Topographic Model

..

-
- Pantograph
- Wenschow
- Thermoplastic
- Terrain Embossing
-
-
-
-

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-
-
-
-

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Berninagroup, 4049 m (Switzerland) 1:4,000, 270 x 270 cm, Toni Mair, Naturmuseum Winterthur

1 (.. 1459 1540)

1500-1540
7
.. 1529 1530 16
200

..1568 ..1574.

Model of Munich (Germany) 1:616, 186 x 200 cm, made of painted lime-tree wood,
Jakob Sandtner, 1572, Bavarian national Museum

3
Sebastian Vauban (..1633 1707)
14

18
19
19

Relief of Bernese Oberland (Switzerland) 1:25,000, 76 x 100 cm, Xaver Imfeld, 1908,
Swiss Alpine Museum
..1880 1940
Xaver Imfeld, Carl Meili Eduard Imhof

19
(Pantograph)
2




3D

Briefing for a bombing raid using a model of the Alten Fjord in Norway 1:10,560,
Pictures from Chase p.106,107.

Model of the V2-rocket experimental station at Peenemnde (Germany)

Karl wenschow
pantographs
pantographs

pantographs


..1942

Applying hedges to a terrain model using a compressed extrusion gun,

Picture from Chase p.104.

Finishing of a coastal model, Picture from Reed p.643.

Assault model of North Africa (Bains Romains, west of Algiers) 1:2,000,

Picture from Reed p.635.

398

(Plaster models)

Plaster model of the Grosse Windglle, 3187 m (Switzerland) 1:2,000, 163 x 307
cm,Eduard Imhof, 1938,Naturmuseum Winterthur

pantograph (Relief pantograph)

pantograph
2

pantograph

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Wenschow (Wenschow Method)
Karl Wenschow
.. 1918

2

Wenschow
Pantograph

56



2

Wenschow

1:25,000
1:200,000
Thermoplastic (Thermoplastic reliefs)
.. 1947

Wenschow
2

Thermoplastic relief of surroundings of Lake Geneva (Switzerland/France), 1:100,000

66x94 cm, Institut Geographique National IGN, 2000, Map collection ETH, Zurich

pantograph

11


Thermoplastic Thermoplastic
Thermoplastic

Terrain Embossing
John J. Braud Reliefograph

Terrain embossing machine. Picture from Don C. Wilson p.185

(Computer based techniques)
.. 1950

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3 (Subtractive) (Additive)
(Dynamic)

Computer-based relief model of Eiger, 3970 m (Switzerland) 1:12,500,

Mika Semann, 1998, Swiss Alpine Museum
(Subtractive techniques)


19 pantograph

Subtractive

Thermoplastic

Model with directly imprinted colours (manufactured by solid terrain modeling)

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(Additive techniques)

stereolithography

Detail of the Eiger (Switzerland) 1:12,500, Mika Semann, created using the rapid
prototyping technique with layers of 0.15 mm thickness. Swiss Alpine Museum
(Dynamic Techniques)

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: Dynamic terrain table, produced by Northtrop grumman.

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()

.
1. 1 : 600,000

2. 1:600,000
1 : 75,000

3. 1 : 75,000

" , "

1 :
1 :

.
1. ( Planimetric Map )

2. ( Topographic Map )

3. ( Plastic Relief Map )

4. ( Photo Map) (Photograph)
(Photo mosaic)

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5. ( Plastic Relief Photomap)

6. ( Photomosaic )

7. ( City Map ) (
1 : 12,000)
8. ( Special Map )


9. ( Terrain Model )



10. ( Joint Operations Graphic )
1 : 250,000 ( Ground ) ( AIR )
11. ( Picto map ) ( Photo
Map )

1.
2.

3.
4.

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5.

6.

( Relief)


3

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1. (Contour Lines)
1.1

1.2
(
)

(Contour interval)


(index
contour) (intermediate
contour) 100
1.3

1.3.1
1.3.2

1.3.3

1.3.4

( 20 )

1.3.5

20

1.3.6 1.3.4 1.3.5

1.3.2
1.3.4
1.3.5 1.3.2

1.4

(Supplementary contours)

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1.5



1.6

1.6.1

1.6.2

1.6.3

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1.6.4

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1.6.5

()

1.6.6

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1.6.7
( U)

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1.6.8

1.6.9
Depression Contour

()

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(a) (b)
1.6.10 ( V)

()

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1.7
1.7.1
2

1.7.2
=

( )

1.7.3
3
) 1
=

)
= x 100

)
= x 1,000

= x 57.3

1/50,000 . 19959750 120 .
19459750 220

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220
19459750

120
19959750

. .
= 1995 1945 = 50 = 500
. . = 220 120 = 100

1 = 100 = 1
500 5

= (100 /500) x 100 = 20%

= (100/500) x 1,000 = 200

= (100/500) x 57.3 = 11.46

1.8

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1.8.1

1.8.2

1
1.8.3
1


1.8.4

1.8.5


1.8.6

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1.8.7

2. (Layer Tinting)

3. (Hachures)





4. (Shaded Relief)



5. ( Form Lines)

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1.

(
RF :
Representation Fraction) 1 1 : 50,000
1 50,000
1.1

1: 50,000
RF = 1/50,000
5 x 50,000 = 250,000
1.2


1
= 100
1000 = 1
10 = 10,000
1.3

1.3.1
)
(MD : Map Distance)
) ( GD : Ground Distance)
1
)
RF = 1/X = MD./GD.
)

1.3.2
)

)
)

)
RF = MD/CD
)
)

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1.4



2.

2.1 2 ( 0)

2.1.1 0 1
10
2.1.2 0 1

2.2


0 ()

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2.3



2.2
2.3.1



2.3.2
.

2.4

2.3 1
0
10

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()
2.4.1

1 10
2.4.2
0
2.4.3

2.4.4

10
2.4.5

3.

R =
D = 3
T =

T = D/R
4 . . 12
. .

T = D/R

T = 12/4
= 3 .
3.1
12 . GD

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3.2 1 3 1 4 .
1 .
3.3 0 1 .
3.4 ()
3.4.1 10 6
3.4.2 5 12
3.4.3 1 60


4.
4.1 0.62
4.2 0.62
4.3 39.37 = 1

1.

1.1 360
1 1 60 '
1 ' 60 "
1.2 m
6,400 1
360 6,400 1 17.78
17.78 180 3,200
1.3
400 90 100
1 100 1
100

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2.


3
()


2.1

2.2

2.3
GN Y

3. (AZIMUTH AND BACK AZIMUTH)

3.1

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3.2
180 180
180 180
180 180
180 3,200

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115

115
+ 180 = 295

337

337
- 180 = 157
3.3

3.4

4.

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40
4.1
() () 0 360
0 6,400 0 360 6,400
0

4.2 () 0 360 90
4.2.1
)

)
) 0 180
)

4.2.2
)
)

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)
5.

5.1 G-M
G-M .. ........

5.2 ( Grid Convergence)

5.3

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5.3.1
5.3.2 90

5.3.3

6. (Bearing)
6.1
- 90 1 4
(Quadrant)

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90

6.2 3
6.2.1 1
6.2.2

6.2.3
7.
7.1 (INTERSECTION)

2

3 2
7.1.1
)
) 2 3

)
)

) 2 3
)
) ) 3
2

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)

7.1.2

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)
)

)

) 2 3 ) )
3
)
7.2 (RESECTION)

2 3 2

7.2.1
)

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)
2 3
)

)
)

) 2 3
) )
)

7.2.2
)
)

47
)

)

) ) )
2 3
)

7.2.3


1

48

)
) )

)
) )

) )

8. (Polar Coordinate)

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9.

9.1

9.1.1 4

9.1.2 10 9.1.1
2-3
1

50
9.1.3

9.1.4 9.1.3

9.1.5 9.1.3
)
9.1.1 9.1.2
)

0600 . 1800 .
)

1200 .
)
12 6

)

)
9.2

9.2.1 () (
W )
9.2.2

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70 100

10
( )

50 .
40 .

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1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
( )

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4

50 . 5 7 4 5
3 100

20 30
1 1
2 50 . (
) 1 . 60 .




.

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1.


2.


(
)
3.



(
100 )
4.

- -
- -
-
- (
) 5
( 1/2 .)

(
)

()

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5.

(1), (2)

()



5

()

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1:25,000




1
()

()
6.

()

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7.

( )
8.
3 4

()

1

()

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9.

- - - -
10.
()

()
11.

3


1 7
4 7 2

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2 3

2
2 ()

1. 1
2.
3.
4. ()
5. 1
6.
7.
8. 3 - 4
9.
10.

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11. 2 -3
12.

1

1/2

2

1/2

1/2

1/2
13.
1
14.
1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. ()

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13

1x2 50 .
4x1 16 .
1x1 16 .
8x8 2
1/2
1 1/2
2
1/2 1x10
1

25 .

4
2
2
1
1 .
1 .
1/2 .
14
14
100
1
3
6

. .

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

5x1 1/2 6.10 .

4x1 1 .

4 2
2 1 1/2 4
1
1
75x75 .
8.

2
4
4
4
2
50

. .

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. 2 1/2

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1. ()
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. ( )
10.

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2.

1.

3.

1.

2.

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3.
3

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4

5

2 - 3

2 - 3

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6

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2 - 3

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... /

7
.. ../
31 ..2556

()

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.. .
.. ..
8 ..2556

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()

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, , : , .
. (...). : http://www.geozigzag.com/ ( : 1 2554).
Sutter, F., Rber, S and Jenny, B. Terrain Model. (...). :
httphttp://www.terrainmodels.com/index.html ( : 1 2554).