Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Concrete 13

LONG (OR SLENDER) COLUMNS

(Use of Moment Magnification Factor Method) Problem 4
GIVEN TIED COLUMN OF A NON-SWAY FRAME.
Problem 1 (SEE FIGURE-3) RC-06
A 300mm x 350mm RC column braced against sidesway Effective length factor , K = 0.70 410.11 Slenderness Effects in Compression Members
has an effective length kLu = 4.2m The cross-section supports a Flexural rigidity , EI = 910,000 N-m2 410.11.1 Slenderness effects shall be permitted to be neglected in
factored axial dead load of 408 kN and a factored axial live load Column factored loads: Axial load = 500 kN the following cases:
of 660 kN as well as factored end moments of 60 kN-m and 80 Moment at top = 200 kN-m causing bending in SINGLE
kN-m about the stronger axis of the column section. Use f’c = curvature 1. For compression members not braced against sidesway when:
21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Refer to RC-06. Moment at bottom = 200 kN-m
klu
1. Determine the classification of the column. Determine the following:  22 (410-6)
1. The unsupported length of the column in “m”.
r
2. Determine the Euler’s Buckling load Pc, if EI =
6.68x10^12 N-mm^2. 2. The value of the critical load, Pc , in KN. 2. For compression members braced against sidesway when:

3. Solve for the moment magnification factor  ns. 3. The moment magnification factor. klu M 
 34  12  1   40 (410-8)
4. Find the magnified factored moment Mc. 4. The factored moment to be used in the design of the r  M2 
member, in kN-m. Where Ml /M2 is positive if the column is bent in single curvature,
5. Calculate the effective eccentricity of loading.
and negative if the member is bent in double curvature.
It shall be permitted to consider compression members braced
Problem 2 against sidesway when bracing elements have a total stiffness,
GIVEN : Tied column dimensions = 350mm x 500mm resisting lateral movement of that story, of at least 12 times the gross
Total bar covering = 70mm stiffness of the columns within the story.
Unsupported length , Lu = 4.2m
Effective length factor, k = 1.0
410.11.6 Moment Magnification Procedure - Nonsway
The column carries factored axial load of 500kN and end
moments of 180 kN-m at the top and 140 kN-m at the bottom Compression members shall be designed for the factored axial load,
causing the column to bend in single curvature about the Pu, and the moment amplified for the effects of member curvature,
stronger axis of the section. Use Ec= 23025 MPa, Es=200,000 Mc, as follows:
MPa, and βdns = 0.39. Refer to RC – 07. Mc = δM2 (410-11)
1. Determine the flexural stiffness, EI, of the column. Where

Cm
2. Solve for the most accurate value of EI if the column is RC-07   1.0 (410-10)
reinforced with 8 – 𝜙28mm bars distributed equally on Pu
1
all sides According to NSCP, EI shall be taken as 0.75Pc
(0.2 Ec I g )  Es I se
EI   2 EI
PROBLEM for PRACTICE 1   dns Pc  (410-13)
(kLu ) 2
or
Problem 3 0.4 Ec I g 410.11.6.4 For members without transverse loads between supports,
A slender RC column braced against sidesway carries a EI  Cm may be taken as
service axial deadload of 500 kN and a service axial liveload of 1   dns
375 kN. Factored end moments are 37.5 kN-m and 75 kN-m The term dns shall be taken as the ratio of maximum M1
and the critical load for buckling is determined to be 3,200 kN. factored axial sustained load to the maximum factored Cm  0.6  0.4  0.4 (410-16)
M2
U = 1.2D + 1.6L axial load associated with the same load combination but
1. Solve for the moment magnification factor  ns. shall not be taken greater than 1.0. where Ml /M2 is positive if the column is bent in single curvature.
2. Find the magnified factored moment Mc. For members with transverse loads between supports, Cm shall be
taken as 1.0.
3. Calculate the effective eccentricity of loading.

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Concrete 13
NSCP 2010 Provisions: 410.11.2.2 Second-order effects shall be considered along the is less than or equal to 0.05, where ƩPu and Vus are the total vertical
length of compression members. It shall be permitted to account load and the story shear, respectively, in the story in question and
410.11 Slenderness Effects in Compression Members for these effects using the moment magnification procedure Δo is the first-order relative deflection between the top and bottom
outlined in Section 410.11.6. of that story due to Vus.
410.11.1 Slenderness effects shall be permitted to be neglected in
the following cases:
410.11.3 Nonlinear Second-Order Analysis
1. For compression members not braced against sidesway when: 410.11.6 Moment Magnification Procedure - Nonsway
Second-order analysis shall consider material nonlinearity,
klu member curvature and lateral drift, duration of loads, shrinkage and Compression members shall be designed for the factored axial
 22 (410-6) creep, and interaction with the supporting foundation. The analysis load, Pu, and the moment amplified for the effects of member
r procedure shall have been shown to result in prediction of strength curvature, Mc, as follows:
2. For compression members braced against sidesway when: in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests of
Mc = δM2 (410-11)
columns in statically indeterminate reinforced concrete structures.
klu M  Where
 34  12  1   40 (410-8) Cm
r  M2  410.11.4 Elastic Second-Order Analysis   1.0 (410-10)
Pu
Where Ml /M2 is positive if the column is bent in single curvature, 1
Elastic second-order analysis shall consider section properties 0.75Pc
and negative if the member is bent in double curvature.
determined taking into account the influence of axial loads, the
It shall be permitted to consider compression members braced presence of cracked regions along the length of the member, and  2 EI
Pc  (410-13)
against sidesway when bracing elements have a total stiffness, the effects of load duration. (kLu )2
resisting lateral movement of that story, of at least 12 times the
gross stiffness of the columns within the story. 410.11.6.1 EI shall be taken as
410.11.4.1 It shall be permitted to use the following properties for
410.11.1.1 The unsupported length lu of a compression member the members in the structure: (0.2 Ec I g )  Es I se
shall be taken as the clear distance between floor slabs, beams, or EI  (410-14)
1   dns
other members capable of providing lateral support in the direction 1. Modulus of elasticity ...................... ................... Ec
being considered. Where column capitals or haunches are present, or
from 408.6.1
lu shall be measured to the lower extremity of capital or haunch in 2. Moments of inertia, I 0.4 Ec I g
EI  (410-15)
the plane considered. Compression members: 1   dns
410.11.1.2 It shall be permitted to take the radius of gyration, r, Columns................................................... .. 0.70Ig
equal to 0.30 times the overall dimension in the direction stability Walls Uncracked......................... .............. 0.70Ig 410.11.6.2 The term dns shall be taken as the ratio of maximum
is being considered for rectangular compression members, and Walls Cracked ........................... .............. 0.35Ig factored axial sustained load to the maximum factored axial load
0.25 times the diameter for circular compression members. For Flexural members: associated with the same load combination but shall not be taken
other shapes, it shall be permitted to compute the radius of gyration Beams....................................... ................ 0.35Ig greater than 1.0.
for the gross concrete section. Flat plates and flat slabs ............... ........... 0.25Ig
3. Area ................................................................1.0Ag 410.11.6.4 For members without transverse loads between
supports, Cm may be taken as
410.11.2 When slenderness effects are not neglected as permitted
by 410.11.1, the design of compression members, restraining 410.11.5 MOMENT MAGNIFICATION PROCEDURE M1
Cm  0.6  0.4  0.4 (410-16)
beams, and other supporting members shall be based on the M2
Columns and stories in structures shall be designated as non-sway
factored forces and moments from a second-order analysis
or sway columns or stories. The design of columns in non-sway
satisfying Sections 410.11.3, 410.11.4, or 410.11.5. These where Ml /M2 is positive if the column is bent in single curvature.
frames shall be based on Section 410.11.6. The design of column
members shall also satisfy 410.11.2.1 and 410.11.2.2. The For members with transverse loads between supports, Cm shall be
in sway frames or stories shall be based on Section 410.11.7.
dimensions of each member cross section used in the analysis taken as 1.0.
shall be within 10 percent of the dimensions of the members 410.11.5.1 It shall be permitted to assume a column in a story is
shown on the design drawings or the analysis shall be repeated. 410.11.6.5 The factored moment M2 in Equation (410-11) shall not
non-sway if the increase in column end moments due to second-
be taken less than
order effects does not exceed 5 percent of the first-order moments.
410.11.2.1 Total moment including second-order effects in M2,min = Pu (15 + 0.03h) (410-17)
410.11.5.2 It also shall be permitted to assume a story within a
compression members, restraining beams, or other structural structure is non-sway if about each axis separately, where 15 and h are in millimeters. For
members shall not exceed 1.4 times the moment due to first-order members for which M2,min exceeds M2, the value of Cm in Equation
effects. Q
 Pu o (410-10) (410-16) shall either be taken equal to 1.0, or shall be based on the
Vus I c ratio of the computed end moments Ml /M2.

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Concrete 13
NSCP 2015 Provisions: factored forces and moments considering second order 406.6.3.1.3 For factored lateral load analysis of two-way slab
effects in accordance with Sections 406.6.4, 406.7, or 406.8. systems without beams, which are designated as part of the
406.2.5 Slenderness effects shall be permitted to be neglected if Mu including second-order effects shall not exceed 1.4Mu seismic-force-resisting system, I for slab members shall be
(a) or (b) is satisfied: due to first-order effects. defined by a model that is in substantial agreement with
a. For columns not braced against sidesway results of comprehensive tests and analysis and I of other
klu 406.6.3 Section Properties frame members shall be in accordance with Sections
 22 (406.2.5a) 406.6.3.1 Factored Load Analysis 406.6.3.1.1 and 406.6.3.1.2.
r 406.6.3.1.1 Floor Moment of inertia and cross-sectional area of
b. For columns braced against sidesway members shall be calculated in accordance with Tables 406.6.4 Slenderness Effects, Moment Magnification
406.6.3.1.l(a) or 406.6.3.1.l(b), unless a more rigorous Method
klu M 
 34  12  1   40 (406.2.5b) analysis is used. If sustained lateral loads are present, I for 406.6.4.1 Unless Section 406.2.5 is satisfied, columns and
r  M2  columns and walls shall be divided by (1   ds ) where  ds stories in structures shall be designated as being nonsway or
sway. Analysis of columns in nonsway frames or storeys
and is the ratio of maximum factored sustained shear within a shall be in accordance with Section 406.6.4.5. Analysis of
klu storey to the maximum factored shear in that storey columns in sway frames or storeys shall be in accordance
 40 (406.2.5c) associated with the same load combination. with Section 406.6.4.6.
r
where M1/M2 is negative if the column is bent in single Table 406.6.3.1.l(a) Moment of Inertia and Cross-Sectional 406.6.4.2 The cross-sectional dimensions of each member used
curvature, and positive for double curvature. Area Permitted for Elastic Analysis at Factored Load in an analysis shall be within 10 percent of the specified
Level member dimensions in construction documents or the
If bracing elements resisting lateral movement of a storey Member and condition Moment of Cross- analysis shall be repeated. If the stiffnesses of Table
have a total stiffness of at least 12 times the gross lateral Inertia Sectional Area 406.6.3.1.1( b) are used in an analysis, the assumed member
stiffness of the columns in the direction considered, it shall Columns 0.70𝐼 reinforcement ratio shall also be within 10 percent of the
be permitted to consider columns within the storey to be Walls Uncracked 0.70𝐼 specified member reinforcement in construction documents.
braced against sidesway.
Cracked 0.35𝐼 1.0𝐼
Beams 0.35𝐼 406.6.4.3 It shall be permitted to analyze columns and stories
406.2.5.1 The radius of gyration, r, shall be permitted to be in structures as nonsway frames if (a) or (b) is satisfied:
calculated by (a),(b),or (c): Flat plates and flat slabs 0.25𝐼
Ig a. The increase in column end moments due to second order
a. r  ( 406.2.5. l) effects does not exceed 5 percent of the first order end
Ag Table 406.6.3.1.l(b) Alternative Moments of Inertia for moments;
Elastic Analysis at Factored Load
b. 0.30 times the dimension in the direction stability is b. Q in accordance with Section 406.6.4.4.1 does not
Alternative Value of I for Elastic Analysis
being considered for rectangular columns; Member Min I Max
exceed 0.05.
Columns 25𝐴 𝑀 0.5𝑃
c. 0.25 times the diameter of circular columns. and walls 0.35𝐼 0.80 1 𝐼 0.875𝐼
𝐴 𝑃 𝑃
Beams, 406.6.4.4 Stability Properties
406.2.5.2 For composite columns, the radius of gyration, r, flat 406.6.4.4.1 The stability index for a storey, Q, shall be
0.2𝑏
shall not be taken greater than: plates, 0.25𝐼 0.10 25𝜌 1.2 𝐼 0.50𝐼 calculated by:
and flat 𝑑

( Ec I g / 5) Es I sx slabs
Q
P 
u o
(406.6.4.4.1)
r (406.2.5.2) Vus lc
( Ec Ag / 5) Es Asx Note: For continuous flexural members, I shall be permitted

Longitudinal bars located within a concrete core encased by

to be taken as the average of values obtained for the critical
positive and negative moment sections. Pu and Mu shall be
where P u and Vus are the total factored vertical load and

structural steel or within transverse reinforcement horizontal storey shear, respectively, in the story being
calculated from the load combination under consideration, or
surrounding a structural steel core shall be permitted to be the combination of Pu and Mu that produces the least value of evaluated, and  o is the first-order relative lateral deflection
used in calculating Asx and Isx ꞏ I. between the top and the bottom of that storey due to Vus .
406.6.3.1.2 For factored lateral load analysis, it shall be
406.2.6 Unless slenderness effects are neglected as permitted permitted to assume I = 0.5Ig for all members or to calculate
by Section 406.2.5, the design of columns, restraining I by a more detailed analysis, considering the reduced
beams, and other supporting members shall be based on the stiffness of all members under the loading conditions.
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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Concrete 13

406.6.4.4.2 The critical buckling load, Pc, shall be calculated 406.6.4.5.2 Magnification factor  shall be calculated by: 406.6.4.6.2 The moment magnifier  s shall be calculated by
by: cm
  1.0 (a), (b), or (c). If  s exceeds 1.5, only (b) or (c) shall be
 2 ( EI )eff Pu (406.6.4.5.2)
permitted:
Pc  (406.6.4.4.2) 1
( klu )2 0.75Pc 1
a.  s   1.0 (406.6.4.6.2a)
406.6.4.5.3 Cm shall be in accordance with (a) or (b): 1 Q
406.6.4.4.3 The effective length factor k shall be calculated
using Ec in accordance with Section 419.2.2 and I in a. For columns without transverse loads applied between 1
accordance with Section 406.6.3.1.1. For nonsway members, supports: b.  s   1.0
k shall be permitted to be taken as 1.0, and for sway 1
P u
(406.6.4.6.2b)

members, k shall be at least 1.0. M1 0.75 P

cm  0.6  0.4 (406.6.4.5.3a)
c
M2
406.6.4.4.4 For non-composite columns, (El)eff shall be c. Second-order elastic analysis.
calculated in accordance with (a), (b), or (c):
where M1 / M 2 is negative if the column is bent in single
curvature, and positive if bent in double curvature;
where P u is the summation of all the factored vertical
0.4 Ec I g
a. ( EI )eff  (406.6.4.4.4a) loads in a storey and P c is the summation for all sway
1   dns b. For columns with transverse loads applied between
resisting columns in a storey. Pc is calculated using Eq.
supports.
406.6.4.4.2 with k determined for sway members from
0.2 Ec I g  Es I se Cm = 1.0 (406.6.4.5.3b) Section 406.6.4.4.3 and (EI)eff from Section 406.6.4.4.4 or
b. ( EI )eff  (406.6.4.4.4b)
1   dns 406.6.4.4.5 as appropriate with  ds substituted for  dns
406.6.4.5.4 M2 in Eq. 406.6.4.5.1 shall be at least M2,min
calculated according to Eq. 406.6.4.5.4 about each axis
Ec I separately. 406.6.4.6.3 Flexural members shall be designed for the total
c. ( EI )eff  (406.6.4.4.4c)
1   dns M 2,min  Pu (15  0.03h) (406.6.4.5.4) magnified end moments of the columns at the joint.

where  dns shall be the ratio of maximum factored sustained If M2,min exceeds M2 , Cm shall be taken equal to 1.0 or 406.6.4.6.4 Second-order effects shall be considered along the
calculated based on the ratio of the calculated end moments length of columns in sway frames. It shall be permitted to
axial load to maximum factored axial load associated with
account for these effects using Section 406.6.4.5, where Cm
the same load combination and I in Eq. 406.6.4.4.4c is M1 / M 2 using Eq. 406.6.4.5.3a.
is calculated using M1 and M2 from Section 406.6.4.6.1.
calculated according to Table 406.6.3.l .l(b) for columns and
walls. 406.6.4.6 Moment Magnification Method: Sway Frames
406.6.4.6.1 Moments M1 and M2 at the ends of an individual
406.6.4.4.5 For composite columns, (El)eff shall be calculated column shall be calculated by (a) and (b).
by Eq. 406.6.4.4.4b, Eq. 406.6.4.4.5, or from a more detailed
analysis. a. M1  M1ns   s M1s (406.6.4.6. l a)
0.2 Ec I g
( EI )eff    Es I sx (406.6.4.4.5) b. M 2  M 2 ns   s M 2 s (406.6.4.6.1 b)
1   dns
406.6.4.5 Moment Magnification Method: Nonsway
Frames
406.6.4.5.1 The factored moment used for design of columns
and walls, Mc, shall be the first-order factored moment M2
amplified for the effects of member curvature.
Mc   M2 (406.6.4.5.1)

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