Mechanical Design 1

(MCE 321)

Chapter 4
Deflection and Stiffness
Dr. Lotfi Romdhane
lromdhane@aus.edu

Summer 2016
Mechanical Design I (MCE 321) L. Romdhane, SS 2016, 11:33 AM -- 1--
 Chapter Outline
4-1 Spring Rates
4-2 Tension, Compression, and Torsion
4-3 Deflection Due to Bending
4-4 Beam Deflection Methods
4-5 Beam Deflections by Superposition
4-6 Beam Deflections by Singularity Functions
4-7 Strain Energy
4-8 Castigliano’s Theorem
4-9 Deflection of Curved Members
4-10 Statically Indeterminate Problems
4-11 Compression Members—General
4-12 Long Columns with Central Loading
4-13 Intermediate-Length Columns with Central Loading
4-14 Columns with Eccentric Loading
4-15 Struts or Short Compression Members
4-16 Elastic Stability
4-17 Shock and Impact

Mechanical Design I (MCE 321) L. Romdhane, SS 2016, 11:33 AM -- 2--

 Spring Rates
• A spring is a mechanical element that exerts a force
when deformed.
• If we designate the general relationship between force
and deflection by the equation

then spring rate is defined as

where y must be measured in the direction of F and at

the point of application of F.
• For linear force-deflection problems, k is a constant,
also called the spring constant

Mechanical Design I (MCE 321) L. Romdhane, SS 2016, 11:33 AM -- 3--

Tension, Compression, and Torsion
• The total extension or contraction of a uniform bar in
pure tension or compression, is given by

• The spring constant of an axially loaded bar is then

• The angular deflection of a uniform round bar

subjected to a twisting moment T is

where θ is in radians

• The torsional spring rate is

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 Deflection Due to Bending
• The curvature of a beam subjected to a bending
moment M is given by

where ρ is the radius of curvature

• The slope of the beam at any point x is

• Therefore
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 Deflection Due to Bending

(4–10)

(4–11)

(4–12)

(4–13)

(4–14)

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 Beam Deflection Methods
• There are many techniques employed to solve
the integration problem for beam deflection.
Some of the popular methods include :
– Superposition
– Singularity functions
– Energy

Mechanical Design I (MCE 321) L. Romdhane, SS 2016, 11:33 AM -- 7--

 Example 1: Superposition
• Beam Deflections by
Superposition :
Superposition resolves the effect of
combined loading on a structure by
determining the effects of each load
separately and adding the results
algebraically.

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 Example 4 –2 (continued)

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 Example 2: Superposition

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 Example 2: Superposition

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 Example 2: Superposition

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 Example 2: Superposition

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 Tables

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 Strain Energy
• The external work done on an elastic
member in deforming it, is transformed
into strain, or potential energy.
• For tension and compression • The strain energy due to direct
• The energy is equal toshear the product of the
average force and the deflection, or

• The strain energy for torsion is

given by

Mechanical Design I (MCE 321) L. Romdhane, SS 2016, 11:33 AM -- 15--

 Strain Energy due to
Bending and shear loading
• The strain energy stored
in a section of the elastic
curve of length ds is
𝑀 𝑀 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝜃 =
2 2 𝜌
• For small deflections,
1 𝑀
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 and 𝜌 = 𝐸𝐼. Then,
for the entire beam
• Summarized to include
both the integral and
non integral form, the
strain energy for bending is
• The strain energy due
to shear loading of a
beam can be
approximated as

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 Example 1: Strain Energy

Determine the
strain energy for the
simply supported
beam

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 Example 2: Strain Energy

Determine the Bending

Strain Energy for the P
curved beam


B
R

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 Castigliano’s Theorem
• Castigliano’s theorem states that
when forces act on elastic systems subject to small displacements, the
displacement corresponding to any force, in the direction of the force, is
equal to the partial derivative of the total strain energy with respect to
that force.

• where δi is the displacement of the point of application of the force Fi

in the direction of Fi

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 Castigliano’s Theorem (applications)
• Castigliano’s theorem can be used to find the deflection at a
point even though no force or moment acts there.
– Set up the equation for the total strain energy U
– Find an expression for the desired deflection δ
– Since Q is a fictitious force, solve the expression by setting Q equal to zero.

Torsion Tension/ Compression

  T 2 L  TL   F 2 L  FL
     
T  2GJ  GJ F  2 AE  AE

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 Castigliano’s Theorem (applications)
Bending (Shear Contributions)

   P 2 R3   PR3
yA   
P P  8EI  4 EI

B


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 Example 4–10

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 Example 4–10 (continued)

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 Example 4–10 (continued)

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 Example 4–10 (continued)

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 Example 3: Castigliano’s Theorem

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 Long Columns with Central Loading
• If the axial force P shown acts along the
centroidal axis of the column, simple
compression of the member occurs for low
values of the force.
• Under certain conditions, when P reaches a
specific value, the column becomes
unstable and bending develops rapidly.

• The critical force for the pin-ended

column is given by
which is called the Euler column formula.
• Euler Column formula can be extended to apply
to other end-conditions by writing
where the constant C depends on the end conditions

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 Long Columns with Central Loading
• Critical Buckling Load

C EI 2
Pcr  2
l
I  Ak 2

Pcr C E 2
 2
A l
 
k
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 Euler Column Formula : General
• Using the relation 𝐼 = 𝐴𝑘2, where 𝐴 is the area and 𝑘 the radius of
gyration. Euler Column Equation can be rearranged as
𝑙
where is called the slenderness ratio
𝑘
𝑃𝑐𝑟
• The quantity is the critical unit load. It is the load per unit area
𝐴
necessary to place the column in a condition of unstable equilibrium.
• The factor C is called the
end-condition constant,

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 Euler Column Formula : Application
• In practical engineering applications where defects such as initial
crookedness or load eccentricities exist, the Euler equation can only be
𝑙
used for slenderness ratio greater than
𝑘 1
𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝑆
• Most designers select point T such that = 𝑦 with corresponding
𝐴 2
𝑙
value of
𝑘 1

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 Euler Column Formula : Example

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 Columns with Eccentric Loading
• The magnitude of the maximum compressive
stress at mid span is found by superposing the
axial component and the bending component.

• By imposing the compressive

yield strength 𝑆𝑦𝑐 as the
maximum value of 𝜎𝑐

𝑒𝑐
• The term 2 is called the
𝑘
eccentricity ratio.

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 Struts or Short Compression Members
• A strut is a short compression member such that
the maximum compressive stress in the x direction
at point B in an intermediate section is the sum of a
simple component P/A and a flexural component
Mc/I

1
𝐼 2
where 𝑘 = is the radius of gyration, 𝑐 is the
𝐴
coordinate of point B, and 𝑒 is the eccentricity of
loading.
• How long is a short member?
• If we decide that the limiting percentage is to be 1
percent of 𝑒, then, the limiting slenderness ratio
turns out to be

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 Summary

Struts Intermediate Long columns

Short columns length columns
𝑙
𝑘
𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑦 𝑙 𝑙
= 𝑒𝑐
𝐴 1+ 2 𝑘 2
𝑘 1
𝑘

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