B SU TP CC CU HI CHO SINH VIN

PHC V HC TP V BO V N
CHUYN NGNH H THNG IN
(MN LI IN, CUNG CP IN, NH MY IN,...)
Ghi ch: y l b cu hi c su tm trc tip t cc t bo v n
(mn hc v tt nghip) ca nhiu kha H thng in.

NI DUNG
A. DANH MC CU HI C CU TR LI S B .......................... 9
1. My pht nhit in khc my pht thu in nhng im no? .............. 9
2. Th no l kh nng qu ti ca my bin p?.............................................. 9
3. Phn bit my bin p thng vi my bin p iu p di ti? .............. 10
4. Tn hao cng sut trn ng dy bao gm nhng thnh phn no?
ngha? .............................................................................................................. 10
5. Tn hao cng sut trn my bin p bao gm nhng thnh phn no?
ngha? .............................................................................................................. 10
6. Mc ch ca vic chn dy dn? Cch chn? iu kin kim tra? .......... 11
7. Vic s dng s cu trong hay cu ngoi ph thuc vo nhng yu t
no? ................................................................................................................. 12
8. Tai sao ng dy kp my ct ni gia 2 mch phi c dao cch li ? ...... 12
9. Dao cch li ca ni t pha phia cao ca my bin p ng, m ph thuc
vo yu t no? ................................................................................................ 12
10. Ti sao pha 110 kV khng s dng my ct hp b? .............................. 13
11. Ho nh my vi h thng (hoc: nh my 2) c th dng nhng my ct
no? my ct no tt nht? Th t ho th nao? ............................................. 13
12. iu kin 2 my bin p lm vic song song? Gii thch? ....................... 13
13. Khi b kinh t s c li g? mt g? .......................................................... 13
14. S thay th khc nhng g so vi s ni dy chi tit? .................... 14
15. My bin p b my pht ti sao khng cn chn u iu chnh? Ti
sao my bin p 3 cun dy my pht-mba li cn c b iu chnh? .......... 14
16. Ti sao b iu chnh di ti ca my bin p c t pha cao? ..... 14
17. Ti sao my bin p tng p li c cun tam gic? ................................... 14
18. Ti sao cp 22kV u Y cn cp 10 kV li u ? ................................... 14
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19. Thanh ci h thng l g? .......................................................................... 15

20. Ti sao thanh ci 0,4 kV khi th c csv, khi li khng c? ....................... 15
21. Ti sao CSV loi c c khe h, loi mi li khng c khe h? ................ 15
22. Cu ch t ri c 2 tc dng: l dao ng ct khng ti, l thit b bo v?
Ti sao ngi ta khng s dng cu tr v cu dao thay th? .................... 15
23. Ti sao mt s trm bin p treo cu tr t ri t trn chng st van v
c cch ly trn, mt s trm cu tr t di chng st van?.................... 15
24. Ti sao mng in U 35 kV, U 500 kV li c in dn 2 u ng
dy? ................................................................................................................. 17
25. iu chnh kch t ca my pht dng lm g? Thng s u vo ca
b t ng iu chnh kch t? ........................................................................ 17
26. Ti sao cng sut ca my bin p li c tnh bng kVA m khng
c tnh bng kW nh my pht? ................................................................. 17
27. Thng du ph trong my bin p c tc dng g? ................................... 18
28. Cp 110 kV ti sao trung tnh my bin p c ni t trc tip? ......... 18
29. Vic tnh ton li in bao gm nhng cng vic g? Kt qu tnh ton
c dng lm g? ...................................................................................... 18
30. Phn bit ch xc lp v ch qu ? .............................................. 19
31. Ti sao ngy nay ngi ta t dng s c thanh gp ng vng? ....... 19
32. Ti sao trong mng in h p 380/220 V ngi ta li ni t trc tip
im trung tnh? .............................................................................................. 19
33. V sao phi chn tit din dy dn theo iu kin F kt? Jkt ph thuc vo
nhng yu t no? ........................................................................................... 19
34. Tn tht in nng c tc hi g? Lm th no gim tn tht in nng?
......................................................................................................................... 20
35. Trong trm bin p phn phi nhim v ca cu ch cao p (cu tr t ri)
l g? ................................................................................................................ 21
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36. Trong trm bin p phn phi nhim v ca ptmt l g? ..................... 21

37. H s cng sut l g? Ti sao ch b n cos = 0,90,95? .................... 21
38. So snh vic nng cao h s cng sut vi b cng sut phn khng? .... 21
39. So snh mng 3 pha trung tnh cch in vi t v mng 3 pha trung tnh
ni t trc tip? .............................................................................................. 23
40. Cc phng php iu chnh in p? ..................................................... 23
41. Tc dng ca cc ng h o trong trm phn phi ? .............................. 23
42. Tc dng ca BI v BU? Ch lm vic ca chng? ............................. 24
43. Ni t cho cc thit b trong trm phn phi s dng cc loi dy no? 25
44. Ti sao khi ngn mch 1 ng dy th dng cng sut li khng chy n
cc ng dy cn li? .................................................................................... 25
45. Cc bin php chnh gim tn tht in nng? .................................... 25
45. Th no l qu ti bnh thng v qu ti s c ....................................... 27
46. Cng dng ca dao tip a? ..................................................................... 28
47. Cng dng my ct in? .......................................................................... 28
48. Cng dng ca dao cch ly?...................................................................... 28
49. Ti sao phi t my ct gia b MF v MBA? .................................... 28
50. Cng dng ca vic u Y/Tam gic MBA? ............................................ 28
51. Th no l ha ng b, ha ko ng b? ................................................ 29
52. Ti sao phi a ra nhiu phng n ni dy? ......................................... 29
53. Ti sao phi la chn in p nh mc cho mng in? ......................... 29
54. Ti sao phi tin hnh cn bng cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn
khng? ............................................................................................................. 30
55. im khc nhau gia MBA thng v MBA c b iu p di ti? ..... 30
56. B iu p di ti ca MBA t u? .................................................. 30
57. S cu trong v s cu ngoi s dng th no? .............................. 30
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58. Ti sao phi tin hnh b? H s cng sut l g? .................................... 31

59. Th no l h thng c cng sut v cng ln? ........................................ 32
60. Ti sao phi iu chnh in p, cc phng php iu chnh in p? ... 32
61. iu kin v vn hnh song song MBA, nu ko tha mn th sao? nu u
nhc in ca vic vn hnh song song 2 MBA? ......................................... 32
62. Ti sao ngi ta thng t thit b b pha h p? .................................. 33
B. DANH MC CU HI CHA C CU TR LI................................ 34
1.nh ngha cc thi gian s dng cng sut cc i Tmax, thi gian tn
tht cng sut cc i. ................................................................................. 34
2.H s ng thi l g ? ............................................................................. 34
3.H s phn tn l g ? ............................................................................... 34
4.Ph ti tc dng , phn khng, biu kin ? ............................................... 34
5.Qu ti bnh thng ca MBA ................................................................. 34
6.Qu ti s c ca MBA ............................................................................ 34
7.Cc s liu nh mc ca MBA ............................................................... 34
8.Cc thng s ca MBA ............................................................................ 34
9.Cc thnh phn tn tht cng sut tc dng trong MBA ......................... 34
10.S thay th ca MBA ........................................................................ 34
11.Nguyn do st p qua MBA ................................................................... 34
12.Cng dng ca u phn p, v tr ca u phn p trong cun dy MBA
..................................................................................................................... 34
13.iu p di ti v iu p thng l g ? ............................................. 34
14.Trnh by cch thay i u phn p khi trm ang mang ti trong thit
k ny. ......................................................................................................... 34
15.Trnh by cc k hiu thit b trong s nguyn l. ........................... 34
16.Ch lm mt ca MBA ...................................................................... 34
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17.T u dy trong MBA .......................................................................... 34

18.Mc ch tnh ton ngn mch trong trm ............................................. 34
19.Chn BI theo cc iu kin no ? .......................................................... 34
20.Chn BU theo cc iu kin no ? ......................................................... 34
21.Cch mc in nng k trong trm......................................................... 34
22.Mc in nng k pha cao p khc vi mc pha h p im no ? .. 35
23.Nhim v ca cu ch hay cu ch t ri ................................................ 35
24.Ti sao phi kim tra n nh lc in ng v n nh nhit khi chn
cc kh c in ............................................................................................. 35
25.Nhim v ca my ct ............................................................................ 35
26.Nhim v ca dao cch ly ...................................................................... 35
27.Cch thao tc trong trm a MBA ra sa cha ............................... 35
28.Khi MBA sa cha xong, trnh by thao tc ti lp cung cp in .. 35
29.Chn dy dn theo nhng iu kin no ? ............................................. 35
30.Mc ch ca ni t trong trm ............................................................ 35
31.Hy so khp cc s nguyn l, s mt bng, s mt ct trong
trm.............................................................................................................. 35
32.Chi ph vn hnh hng nm ca trm gm cc thnh phn no ............. 35
33.Cc iu kin 2 MBA vn hnh song song ....................................... 35
34.u v khuyt im ca my ct phn an pha h p khi vn hnh ng
v m ........................................................................................................... 35
35.Ti sao tn tht in nng trong 1 nm trong st ca MBA c tnh
theo thi gian T ca mt nm trong khi tn tht in nng trong ng li
tnh theo thi gian tn tht cng sut cc i v tn tht cng sut
Pcu,max ....................................................................................................... 35
36. ngha thc t ca thng s UN% ........................................................ 35
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37. ngha ca dng in ngn mch xung kch ixk trong vic chn kh c
in .............................................................................................................. 35
38.Cng dng ca du trong MBA ............................................................. 35
39.Mt MBA 3 pha ghi 15/0.4kv , gii thch v 2 s 15 v 0.4 .................. 35
40.Nu cun dy pha cao ( trong cu 39) mc Y th in p nh mc ca
mi cun dy pha l bao nhiu ? Tng t khi mc ............................... 35
41.Trm c 2 MBA vn hnh song song, dng in cng bc qua MBA
c tnh tan nh th no .......................................................................... 35
42.Khi MBA ang mang ti cho php m dao cch ly khng ? V sao ? ... 36
43.Cc kh c in no c th ct ng dng in ti v dng ngn mch ?
..................................................................................................................... 36
44.Cng dng ca BI mc pha cao p ca trm ..................................... 36
45.Mc ch ca vic b cng sut khng in trn ng dy ................. 36
46.Cch chn ptmt ................................................................................. 36
47.Cch chn FCO? .................................................................................... 36
48.Mc ch ca bo v chng st ng dy v trm ............................... 36
49.Ti sao cp in 10kv tr xung th dng cu ch bo v cho BU, cn
cp 110kv th dng dao cch ly. ............................................................... 36
50.Ti sao khi tnh tan NM s dng s thay th ch c x, cn khi tnh
sng trnh th chi c c. ................................................................................. 36
51.MBA t ngu c u, khuyt im g so vi MBA 3 cun dy,2 cun dy
..................................................................................................................... 36
52.Khi no th chn MBA t ngu .............................................................. 36
53.Chn MBA qua ln so vi yu cu c li hay hi nh th no ? .......... 36
54.Chn my ct thanh gp ging nhau hay khc nhau. ......................... 36
55.C bao nhiu lai thanh gp, u v khuyt im ca tng lai ............. 36
56.Nguyn tc tnh ton chn thanh gp..................................................... 36
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57.Trong MBA t ngu cng sut cun h l bao nhiu ? ......................... 36

58.Cng thc tnh tan MBA t ngu ......................................................... 36
59.Cng sut cn cao v trung c bng nhau khng ? .............................. 36
60.Cng sut t dng l g? ......................................................................... 36
61.Gii thch s lng ca dng c o ? ..................................................... 36
62.So snh t dng trong nh my v trong trm ....................................... 36
63.Thi gian thu hi vn u t ph thuc vo khang g. ........................ 36
64.Thit k trm 220/110/22 ti sao phi tnh NM 3 pha, m khng tnh cc
loi NM khc. .............................................................................................. 37
65. im khc nhau khi chn dy dn trong trm v ngoi trm ............... 37
66. Khi NM , my ct khng ct, DCL ct c khng? Lm sao lai ra
khi vn hnh. ............................................................................................. 37
67. My ct lin lc dng lm g? .......................................................... 37
68.T u dy ca MBA ............................................................................. 37
69.Ti sao - dng cho MF, Y c khng ?.................................... 37
70.Ni t trung tnh MBA ti sao ni t qua DCL, c th ni trc tip
c hay khng ? Ti sao c chng st ti trung tnh ? .............................. 37
71.Trc u cc MF ti sao khng t my ct ........................................ 37
72.Cch b tr cc thit b trong trm. ......................................................... 37
73.Trnh by ngu hp ng v ngu hp tnh ........................................... 37
74.Chng st van n bao nhiu th cch in ............................................ 37
75.H thng t dng l h thng kn hay m trong trm ............................ 37
76. Nu u nhc im ca cc phng php i dy hnh tia, lin thng v
mng kn? .................................................................................................... 37

A. DANH MC CU HI C CU TR LI S B
1. My pht nhit in khc my pht thu in nhng im no?
Tr li:
My pht nhit in:
+ Thuc loi quay nhanh, kch thc gn nh, l loi cc n s cp cc t .
+ Do quay nhanh nn lc li tm ln i hi rto phi bn, l loi c lin
khi.
+ Phi lm vic vi P Pminkt (cng sut k thut 30%40%) nu khng l
v tuabin s khng n nh v c th t tt.
+ tng cng sut t Pminkt n Pm phi mt n vi gi.
+ Hiu sut my pht nhit in khng cao.
My pht thu in:
+ Thuc loi quay chm (v tc quay ph thuc vo ngun nc (H,Q)),
do vy s cp cc nhiu, l loi cc li.
+ Gia cng lp ghp nn km bn, rto ch to n chic.
+ C th pht vi mi gi tr cng sut Pminkt n Pm .
+ Tc tng cng sut pht kh nhanh t 0 n Pm ch mt vi pht.
+ Hiu sut my pht thu in cao hn nhit in.
2. Th no l kh nng qu ti ca my bin p?
Tr li:
Kh nng qu ti ca my bin p l kh nng mang ti ca n ln hn so
vi nh mc m my bin p vn vn hnh bnh thng m bo cc thng s
k thut v tui th ca my.
Cho php my bin p vn hnh vi h s qu ti 1,4 trong vng 5 ngy, mi
ngy khng qu 6 ting.

3. Phn bit my bin p thng vi my bin p iu p di ti?

Tr li:
- My bin p c iu p di ti c th iu chnh ngay c khi mang ti.
- Di iu chnh ca my c iu p di ti rng, nhiu nc nn iu chnh
trn hn.
- Gi thnh t hn khong 30% my bin p thng.
4. Tn hao cng sut trn ng dy bao gm nhng thnh phn no?
ngha?
Tr li:
Tn hao cng sut trn ng dy gm: S = P + Q
P: Tn hao cng sut tc dng trn ng dy, l tn hao pht nng trn
dy dn (Hiu ng jun).
Q: Tn hao cng sut tc phn khng trn ng dy, l tiu th cng sut
phn khng t cm gia cc ng dy vi nhau.
5. Tn hao cng sut trn my bin p bao gm nhng thnh phn no?
ngha?
Tr li: Sb = SCu+ S0
- Tn hao ng trn my bin p: SCu = PCu + QCu
PCu: Tn hao cng sut tc dng trn cun dy, l tn hao pht nng trn
cun dy (Hiu ng jun).
QCu: Tn hao cng sut tc phn khng trn cun dy, l tiu th cng sut
phn khng t cm v h cm gia cc cun dy.
- Tn hao st trn my bin p gm: S0 = P0 + Q0
P0: Tn hao cng sut tc dng trn li st, bn cht l do dng in xoy
gy pht nng (dng fuc). Cc bin php gim P0 l: + S dng thp k thut
in.
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+ Gim khe h khng kh.

+ Lm mng cc l thp.
Q0: Tn hao cng sut tc phn khng trn ng dy, nguyn nhn l do
t ho li thp (ch yu) v mt phn do t ti qua khe h khng kh.
6. Mc ch ca vic chn dy dn? Cch chn? iu kin kim tra?
Tr li:
Mc ch ca vic chn dy dn l thu c cc thng s r 0, x0, b0 phc
v cho vic tnh ton s b.
Thng thng trong li truyn ti vic chn dy dn c thc hin theo
Jkt.
Cc iu kin kim tra l (4 iu kin): bn c, pht nng dy dn, vng
quang, tn hao in p.
+ i vi ng dy trn khng khng xut hin vng quang ngi ta
yu cu:
U = 110 kV: F 70 mm2
U = 220 kV: F 240 mm2
+ iu kin bn c c phi hp vi iu kin vng quang.
+ iu kin pht nng dy dn: Isc k.Icp
+ iu kin tn tht in p: Ubtmax% 10%
Uscmax% 20%

11

7. Vic s dng s cu trong hay cu ngoi ph thuc vo nhng yu t

no?
Tr li:
Vic s dng s cu trong hoc: cu ngoi ph thuc vo xc sut phi
ng ct my ct pha ng dy hoc: ca my bin p (bao gm: xc sut s
c, thay i ti, ).
Nu xt ring xc sut ct my phi ct do s c, thng thng ngi ta
quan nim: ng dy c chiu di ln hn 70 km th xc sut s c ng dy
nhiu hn nn dng s cu trong (my ct pha ng dy), ng dy c
chiu di nh hn 70 km th xc sut s c ng dy t hn nn dng s cu
ngoi (my ct pha my bin p).
8. Tai sao ng dy kp my ct ni gia 2 mch phi c dao cch li ?
Tr li:
- cch li phn t cn li khi s c mt bn ng dy.
- c th a my ct ra khi cn bo dng hoc thay th.
9. Dao cch li ca ni t pha phia cao ca my bin p ng, m ph
thuc vo yu t no?
Tr li:
Vic ng hay: m dao cch li ph thuc vo nhy ca bo v th t
khng:
- nu: ng nhiu dao cch li th: dng I0 ln gy nh hng n cc thit b
in (khng mong mun).
- nu: ct nhiu dao cch li th: dng I0 nh, cc bo v c th khng tc
ng.
Tnh ton ng hay: m dao cch li hin nay do iu quyt nh.

12

10. Ti sao pha 110 kV khng s dng my ct hp b?

Tr li:
Do pha 110 kV cc thit b u ln, nu s dng my ct hp b th s qu
cng knh m bo c khong cch an ton, gy kh khn khi thao tc.
11. Ho nh my vi h thng (hoc: nh my 2) c th dng nhng my
ct no? my ct no tt nht? Th t ho th nao?
Tr li:
Dng my ct lin lc trm lin lc, v trm lin lc t ph ti nn t nh
hng hn.
(Trnh by th t ho da vo s ).
12. iu kin 2 my bin p lm vic song song? Gii thch?
Tr li:
+ Cng t u dy (m bo ng th t pha).
+ Cng t s bin i (Trnh dng cn bng chy qun qua li gia 2 my).
+ Cng UN% (m bo cho tn hao cng sut trn 2 my bin p l nh
nhau v SB ph thuc UN%).
13. Khi b kinh t s c li g? mt g?
Tr li:
- Vic b s lm gim cng sut phn khng Q chy trn ng nn tn hao
cng sut P =

p2 Q2
.R gim theo, dn n gim tn hao in nng trn
U2

ng dy A.
- Cc yu t thit do vic s dng thit b b l:
+ Chi ph u t mua thit b b.
+ Tn tht in nng trn thit b b.
+ Chi ph vn hnh thit b b (tr cng ngi vn hnh thit b).
+ thit b b lm gim tin cy ca h thng.
13

14. S thay th khc nhng g so vi s ni dy chi tit?

Tr li:
a thng s t phn b ri v thng s tp trung d dng cho vic tnh
ton (Thay ng dy bng 1 tng tr, a in dung ra 2 u ng dy). a
in dung ra 2 u ng dy gip kt qu tnh ton chnh xc hn a ra 1 u.
15. My bin p b my pht ti sao khng cn chn u iu chnh? Ti
sao my bin p 3 cun dy my pht-mba li cn c b iu chnh?
Tr li:
My bin p b my pht khng cn chn u iu chnh v in p c th
c iu chnh thng qua kch t pha my pht.
My bin p lin lc 3 cun dy my pht mba li cn c b iu chnh v
kch t ch c th iu chnh in p mt pha (nu pha h thay i th 2 pha
kia tng theo t l bin p, khng th iu chnh in p cng mt lc c pha
cao v trung cho kt qu nh mun).
16. Ti sao b iu chnh di ti ca my bin p c t pha cao?
Tr li:
V pha cao dng in nh hn nn khi iu chnh tia la in t hn.
17. Ti sao my bin p tng p li c cun tam gic?
Tr li:
trnh dng I0 vo my pht, dong I0 s chy qun trong cun (dng I0
c th l sng hi bc cao, dng st, ngn mch khng i xng, ).
u th dng in trn cun dy s gim 3 ln so vi dng in dy
(gim tit din dy dn). Mc d in p trn cun dy tng Upha = Udy nhng
pha cao p th in p khng cao nn khng qu tn km v mt cch in.
18. Ti sao cp 22kV u Y cn cp 10 kV li u ?
Tr li:
Nu: cch t th: dng in dung khi chm t 1 pha ln (pha chm t
tng ln 3 ln), in p ca im trung tnh s tng ln bng in p pha.
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ng dy 22 kV nhiu, s tip cn ca con ngi vi n nhiu nn an

ton phi cao.
V vy, theo quy nh cp 22 kV phi c ni t trc tip khi xy ra
ngn mch 1 pha cc thit b bo v c th ct ngay, nu l phi c trung tnh
gi m bo an ton.
19. Thanh ci h thng l g?
Tr li:
Thanh ci h thng l ngun cng sut v cng ln (tc l U khng i khi
ph ti thay i).
20. Ti sao thanh ci 0,4 kV khi th c csv, khi li khng c?
Tr li:
Nu pha h l ng dy trn khng th c chng st van.
Nu pha h l ph ti trc tip hoc ng cp (ph ti l mt to nh) th
khng cn chng st van.
21. Ti sao CSV loi c c khe h, loi mi li khng c khe h?
Tr li:
V chng st van c in tr phi tuyn km (c dng r i qua) nn phi lm
khe h trnh dng r in p lm vic.
22. Cu ch t ri c 2 tc dng: l dao ng ct khng ti, l thit b bo
v? Ti sao ngi ta khng s dng cu tr v cu dao thay th?
Tr li:
V cu tr t ri khi tc ng xong ngi ta c th pht hin ra ngay bng
mt thng (t ri), c th ng li bng so thao tc.
23. Ti sao mt s trm bin p treo cu tr t ri t trn chng st van
v c cch ly trn, mt s trm cu tr t di chng st van?
Tr li:
+ trnh sng st truyn qua cu tr, ngi ta thng t cu tr t ri
di chng st.
15

+ Ti nhng ni t st ngi ta t cu tr trn: qu trnh bo dng chng

st bng cch ngt cu tr (khng ngt ng dy).

16

24. Ti sao mng in U 35 kV, U 500 kV li c in dn 2 u ng

dy?
Tr li:
Cp 35 kV: c dng r qua s do cch in km.
Cp 500 kV: c dng r vng quang (dng r qua khng kh do cp in p
cao). Tc l khng chn c loi dy dn no m bo tiu chun tn tht
vng quang cho php.
Cp 110 kV v 220 kV: c cch in s tt, mt khc in p cng khng
qu cao c dng r qua khng kh ln nn b qua. Tc l ti cp in p ny
ngi ta c th chn dc tit din dy dn tiu chun m bo iu kin tn
tht vng quang.
25. iu chnh kch t ca my pht dng lm g? Thng s u vo ca
b t ng iu chnh kch t?
Tr li:
iu chnh kch t ca my pht l thit b phn nh s thay i in p v
dng in u cc my pht, sau tc ng iu chnh dng kch t a
in p u cc t tr s mong mun.
Thng s u vo ca b t ng iu chnh kch t l tn hiu dng v p
do BI v BU cp.
26. Ti sao cng sut ca my bin p li c tnh bng kVA m khng
c tnh bng kW nh my pht?
Tr li:
Bi v my bin p ch l thit b t tnh dng bin i cp in p, my
bin p khng h c h s cng sut, h s ca dng cng sut truyn qua my
chnh l h s cng sut ca ph ti ngay sau n. Cho nn cng sut ca my
bin p c tnh bng cng sut biu kin S.

17

27. Thng du ph trong my bin p c tc dng g?

Tr li:
Thng du ph trong my bin p (cn c gi l bnh gim du) c tc
dng m bo du trong my bin p lun y, duy tr lng du mc nht
nh.
Mt khc khi vn hnh du trong my bin p s gin n t do qua thng
du ph.
28. Cp 110 kV ti sao trung tnh my bin p c ni t trc tip?
Tr li:
Do cp in p cao, vic m bo cch in l tn km. Nu khng ni t
trc tip khi xy ra ngn mch 1 pha, in p trn 2 pha cn li s tng
Cn khi c ni t trc tip in p 2 pha cn li vn ch l in p pha.

3 ln.

Tuy nhin, khng c ngha l mi im trung tnh cp 110 kV u ni t

m ph thuc vo ch vn hnh, nhy ca bo v th t khng (cu 9).
Vic gim s im trung tnh ni t lm tng X0, gim tr s dng ngn mch
do vic chn cc thit b lin quan c yu cu thp hn.
29. Vic tnh ton li in bao gm nhng cng vic g? Kt qu tnh ton
c dng lm g?
Tr li:
Vic tnh ton li in bao gm nhng cng vic sau:
+ Xc nh cc thng s h thng ca mng in (R, X, B, ).
+ Xc nh cc dng cng sut chy trn cc on ng dy.
+ Tnh tn tht cng sut trn cc on ng dy t xc nh in p ti
cc nt ca mng in.
+ Tnh tn tht cng sut, tn tht in nng ca mng in.
Kt qu tnh ton li in nh gi xem li in c m bo cc ch
tiu kinh t - k thut hay khng. ng thi da vo cc dng cng sut tnh
18

 cn bng cng sut trn ton h thng, da vo tn tht in p chn cc

u phn p ph hp.
30. Phn bit ch xc lp v ch qu ?
Tr li:
Ch xc lp l ch lm vic lu di ca h thng m cc thng s ch
(U, I, ) khng c s thay i hoc ch dao ng rt nh xung quanh gi tr
trung bnh. Ti ch xc lp khng tn ti cc thnh phn t do, ch tn ti
thnh phn chu k.
Ch qu l ch m cc thng s ch ca h thng bin thin
mnh theo thi gian. Ti ch ny tn ti c thnh phn chu k v khng chu
k.
31. Ti sao ngy nay ngi ta t dng s c thanh gp ng vng?
Tr li:
Do hin nay, nhng my ct SF6 hay: my ct khng kh c lm vic tin
cy cao, t phi bo dng. Thi gian lm vic cho n khi phi bo dng ln
(20 n 25 nm)
S thanh gp vng c vn u t ln: so vi s 2 thanh gp dng my
ct lin lc th s ny phi u t thm: thanh gp vng, my ct vng v mi
l li thm 1 dao cch ly vng.
32. Ti sao trong mng in h p 380/220 V ngi ta li ni t trc tip
im trung tnh?
Tr li:
Khng phi v l do kinh t cho cch in m v:
+ m bo an ton (Utx Utxcp, Ubc Ubc cp)
+ ly in p pha (220 V).
33. V sao phi chn tit din dy dn theo iu kin F kt? Jkt ph thuc vo
nhng yu t no?
Tr li:
19

Fkt nh hng rt nhiu n vn u t xy dng ng dy v chi ph vn

hnh ca ng dy. Tng tit din dn n tng chi ph xy dng v vn hnh
ng dy nhng li gip gim tn tht in nng v chi ph v tn tht in
nng. V vy, phi chn tit din dy dn nh th no hm chi ph tnh ton
nh nht.
Tuy nhin, thc t gii hm chi ph tm ra F kt kh phc tp nn ngi ta
dng gii php n gin hn l chn tit din dy dn theo mt dng in
kinh t Jkt (A/mm2).
Jkt ph thuc ch yu vo 3 yu t chnh: Vt liu ch to dy dn, thi gian
s dng ph ti ln nht, kiu dy dn.
34. Tn tht in nng c tc hi g? Lm th no gim tn tht in
nng?
Tr li:
Tn tht in nng trong mng in lm gim in nng cung cp n ph
ti, tiu tn nhin liu cho my pht, gy thit hi v kinh t, tng chi ph vn
hnh trong h thng.
gim tn tht in nng trong mng in phi gim tn tht cng sut tc
dng trong mng in (A = P.t)
P

P2 Q2
R
U2

Cc bin php nh:

+ Tng cp in p truyn ti ca mng in.
+ Thay i cc thng s h thng ca mng in l R v X (thay loi dy
dn, tng tit din dy dn, ).
+ B dc trn ng dy lm gim in khng trn ng dy X = XL XC
+ Gim cng sut phn khng truyn trn ng dy bng cch b cng sut
phn khng ti cc ph ti.

20

35. Trong trm bin p phn phi nhim v ca cu ch cao p (cu tr t

ri) l g?
Tr li:
Nhim v ca cu ch cao p l:
+ Nhim v chnh l: bo v ngn mch cho my bin p.
+ D phng bo v qu ti cho my bin p (y l nhim v chnh ca
ptmt, cu tr ch d phng).
36. Trong trm bin p phn phi nhim v ca ptmt l g?
Tr li:
Nhim v ca ptmt l:
+ Bo v qu ti cho my bin p.
+ Bo v ngn mch cho thanh ci.
+ Thao tc ng ct sa cha.
37. H s cng sut l g? Ti sao ch b n cos = 0,90,95?
Tr li:
H s cng sut l t s ga cng sut tc dng v cng sut biu kin ca 1
ph ti in hay 1 mng in, n nh gi trnh vn hnh ca mt h thng
in.
Khng nn b cos qu cao v khi chi ph thit b b ln m cos li tng
rt chm nn khng kinh t.
Mt khc vic b nhiu c th gy mt n nh cho h thng (khng m
bo kh nng n nh tnh).
38. So snh vic nng cao h s cng sut vi b cng sut phn khng?
Tr li:

21

Ging nhau: u lm cho cos ca ton h thng c tng ln, gim tn

tht in nng, gim tn tht in p gip mng in vn hnh kinh t hn v
m bo cht lng in nng tt hn.
Khc nhau: b cng sut phn khng c th l b cng bc hoc b kinh t.
Nng cao h s cng sut cos th c th dng nhiu cch khc nhau bao gm c
vic b cng sut phn khng.

22

39. So snh mng 3 pha trung tnh cch in vi t v mng 3 pha trung
tnh ni t trc tip?
Tr li:
+ Mng in 3 pha trung tnh cch in: Khi chm t 1 pha in p 2 pha
cn li tng bng in p dy nn khng kinh t khi ch to cch in. Mng
in ny khi s c 1 pha th in p dy trn 2 pha cn li vn gi nguyn v tr
s ln gc pha nn vn cho php vn hnh vi 2 pha cn li trong vng 2h c
th kp thi sa cha m bo tnh cp in lin tc (vi iu kin dng in
dung nh hn gi tr cho php).
Thm: Thng thng tho mn dng in dung nh ngi ta thng lp
vo trung tnh cun dp h quang (ni t qua cun peterxen). Mng ny s hot
ng tng t mng trung tnh cch t v lun c dng in dung nh.
+ Mng 3 pha trung tnh ni t trc tip: khi chm t 1 pha, dng chm t
ln nn thng c ct ngay. Tuy nhin ch phi ch to cch in theo in p
pha.
40. Cc phng php iu chnh in p?
Tr li:
+ iu chnh dng kch t my pht.
+ S dng cc u iu chnh ca cc my bin p.
+ Thay i cu trc li (b ni tip trn ng dy).
+ Thay i dng cng sut phn khng bng cc thit b b cng sut phn
khng (t in, my b, ).
41. Tc dng ca cc ng h o trong trm phn phi ?
Tr li:
Ba ampe k o dng in trn 3 pha pha h (ly qua BI). Mt vn k kt
hp vi b chuyn mch 7 nc o 3 in p dy v 3 in p pha, mt nc l
nc 0.

23

Ampe k khng lp chuyn mch c v BI khng cho php lm vic h

mch.
42. Tc dng ca BI v BU? Ch lm vic ca chng?
Tr li:
+ BU: dng bin i in p t tr s ln n tr s thch hp (100 V hay
100/ 3 V) cung cp cho cc thit b o lng, role v t ng ho. Nh vy,
cc thit b th cp c tch ra khi mng in cao p m bo an ton cho con
ngi. Pha th cp BU lm vic tnh trng h mch.
Nguyn nhn l khi ngn mch th cp dng in pha th cp ca BU s
tng rt ln, nn phi c bo v pha th cp (cu ch, ptmt). Ngay c khi
pha s cp c t cu ch th cu ch ny cng khng ct BU ra khi li v
dng s cp luc ny khng lm n cu tr.
cp in p cao BU c ni trc tip vo s cp, v cu ch khng m
bo c dung lng ct ngn mch.
BI: Dng bin i dng in t tr s ln xung tr s thch hp thng l
5 A (hoc: 1 A v 10 A) cung cp cho cc dng c o lng. Pha th cp
ca BI lun lm vic trng thi ngn mch.
V khi h mch IT = 0 nn I IS (da vo s thay th), ton b dng s
cp tham gia vo qu trnh t ho dn n bo ho B, to cc t thng bng
u c dc 2 bn sn ln.
M: sc in ng th cp eT =

d
nn eT s t tr s rt ln dng nhn u
dt

(ng vi sn dc ca ) ln n hng choc kilvn, rt nguy him cho ngi

v thit b th cp.

24

43. Ni t cho cc thit b trong trm phn phi s dng cc loi dy no?
Tr li:
T h thng tip a trong trm chia sn lm 3 u ni:
+ Trung tnh 0,4 kV ni vi u ni 1 bng dy ng mm M-95
+ y ca 3 chng st ni vi nhau v ni vi u ni th 2 bng dy thp
10.
+ Ton b cc phn t bng st ca trm: cng trm, v my bin p, v t
phn phi, ni vi u ni th 3 bng thp 10.
44. Ti sao khi ngn mch 1 ng dy th dng cng sut li khng chy
n cc ng dy cn li?
Tr li:
Nguyn nhn l do khi xy ra ngn mch s lm cho in p u cc my
pht gim mnh (thng thng TK s tc ng tng s.. Eq ln nhm nng
in p u cc my pht ln).
Vic gim mnh in p u cc do dng ngn mch ln, lm in p ri
trn XF, v Zdy tng (Tnh n im ngn mch Eq = UF + Ung dy). in
p ri trn cun dy my pht UF cng ln th in p u cc my pht cng
nh, dn n dng cng sut chy n cc ng dy cn li nh.
45. Cc bin php chnh gim tn tht in nng?
25

Tr li:
a) Nng cao h s cng sut cos:
+ Dung lng ng c cng ln cos cng cao.
+ Tc quay cng ln cos cng cao.
+ Khng nn ng c non ti v khi non ti s lm cho cos gim. C th
thay cc ng c ln bng cc ng c nh ph hp vi cng sut ko my
trnh non ti.
+ Hn ch ng c lm vic khng ti. i cch u ng c t Y (Udy
gim 3 , mmen gim 3 ln, dng in tng
ti).

3 ln, lm gim cng sut khng

+ Thay cc ng c khng ng b bng ng c ng b

b) Gim cng sut phn khng truyn ti bng cc b t b, my b.
c) Nng cao in p vn hnh.
d) Nng cao tnh vn hnh kinh t ca cc trm nhiu my bin p.
VD: Trm m my bin p: Khi S < Sgh = Sm

m.(m 1)Pn
th vn hnh (m-1)
P0

my bin pP

vn hnh

vn hnh

vn hnh
26

1 my

2 my

3my

45. Th no l qu ti bnh thng v qu ti s c

Qu ti bnh thng l kh nng qu ti ca MBA trong mt thi gian tng i
di m khng lm cho MBA b pht nng qu mc quy nh v khng c nh
hng n tui th ca my.
Qu ti s c trong trng hp cc trm c 2 hoc nhiu MBA cng lm vic
song song, c my b ct ra do s c th my cn li s xy ra tnh trng qu ti
s c. khi qu ti s c MBA ch c vn hnh trong thi gian quy nh ph
thuc vo cc ch s k thut ca nh sn xut.

27

46. Cng dng ca dao tip a?

Cng dng dao tip a: l thit b dng cho cp in p 35kV tr ln, c nhim
v dn in p tn d xung t an ton cho ngi sa cha. chng in p
xm nhp trong qu trnh sa cha chng in p ca cc ng dy khc cm
ng ln.
47. Cng dng my ct in?
Cng dng my ct in: l thit b ng ct c trong cht bnh thng v s
c.
48. Cng dng ca dao cch ly?
Dao cch ly l thit b to ra khong h cch in trng thy c gia b phn
ang mang in v b phn ct in m bo an ton cho ngi s dng. Dao
cch ly ch c s dng ng ct khi dng in khng ti (khng c dng
in).
Nh c dao cch ly nn khi sa cha mt thit b no th cc thit b bn cnh
vn lm vic bnh thng.
49. Ti sao phi t my ct gia b MF v MBA?
My ct u cc t khi no:
Hin nhin ch no cn ng ct (bnh thng v s c) l phi t my ct ri.
Nu my pht pht hon ton ln in p cao qua MBA tng p th khng cn
t my ct u cc lm g, ch cn t pha cao p l c ri. Gim c chi
ph v my ct c dng lm vic nh v dng ct ngn mch nh hn. Cn ly
in t dng th ch cn t dao cch ly cp in cho MBA t dng. D nhin
trng hp MF hoc MBA s c th u phi dng t my ri.
Vi trng hp c thanh gp cp in p my pht th chc chn phi t c
my ct ri.
Vi my pht ni ln MBA t ngu lin lc gia 220/110 kV th chc chn
phi c MC, v lc ny s lm vic ca MF v MBA l c lp vi nhau. Mt
pht ct ra nhng MBA vn phi lm vic.
50. Cng dng ca vic u Y/Tam gic MBA?
28

Pha cao p thng u sao cch in l in p pha s kinh t hn trung tnh

ca MBA trc tip ni t, nn khi ngn mch 1pha, dng ngn mch ln, bo
v s tc ng nhanh.
Pha h p u tam gic u tam gic lm dng in gim xung, do li v
pha h p thng c dng in ln khi 1 pha chm t lm xut hin dng th
t khng, dng ny s c gi li ch chy trong cun tam gic ca MBA,
khng gy nh hng n cc thit b h p.
P/S: ci g cng c mt li mt hi ca n c. y ch l VN chn cc phng
n ny v thy ph hp v vn hnh kinh t li in.
51. Th no l ha ng b, ha ko ng b?
ng b l ng tn, ng p, ng pha, ng sng.
Khng ng b theo quy nh ca quy trnh iu quc gia:
- lch in p >20%
- lch gc pa >30
52. Ti sao phi a ra nhiu phng n ni dy?
- la chn png n tt hn
- nh gi khch quan hn
53. Ti sao phi la chn in p nh mc cho mng in?
- cho n kinh t nht.
- Cch la chn theo U nh sau:
* Lp 1 hm kinh t chi ph ban u v chi ph vn hnh li
* Chn in p lm n
* o hm theo in p
* Cho o hm bng khng
* Kt qu l in p ti u. Hm kinh t Z l min.

29

54. Ti sao phi tin hnh cn bng cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn
khng?
- Cn bng CSPK n nh in p
- Cn bng CSTD n nh tn s
55. im khc nhau gia MBA thng v MBA c b iu p di ti?
- MBA thng khi chuyn nc phn p phi tch n ra khi vn hnh
- MBA di ti khi chuyn nc phn p khng phi tch n ra khi vn hnh
56. B iu p di ti ca MBA t u?
- Thng thng t cui cun cao
- Mt s my t u trung tnh, gn im trung tnh
57. S cu trong v s cu ngoi s dng th no?
ni in ti cc ph ti ta s dng s cu trong hoc cu ngoi.S cu
trong c s dng khi hai ng dy lm vic song song, c chiu di ln
(thng l 70 km), hay c s c trn ng dy nhng li t phi ng m cc
mch my bin p.

S cu trong

30

S cu ngoi c s dng khi ng dy c chiu di ngn (l 70 km), t

s c trn ng dy nhng li thng xuyn ng ct cc my bin p khi ph
ti cc tiu gim tn tht in nng trong cc my bin p.

S cu ngoi
58. Ti sao phi tin hnh b? H s cng sut l g?
nng cao h s cng sut (a Cos phi --> 0,95)
* ngha ca cos(phi)
- S : Cng sut biu kin (kVA)
- P : Cng sut tiu th (kW)
- Q : Cng sut phn khng (kVar)
* Cos(phi) l t s cng sut gia P v S.
P l cng sut tc dng -> Cng sut hu dng
Q l cng sut phn khng -> Cng sut v dng (v cng)
- Thnh phn v cng ko tiu th nng lng ca ngun pht, nhng n to ra
tn hao nhit trn dy dn trong truyn ti v phn phi.
* Thnh phn v cng bao gm 2 loi:

31

- Thnh phn v cng mang tnh cm +Q -> i vi cc my pht, thit b mang

tnh cm.
- Thnh phn v cng mang tnh dung -Q -> i vi cc my pht, thit b mang
tnh dung.
* Thnh phn v cng mang tnh cm to ra dng in v cng mang tnh cm > gy ra hin tng st p. (Ngc pha vi in p ngun)
-> Nguyn nhn chnh tng ln ca gc (phi)
* Ngc li, thnh phn v cng mang tnh dung to dng in v cng mang
tnh dung, gy hiu ng ngc li -> gy ra hin tng tng p. (Cng pha vi
in p ngun)
-> Nguyn nhn chnh gim ln ca gc (phi)
Do thc t th thnh phn v cng ch yu mang tnh cm, do dng in v
cng mang tnh cm -> gy ra hin tng st p. Do tn hao CS khi truyn ti v
phn phi nn buc phi gim dng v cng (hay CS v cng mang tnh cm)
-> Gim ln ca cos(phi)
Do nu mun ci thin cos(phi) th buc ta phi lp t HT b cho HT in.
59. Th no l h thng c cng sut v cng ln?
- L h thng c U=const trong mi trng hp
- Trong s thay th, h thng c CS v cng ln thay bng in khng = 0
60. Ti sao phi iu chnh in p, cc phng php iu chnh in p?
- c in p nt ng tiu chun vn hnh, tiu chun cung cp cho ph
ti.
61. iu kin v vn hnh song song MBA, nu ko tha mn th sao? nu
u nhc in ca vic vn hnh song song 2 MBA?
+ Cng t ni dy (T ni dy tng ng, ngha l cng gc lch nhng khng
nht thit phi ni ging ht nhau)
+ Cng in p v t s bin i
32

+ Cng in p ngn mch Un% (qui nh phn phi ti trong my

MBA vn hnh song song c u im l gim c tn tht trong mch in, d
phng nng cho nhau cung cp in cho nhng ph ti c coi l quan
trng. Vi nhng my bin p phn phi nh, vn tn tht khng c quan
tm lm ngi ta ch dng vi mc ch d phng cho nhau.
Vi nhng my ln hn (vi chc MVA tr ln) ngi ta bt u quan tm n
tn tht. Tuy nhin vn hnh song song mba cng c nhc im: s vn
hnh phc tp, dng ngn mch ln...
62. Ti sao ngi ta thng t thit b b pha h p?
B h p s b c phn cng sut phn khng do tng tr ca MBA -> Lm
tng kh nng mang ti ca MBA.
B lm gim st p -> Lp t pha h p s gim c st p cung cp n
ti( i vi cc MBA cung cp trc tip cho ti, cn trong truyn ti th st
p khng cn yu cu cao).
- Nng cos phi ln 0,75 hoc 0,8 ty theo x nghip trnh b pht tin
Trng hp ny doanh nghip chng c li g, ch c li cho nh nc.
- t pha cao p th tn tin thit k thit b v t hn.

33

B. DANH MC CU HI CHA C CU TR LI
1.nh ngha cc thi gian s dng cng sut cc i Tmax, thi gian tn tht
cng sut cc i.
2.H s ng thi l g ?
3.H s phn tn l g ?
4.Ph ti tc dng , phn khng, biu kin ?
5.Qu ti bnh thng ca MBA
6.Qu ti s c ca MBA
7.Cc s liu nh mc ca MBA
8.Cc thng s ca MBA
9.Cc thnh phn tn tht cng sut tc dng trong MBA
10.S thay th ca MBA
11.Nguyn do st p qua MBA
12.Cng dng ca u phn p, v tr ca u phn p trong cun dy MBA
13.iu p di ti v iu p thng l g ?
14.Trnh by cch thay i u phn p khi trm ang mang ti trong thit k
ny.
15.Trnh by cc k hiu thit b trong s nguyn l.
16.Ch lm mt ca MBA
17.T u dy trong MBA
18.Mc ch tnh ton ngn mch trong trm
19.Chn BI theo cc iu kin no ?
20.Chn BU theo cc iu kin no ?
21.Cch mc in nng k trong trm

34

22.Mc in nng k pha cao p khc vi mc pha h p im no ?

23.Nhim v ca cu ch hay cu ch t ri
24.Ti sao phi kim tra n nh lc in ng v n nh nhit khi chn cc kh
c in
25.Nhim v ca my ct
26.Nhim v ca dao cch ly
27.Cch thao tc trong trm a MBA ra sa cha
28.Khi MBA sa cha xong, trnh by thao tc ti lp cung cp in
29.Chn dy dn theo nhng iu kin no ?
30.Mc ch ca ni t trong trm
31.Hy so khp cc s nguyn l, s mt bng, s mt ct trong trm
32.Chi ph vn hnh hng nm ca trm gm cc thnh phn no
33.Cc iu kin 2 MBA vn hnh song song
34.u v khuyt im ca my ct phn an pha h p khi vn hnh ng v
m
35.Ti sao tn tht in nng trong 1 nm trong st ca MBA c tnh theo
thi gian T ca mt nm trong khi tn tht in nng trong ng li tnh theo
thi gian tn tht cng sut cc i v tn tht cng sut Pcu,max
36. ngha thc t ca thng s UN%
37. ngha ca dng in ngn mch xung kch ixk trong vic chn kh c in
38.Cng dng ca du trong MBA
39.Mt MBA 3 pha ghi 15/0.4kv , gii thch v 2 s 15 v 0.4
40.Nu cun dy pha cao ( trong cu 39) mc Y th in p nh mc ca mi
cun dy pha l bao nhiu ? Tng t khi mc
41.Trm c 2 MBA vn hnh song song, dng in cng bc qua MBA c
tnh tan nh th no
35

42.Khi MBA ang mang ti cho php m dao cch ly khng ? V sao ?
43.Cc kh c in no c th ct ng dng in ti v dng ngn mch ?
44.Cng dng ca BI mc pha cao p ca trm
45.Mc ch ca vic b cng sut khng in trn ng dy
46.Cch chn ptmt
47.Cch chn FCO?
48.Mc ch ca bo v chng st ng dy v trm
49.Ti sao cp in 10kv tr xung th dng cu ch bo v cho BU, cn cp
110kv th dng dao cch ly.
50.Ti sao khi tnh tan NM s dng s thay th ch c x, cn khi tnh sng
trnh th chi c c.
51.MBA t ngu c u, khuyt im g so vi MBA 3 cun dy,2 cun dy
52.Khi no th chn MBA t ngu
53.Chn MBA qua ln so vi yu cu c li hay hi nh th no ?
54.Chn my ct thanh gp ging nhau hay khc nhau.
55.C bao nhiu lai thanh gp, u v khuyt im ca tng lai
56.Nguyn tc tnh ton chn thanh gp
57.Trong MBA t ngu cng sut cun h l bao nhiu ?
58.Cng thc tnh tan MBA t ngu
59.Cng sut cn cao v trung c bng nhau khng ?
60.Cng sut t dng l g?
61.Gii thch s lng ca dng c o ?
62.So snh t dng trong nh my v trong trm
63.Thi gian thu hi vn u t ph thuc vo khang g.

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64.Thit k trm 220/110/22 ti sao phi tnh NM 3 pha, m khng tnh cc loi
NM khc.
65. im khc nhau khi chn dy dn trong trm v ngoi trm
66. Khi NM , my ct khng ct, DCL ct c khng? Lm sao lai ra khi
vn hnh.
67. My ct lin lc dng lm g?
68.T u dy ca MBA
69.Ti sao - dng cho MF, Y c khng ?
70.Ni t trung tnh MBA ti sao ni t qua DCL, c th ni trc tip c
hay khng ? Ti sao c chng st ti trung tnh ?
71.Trc u cc MF ti sao khng t my ct
72.Cch b tr cc thit b trong trm.
73.Trnh by ngu hp ng v ngu hp tnh
74.Chng st van n bao nhiu th cch in
75.H thng t dng l h thng kn hay m trong trm
76. Nu u nhc im ca cc phng php i dy hnh tia, lin thng v
mng kn?

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