Titration Methods

Method

Titrant

Primary
Standard

Indicator (pH range)

Color
change/Condition

End Point

NaOH

Potassium
hydrogen
phthalate (KHP)

Phenolphthalein
(8.2 9.8)

Colorless to pink

Faint pink

Methyl Orange
(3.1 4.4)

Red to yellow
orange

Bromocresol green
(3.8 5.4)

Yellow to blue

Acid-base
HCl

Permanganometry

Na2CO3

KMnO4

K2C2O4

KMnO4, self-indicator

Dichromate
Titration

K2Cr2O7

Ferrous
Aluminum
Sulfate (FAS)

Diphenylamine
sulfonic acid

From colorless
(reduced form) to
violet (oxidized
form)

Violet

Redox Iodimetry

Iodine
Soln

Anhydrous
Na2S2O3

Starch

Deep blue to
colorless

Purple

Iodometry

Na2S2O3

KIO3
(strongly acidic)
Cu, CuSO4

Starch

Colorless to deep
blue

Disappearance
of Blue Color

K2Cr2O7

Fe(II)orthophenanthroline
complex or Ferroin

Blue-green to Redbrown

Reddish brown

NaCl

KI

CaCO3
MgCO3
Zn or Zn salt
Cu or Cu Salt

Eriochrome Black T

Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)
Liebig-Dnigs
method
Water Hardness
Analysis

Ferrous
Aluminum
Sulfate
(FAS)
Silver
Nitrate
(AgNO3)
Na2EDTA

Mohr Titration
(Precipitation
Method)

AgNO3

NaCl

K2CrO4

Fajans Titration
(Adsorption
Indicator Method)

AgNO3

NaCl

Dichlorofluorescein

Volhard Method

KSCN

NaCl

Fe(III)

Pink

Appearance of
Silver Iodide
(Turbidity)
Wine red to blue (at
pH 10)
Formation of redorange AgCrO4
precipitate
(pH 7 to 10)
The red silver
fluoresceinate
adsorbed on the
surface of silver
chloride precipitate.
The solution
surrounding the
solid turns red
Formation of red
FeSCN+ complex

Blue

Brick Red
Precipitate

Red Silver Salt

Red