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Design of Curved Beams
Design of Curved Beams
=
=
Stress, MPa.
Direct stress, tensile or compressive, MPa.
bi
bo
Mb
ci
co
e
ri
ro
rc
=
=
=
=
Eccentricity, mm.
Distance of inner fibre from centre of curvature, mm.
Distance of outer fibre from centre of curvature, mm.
Distance of centroidal axis from centre of curvature, mm.
rn
d
h
=
=
=
max =
A
=
P
=
INTRODUCTION
Machine frames having curved portions are frequently subjected to bending or axial loads or to
a combination of bending and axial loads. With the reduction in the radius of curved portion,
the stress due to curvature become greater and the results of the equations of straight beams
when used becomes less satisfactory. For relatively small radii of curvature, the actual stresses
may be several times greater than the value obtained for straight beams. It has been found from
the results of Photoelastic experiments that in case of curved beams, the neutral surface does
not coincide with centroidal axis but instead shifted towards the centre of curvature. It has also
been found that the stresses in the fibres of a curved beam are not proportional to the distances
of the fibres from the neutral surfaces, as is assumed for a straight beam.
Curved beam
1.
2.
Deformation
yd
=
l (rn y )d
(1.1)
zero.
Eyd
(rn y )d
(1.2)
For equilibrium, the summation of the forces acting on the cross sectional area must be
dA = 0
i.e.,
or
E yd dA
(rn y) d
E
=0
d ydA
=0
d rn y
(1.3)
Also the external moment Mb applied is resisted by internal moment. From equation 1.2
we have,
y (dA ) = M
E y2 ddA
(rn y) d
i.e.,
E
=M
d y 2dA
=M
d (rn y )
M =
i.e.,
(1.4)
Ed
ydA
( y )dA + rn
d
(rn y )
(1.5)
Note: In equation 1.5, the first integral is the moment of cross sectional area with respect to
neutral surface and the second integral is zero from equation 1.3.
d
M = E
Ae
d
Therefore,
(1.6)
Here e represents the distance between the centroidal axis and neutral axis.
e = rc rn
i.e.,
d
M
=
d AeE
... (1.7)
d
M
=
in equation 1.2,
d AeE
Substituting
Stress
Ey d
r
( n y ) d becomes
1
C
H
C
d
Outer fibre
y
D
e
B
rn ri
D
v
Centroidal axis
Mb
Neutral axis
rc
Mb
ro
Inner fibre
O
Centre of curvature
Figure: 1.1
4
=
i.e.,
Ey
M
(rn y ) AeE
My
r
( n y) Ae
(1.8)
(rn v ) dA
ydA
(rn y) = (rn y)
= rn
dA
dA = 0
v
= rn
dA
A=0
V
rn =
or
A
dA
v
(1.9)
Note: Since e = rc rn, equation 1.9 can be used to determine e. Knowing the value of e,
equation 1.8 is used to determine the stress .
Normal stress
due to bending (Compressive)
b
B
Mb
y
+y
A
b
Normal stress
due to bending (Tensile)
Figure: 1.2
M b b E
=
=
I
y
R
i.e., Bending stress
b =
M b b
=
I
y
Mb
y
I
For a given beam, Mb and I are constant and hence b y, i.e., the variation of bending
stress is linear and is directly proportional to its distance from centre of gravity axis which
coincides with neutral axis. The maximum bending (tensile) stress b tensile at A and
compressive at B are equal in magnitude at A and B as shown in the Fig. 1.2.
bo
co
ci
bi
ri
Mb
rc
rn
ro
Mb
Centre of curvature
Figure: 1.3
The neutral axis is shifted towards the centre of curvature by a distance called eccentricity
e. The value e should be computed very accurately since a small variation in the value of e
causes a large variation in the values of stress.
i.e.,
e = rc rn
ci = Distance between neutral axis and inner fibre = rn ri
co = Distance between outer fibre and neutral axis = ro rn