Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85

Trussed Towers
Triangular, square, rectangular 0.85
All other cross sections 0.95
* Directionality Factor Kd has been calibrated with combinations of loads specified
in Chapter 2. This factor shall only be applied when used in conjunction with load
combinations specified in Sections 2.3 and 2.4.

6.4.2.2 Surface Roughness Categories. A ground surface roughness within each 45-
degree sector shall be determined for a distance upwind of the site as defined in
Section 6.4.2.3 from the categories defined below, for the purpose of assigning an
exposure category as defined in Section 6.4.2.3.
Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other terrain
with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the
size of single-family dwellings or larger.
Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights
generally less than 10 m.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces.

6.4.2.3 Exposure Categories. Exposure B: Exposure B shall apply where the ground
surface roughness condition, as defined by Surface Roughness B, prevails in the
upwind direction for a distance of at least 800 m or 10 times the height of the
building, whichever is greater.
Exception: For buildings whose mean roof height is less than or equal to 10 m, the
upwind distance may be reduced to 450 m.

Exposure C: Exposure C shall apply for all cases where exposures B or D do not
apply.

SBC 301 2007 6/7

 WIND LOADS

6.6.2 Openings.
A determination shall be made of the amount of openings in the building envelope
in order to determine the enclosure classification as defined in Section 6.6.1.

6.6.3 Multiple Classifications.

If a building by definition complies with both the “open” and “partially enclosed”
definitions, it shall be classified as an “open” building. A building that does not
comply with either the “open” or “partially enclosed” definitions shall be
classified as an “enclosed” building.

TABLE 6.5-1: IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I

Regions Regions
Category1 with V = 136-160 with V > 160
km/h km/h

I 0.87 0.77

II 1.00 1.00

III 1.15 1.15

IV 1.15 1.15

1. The building and structure classification categories are defined in Table

1.6-1.

SBC 301 2007 6/9

 WIND LOADS

Iraq
166
Turaif
Jordan 180
165 Ar'ar
Al Jouf
170
184
155 Tabouk
Qaisumah
Duba
190
152
Qaseem
Dhahran

152 155 166

Yanbouh Madinah Riyadh

Re
d 152
152
Jeddah
Taif 170
175 Sulayyll
Sea
Bisha
Khamis
Mushayt 152 152
155 Najran
Jizan
Yemen

FIGURE 6.4-1
BASIC 3-SECOND GUST WIND SPEED IN km/h FOR SELECTED CITIES OF SAUDI ARABIA.
ADOPTED FROM SAUDI ARAMCO DATA SAES A-112.

SBC 301 2007 6/10

 DESIGN WIND LOAD PROCEDURE

CHAPTER 7
DESIGN WIND LOAD PROCEDURES

SECTION 7.1
METHOD 1 - SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE

7.1.1 Scope. A building whose design wind loads are determined in accordance with
this Section shall meet all the conditions of Section 7.1.1.1 or 7.1.1.2. If a building
qualifies only under Section 7.1.1.2 for design of its components and cladding,
then its main wind force-resisting system shall be designed by Method 2.

7.1.1.1 Main Wind Force-Resisting Systems.

For the design of main wind force-resisting systems, the building must meet all of
the following conditions:
1. The building is a simple diaphragm building as defined in Section 6.2,
2. The building is a low-rise building as defined in Section 6.2,
3. The building is enclosed as defined in Section 6.2,
4. The building is a regular shaped building or structure as defined in Section
6.2, and has an approximately symmetrical cross section in each direction
with either a flat roof, or a gable or hip roof with T d 45 degrees,
5. The building is not classified as a flexible building as defined in Section 6.2,
6. The building does not have response characteristics making it subject to
across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter;
and does not have a site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in
the wake of upwind obstructions warrant special consideration,
7. The building structure has no expansion joints or separations,
8. The building is not subject to the topographic effects of Section 6.4.3 (i.e.,
Kzt = 1.0).
7.1.1.2 Components and Cladding. For the design of components and cladding the
building must meet all the following conditions:
1. The mean roof height h < 18 m,
2. The building is enclosed as defined in Section 6.2,
3. The building is a regular shaped building or structure as defined in Section
6.2,
4. The building does not have response characteristics making it subject to
across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter;
and does not have a site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in
the wake of upwind obstructions warrant special consideration,
5. The building is not subject to the topographic effects of Section 6.4.3 (i.e.,
Kzt = 1.0),
6. The building has either a flat roof, or a gable roof with T d 45 degrees, or a
hip roof with T d 27 degrees.

SBC 301 2007 7/1

 DESIGN WIND LOAD PROCEDURE

R" = RL setting K = 15.4 n1 L / V z ;

E = damping ratio, percent of critical h, B, L are defined in Section 6.3; and

V z = mean hourly wind speed (m/sec) at height z determined from Eq.7.2-11.

D
§ z · 1
Vz b ¨ ¸ V( ) (Eq. 7.2-11)
10
© ¹ 3.6

where b and D are constants listed in Table 7.2-1 and V is the basic wind speed in
km/h.

7.2.7.3 Limitations Where combined gust effect factors and pressure coefficients (GCp,
GCpi, GCpf) are given in figures and tables, the gust effect factor shall not be
determined separately.

7.2.8 Velocity Pressure.

Velocity pressure, qz evaluated at height z shall be calculated by the following
equation:

qz = 0.0473 x 10-3 KzKztKdV2I (kN/m2); V in km/h (Eq. 7.2-12)

where
Kd is the wind directionality factor defined in Section 6.4.1, Kz is the velocity
pressure exposure coefficient defined in Section 7.2.6 and Kzt is the topographic
factor defined in Section 6.4.3, and qh is the velocity pressure calculated using Eq.
7.2-12 at mean roof height h.

7.2.9 Pressure and Force Coefficients.

7.2.9.1 Internal Pressure Coefficient. Internal pressure coefficients, GCpi shall be

determined from Figure 7.2-1 based on building enclosure classifications
determined from Section 6.6.
7.2.9.1.1 Reduction Factor for Large Volume Buildings. For a partially enclosed building
containing a single, unpartitioned large volume, the internal pressure coefficient,
GCpi, shall be multiplied by the following reduction factor, Ri:
Ri = 1.0
or
§ ·
¨ ¸
¨ 1 ¸
Ri 0.5¨1  ¸ d 1 .0 (Eq. 7.2-13)
¨ Vi ¸
¨ 1 ¸
¨ 6950 Aog ¸
© ¹
where
Aog = total area of openings in the building envelope (walls and roof, in m2)
Vi = unpartitioned internal volume, in m3

SBC 301 2007 7/6

 DESIGN WIND LOAD PROCEDURE

7.2.10.2 Main Wind Force-Resisting Systems.

7.2.10.2.1 Rigid Buildings of All Height. Design wind pressures for the main wind force-
resisting system of buildings of all heights shall be determined by the following
equation:
p = qGCp - qi(GCpi) (kN/m2) (Eq. 7.2-14)
where
q = qz for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground;
q = qh for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs, evaluated at height h;
qi = qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of
enclosed buildings and for negative internal pressure evaluation in
partially enclosed buildings;
qi = qz for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed
buildings where height z is defined as the level of the highest
opening in the building that could affect the positive internal
pressure. For positive internal pressure evaluation, qi may
conservatively be evaluated at height h (qi = qh);
G = gust effect factor from Section 7.2.7;
Cp = external pressure coefficient from Figure 7.2-2 or 7.2-4;
(GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient from Figure 7.2-1
q and qi = shall be evaluated using exposure defined in Section 6.4.2.3.
Pressure shall be applied simultaneously on windward and leeward
walls and on roof surfaces as defined in Figures 7.2-2 and 7.2-5.
7.2.10.2.2 Low-Rise Building. Alternatively, design wind pressures for the main wind force-
resisting system of low-rise buildings shall be determined by the following
equation:
p = qh [(GCpf) - (GCpi)] (kN/m2) (Eq. 7.2-15)
where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h using exposure
defined in Section 6.4.2.3;
(GCpf) = external pressure coefficient from Figure 7.2-6;
(GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient from Figure 7.2-1.

7.2.10.2.3 Flexible Buildings. Design wind pressures for the main wind force-resisting
system of flexible buildings shall be determined from the following equation:
p = qGf Cp – qi (GCpi) (kN/m2) (Eq. 7.2-16)

where q, qi, Cp and (GCpi) are as defined in Section 7.2.10.2.1 and, Gf = gust effect
factor defined in Section 7.2.7.2

7.2.10.2.4 Parapets. The design wind pressure for the effect of parapets on main wind force-
resisting systems of rigid, low-rise or flexible buildings with flat, gable, or hip
roofs shall be determined by the following equation:
pp = qpGCpn (kN/m2) (Eq. 7.2-17)
where
pp = combined net pressure on the parapet due to the combination of the
net pressures from the front and back parapet surfaces. Plus (and
SBC 301 2007 7/8
 DESIGN WIND LOAD PROCEDURE

Main Wind Force Resisting System / Components and Cladding - Method 2 All Heights
Figure 7.2-1 Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi Walls & Roofs
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Open Buildings

Enclosure Classification GCpi

Open Buildings 0.00

Partially Enclosed Buildings +0.55

-0.55

Enclosed Buildings +0.18

-0.18

Notes:
Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away
from the internal surfaces, respectively.
Values of GCpi shall be used with qZ or qh, as specified in 7.2.10.
Two cases shall be considered to determine the critical load
requirements for the appropriate condition:

(i) a positive value of GCpi applied to all internal surfaces

(ii) a negative value of GCpi applied to all internal surfaces

SBC 301 2007 7/19

 DESIGN WIND LOAD PROCEDURE

Main Wind Force Resisting System Method 2 All Heights

Figure 7.2-2 (Cont'd) External Pressure Coefficients, Cp Walls & Roofs
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Buildings
Wall Pressure Coefficients, Cp
Surface L/B CP Use With
Windward Wall All values 0.8 qz
0-1 0.5
Leeward Wall 2 -0.3 qh
t4 -0.2
Side Wall All values -0.7 qh
Roof Pressure Coefficients, Cp, for use with qh
Windward Leeward
Wind Angle, T (degrees) Angle, T (degrees)
Direction h/L 10 15 20 25 30 35 45 t 60# 10 15 t 20
Normal -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.0*
d 0.25 0.4 0.01 T -0.3 -0.5 -0.6
to -0.18 0.0* 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4
ridge for -0.9 -0.7 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.0*
0.01 T -0.5
T t 10 0 0.5 -0.18 -0.18 0.0* 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4
-0.5 -0.6
-1.3** -1.0 -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 0.0*
t 1.0 0.01 T -0.7 -0.6 -0.6
-0.18 -0.18 -0.18 0.0* 0.2 0.2 0.3
Horizontal distance from Cp * Value is provided for interpolation purposes.
Normal windward edge **Value can be reduced linearly with area over
to ridge d 0.5 which it is applicable as follows
for 0 to h/2 -0.9, -0.18
Area (sq m) Reduction Factor
T < 10o h/2 to h -0.9, -0.18
and h to 2 h -0.5, -0.18
d 10 sq m 1.0
Parallel > 2h -0.3,-0.18
to ridge 0 to h/2 -1.3**, -0.18 20 sq m 0.9
for all T t 1.0 > h/2 -0.7,-0.18 t 100 sq m 0.8
Notes
1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
2. Linear interpolation is permitted for values of L/B, h/L and T other than shown. Interpolation shall only be
carried out between values of the same sign. Where no value of the same sign is given, assume 0.0 for
interpolation purposes.
3. Where two values of Cp are listed, this indicates that the windward roof slope is subjected to either positive or
negative pressures and the roof structure shall be designed for both conditions. Interpolation for
intermediate ratios of h/L in this case shall only be carried out between Cp values of like sign.
4. For monoslope roofs, entire roof surface is either a windward or leeward surface.
5. For flexible buildings use appropriate Gf as determined by Section 7.2.7.2.
6. Refer to Figure 7.2-3 for domes and Figure 7.2-4 for arched roofs.
7. Notation:
B: Horizontal dimension of building, in metre, measured normal to wind direction.
L: Horizontal dimension of building, in metre, measured parallel to wind direction.
h: Mean roof height in metres, except that eave height shall be used for T d 10 degrees.
z: Height above ground, in metres.
G: Gust effect factor.
qz,qh: Velocity pressure, in kN/m2, evaluated at respective height.
T : Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.
8. For mansard roofs, the top horizontal surface and leeward inclined surface shall be treated as leeward
surfaces from the table.
9. Except for MWFRS's at the roof consisting of moment resisting frames, the total horizontal shear shall not
be less than that determined by neglecting wind forces on roof surfaces.
# For roof slopes greater than 80°, use Cp = 0.8

SBC 301 2007 7/21

 DESIGN WIND LOAD PROCEDURE

Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kh and Kz

Table 7.2-2

Height above Exposure (Note 1)

Ground Level, z B C D
(m) Case 1 Case 2 Cases 1 & 2 Cases 1 & 2
0-5 0.72 0.59 0.86 1.04
6 0.72 0.62 0.90 1.08
8 0.72 0.67 0.95 1.13
10 0.72 0.72 1.00 1.18
12 0.76 0.76 1.04 1.22
14 0.79 0.79 1.07 1.25
16 0.82 0.82 1.10 1.28
18 0.85 0.85 1.13 1.31
20 0.88 0.88 1.16 1.33
22 0.90 0.90 1.18 1.35
25 0.93 0.93 1.21 1.38
30 0.98 0.98 1.26 1.43
35 1.03 1.03 1.30 1.47
40 1.07 1.07 1.34 1.50
50 1.14 1.14 1.40 1.56
60 1.20 1.20 1.46 1.61
75 1.28 1.28 1.53 1.67
90 1.35 1.35 1.59 1.73
105 1.41 1.41 1.64 1.77
120 1.46 1.46 1.69 1.82
135 1.51 1.51 1.73 1.85
150 1.56 1.56 1.77 1.89

Notes:
1. Case 1: a. All components and cladding.
b. Main wind force resisting system in low-rise buildings designed using Figure 7.2-6.
Case 2: a. All main wind force resisting systems in buildings except those in low-rise buildings
designed using Figure 7.2-6.
b. All main wind force resisting systems in other structures.
2. The velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz may be determined from the following formula:

For 5m d z d zg For z < 5m

Kz = 2.01 (z/zg)2/ D Kz = 2.01 (5/zg)2/ D

Note: z shall not be taken less than 10 m for Case 1 in exposure B.

3. D and zg are tabulated in Table 7.2-1.

4. Linear interpolation for intermediate values of height z is acceptable.

5. Exposure categories are defined in 6.4.2.

SBC 301 2007 7/44

 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS, AND FASTENERS

TABLE 10.2-3
Minimum Effective Throat Thickness of
Partial-Joint-Penetration Groove Welds
Material Thickness of Thicker Part Minimum Effective Throat
Joined (mm) Thickness[a], (mm)
To 6 inclusive 3
Over 6 to 13 5
Over 13 to 19 6
Over 19 to 38 8
Over 38 to 57 10
Over 57 to 150 13
Over 150 16
[a] See Table 10.2-1

10.2.2 Fillet Welds

10.2.2.1 Effective Area. The effective area of fillet welds shall be as defined in AWS D1.1
Section 2.4.3 and 2.11. The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld shall be the
shortest distance from the root of the joint to the face of the diagrammatic weld,
except that for fillet welds made by the submerged arc process, the effective throat
thickness shall be taken equal to the leg size for 10 mm and smaller fillet welds, and
equal to the theoretical throat plus 3 mm for fillet welds over 10 mm.
For fillet welds in holes and slots, the effective length shall be the length of the
centerline of the weld along the center of the plane through the throat. In the case of
overlapping fillets, the effective area shall not exceed the nominal cross-sectional
area of the hole or slot, in the plane of the faying surface.

TABLE 10.2-4
Minimum Size of Fillet Welds
Material Thickness of Minimum Size of
Thicker Part Joined, mm Fillet Weld[a] mm
To 6 inclusive 3
Over 6 to 13 5
Over 13 to 19 6
Over 19 8
[a] Leg dimension of fillet welds. Single pass welds must be used.
[b] See Section 10.2.2b for maximum size of fillet welds.

10.2.2.2 Limitations
The minimum size of fillet welds shall be not less than the size required to
transmit calculated forces nor the size as shown in Table 10.2-4, which is based
upon experiences and provides some margin for uncalculated stress encountered
during fabrication, handling, transportation, and erection. These provisions do not
apply to fillet weld reinforcements of partial- or complete-joint-penetration welds.
The maximum size of fillet welds of connected parts shall be:
(a) Along edges of material less than 6 mm thick, not greater than the thickness
of the material.
(b) Along edges of material 6 mm or more in thickness, not greater than the
thickness of the material minus 2 mm, unless the weld is especially
designated on the drawings to be built out to obtain full-throat thickness. In
the as-welded condition, the distance between the edge of the base metal and
the toe of the weld is permitted to be less than 2 mm provided the weld size is
clearly verifiable.
For flange-web welds and similar connections, the actual weld size need not be
larger than that required to develop the web capacity, and the requirements of Table
SBC 306 2007 10/5
 HSA Stud anchor

HSA Stud anchor

Anchor version Benefits

- Fast & convenient setting

behaviour
HSA Carbon steel
with DIN 125 washer - Reliable ETA approved torqueing
using impact wrench with torque
bar for torque control
HSA-R Stainless
- Small edge and spacing distances
steel A4
with DIN 125 washer - High loads

HSA-R2 Stainless - Three embedment depths for

steel A2 with DIN maximal design flexibility
125 washer - M12, M16 and M20 ETA approved
for diamond cored holes using DD
30-W and matching diamond core
HSA-BW Carbon bit
steel with DIN 9021
washer - Suitable for pre- and through
fastening
- long lengths available suitable for
wood structures fastening
HSA-F Carbon steel applications
hot dipped
galvanized with DIN
125 washer

Small edge Diamond European PROFIS

Concrete Fire Corrosion
distance and drilled Technical CE conformity Anchor design
(uncracked) resistance resistance
spacing holes Assessment software

Approvals / certificates
Description Authority / Laboratory No. / date of issue
European technical approval a) DIBt, Berlin ETA-11/0374 / 2016-08-08
a) All data given in this section according ETA-11/0374, issue 2016-08-08.
Data for HSA-F M20 according to Hilti Technical Data assessment.

11 / 2016 1
 HSA Stud anchor

Characteristic resistance
Anchor size M6 M8 M10
Effective anchorage
hef [mm] 30 40 60 30 40 70 40 50 80
depth
HSA, HSA-BW 6,0 7,5 9,0 8,3 12,8 16,0 12,8 17,9 25,0
Tensile
HSA-R2, HSA-R [kN] 6,0 7,5 9,0 8,3 12,8 16,0 12,8 17,9 25,0
NRk
HSA-F 6,0 7,5 9,0 8,3 12,8 15,9 12,8 17,9 25,0
HSA, HSA-BW 6,5 6,5 6,5 8,3 10,6 10,6 18,9 18,9 18,9
Shear
HSA-R2, HSA-R [kN] 7,2 7,2 7,2 8,3 12,3 12,3 22,6 22,6 22,6
VRk
HSA-F 6,5 6,5 6,5 8,3 10,6 10,6 18,9 18,9 18,9

Anchor size M12 M16 M20

Effective anchorage
hef [mm] 50 65 100 65 80 120 75 100 115
depth
HSA, HSA-BW 17,9 26,5 35,0 26,5 36,1 50,0 32,8 50,5 62,3
Tensile
HSA-R2, HSA-R [kN] 17,9 26,5 35,0 26,5 36,1 50,0 32,8 50,5 62,3
NRk
b) b)
HSA-F 17,9 26,5 35,0 26,5 36,1 50,0 32,8 50,5 62,3 b)
Shear HSA, HSA-BW 29,5 29,5 29,5 51,0 51,0 51,0 65,6 85,8 85,8
VRk
HSA-R2, HSA-R [kN] 29,3 29,3 29,3 56,5 56,5 56,5 65,6 91,9 91,9
b) b)
HSA-F 29,5 29,5 29,5 51,0 51,0 51,0 65,6 85,8 85,8 b)
b) Data covered by Hilti Technical Data.

11 / 2016 3
HSA Stud anchor

Geometry washer
Anchor Size M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
Inner diameter d1
HSA, HSA-R2/ R, HSA-F d1 [mm] 6,4 8,4 10,5 13,0 17,0 21
HSA-BW d1 [mm] 6,4 8,4 10,5 13,0 17,0 22
Outer diameter d2
HSA, HSA-R2/ R, HSA-F d2 [mm] 12,0 16,0 20,0 24,0 30,0 37,0
HSA-BW d2 [mm] 18,0 24,0 30,0 37,0 50,0 60,0
Thickness h
HSA, HSA-R2/ R, HSA-F h [mm] 1,6 1,6 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,0
HSA-BW h [mm] 1,8 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,0 4,0

Anchor dimensions and coding

Product marking and identification of anchor

Beginning of thread: setting depth indicator for hnom,1 Blue ring: setting depth indicator for hnom,2
hnom,1 is reached when non-threaded hnom,2 is reached when the blue
part of the bolt is completely below the ring is completely below the
concrete surface concrete surface

Sleeve Bolt Washer Nut Letter code

Marking: Material code

e.g.
Hilti HSA … Brand and Anchor type
M12 65/50/15 … Anchor Size and the max. tfix,1/ tfix,2/ tfix,3 for the corresponding hnom,1/ hnom,2/ hnom,3

6 11 / 2016