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Unit7 KCV
Unit7 KCV
7.1
Introduction
A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave a network is known as a port.
A port is an access to the network and consists of a pair of terminals; the current entering one
terminal leaves through the other terminal so that the net current entering the port equals zero.
There are several reasons why we should study two-ports and the parameters that describe them.
For example, most circuits have two ports. We may apply an input signal in one port and obtain
an output signal from the other port. The parameters of a two-port network completely describes
its behaviour in terms of the voltage and current at each port. Thus, knowing the parameters of a
two port network permits us to describe its operation when it is connected into a larger network.
Two-port networks are also important in modeling electronic devices and system components.
For example, in electronics, two-port networks are employed to model transistors and Op-amps.
Other examples of electrical components modeled by two-ports are transformers and transmission
lines.
Four popular types of two-ports parameters are examined here: impedance, admittance, hybrid, and transmission. We show
the usefulness of each set of parameters,
demonstrate how they are related to each
other.
Fig. 7.1 represents a two-port network.
A four terminal network is called a two-port
network when the current entering one terFigure 7.1 A two-port network
minal of a pair exits the other terminal in
the pair. For example, I1 enters terminal a and exits terminal b of the input terminal pair a-b.
We assume that there are no independent sources or nonzero initial conditions within the linear
two-port network.
496
7.2
Network Theory
Admittance parameters
Hence, the two equations that describe the two-port network are
I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2
(7.1)
I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2
(7.2)
I1
I2
=
y11 y12
y21 y22
y11
I1
=
V1 V2 =0
V1
V2
y21
I2
=
V1 V2 =0
Since y11 is the admittance at the input measured in siemens with the output short-circuited,
it is called short-circuit input admittance. Similarly, y21 is called the short-circuit transfer admittance.
497
Similarly, we obtain y12 and y22 by connecting a current source I2 to port 2 and shortcircuiting port 1 as in Fig. 7.4, finding I1 and V2 , and then calculating,
y12
I1
=
V2 V1 =0
y12 is called the short-circuit transfer admittance and y22 is called the shortcircuit output admittance. Collectively the
y parameters are referred to as short-circuit
admittance parameters.
Please note that y12 = y21 only when
there are no dependent sources or Op-amps
within the two-port network.
EXAMPLE
y22
I2
=
V2 V1 =0
7.1
Figure 7.5
SOLUTION
To find y11 and y21 , we have to short the output terminals and connect a current source I1 to the
input terminals. The circuit so obtained is shown in Fig. 7.6(a).
V1
V1
=
22
5
4+
2
+
2
I1
1
y11 =
= S
V1 V2 =0 5
I1 =
Hence;
Figure 7.6(a)
498
Network Theory
To find y12 and y22 , we have to short-circuit the input terminals and connect a current source
I2 to the output terminals. The circuit so obtained is shown in Fig. 7.6(b).
V2
I2 =
42
2+
4+2
V2
=
4
2+
3
3V2
=
10
I2
3
Hence; y22 =
= S
V2 V1 =0 10
Employing the principle of current division, we have
Figure 7.6(b)
I2 2
2+4
2I2
I1 =
6
1 3V2
I1 =
3 10
I1
1
y12 =
S
=
V2 V1 =0
10
I1 =
)
)
Hence;
)
EXAMPLE
3
1 32
V1
10 7 4
5
5
3
V2
10
7.2
Find the y parameters of the two-port network shown in Fig. 7.7. Then determine the current in a
4 load, that is connected to the output port when a 2A source is applied at the input port.
Figure 7.7
499
SOLUTION
To find y11 and y21 , short-circuit the output terminals and connect a current source I1 to the input
terminals. The resulting circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 7.8(a).
V1
V1
=
12
1jj2
1+2
3
I1 = V1
2
I1
3
y11 =
= S
V1 V2 =0 2
I1 =
)
Hence;
I2 =
I2 =
Hence;
y21 =
I1 1
1+2
1
I1
3
1 3
V1
3 2
I2
1
=
S
V1
2
Figure 7.8(a)
To find y12 and y22 , short the input terminals and connect a current source I2 to the output
terminals. The resulting circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 7.8(b).
I2 =
=
V2
2jj3
V2
5V2
=
23
6
2+3
I2
5
y22 =
= S
V2 V1 =0 6
Figure 7.8(b)
I2 3
2+3
3
I1 = I2
5
500
Network Theory
3 5V2
I1 =
5
6
1
I1 =
V2
2
I1
1
y12 =
S
=
V2 V1 =0
2
)
Hence;
(7.3)
(7.4)
2 3
6 2
4
1
2
3 2
3
1 32
I1
V1
2 74
5=4
5
5
5
V2
I2
6
Figure 7.8(c)
1
V2
2
(7.5)
4, we get
20
V2
6
20
V2 = 2V1
V2
6
20
0 = 2V1
+ 1 V2
6
1
13
0=
V1 + V2
2
12
4I2 = 2V1
)
)
)
2 3
6 2
4
1
2
3 2 3
1 32
2
V1
2 74
5=4 5
5
13
V2
0
12
(7.6)
501
It may be noted that the above equations are simply the nodal equations for the circuit shown
in Fig. 7.8(c). Solving these equations, we get
3
V2 = V
2
1
3
I2 =
V2 =
A
4
8
and hence,
EXAMPLE
7.3
Refer the network shown in the Fig. 7.9 containing a current-controlled current source. For this
network, find the y parameters.
Figure 7.9
SOLUTION
To find y11 and y21 short the output terminals and connect a current source I1 to the input
terminals. The resulting circuit diagram is as shown in Fig. 7.10(a) and it is further reduced
to Fig. 7.10(b).
Figure 7.10(a)
V1
22
2+2
I1 = V1
I1
y11 =
= 1S
V1 V2 =0
I1 =
)
Hence;
Figure 7.10(b)
502
Network Theory
)
)
)
Hence;
I3 + I2 = 3I1
V1
+ I2 = 3I1
2
V1
+ I2 = 3V1
2
5V1
= I2
2
I2
5
y21 =
= S
V1
2
To find y22 and y12 , short the input terminals and connect a current source I2 at the output
terminals. The resulting circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 7.10(c) and further reduced to Fig.
7.10(d).
Figure 7.10(c)
I2 =
)
Hence;
I01 =
V2
2
V2
2
I1
1
=
S
y12 =
V2
2
I1 =
But
Hence;
Figure 7.10(d)
503
Short-cut method:
Referring to Fig. 7.9, we have KCL at node V1 :
V1 V1 V2
+
2
2
= V1 0:5V2
I1 =
Comparing with
I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2
we get
y11 = 1S and y12 =
0:5S
KCL at node V2 :
V2 V2 V1
+
2
2
V2 V2 V1
= 3 [V1 0:5V2 ] +
+
2
2
5
I2 = V1 0:5V2
2
I2 = 3I1 +
0:5S
7.4
Find the y parameters for the two-port network shown in Fig. 7.11.
Figure 7.11
SOLUTION
To find y11 and y21 short-circuit the output terminals as shown in Fig. 7.12(a). Also connect a
current source I1 to the input terminals.
504
Network Theory
Figure 7.12(a)
KCL at node V1 :
V1 V1 Va
+
1
1
2
2Va = I1
I1 =
3V1
(7.7)
KCL at node Va :
V1 Va 0
+ 2V1 = 0
+
1
1
2
2Va 2V1 + Va + 2V1 = 0
Va
)
)
Va = 0
(7.8)
Hence;
Since Va = 0, I2 = 0,
y21
I2
=
= 0S
V1 V2 =0
To find y22 and y12 short-circuit the input terminals and connect a current source I2 to the
output terminals. The resulting circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 7.12(b).
505
Figure 7.12(b)
KCL at node V2 :
V2 V2 Va
= I2
+
1
1
2
3V2 Va = I2
(7.9)
KCL at node Va :
Va
V2
1
)
or
Va 0
+0=0
1
2
3Va V2 = 0
1
Va = V2
3
(7.10)
)
Hence;
We have;
Also;
1
V2 = I2
3
8
V2 = I2
3
8
I2
= S
y22 =
V2
3
1
Va = V2
3
I1 + I3 = 0
I1 =
=
I3
Va
=
1
2
(7.11)
2Va
(7.12)
506
Network Theory
Hence;
EXAMPLE
7.5
Find the y parameters for the resistive network shown in Fig. 7.13.
Figure 7.13
SOLUTION
Converting the voltage source into an equivalent current source, we get the circuit diagram shown
in Fig. 7.14(a).
To find y11 and y21 , the output terminals of Fig. 7.14(a) are shorted and connect a current
source I1 to the input terminals. This results in a circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 7.14(b).
Figure 7.14(a)
KCL at node V1 :
Figure 7.14(b)
V1 V1 V2
+
= I1 + 3V1
2
1
507
Since V2 = 0, we get
)
Hence;
KCL at node V2 :
Since V2 = 0, we get
)
Hence
V1
+ V1 = I1 + 3V1
2
3
I1 =
V1
2
I1
3
y11 =
S
=
V1 V2 =0
2
V2 V1
V2
+ 3V1 +
= I2
2
1
0 + 3V1
V1 = I2
I2 = 2V1
I1
= 2S
y21 =
V2
To find y21 and y22 , the input terminals of Fig. 7.14(a) are shorted and connect a current
source I2 to the output terminals. This results in a circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 7.14(c).
Figure 7.14(c)
Figure 7.14(d)
508
Network Theory
KCL at node V2 :
V2 V2 0
+
= I2
2
1
3
V2 = I2
2
3
I2
= S
y22 =
V2
2
)
Hence;
KCL at node V1 :
I1 =
V1 V1 V2
+
=0
2
1
Since V1 = 0, we get
I1 =
V2
I1
=
y12 =
V2
Hence;
EXAMPLE
1S
7.6
The network of Fig. 7.15 contains both a dependent current source and a dependent voltage
source. Find the y parameters.
Figure 7.15
SOLUTION
While finding y parameters, we make use of KCL equations. Hence, it is preferable to have current
sources rather than voltage sources. This prompts us to convert the dependent voltage source into
an equivalent current source and results in a circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 7.16(a).
To find y11 and y21 , refer the circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 7.16(b).
KCL at node V1 :
V1 V1 V2
+
+ 2V1 = 2V2 + I1
1
1
Figure 7.16(a)
Figure 7.16(b)
Since V2 = 0, we get
)
Hence;
KCL at node V2 :
V1 + V1 + 2V1 = I1
4V1 = I1
I1
y11 =
= 4S
V1
V2 V2 V1
+
= 2V1 + I2
1
1
Since V2 = 0, we get
)
Hence;
V1 = 2V1 + I2
3V1 = I2
I2
y21 =
=
V1 V2 =0
3S
509
510
Network Theory
To find y22 and y12 , refer the circuit diagram shown in Fig. 7.16(c).
KCL at node V1 :
V1 V1 V2
+
+ 2V1 = 2V2 + I1
1
1
Since V1 = 0, we get
V2 = 2V2 + I1
3V2 = I1
I1
y12 =
=
V2 V1 =0
Hence;
3S
Figure 7.16(c)
KCL at node V2 :
Since V1 = 0, we get
V2 V2 V1
+
= 2V1 + I2
1
1
V2 + V2 = 0 + I2
2V2 = I2
I2
y22 =
= 2S
V2 V1 =0
Hence;
7.3
Impedance parameters
Figure 7.17
511
V1
V2
=
z11 z12
z21 z22
I1
I2
z11
V1
=
I1 I2 =0
z12
V1
=
I2 I1 =0
z21
V2
=
I1 I2 =0
z22
V2
=
I2 I1 =0
7.7
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 7.18. Find the z parameters of this circuit. Then compute the
current in a 4 load if a 24 0 V source is connected at the input port.
Figure 7.18
SOLUTION
To find z11 and z21 , the output terminals are open circuited. Also connect a voltage source V1 to
the input terminals. This gives a circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 7.19(a).
Figure 7.19(a)
512
Network Theory
12I1 + 6I1 = V1
V1 = 18I1
V1
z11 =
= 18
I1 I2 =0
Hence;
Applying KVL to the right-mesh, we get
)
Hence;
V2 + 3 0 + 6I1 = 0
z21
V2 = 6I1
V2
= 6
=
I1
To find z22 and z12 , the input terminals are open circuited. Also connect a voltage source V2
to the output terminals. This results in a network as shown in Fig. 7.19(b).
Figure 7.19(b)
V1 = 6I2
V1
z12 =
= 6
I2 I1 =0
Hence;
Applying KVL to the right-mesh, we get
)
Hence;
V2 + 3I2 + 6I2 = 0
V2 = 9I2
V2
z22 =
= 9
I2 I1 =0
(7.13)
V2 = 6I1 + 9I2
(7.14)
513
The terminal voltages for the network shown in Fig. 7.19(c) are
V1 = 24 0
(7.15)
V2 =
(7.16)
4I2
Figure 7.19(c)
Combining equations (7.15) and (7.16) with equations (7.13) and (7.14) yields
24 0 = 18I1 + 6I2
0 = 6I1 + 13I2
Solving, we get
EXAMPLE
I2 =
0:73 0 A
7.8
Determine the z parameters for the two port network shown in Fig. 7.20.
Figure 7.20
SOLUTION
To find z11 and z21 , the output terminals are open-circuited and a voltage source is connected to
the input terminals. The resulting circuit is shown in Fig. 7.21(a).
Figure 7.21(a)
514
Network Theory
R1 (I1 I3 ) = V1
R1 I1 R1 I3 = V1
R1 I1 R1 V1 = V1
(1 + R1 ) V1 = R1 I1
V1
R1
z11 =
=
I1 I2 =0 1 + R1
)
)
)
Hence;
! R2 ! R3 ! V2, we get
V1 + R2 I3
R3 I2 + V2 = 0
V1 + R2 V1
0 + V2 = 0
R2 )
R 1 I1
= (1 R2 )
1 + R1
V2
R1 (1 R2 )
z21 =
=
I1 I2 =0
1 + R1
V2 = V1 (1
Hence;
The circuit used for finding z12 and z22 is shown in Fig. 7.21(b).
Figure 7.21(b)
)
)
I3 = V1 and V1 = I3 R1
I2
I3 = (I3 R1 )
I3 (1 + R1 ) = I2
)
Hence;
515
! R2 ! R1 ! V2, we get
R3 I2 + (R2 + R1 ) I3
V2 = 0
I2
R3 I2 + (R2 + R1 )
= V2
1 + R1
R2 + R1
= V2
I2 R 3 +
1 + R1
V2
z22 =
I2 I1 =0
R2 + R1
= R3 +
1 + R1
V1 + I3 = I2
V1
V1 +
= I2
R1
1
= I2
V1 +
R1
V1
1
z12 =
=
1
I2 I1 =0
+
R1
R1
=
1 + R1
)
)
)
EXAMPLE
7.9
z=
SOLUTION
Comparing z with =
z11 z12
z21 z22
12 4
4 8
, we get
z11 = 12;
z12 = z21 = 4;
z22 = 8
Let us consider a T network as shown in Fig. 7.22(a). Our objective is to fit in the values of
R1 ; R2 and R3 for the given z.
Applying KVL to the input loop, we get
V1 = R1 I1 + R3 (I1 + I2 )
= (R1 + R3 ) I1 + R3 I2
516
Network Theory
z12 = R3 = 4
R1 = 12
Figure 7.22(a)
R3 = 8
V2 = R3 I1 + (R2 + R3 ) I2
R2 = 8
Figure 7.22(b)
R3 = 4
Hence, the network to meet the given z parameter set is shown in Fig. 7.22(b).
EXAMPLE
If z =
7.10
40 10
20 30
for the two-port network, calculate the average power delivered to 50
resistor.
Figure 7.23
517
SOLUTION
Figure 7.24(a)
Now connecting the source and the load to the two-port network, we get the network as shown
in Fig. 7.24(b).
Figure 7.24(b)
)
)
80I2 + 20I1 = 0
4I2 + I1 = 0
I1 =
4I2
518
Network Theory
)
)
24I2 + I2 = 10
23I2 = 10
10
I2 =
23
= j I2 j 2 R L
100
50
(23)2
= 9:45 W
=
EXAMPLE
7.11
Refer the network shown in Fig. 7.25. Find the z parameters for the network. Take =
4
3
Figure 7.25
SOLUTION
To find z11 and z21 , open-circuit the output terminals as shown in Fig. 7.26(a). Also connect a
voltage source V1 to the input terminals.
Figure 7.26(a)
! 4 ! 2 ! 3, we get
4I1 + 5I3 = V1
Also;
V2
V2 = 3I3 ; so I3 =
3
(7.17)
(7.18)
519
V2
I3 = 0
(7.19)
Hence;
V2
1
V2
= +
I 1 = V2 +
3
3
4 1
=
V2
+
3 3
V2
3
z21 =
=
I1 I2 =0 5
Therefore;
Since
V2
3
=
I1
5
To obtain z22 and z12 , open-circuit the input terminals as shown in Fig. 7.26(b). Also, connect
a voltage source V2 to the output terminals.
Figure 7.26(b)
3I2 = 0
(7.20)
V2 + 3I4
3I2 = 0
(7.21)
Also;
I 4 = V2
(7.22)
520
Network Theory
)
Hence;
V2 + 3V2
3I2 = 0
V2 (1 + 3) = 3I2
V2
3
z22 =
=
I2 I1 =0 1 + 3
3
3
=
=
4
5
1+3
3
I2
= 3I2
V1
Hence;
z12 =
I2 I1 =0
= 3 3
4
=3 3 =
3
Finally, in the matrix form, we can write
z11 z12
5
1
5=4 5 3 5
z=4
z21 z22
3 5
6 z21, since a dependent source is present in the circuit.
=
7.12
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit with respect to port 2 of the circuit in Fig. 7.27 in terms of z
parameters.
Figure 7.27
521
SOLUTION
Vt = V2 jI2 =0
= z21 I1
Figure 7.28(a)
(7.23)
With I2 = 0, we get
V1 = z11 I1
Vg I1 Zg
V1
I1 =
=
z11
z11
)
Solving for I1 , we get
I1 =
Vg
z11 + Zg
(7.24)
Vt =
z21 Vg
z11 + Zg
To find Zt , let us deactivate all the independent sources and then connect a voltage source
V2 across the output terminals as shown in Fig.
7.28(b).
V2
Zt =
; where V2 = z21 I1 +z22 I2
I2 Vg =0
We know that
V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2
Substituting, V1 = I1 Zg in the preceeding equation, we get
Solving;
I1 Zg = z11 I1 + z12 I2
z12 I2
I1 =
z11 + Zg
Figure 7.28(b)
522
Network Theory
We know that,
V2 = z21 I1 + Z22 I2
z12 I2
+ z22 I2
= z21
z11 + Zg
V2
z21 z12
Zt =
= z22
I2
z11 + Zg
Thus;
The Thevenin equivalent circuit with respect to the output terminals along with load impedance ZL is as shown in Fig. 7.28(c).
EXAMPLE
Figure 7.28(c)
7.13
(a) Find the z parameters for the two-port network shown in Fig. 7.29.
(b) Find V2 (t) for t > 0 where vg (t) = 50u(t)V.
Figure 7.29
SOLUTION
The Laplace transformed network with all initial conditions set to zero is as shown in Fig. 7.30(a).
Figure 7.30(a)
523
(a) To find z11 and z21 , open-circuit the output terminals and then connect a voltage source
V1 across the input terminals as shown in Fig. 7.30(b).
Applying KVL to the left mesh, we get
V1 = s +
I1
V1
z11 =
I1 I2 =0
Hence;
=s+
1
s2 + 1
s
Also;
V2 = I1
Hence;
V2
1
z21 =
=
I1 I2 =0
s
To find z21 and z22 , open-circuit the input terminals and then connect a voltage source V2
across the output terminals as shown in Fig. 7.30(c).
Figure 7.30(b)
Figure 7.30(c)
V2 = s +
I2
V2
s2 + 1
z22 =
=
I2 I1 =0
s
1
V1 = I2
)
Also;
s
V1
1
z12 =
=
I2 I1 =0
s
)
Summarizing,
2
z=4
z11 z12
z21 z22
s2 + 1
6
s
5=6
4
1
s
7
s
7
s2 + 1 5
s
524
Network Theory
(b)
Figure 7.30(d)
)
)
I1 Zg = z11 I1 + z12 I2
Vg = (z11 + Zg ) I1 + z12 I2
V2
Vg = (z11 + Zg ) I1 + z12
ZL
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2
V2
V2 = z21 I1 z22
ZL
z22
1
1+
V2
I1 =
z21
ZL
and
)
)
(7.25)
(7.26)
Vg
z21 zL
(ZL + z22 ) (z11 + Zg )
(7.27)
z12 z21
V2 (s)
=
Vg (s)
=
Hence;
V2 (s) =
s2
s +1
+1
+1
s
s
s
2
(s + s + 1)2 1
1
s3 + 2s2 + 3s + 2
1
(s + 1) (s2 + s + 2)
Vg (s)
(s + 1) (s2 + s + 2)
s2
(7.28)
s1;2 =
1
2
j
V2 (s) =
(s + 1) s +
)
Hence;
V2 (s) =
525
7
2
Vg (s)
p!
p!
1
7
7
s+ +j
j
2
2
2
1
2
vg (t) = 50u(t)
50
Vg (s) =
s
Given
50
1
s(s + 1) s +
2
K1
K2
+
+
s
s+1
7
j
2
1
7
s+ +j
2
2
K3
K3
p +
p
7
7
1
1
s+
s+ +j
j
2
2
2
2
V2 (t) = 25
25e t + 18:9e 0:5t cos(1:32t + 90 ) u(t)V
Verification:
V2 (0) = 25
25 + 18:9 cos 90 = 0
V2 (1) = 25 + 0 + 0 = 25V
Please note that at t = 1, the circuit diagram of Fig. (7.29) looks as shown in Fig. 7.30(e).
I(1) =
50
= 25A
2
Hence; V2 (1) = VC (1) = 25V
Figure 7.30(e)
526
Network Theory
EXAMPLE
7.14
V1
100
z11 =
= 88:89
=
I1 I2 =0 1:125
V2
104
z21 =
= 92:44
=
I1 I2 =0 1:125
z12 =
V1
30
= 100
=
I2 I1 =0 0:3
V2
50
z22 =
= 166:67
=
I2 I1 =0 0:3
We know from the previous example 7.12 that,
Zt = z22
z12 z21
z11 + Zg
= 166:67
92:44 100
88:89 + 0
= 166:67
103:99
= 62:68
For maximum power transfer,
ZL = Zt
= 62:68 (For resistive load)
Vt =
=
z21 Vg
z11 + Zg
92:44 100
88:89 + 0
= 104 V
Pmax = I2t RL
2
104
62:68
=
62:68 2
= 43:14 W
EXAMPLE
Figure 7.31
7.15
Refer the network shown in Fig. 7.32(a). Find the impedance parameters of the network.
Figure 7.32(a)
SOLUTION
Figure 7.32(b)
527
528
Network Theory
4I1 + 4I2 = V1
)
)
)
2 (I2
2V3 ) + 2 (I1 + I2 ) = V2
4 2 (I1 + I2 ) + 2 (I1 + I2 ) = V2
2I2
6 (I1 + I2 ) = V2
2I2
6I1
z11 =
4I2 = V2
V1
4I1 + 4I2
=
= 4
I1 I2 =0
I1
I2 =0
V2
=
z21 =
I1 I2 =0
6I1 4I2
=
I1
I2 =0
V1
4I1 + 4I2
=
= 4
z12 =
I2 I1 =0
I2
I1 =0
V2
=
z22 =
I2 I1 =0
EXAMPLE
6I1 4I2
=
I2
I1 =0
7.16
It should be noted that for some two-port networks, the z parameters do not exist because they
cannot be described by the equations:
V1 = I1 z11 + I2 z12
V2 = I1 z21 + I2 z22
(7.29)
529
Figure 7.33
The defining equations for the two-port network shown in Fig. 7.33 are:
V1 =
1
V2 I1 =
n
n I2
It is not possible to express the voltages in terms of the currents, and viceversa. Thus, the ideal
transformer has no z parameters and no y parameters.
7.4
z12
z1n
z21
z22
z2n
z31
z32
z3n
zn1
zn2
znn
530
Network Theory
V1
V2
N Q
I1
I2
M NQ 1 P gives z parameters.
Similarly for y parameters,
)
M NQ
EXAMPLE
1P
I1
I2
=
N Q
V1
V2
gives y parameters.
7.17
Find y and z parameters for the resistive network shown in Fig. 7.34(a). Verify the result by using
Y transformation.
3
I1
I3
Figure 7.34(a)
SOLUTION
1
2
I2
Then;
V1
V2
=
y=z
3 0
0 0:5
1
3:5
1:8571 0:2857
0:2857 0:4285
1
0:6
0:4
2
0:5
2 0:5
I1
I2
531
= [z]
0:4
2:5
Verification
Figure 7.34(b)
11+12+12
=5
1
Z2 = 5
5
Z3 =
2
1
5
2 = 5
Z2 =
5:5
11
Therefore,
3
2
13
y11 = ; y12 = y21 =
; y22 =
5
5
5
The values with transformed circuit is shown in Fig 7.34(c).
Z1 =
EXAMPLE
Figure 7.34(c)
7.18
Find y and z parameters for the network shown in Fig.7.35 which contains a current controlled
source.
Figure 7.35
532
Network Theory
SOLUTION
At node 1,
0:5V2 = I1
1:5V1
At node 2,
0:5V1 + V2 = I2
3I1
In matrix form,
1:5
0:5
0:5
1
V1
V2
V1
V2
=
=
=
Therefore;
[z] =
[y] = [z]
7.5
1 0
3 1
1:5
0:5
0:5
1
0:4 0:4
3:2 1:2
0:4 0:4
3:2 1:2
1
I1
I2
1:5
4
1
I1
I2
0:5
0:5
1 0
3 1
I1
I2
Hybrid parameters
The z and y parameters of a two-port network do not always exist. Hence, we define a third set
of parameters known as hybrid parameters. In the pair of equations that define these parameters,
V1 and I2 are the dependent variables. Hence, the two-port equations in terms of the hybrid
parameters are
or in matrix form,
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
(7.30)
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
(7.31)
V1
I2
h11 h12
h21 h22
I1
V2
These parameters are particularly important in transistor circuit analysis. These parameters
are obtained via the following equations:
h11
V1
=
I1 V2 =0
h12
V1
=
V2 I1 =0
h21
I2
=
I1 V2 =0
h22
I2
=
V2 I1 =0
The parameters h11 ; h12 ; h21 and h22 represent the short-circuit input impedance, the opencircuit reverse voltage gain, the short-circuit forward current gain, and the open-circuit output
admittance respectively. Because of this mix of parameters, they are called hybrid parameters.
EXAMPLE
533
7.19
Refer the network shown in Fig. 7.36(a). For this network, determine the h parameters.
Figure 7.36(a)
SOLUTION
To find h11 and h21 short-circuit the output terminals so that V2 = 0. Also connect a current
source I1 to the input port as in Fig. 7.36(b).
Figure 7.36(b)
)
)
Vx
Vx 0
+
+ I1 = 0
RB
RC
I1 [
Vx
+
RB RC
(1 )I1 RB RC
Vx =
RB + RC
1] =
534
Network Theory
V1
h11 =
I1 V2 =0
Hence;
Vx + I1 RA
=
I1
V2 =0
(1 )I1 RB RC
+ R A I1
=
(RB + RC ) I1
(1 )RB RC
+ RA
=
RB + RC
KCL at node y:
)
)
Hence;
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
Vx 0
=0
I1 + I2 +
RC
1 (1 )I1 RB RC
=0
I1 + I2 +
RC
RB + RC
I2
h21 =
I1 V2 =0
(1 )RB
=
RB + RC
(RC + RB )
=
RB + RC
To find h22 and h12 open-circuit the input port so that I1 = 0. Also, connect a voltage source
V2 between the output terminals as shown in Fig. 7.36(c).
Figure 7.36(c)
KCL at node y:
V1
V1 V2
+
+ I1 = 0
RB
RC
535
Since I1 = 0, we get
V1
V1
V2
=0
RC RC
1
V2
1
=
+
V1
RB RC
RC
V1
RB
h12 =
=
V2 I1 =0 RB + RC
RB
)
EXAMPLE
R C I2 + R
B I2 = V2
I2
1
h22 =
=
V2 I1 =0 RC + RB
7.20
Find the hybrid parameters for the two-port network shown in Fig. 7.37(a).
Figure 7.37(a)
SOLUTION
To find h11 and h21 , short-circuit the output port and connect a current source I1 to the input port
as shown in Fig. 7.37(b).
Figure 7.37(b)
536
Network Theory
= I1 4:67
V1
h11 =
= 4:67
I1 V2 =0
Hence;
Hence;
To obtain h12 and h22 , open-circuit the input port and connect a voltage source V2 to the
output port as in Fig. 7.37(c).
Using the principle of voltage division,
8
2
V2 = V2
8+4
3
2
V1
=
h12 =
V2
3
V2 = (8 + 4)I2
V1 =
Hence;
Also;
)
EXAMPLE
= 12I2
I2
1
h22 =
= S
V2 I1 =0 12
Figure 7.37(c)
7.21
Figure 7.38(a)
537
SOLUTION
Performing to Y transformation, the network shown in Fig. 7.38(a) takes the form as shown in
1
Fig. 7.38(b). Please note that since all the resistors are of same value, RY = R .
3
Figure 7.38(b)
To find h11 and h21 , short-circuit the output port and connect a current source I1 to the input
port as in Fig. 7.38(c).
V1 = I1 [4 + (4jj4)]
Hence;
= 6I1
V1
h11 =
= 6
I1 V2 =0
)
Hence;
)
Also;
V2 = [4 + 4] I2 = 8I2
I2
1
h22 =
= S
V2 I1 =0 8
Figure 7.38(c)
Figure 7.38(d)
538
Network Theory
EXAMPLE
7.22
Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit at the output of the circuit in Fig. 7.39(a).
Figure 7.39(a)
SOLUTION
To find Zt , deactivate the voltage source Vg and apply a 1 V voltage source at the output port, as
shown in Fig. 7.39(b).
Figure 7.39(b)
(7.32)
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
(7.33)
But V2 = 1 V and V1 = I1 Zg
Substituting these in equations (7.32) and (7.33), we get
I1 Zg = h11 I1 + h12
h12
I1 =
Zg + h11
I2 = h21 I1 + h22
(7.34)
(7.35)
539
Therefore;
To get Vt , we find open circuit voltage V2 with I2 = 0. To find Vt , refer the Fig. 7.39(c).
Figure 7.39(c)
Vg + I1 Zg + V1 = 0
V1 = Vg I1 Zg
(7.36)
Vg I1 Zg = h11 I1 + h12 V2
Vg = (h11 + Zg ) I1 + h12 V2
(7.37)
(7.38)
Vg = (h11 + Zg )
V2 = Vt =
h12 h21
h22
V2 + h12 V2
h21
Vg h21
h11 h22 Zg h22
Figure 7.39(d)
540
Network Theory
EXAMPLE
7.23
Figure 7.40
SOLUTION
(7.39)
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
(7.40)
But
V2 = IL ZL =
where
ZL = 75 k
I2 Z L
(7.41)
I2 = h21 I1 h22 I2 ZL
h21 I1
I2 =
1 + ZL h22
(7.42)
ZL h21 I1
1 + ZL h22
Zin =
V1
I1
h12 ZL h21 I1
1 + ZL h22
ZL h12 h21
1 + ZL h22
75 103 10 5 200
= 3 103
1 + 75 103 10 6
= 2:86k
= h11
(7.43)
EXAMPLE
7.24
V2
Vg
Figure 7.41
SOLUTION
)
)
Also;
here V1 = Vg Zg I1
here V2 = ZL I2
Vg Zg I1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
Vg = (h11 + Zg ) I1 + h12 V2
Vg h12 V2
I1 =
h11 + Zg
V2
I2 =
= h21 I1 + h22 V2
ZL
Vg h12 V2
V2
+ h22 V2
= h21
ZL
h11 + Zg
Vg
h21 ZL
(h11 Zg ) (1 + h22 ZL )
h12 h21 ZL
100 50 103
=
(2 103 + 1 103 ) (1 + 10 5 50 103 ) (10
= 1250
100 50 103)
541
542
Network Theory
EXAMPLE
7.25
The following dc measurements were done on the resistive network shown in Fig. 7.42(a).
Measurement 1
V1 = 20 V
I1 = 0:8 A
V2 = 0 V
I2 = 0:4 A
Measurement 2
V1 = 35 V
I1 = 1 A
V2 = 15 V
I2 = 0 A
Figure 7.42(a)
SOLUTION
V1
20
h11 =
= 25
=
I1 V2 =0 0:8
I2
0:4
=
=
h21 =
I1 V2 =0
0:8
0:5
From measurement 2:
)
)
Then;
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
35 = 25 1 + h12 15
10
h12 =
= 0:67
15
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
0 = h21 1 + h22 15
h21
0:5
h22 =
=
= 0:033 S
15
15
| 543
Vg h21
h12 h21 h11 h22 Zg h22
50 (0.5)
0.67 (0.5) 25 0.033 20 0.033
25
= 13.74 Volts
1.82
h11 + Zg
h11 h22 h12 h21 + h22 Zg
25 + 20
25 0.033 0.67 (0.5) + 0.033 20
45
= 24.72
1.82
For maximum power transfer, ZL = Zt = 24.72 (Please note that, ZL is purely resistive).
The Thevenin equivalent circuit as seen from the output terminals along with ZL is shown in
Fig. 7.42(b).
Pmax = It2 24.72
2
13.74
=
24.72
24.72 + 24.72
=
(13.74)2
= 1.9 Watts
4 24.72
Figure 7.42(b)
EXAMPLE
7.26
Determine the hybird parameters for the network shown in Fig. 7.43.
Figure 7.43
544
Network Theory
SOLUTION
To find h11 and h21 , short-circuit the output terminals so that V2 = 0. Also connect a current
source I1 to the input port as shown in Fig. 7.44(a).
Figure 7.44(a)
)
)
)
Hence;
1
[I1 + I2 ] = 0
R2 [I1 + I2 ] +
j!C
1
I1 + R 2 +
I2 = 0
R2 +
j!C
j!C
[ + j!R2 C ] I1 =
I2 =
[1 + j!CR2 ] I2
[ + j!R2 C ]
I1
1 + j!R2 C
I2
h21 =
I1 V2 =0
+ j!CR2
1 + j!R2 C
Hence;
= [R1 + R2 ] I1 + R2 I2
R2 ( + j!CR2 )
I1
= R1 + R2
1 + j!R2 C
V1
h11 =
I1 V2 =0
545
R2 ( + j!R2 C )
1 + j!R2 C
R1 + R2 (1 ) + j!R1 R2 C
=
1 + j!R2 C
= R1 + R2
To find h22 and h12 , open-circuit the input terminals so that I1 = 0. Also connect a voltage
source V2 to the output port as shown in Fig. 7.44(b). The dependent current source is open,
because I1 = 0.
V1 = I2 R2
V2
=
R2
1
R2 +
Hence;
j!C
V1
h12 =
V2 I1 =0
j!CR2
1 + j!CR2
V2
j!C V2
I2 =
=
1
1 + j!CR2
R2 +
j!C
I2
j!C
h22 =
=
V2 I1 =0 1 + j!CR2
=
)
7.6
Figure 7.44(b)
Transmission parameters
BI2
I1 = CV2
DI2
546
Network Theory
V1
I1
=
A B
C D
V2
I2
Please note that in computing the transmission parameters, I2 is used rather than I2 , because
the current is considered to be leaving the network as shown in Fig. 7.45.
These parameters are very useful in the analysis of circuits in cascade like transmission lines
and cables. For this reason they are called Transmission Parameters. They are also known as
ABCD parameters. The parameters are determined via the following equations:
V1
A=
V2 I2 =0
V1
B=
I2 V2 =0
I1
C=
V2 I2 =0
I1
D=
I2 V2 =0
A, B, C and D represent the open-circuit voltage ratio, the negative short-circuit transfer
impedance, the open-circuit transfer admittance, and the negative short-circuit current ratio,
respectively. When the two-port network does not contain dependent sources, the following relation holds good.
AD
BC = 1
EXAMPLE
7.27
Determine the transmission parameters in the s domain for the network shown in Fig. 7.46.
Figure 7.46
SOLUTION
The s domain equivalent circuit with the assumption that all the initial conditions are zero is
shown in Fig. 7.47(a).
Figure 7.47(a)
547
To find the parameters A and C, open-circuit the output port and connect a voltage source V1
at the input port. The same is shown in Fig. 7.47(b).
V1
I1 =
1+
1
sV1
s+1
Then
V2 = I1
Also;
1 sV1
V1
V2 =
=
ss+
1 s+1
V1
A=
=s+1
V2 I2 =0
1
V2 = I1
)
)
)
Figure 7.47(b)
s
I1
C=
=s
V2 I2 =0
Figure 7.47(c)
1
+1
1
s+2
=
s+1 s+1
V1
V1 (s + 1)
I1 =
=
Z
(s + 2)
=1+
(7.44)
Hence;
1
I1
I1
s
I2 =
=
1
s+1
+1
s
I1
D=
=s+1
I2 V2 =0
I2 (s + 1) =
Hence;
(7.45)
548
Network Theory
Verification
We know that for a two port network without any dependent sources,
AD
(s + 1) (s + 1)
EXAMPLE
BC = 1
s (s + 2) = 1
7.28
Determine the ABCD parameters for the two port network shown in Fig. 7.48.
Figure 7.48
SOLUTION
To find the parameters A and C, open-circuit the output port as shown in Fig. 7.49(a) and connect
a voltage source V1 to the input port.
Applying KVL to the output mesh, we get
V2 + mI1 + 0 RC + I1 RA = 0
V2 = I1 (m + RA )
I1
1
Hence; C =
=
V2 I2 =0 m + RA
Applying KVL to the input mesh, we get
Hence;
V1 = I1 (RA + RB )
V1
RA + RB
A=
=
V2 I2 =0
m + RA
Figure 7.49(a)
To find the parameters B and D, short-ciruit the output port and connect a voltage source V1
to the input port as shown in Fig. 7.49(b).
Figure 7.49(b)
)
)
Hence;
(m + RB ) I1 =
(RC + RB ) I2
(RC + RB )
I2
I1 =
(m + RB )
I1
(RC + RB )
D=
=
I2 V2 =0
(m + RB )
Hence;
EXAMPLE
V1 = (RA + RB ) I1 + RB I2
(RC + RB )
= (RA + RB )
I2 + R B I2
(m + RB )
R C R A + R C R B + R B R A mR B
I2
=
m + RB
V1
B=
I2 V2 =0
R C R A + R C R B + R B R A mR B
=
m + RB
7.29
Port 1 Short-circuited
I1 = 0:5 A
I2 = 80 A
V2 = 5 V
549
550
Network Theory
SOLUTION
BI2
I1 = CV2
DI2
= A 10
0=A5
B 200 10
B 80 10
From I1 = 0:
From V1 = 0:
4 10
; B = 25
0 = C 10 D 200 10 6
0:5 10 6 = C 5 D 80 10 6
A=
5 10
S;
D=
A=
4 10
B=
25
C=
D=
EXAMPLE
5 10
0:025
0:025
7.30
Find the transmission parameters for the network shown in Fig. 7.50.
Figure 7.50
SOLUTION
To find the parameters A and C, open the output port and connect a voltage source V1 to the input
port as shown in Fig. 7.51(a).
Figure 7.51(a)
V2
V1 = 1:5 103
V1 =
9:375 10
Also;
V2 + 10
V2 + 10
3
8:375 10 V2
V1
= 8:375 10
A=
V2 I2 =0
=
Hence;
6:25 10
I1
C=
=
V2 I2 =0
V2
6:25 10
To find the parameters B and D, refer the circuit shown in Fig. 7.51(b).
Figure 7.51(b)
V2
551
552
Network Theory
40I1 + 0 = I2
I2 = 40I1
I1
1
D=
=
I2 V2 =0
40
Hence;
V1 = 1:5 103
V1
B=
I2 V2 =0
1:5
103
=
40
= 37:5
Hence;
EXAMPLE
I2
40
7.31
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit as seen from the output port using the transmission parameters for the network shown in Fig. 7.52.
Figure 7.52
SOLUTION
BI2
(7.46)
I1 = CV2
DI2
(7.47)
553
Figure 7.53(a)
Vg
Also;
I1 Zg = V1
(7.48)
I2 = 0
(7.49)
Making use of equations (7.48) and (7.49) in equations (7.46) and (7.47) we get,
Vg
and
I1 Zg = AV2
(7.50)
I1 = CV2
(7.51)
Vg
CV2 Zg = AV2
V2 = Vt =
Vg
A + CZg
To find Rt , deactivate the voltage source Vg and then connect a voltage source V2 = 1 V at
the output port. The resulting circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 7.53(b).
Figure 7.53(b)
554
Network Theory
I1 Z g
Zg
Zg
(7.52)
Hence
DI2 =
V2 +
I2
Zg
Zg
B
A
= D+
I2
V2 C +
Zg
Zg
B
D+
Zg
V2
=
Zt =
A
I2
C+
Zg
B + DZg
=
A + CZg
CV2
Figure 7.54
Hence, the Thevenin equivalent circuit as seen from the output port is as shown in Fig. 7.54.
EXAMPLE
7.32
For the network shown in Fig. 7.55(a), find RL for maximum power transfer and the maximum
power transferred.
Figure 7.55(a)
555
SOLUTION
Zt =
It =
= (0:624)2 6:67
Figure 7.55(b)
= 2.6Watts
EXAMPLE
7.33
Refer the bridge circuit shown in Fig. 7.56. Find the transmission parameters.
Figure 7.56
SOLUTION
Performing to Y transformation, as shown in Fig. 7.57(a) the network reduces to the form as
shown in Fig. 7.57(b). Please note that, when all resistors are of equal value,
1
RY = R
3
556
Network Theory
Figure 7.57(a)
Figure 7.57(b)
To find the parameters A and D, open the output port and connect a voltage source V1 at the
input port as shown is Fig. 7.57(c).
Applying KVL to the input loop we get
I1 + 4I1 = V1
)
Also;
Also;
Hence;
V1 = 5I1
V2
I1 =
4
I1
1
C=
= S
V2 I2 =0 4
5
V1 = 5I1 = V2
4
V1
5
A=
=
V2 I2 =0 4
To find the parameters B and D, refer the circuit shown in Fig. 7.57(d).
Figure 7.57(c)
557
I1 4
4
= I1
4 + 1
5
I1
5
D=
=
I2 v2 =0 4
I2 =
Hence
Figure 7.57(d)
5
I2 in the preceeding equation, we get
4
V1
)
)
Hence;
5
5
I2 + 4
I2 + I2 = 0
4
4
5
V1
I2 5I2 + 4I2 = 0
4
4V1 = 9I2
V1
9
B=
=
I2 v2 =0 4
Verification:
For a two port network which does not contain any dependent sources, we have
AD
5
4
7.7
54
1
4
BC = 1
25
94 = 16
9
=1
16
If all the two-port parameters for a network exist, it is possible to relate one set of parameters to
another, since these parameters interrelate the variables V1 ; I1 ; V2 and I2 : To begin with let us
first derive the relation between the z parameters and y parameters.
The matrix equation for the z parameters is
V1
V2
z11 z12
z21 z22
I1
I2
V = zI
I1
I2
y11 y12
=
y21 y22
I = yV
(7.53)
V1
V2
(7.54)
558
Network Theory
z=y
y = y11 y22
where
adj(y)
y
y21 y12
This means that we can obtain z matrix by inverting y matrix. It is quite possible that a
two-port network has a y matrix or a z matrix, but not both.
Next let us proceed to find z parameters in terms of ABCD parameters.
The ABCD parameters of a two-port network are defined by
V1 = AV2
)
)
BI2
I1 = CV2 DI2
1
V2 = (I1+ DI2 )
C
1
D
V2 = I1 + I2
C
C
I1 DI2
BI2
+
V1 = A
C
C
AI1
AD
=
+
B I2
C
C
(7.55)
(7.56)
V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2
(7.57)
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2
(7.58)
z21
V2
I1 +
z22
z22
(7.59a)
z21 I1
V2
+
V1 = z11 I1 + z12
z22
z22
z12 V2
z11 z22 z12 z21
I1 +
=
z22
z22
(7.59b)
559
we get,
where
h22 =
1
z22
Finally, let us derive the relationship between y parameters and ABCD parameters.
I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2
(7.60)
I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2
(7.61)
V1 =
(7.62)
I1 =
(7.63)
y22
A=
y21
BI2
I1 = CV2 DI2
1
y
B=
C=
y21
y21
y = y11 y22 y12 y21
D=
y11
y21
Table 7.1 lists all the conversion formulae that relate one set of two-port parameters to another.
Please note that z, y, h, and T, refer to the determinants of the matrices for z, y, hybrid,
and ABCD parameters respectively.
560
Network Theory
2
4
z11 z12
3
5
z21 z22
2 z
22
6 z
4
z21
z
2
h
z11
6 z21
6
4 1
z21
z
z21 7
7
z22 5
z21
z
6 z22
6
4 z21
z22
z = z11 z22
EXAMPLE
y22
6 y
6
4 y21
y
z12 3
z 7
5
z11
z
z12
z22 7
7
1 5
z22
2
4
y12
y 7
7
y11 5
y
y11 y12
y22
6 y21
6
4 y
y21
1
6 y11
6
4 y21
y11
A
6 C
6
4 1
C
3
5
y21 y22
T
B 7
7
A 5
B
y21 7
7
y11 5
y21
T
C 7
7
D 5
C
D
6 B
6
4 1
B
y12
y11 7
7
y 5
y11
A B
B
6 D
6
4 1
D
5
3
10 5
5 9
z = 10 9 5 5 = 65
z22
9
y11 =
= S
z
65
z12
5
y12 =
=
S
z
65
z21
5
y21 =
=
S
z
65
z11
10
y22 =
= S
z
65
1
6 h11
6
4 h21
h11
2
4
h12
h22 7
7
1 5
h22
h22
h11 7
7
h 5
h11
h11
h21 7
7
1 5
h21
h11 h12
3
5
h21 h22
h12 h21 ; T = AD
7.34
h
6 h21
6
4 h22
h21
T
D 7
7
C 5
D
h
6 h22
6
4 h21
h22
C D
BC
EXAMPLE
561
7.35
h11 h12
h21 h22
5 2
3 6
SOLUTION
Reinforcement problems
R.P
7.1
The network of Fig. R.P. 7.1 contains both a dependent current source and a dependent voltage
source. Determine y and z parameters.
SOLUTION
Iab =
I2
V2
2
At node a,
I1 = V1
2V2
I2
V2
2
562
Network Theory
At node b,
V1 = V2
I2
2V1
V2
2
I1 + I2 = V1
I2 =
In matrix form,
1 1
0 1
I1
I2
I1
I2
=4
3
=
2
y=4
Therefore;
Z=
and
R.P
1 1
0 1
4
3
3 3
2 7 V1
5
V2
3
2
2
3 3
1
1
6
2 7 V1
4
5
V2
3
3
2
3
3
3 5
2
2 3
14
2
3
3
5=4
7.2
0:5
1
1
4 5
3
563
SOLUTION
The circuit shall be transformed into s-domain and then we shall use the matrix partitioning
method to solve the problem. From Fig 7.2, Node equations in matrix form,
I
I
R.P
s
s
V
V
V
M N
V1
I1
= P Q N 1 M
V2
I2
1 2
s+3
s
2 1
=
s s+2
5 1
8
2 4 2 39
>
>
<
=
s+3
s
6 5 5 7
=
4
5
s s+2
>
2 1 >
:
;
5
5
s + 2:2
(s + 0:4)
y=
(s + 0:4)
s + 1:8
V
V1
V2
V1
V2
7.3
Determine for the circuit shown in Fig. R.P. 7.3(a): (a) Y1 , Y2 , Y3 and gm in terms of y parameters.
(b) Repeat the problem if the current source is connected across Y3 with the arrow pointing to the
left.
Y3 Y2
(7.64)
At node 2
I2 = gm V1 + V2 Y2 + (V2
= (gm
V1 )Y3
(7.65)
564
Network Theory
y12 =
y21 = gm
y22
Y3 ;
Y3
= Y2 + Y3
Solving,
V2 )Y3
gm )V1
gm V1
Y3 V2
(7.66)
At node 2,
I2 = V2 Y2 + (V2
= (gm
V1 )Y3 + gm V1
Y3 )V1 + V2 (Y2 + Y3 )
(7.67)
gm ;
Y3 ;
Y3
y22 = Y2 + Y3
y12 =
Solving,
y21
R.P
565
7.4
Complete the table given as part of Fig. R.P. 7.4. Also find the values for y parameters.
Table
Sl.no
1
2
3
4
5
V1
50
100
200
SOLUTION
I1
I2
=
y11 y12
y21 y22
V1
V2
1 7
27 24
=
y11 y12
y21 y22
For row 4:
For row 5:
I1
I2
V1
V2
V1
V2
50 100
100 50
1,
=
=
For row 3:
y11 y12
y21 y22
=
=
=
1 7
27 24
0:1
0:14
0:1
0:14
0:06
0: 2
0:1
0:14
0:06
0: 2
0:1
0:14
0:06
0: 2
0:06
0: 2
1
200
0
1
50 100
100 50
20
0
10
30
=
20
28
=
=
140:84
98:59
133:8
56:338
V2
100
50
0
I1
1
7
I2
27
24
20
10
0
30
566
Network Theory
R.P
7.5
Find the condition on a and b for reciprocity for the network shown in Fig. R.P. 7.5.
aV2 = 3(I1 + I3 )
V2 = (I2 I3 ) bI1
I3 = V2 (V1 aV2 )
= (1 + a)V2 V1
V1
(7.68)
(7.69)
(7.70)
)
)
V1
V2
=
4
1
(3 + 4a)
2+a
1
1 2 + a 3 + 4a
1
4
1
M
3 + 4a
=
N
3 4b
For reciprocity,
3 + 4a = 3
Therefore;
a= b
4b
0
b 1
0
b 1
I1
I2
I1
I2
I1
I2
(7.71)
(7.72)
R.P
7.6
SOLUTION
V1
I1 = V2
V2 = (I1 + I2 )2 + aI1
h=
=
2
6
0:5
0
0
2
1
2 0
0 0:5
2
=4 2+a
2
2
0:5
For reciprocity,
)
)
Therefore
h21
2+a
2=
2
4 = 2 + a; a = 2
2 2
h=
2 0:5
h12 =
3
7
5
1
2+a
1
1
1
2+a
1
1
( =
1)
567
568
Network Theory
R.P
7.7
Find y12 and y21 for the network shown in Fig. R.P. 7.7 for n = 10. What is the value of n for the
network to be reciprocal?
0:01V2
5
= 0:2V1 0:002V2
V2
V2 0:01V2
I2 =
+ n I1 +
20
50
Substituting the value of I1 from equation (7.73) in equation (7.74), we get
V2 V2 0:01V2
I2 = n(0:2V1 0:002V2 ) +
+
20
20
Simplifying the above equation with n = 10,
I1 =
V1
I2 = 2V1 + 0:0498V2
From equation (7.73),
y12 =
0:002
y21 = 0:2n
For reciprocity
y12 = y21
Hence;
R.P
0:002 = 0:2n
n = 0:01
7.8
Find T parameters (ABCD) for the two-port network shown in Fig. R.P. 7.8.
(7.73)
(7.74)
(7.75)
(7.76)
569
SOLUTION
1:5V1
10I1 = V2
V2
I1
1:5V1
+ I2
25
(7.77)
V2
=0
20
(7.78)
Simplifying,
2:5V1
10I1 = V2
0:06V1 + I1 = 0:09V2
I2
In matrix form,
Therefore
2:5
0:06
T=
R.P
2:5
0:06
10
1
10
1
V1
I1
1
=
1
0
0:09 1
1
0
0:09 1
=
V2
I2
0:613 3:23
0:053 0:806
7.9
(a) Find T parameters for the active two port network shown in Fig. R.P. 7.9.
(b) Find new T parameters if a 20 resistor is connected across the output.
SOLUTION
(a) With
Therefore;
Vx = 10I1 ,
0:08Vx = 0:8I1
V1
10I1 = V2
I1 + I2
= V2
V1
0:8I1 =
5(I2
0:08Vx )
5I2 + 4I1
10I1
50
(7.79)
(7.80)
570
Network Theory
14I1 = V2
V1 + 20I1 =
and
Therefore,
1
1
T=
14
20
1
1 5
0 50
5I2
50I2
=
3:33 133:33
0:167 9:17
T=
R.P
3:33 133:33
0:167 9:17
" 1 0 #
10
133:33
=
1
0:625 9:17
1
20
7.10
At node 1,
V1 = (I1
= 10I1
At node 2,
V2 = I2
0:3V2 )10 + V2
(7.81)
2V2
V2
6
8
V2 = V1 + 10I2
3
10 + V1 = 10I2 + V1
5
V2
3
(7.82)
1
1
Therefore,
z=
R.P
1
1
2
8
3
2
8
3
V1
V2
1
=
10
0
0 10
10
0
0 10
=
I1
I2
5.71 4.286
2.143 2.143
7.11
Obtain z and y parameters for the network shown in Fig. R.P. 7.11.
SOLUTION
| 571
572
Network Theory
By matrix partitioning,
2 s+2
2
6 s
s
z=4
s+4
2
s
2s
2 s+2
2
6 s
s
=4
s+4
2
s
2s
2 s+2
2
6 s
s
=6
4 2
s+4
s
2s
2 2
s + 10s + 8
6 s(3s + 4)
6
=6
6 s2 + 6s + 8
4
s(3s + 4)
R.P
7
5
3
7
5
1
2s
4 1 5
3s + 4
2
2s
6
4
3s + 4
7
7
5
2s
6 3s + 4
6
3s + 4
3
s2 + 6s + 8
s(3s + 4) 7
7
7
2
s + 8s + 8 7
5
s(3s + 4)
1
1
2
1
2
1 3
2 7
5
1
4
3
s
3s + 4 7
7
8s 5
3s + 4
7.12
Find z and y parameters at ! = 108 rad/sec for the transistor high frequency equivalent circuit
shown in Fig. R.P. 7.12.
SOLUTION
+ j 6 10
j 10 4 V2
I2 = j 10 4 V1 + 0:01V1 + 10 4 (1 + j )V2
I1 = (10
)V1
Therefore,
0.1
+
j6
j1
V
1
I1
104
=
I2
100 j1 1 + j1
V2
C1 = 108 5 1012 = 5 104
C2 = 108 1012 = 104
= 108 [(0.1 + j6)(1 + j) + (100 j1)(j1)]
= 108 106.213 /92.64
Therefore,
y=
6 /89
100 /0.6
z = y1 =
Then,
R.P
2 /45
2 /45
j1
100 /180.6
6 /89
2 /45
j1
100 /180.6
6 /89
j1
104
104
104
108 106.213 /92.64
133.15 /47.64
94.16 /2.64
94.16 /86.8
565 /31.6
7.13
Obtain TA , TB , TC for the network shown in Fig. R.P. 7.13 and obtain overall T.
B
Figure R.P. 7.13
| 573
574
Network Theory
SOLUTION
Z1 + Z3
;
A=
Z3
We have for A
For B;
For C;
Overall T :
B=
Z1 Z3
;
Z3
C=
Z3
2 7
D=
2
Z2 + Z3
Z3
7
6 5
5
1
1
5
2 9 54 3
6 6 6 7
TB = 4
5
1 10
6 6
#
"
1 0
TC = 1
1
7
TA = 4
4:709 15:93
0:962 3:46
Zxy = 9
Zyz = 18
Figure R.P.7.13(a)
Figure R.P.7.13(b)
Reducing, the above circuit, we get the circuit shown in Fig. R.P. 7.13c.
Converting the circuit into T, we get the circuit shown in Fig. R.P. 7.13(d).
Now from Fig. R.P. 7.13(d),
3:8564 + 1:0396
= 4:709
1:0396
1:0396(3:8564 + 2:5644) + 3:8564 2:5644
B=
1:0396
= 15:93
1
1
C=
=
= 0:962
Zp
1:0396
2:5644 + 1:0396
D=
= 3:46
1:0396
A=
Exercise Problems
E.P
7.1
Find the y parameters for the network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.1.
Ans:
y11 =
+ RA + RB
1
; y12 =
; y21 =
RA RB
RB
( + RA )
1
; y22 =
:
RA RB
RB
575
576
E.P
Network Theory
7.2
Find the z parameters for the network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.2.
Ans:
E.P
z11 =
13
;
7
z12 =
2
;
7
z21 =
2
;
7
z22 =
3
:
7
7.3
Find the h parameters for the network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.3.
Ans:
h12
E.P
sC) R) R* + R) + (1
sC) R* + 1
sC) R*
;
=
sC) R* + 1
h11 =
m)R*
h22
7.4
Find the y parameters for the network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.4.
Ans:
y11 = y22 =
7
S;
15
y12 = y21 =
2
S.
15
sC) R* + m
.
sC) R* + 1
sC)
=
.
sC) R* + 1
h21 =
E.P
577
7.5
Find the y parameters for the network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.5. Give the result in s domain.
Ans:
E.P
y11 = y22 =
2s(2s + 1)
;
4s + 1
y12 = y21 =
4s2
.
4s + 1
7.6
Obtain the y parameters for the network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.6.
Ans:
E.P
y11 = 0:625 S;
y12 =
0:125 S;
y21 = 0:375 S;
y22 = 0:125 S:
7.7
Find the z parameters for the two-port network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.7. Keep the result in s domain.
Ans:
z11 =
2s + 1
;
s
z12 = z21 = 2;
z22 =
2s + 2
.
s
578
E.P
Network Theory
7.8
Find the h parameters for the network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.8. Keep the result in s domain.
Ans: h11 =
E.P
5s + 4
;
2(s + 2)
h12 =
s+4
;
2(s + 2)
h21 =
(s + 4)
;
2(s + 2)
h22 =
s
:
2(s + 2)
7.9
Find the transmission parameters for the network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.9. Keep the result in s
domain.
Ans: A =
E.P
3s + 4
;
s+4
B=
2s + 4
;
s+4
C=
4s
;
s+4
D=
3s + 4
:
s+4
7.10
For the same network described in Fig. E.P. 7.9, find the h parameters using the defining equations.
Then verify the result obtained using conversion formulas.
2s + 4
s+4
(s + 4)
4s
;
h12 =
;
h21 =
;
h22 =
:
Ans: h11 =
3s + 4
3s + 4
3s + 4
3s + 4
E.P
579
7.11
Select the values of RA , RB , and RC in the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 7.11 so that A =1, B = 34 ,
C = 20 mS and D = 1.4.
I1
I2
V1
V2
Ans:
E.P
R) = 10;
R* = 20;
R+ = 50:
7.12
Find the s domain expression for the h parameters of the circuit in E.P. 7.12.
Ans:
E.P
h11 =
1
s
C
s2 +
1
LC
h12 = h21
1
LC ;
=
1
2
s +
LC
h22
2
Cs
+
LC
=
1
s2 +
LC
s2
7.13
Find the y parameters for the network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.13.
Ans:
y11 = 0:04S;
y12 =
0:04S;
y21 = 0:04S;
y22 =
0:03S:
:
580
E.P
Network Theory
7.14
Find the two-port parameters h12 and y12 for the network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.14.
y12 = 0:24S:
7.15
Find the ABCD parameters for the 4 resistor of Fig. E.P. 7.15. Also show that the ABCD
parameters for a single 16 resistor can be obtained by (ABCD)4 :
Ans: Verify your answer using the relation between the parameters.
E.P
7.16
BC =1.
E.P
581
7.17
Ans:
E.P
y21
s
=
:
4s + 1
7.18
Determine the y-parameters for the network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.18.
Ans:
E.P
y11 =
s3
s2
+ + 2s + 1
;
s(s2 + 2)
y12 = y21 =
1
;
2
s(s + 2)
y22 =
s3 + s2 + 2s + 1
:
s(s2 + 2)
7.19
Ans:
E.P
h11 =
30
;
11
h21 =
1
;
11
h12 =
1
;
11
h22 =
4
11
7.20
The following equations are written for a two-port network. Find the transmission parameters for
the network. (Hint: use relation between y and T parameters).
I1 = 0:05V1
0:4V2
I2 =
0:4V1 + 0:1V2
582
Network Theory
E.P
7.21
y22 = 3;
4
z22 = ;
3
y12 = y21 =
3,
z12 = z21 = 1:
7.22
Determine the z, y and Transmission parameters of the network shown in Fig. 7.22.
3
,
55
= 20,
Ans: y11 =
z11
4
,
55
= 15
y22 =
z12 = z21
z22
A = 55
E.P
1
,
55
= 5
y12 = y21 =
B = 55
C = 0.2,
D = 3.
7.23
Ans: z11 =
2s(5s + 1)
2s
2s3 + 5s2 + 3s + 5
=
z
=
=
,
z
,
z
12
21
22
2s2 + 5s + 1
2s2 + 5s + 1
2s2 + 5s + 1
E.P
7.24
Determine the y parameters of the two-port network shown in Fig. E.P. 7.24.
Ans:
y11 =
1
,
4
y21 =
1
,
4
y12 =
5
,
4
y22 =
4
.
3
583