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Thiết kế BTH
Thiết kế BTH
Gii thiu
B t hoi u tin xut hin Php vo nm 1860, do k s Fosse Mouras pht
minh ra. Cho n nay, loi cng trnh x l nc thi ti ch ny c ph cp
trn ton Th gii. Vit Nam , b t hoi cng tr nn ngy cng ph bin. B t
hoi c th phc v cho mt khu v sinh, mt h gia nh hay nhm h gia nh,
cho cc i tng thi nc khc nh bp n tp th, nh hng, khch sn, khu du
lch, trng hc, bnh vin, vn phng lm vic, cc c s chn nui v ch bin
nng sn, thc phm, vv...
B t hoi c s dng ph bin nhiu ni bi c nhiu u im nh hiu sut
x l n nh, k c khi dng nc thi u vo c dao ng ln, chim t din
tch, gi thnh r v vic xy dng, qun l n gin, nn d c chp nhn. Tuy
nhin, pht huy vai tr ca cng trnh x l nc thi ti ch ny, cn thit k,
thi cng xy dng, lp t v qun l vn hnh, bo dng b t hoi ng, nht
l vi iu kin nc ta hin nay, khi phn ln nc thi, sau khi x l s b b
t hoi, c x trc tip ra ngun tip nhn m khng qua bt k mt khu x l
no tip theo. Vic hiu r v lm tt cng tc thit k, thi cng lp t v qun l
vn hnh - bo dng b t hoi cn gp phn nng cao nhn thc v huy ng
s tham gia ca cng ng trong xy dng, qun l h tng k thut th v bo
v mi trng.
Trong b t hoi din ra qu trnh lng cn v ln men, phn hu sinh hc k kh
cn lng. Cc cht hu c trong nc thi v bn cn lng, ch yu l cc
Hydrocacbon, m, bo, ... c phn hy bi cc vi khun k kh v cc loi nm
men. Nh vy, cn ln men, bt mi hi, gim th tch. Cht khng tan chuyn
thnh cht tan v cht kh (ch yu l CH4, CO2, H2S, NH3, ...). Cc yu t nh
hng n hiu qu x l nc thi v tc phn hu bn cn trong b t hoi:
nhit v cc yu t mi trng khc; lu lng dng thi v thi gian lu nc
tng ng; ti trng cht bn (rt ph thuc vo ch dinh dng ca ngi s
dng b hay loi nc thi ni chung); h s khng iu ho v lu lng ti a;
cc thng s thit k v cu to b: s ngn b, chiu cao, phng php b tr
ng ng dn nc vo v ra khi b, qua cc vch ngn, ...
B t hoi c thit k v xy dng ng cho php t hiu sut lng cn trung
bnh 50 - 70% theo cn l lng (TSS) v 25 - 45% theo cht hu c (BOD v
COD) (Nguyn Vit Anh v nnk, 2006, Bounds, 1997, Polprasert, 1982). Cc mm
bnh c trong phn cng c loi b mt phn trong b t hoi, ch yu nh c
ch hp ph ln cn v lng xung, hoc cht i do thi gian lu bn v nc
trong b ln, do mi trng sng khng thch hp. Cng chnh v vy, trong phn
bn b t hoi cha mt lng rt ln cc mm bnh c ngun gc t phn.
B t hoi hu ht cc nc u tip nhn v x l c hai loi nc thi trong h
gia nh - nc en v nc xm. Nc thi sau b t hoi c dn ti cc cng
trnh x l ti ch (bi lc ngm, b sinh hc hiu kh, vv...) hay tp trung, theo
cm, ...
B t hoi c du nhp vo Vit Nam thi k Php thuc. Thi , ch c mt s
cng trnh xy dng mi c trang b b t hoi (c hoc khng c ngn lc), x l
c nc en v nc xm. Dn dn, do s pht trin ca th, cc cng trnh
c ci ni, xy dng thm, cc khu nh mi mc ln, nhng vic xy dng cc
tuyn cng thu gom nc thi v tch ring nc thi ra khi nc ma khng
theo kp vi s pht trin, ngi ta u thng ng ng dn nc xm v nc
nh bp ra ngoi h thng cng chung, ch cn c nc en chy vo b t hoi.
y l bc tranh rt ph bin cc th Vit Nam hin nay. Phng thc ny
cng lan rng nhanh chng ra cc vng ven v vng nng thn. Nhiu b t
hoi c thit k, xy dng v vn hnh khng ng quy cch v kch thc ti
thiu, cch b tr ng ng, vch ngn, lm sinh ra dng chy tt trong b, sc
bn v vng cn, b b r r lm nhim v nc ngm thm vo,... ng ra, bn
cn trong b t hoi phi c ht theo chu k t 1 n 3 nm, nhng trong thc
t, nhiu b ti 7 hoc 10 nm mi c ht, khi h gia nh gp phi nhng vn
nh tc, trn nc, mi hi, ..., nn hiu qu lm vic thp.
V = Vn + Vb + Vt + Vv
(2)
Dung tch vng lng - tch cn Vn: c xc nh theo loi nc thi, thi gian lu
nc tn v lng nc thi chy vo b Q, c tnh n gi tr lu lng tc thi ca
dng nc thi. Thi gian lu nc ti thiu tn c xc nh theo Bng 1.
Bng 1. Thi gian lu nc ti thiu trong vng lng ca b t hoi
Lu lng nc thi Q,
m3/ngy
B t hoi x l nc en t
WC
<6
7-8
0,9
1,8
0,8
1,6
10 -11
0,7
1,4
12
0,6
1,3
13
0,6
1,2
>14
0,5
10
15
20
25
30
35
104
63
47
40
33
28
Chiu cao
lp nc
H, m
Chiu
rng b B,
m
Chiu di
ngn th
nht L1, m
Chiu di
ngn th
hai L2, m
Dung
tch t
V, m3
Dung tch
n v
m3/ngi
1.2
0.8
2.1
1.0
3.0
0.60
10
1.2
0.8
2.6
1.0
3.4
0.34
20
1.4
1.2
3.1
1.0
6.8
0.34
50
1.6
1.8
4.5
1.4
17.1
0.34
100
2.0
2.0
5.5
1.6
28.2
0.28
Kch thc b t hoi nu trong bng l kch thc hu ch ti thiu, khng k tng v
vch ngn, c tnh vi tiu chun thi nc sinh hot 150 lt/ngi.ngy, nhit
trung bnh ca nc thi l 20oC, chu k ht cn 3 nm/ln.
Bng 4. Kch thc ti thiu ca b t hoi x l nc en
S ngi
s dng N,
ngi
Chiu cao
lp nc
H, m
Chiu
rng b B,
m
Chiu di
ngn th
nht L1, m
Chiu di
ngn th
hai L2, m
Dung
tch t
V , m3
Dung tch
n v
m3/ngi
1.2
0.7
1.2
0.6
1.5
0.30
10
1.2
1.0
1.6
0.7
2.8
0.28
20
1.4
1.0
2.9
1.0
5.4
0.27
50
1.6
1.8
3.3
1.4
13.5
0.27
100
2.0
2.0
4.4
1.6
24.0
0.24