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MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
1.1 Basic Mathematics for Physics
Mathematics is the TOOL of Physics. A good knowledge and applications of fundamentals of
mathematics (which are used in physics) helps in understanding the physical phenomena and their
applications. The topics introduced in this chapter enable us to understand topics of first year pre
university physics.
I. Quadratic Equation and its Solution
A second degree equation is called quadratic equation.
The equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 is a quadratic equation,
In this equation, a, b and c are constants and x is a variable quantity.
The solution of the quadratic equation is
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
(5) (5) 2 4 1 6
b b 2 4ac
x =
2a
2 1
5 25 24 5 1
=
2
2
6
4
x = or
2
2
x = 3 or x = 2
=
Exercise 1.1:
Solve for x comparing with the standard equation
1. x2 9x + 14 = 0
2. 2x2 + 5x 12 = 0
3. 3x2 + 8x + 5 = 0
4. 4x2 4ax + (a2 b2) = 0
II. Binomial Theorem
n(n 1) 2 n(n 2) 3
x +
x + .......
2!
3!
-1-
nx n 1a n( n 1) x n 1 2
+
a + ..... + a n
1!
2!
= 1 2x +
6 2 24 3
x x + .....
2!
3!
= 1 2 x + 3 x 2 4 x 3 + .....
Example 2: Evaluate
Solution:
= 5(1 + 0.028)1/ 2
1 1
1 1 3
2 2
2 2 2
(0.028) 2 +
(0.028)3 + ......
= 5 1 + (0.028) +
2!
3!
2
= 6 [1 + 0.014] = 6 [1.014]
= 6.084
Exercise:
1.
The value of acceleration due to gravity (g) at a height h above the surface of earth is
g =
gR 2
1 - 2h
If h<<R, then prove that g = g
2
( R + h)
R
-2-
2
gR
h
= g 1+
Hint: g =
2 h 2
R
R 1 +
R
2. Solve (1 + x)3 using Binomial theorem.
III. Logarithms
If ax = m, then x is called the logarithm of m to the base a and is written as loga m Thus, if ax = m, then
loga m = x
For example (i) If 24 = 16 log2 16=4
(iii)loga 1=0
m
= loge m - logen
n
3. loge mn = n loge m
logarithm.
2. Common Logarithm. Logarithm of a number to the base 10 is called common logarithm. In all
Example:
V2
V1
V2
V
2.0303 RT log10 2
V1
V1
-3-
(i) f =
1
2l
T
m
Solution:
1/2
1 T
f =
2l m
(i) PV = K
(ii) V =
Pr 4
8l
(iii) h =
2T
rpg
(iv) T = 2
l
g
IV. Trigonometry
Angle: Consider a fixed straight line OX. Let another straight line OA (called revolving line) be
coinciding with OX rotate anticlockwise and takes the position OA, The angle is measured by the
amount of revolution that the revolving line OA undergoes in passing from its initial position to final
position.
From Figure given below, angle covered by revolving line OA is
= AOX.
A
An angle AOX is +ve, if it is traced out in anticlockwise direction and AOX is ve, if it is
traced out in clockwise direction
-4-
1right. Angle =
radians.
Let a particle moves from initial position A to the final position B along a circle of radius r as shown in
figure.
B
Lenght of arc AB
Then, Angle, =
Radius of circle (r )
Then = 1 radian
Radian: An angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to the
radius of the circle is called one radian.
Relation between Radian and Degree
When a body or a particle completes one rotation, then = 360 and distance travelled
(circumference of a circle).
2r
=
r
Or
360O = 2 radian
Or
360 180
=
7
1 rad = 2
22
= 57.27O
Thus,
1 radian = 57.27O
-5-
Trigonometric Ratios
Now XOY, YOX', X'OY' and Y'OX are called I, II, III, and IV quadrants respectively. ON is +ve if
drawn to the right side of O and ve if drawn to the left side of O. MN is +ve if drawn above X'OX and
ve if drawn below X'OX,
Trigonometric Ratios of an Angle
1.
MN
= sin (i.e. sine of )
OM
2.
ON
= cos (i.e. cosine of )
OM
3.
MN
= tan (i.e. tangent of )
ON
4.
OM
= cosec (i.e. cosecant of )
MN
5.
OM
= sec (i.e. secant of )
ON
6.
OM
= cos (i.e. cotangent of )
MN
-6-
Important relations:
1. cosec =
1
sin
2. sec =
4. sin2 +cos2 = 1
1
cos
3. cot =
5. sec2 = 1 + tan2
1
tan
6. cosec2 = 1 + cot2
The signs of various trigonometric ratios can be remembered from the above figure.
The trigonometric ratios of standard angles are given in the following table:
Angle
trig-ratio
sin
cos
tan
0O
30O
45O
60O
90O
120O
180O
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
-7-
Illustrations:
Find the values of
Solution:
3
2
1
2
1
3
8. tan (A+B) =
A+ B
A B
cos
2
2
tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
A B
A+ B
sin
2
2
A B
A B
A+ B
A+ B
12. cos A-cos B=2 sin
sin
cos
2
2
2
2
-8-
tan A tan B
1 + tan A tan B
14. tan 2 A =
2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B
V. Differentiation
Function: If the value of a quantity y (say) depends on the value of another quantity x, then y is
the function of x i.e. y = f(x).
The quantity y is called dependent variable and the quantity x is called independent variable.
For example, y = 2x2 + 4x + 7 is a function of x
(i) When x = 1, y = 2(1)2 + 4x1+7 = 13
(ii) When x = 2, y = 2(2)2 +4x2+7 = 23
As the value of y depends on the value of x, y is the function of x.
Differential coefficient or derivative of a function
Let y = f(x)
. (1)
y
is called average rate of change of y w.r.t. x.
x
f ( x + x ) f ( x )
dy
= Lt
0
x
dx
Theorems of Differentiations
1. If y = C, when C is constant
dy
=0
dx
dy
= nx n 1
dx
-9-
. (2)
dy
du
=C
dx
dx
dy d
d
d
= (u )
(v )
( ) .......
dx dx
dx
dx
dy
dv du
=u
+
dx dx
dx
v
dy
6. If y = , where u and v are the function of x, then
=
dx
u
7. If y = un, where u is the function of x then
dv
du
v
dx
dx
2
u
dy
du
= nu n 1
dx
dx
Exercise 1.2
1, Find derivative of the functions w.r.t x
x5
5
(i) 4x3+7x2+6x+9
(ii)
2
2
x
(iii)
(iv)
1
x+4
1.
d
d
d (u )
(sin x) = cos x; and
(sin u) = cos u
, u is the function of x
dx
dx
dx
2.
d
d
d
(cos x) = six x ;
(cos u) = sin u
(u )
dx
dx
dx
3.
d
d
d
(tan x) = sec2 x ;
(tan u) = sec2 u
(u)
dx
dx
dx
4.
d
(cot x) = cosec2 x
dx
5.
d
(sec x) = sec x tan x
dx
6.
d
(cosec x) = cosec x cot x.
dx
Example:
Differentiate the following w.r.t. x.
(i) sin 2 x
(ii) x sin x
Solution:
(i)
Let y = sin 2x
- 10 -
dy d
d
= (sin 2 x) = cos 2 x (2 x) = cos 2 x.2 = 2 cos 2 x
dx dx
dx
(ii)
Let y = x sin x
dy d
d
d
= ( x sin x) = x (sin x) + sin x ( x) = x cos x + sin x.1
dx dx
dx
dx
dy
= x cos x + sin x
dx
Exercise 1.3
(i) sin 3x
(ii) cos 3x
(iii) tan 4x
1.
d
1
1
(log e x) = log e e = ( (Q log e e = 1)
dx
x
x
2.
d
1 d
(log e u ) =
(u )
dx
u dx
3.
d u
d
(e ) = eu (u )
dx
dx
4.
d x
(e ) = e x log e e = e x
dx
5.
d u
d
(e ) = eu (u )
dx
dx
Example:
1. Differentiate the follow w.r.t .x.
(i) (log e x ) 2
(ii) log(ax + b)
Solution:
(i)
Let y = (log e x) 2
(ii)
dy d
d
1 2
= (log x) 2 = 2 log x (log x) = 2 log x. = log x
dx dx
dx
x x
Let y = log(ax + b)
dy d
1
d
a
= log(ax + b) =
(ax + b) =
dx dx
ax + b
(ax + b) dx
Example 3: If S = 2t 3 3t 2 + 2, find the position, velocity and acceleration of a particle at the end of
2s. S is measured in metre and t in second.
- 11 -
Solution:
S = 2t 3 3t 2 + 2,
When t = 2s, S = 2 8 3 4 + 2 = 6 m
Now, velocity v =
dS d
= (2t 3 3t 2 + 2) = 6t 2 6t
dt dt
dv d
= (6r 2 6t ) = 12t 6
dt dt
Exercise 1.4
1. The area of a blot of ink is growing such that after t second A = 3r 2 +
t
+ 7 Calculate the rate of
5
t2 t
+ Calculate
40 5
VI. Integration
Integration is an inverse process of differentiation.
It is the process of finding the function whose derivative is given.
Suppose F(x) is the derivative of the function f(x) w.r.t.x. Then we can write
d
f ( x) = F ( x)
dx
Now, if we are given the derivative F(x) and we have to find the function f(x) then this can be
done with the help of Integral Calculus.
The process of finding the function whose derivative is given is called integration.
Definition: If the derivative of a function f(x) is F(x) then f(x) is called the integral of F(x) with respect
to x. The integration of a function can be written as F ( x) dx = f ( x)
- 12 -
1.
dx = x Q dx (x) = 1
3.
dx =
5. e ax dx =
2.
1
dx = log e x
x
e ax
d
( ax )
dx
n
x dx =
x n +1
provided n 1.
n +1
4. e x dx = e x
e ax
a
6.
x
a dx =
ax
log e a
cos ax cos ax
=
d
a
( ax)
dx
8a.
13.
sin x
tan x dx = cos x dx =
14. cot x dx =
dx
15.
17.
1+ x
sin ax
a
sin x
dx = log e cos x
cos x
cos x dx
= log e sin x
sin x
= sin 1 x; | x |< 1
1 x
dx
= tan 1 x
cos axdx =
16.
dx
x 1
2
= sec 1 | x |; | x | > 1
Theorems of Integration
First Theorem: The integral of the product of a constant and a function is equal to the product
c u d x = c u d x ,
where c is constant.
Second Theorem: The integral of the sum or difference of a number of functions is given by
(u v ........) dx = ud x v d x d x .........
- 13 -
Exercise 1.5
Integrate the following functions w.r.t .x,
(ii) x 2 +
(i) x3
1
x
(iv) x
x
(iii) e3x
(v)
1
x
Definite integral
If
F ( x)dx = f ( x) + c
b
Then
Exercise 1.6
Solve the following:
/2
x=R
GMm
dx
(i)
x2
x =
(ii)
cos x dx
(iii)
dx
/2
(iv) m v d v
(v)
sin x d x
/ 2
Exercise 1.7
Solve the following:
/2
(i)
cos x dx
(ii)
/2
(iii)
(
1
)'
where, 0 is a constant
- 14 -
(vi) 4e5x
MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
1.1 Basic Mathematics for Physics
Answers
Exercise 1.1:
1. (2, 7);
2. , 4 ;
2
(3) 1, ;
3
a +b a b
,
(4)
;
2
2
Exercise 1.2
(iii)
1
2x 3/2
(iv)
1
( x + 4) 2
Exercise 1.3
(ii) 3 sin 3x
(i) 3 cos 3x
(iii) 4 sec2 4x
Exercise 1.4
1. 30.2
2. 12, 15, 10
3. 0.7.
Exercise 1.5
Answers.
x4
(i)
4
x3
1
(iv)
2x
x
3
(ii)
x3
+ log e x
3
(v) 2 x
e3 x
3
4
(vi) e5 x
5
(iii)
Exercise 1.6
Solution:
R
R
R
x 1
1
GMm
2
=
=
=
dx
GMm
dx
GMm
x
dx
GMm
x2
2
(i)
1
1 1
= GMm = GMm
x
R
GMm
1
=
because = 0
R
- 15 -
(ii)
/2
x4
(2) 4 (1) 4 16 1
x
dx
=
=
4
4
4 4
4 1
(iii) 1
15
=
4
2
v
v2
v2 u 2
m
v
d
v
m
v
d
v
m
m
=
=
=
u
u
2
2 2
u
(iv)
m
= (v 2 u 2 )
2
v
/2
(v)
sin x dx = [cos x]
/2
/2
/2
= cos cos( / 2) = 0
2
Exercise 1.7
(i) 2
(ii)
Q2
2C
(iii) log
2 0
1 0
- 16 -