3

Vectors
CHAPTER OUTLINE
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

Coordinate Systems
Vector and Scalar Quantities
Some Properties of Vectors
Components of a Vector and
Unit Vectors

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q3.1

Only force and velocity are vectors. None of the other

quantities requires a direction to be described. The
answers are (a) yes (b) no (c) no (d) no (e) no
(f ) yes (g) no.

Q3.2

The books displacement is zero, as it ends up at the

point from which it started. The distance traveled is
6.0 meters.




The vector 2D1 will be twice as long as D1 and

in the
opposite direction, namely northeast. Adding D 2 , which
is about equally long and southwest, we get a sum that is
still longer and due east, choice (a).

*Q3.3

*Q3.4

The magnitudes of the vectors being added are constant,

and we are considering the magnitude onlynot the
directionof the resultant. So we need look only at the
angle between the vectors being added in each case. The
smaller this angle, the larger the resultant magnitude.
Thus the ranking is c = e > a > d > b.

*Q3.5

(a) leftward: negative. (b) upward: positive

(c)



rightward: positive (d) downward: negative
A
(e)
Depending on the signs and angles of
and
the sum could be in any quadrant. (f) Now
B,



A will be in the fourth quadrant, so A + B will be in the fourth quadrant.

*Q3.6

(i) The magnitude is 10 2 + 10 2 m
s, answer (f ). (ii) Having no y component means answer (a).

*Q3.7

The vertical component is opposite the 30 angle, so sin 30 = (vertical component)/50 m and the
answer is (h).

*Q3.8

Take the difference of the coordinates of the ends of the vector. Final rst means head end rst.
(i) 4 2 = 6 cm, answer ( j) (ii) 1 (2) = 3 cm, answer (c)


(i) If the direction-angle of A is between 180 degrees and 270 degrees, its components are both
negative: answer (c). If a vector is in the second quadrant or the fourth quadrant, its components
have opposite signs: answer (b) or (d).




Vectors A and B are perpendicular to each other.

Q3.9

Q3.10
Q3.11

No, the magnitude of a vector is always positive. A minus sign in a vector only indicates
direction, not magnitude.

Q3.12

Addition of a vector to a scalar is not dened. Think of numbers of apples and of clouds.

45

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46

Chapter 3

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 3.1
P3.1

Coordinate Systems

x = r cos = ( 5.50 m ) cos 240 = ( 5.50 m ) ( 0.5) = 2.75 m

y = r sin = ( 5.50 m ) sin 240 = ( 5.50 m ) ( 0.866 ) = 4.76 m

P3.2

(a)

x = r cos and y = r sin , therefore

x1 = ( 2.50 m ) cos 30.0, y1 = ( 2.50 m ) sin 30.0, and

( x1 , y1 ) = ( 2.17, 1.25) m
x2 = ( 3.80 m ) cos 120, y2 = ( 3.80 m ) sin 120, and

( x2 , y2 ) = ( 1.90,
(b)
P3.3

3.29 ) m

d = ( x )2 + ( y )2 = 4.07 2 + 2.04 2 m = 4.55 m

The x distance out to the y is 2.00 m and the y distance up to the y is 1.00 m.
(a)

We can use the Pythagorean theorem to nd the distance from the origin to the y.
distance = x 2 + y 2 = ( 2.00 m ) + (1.00 m ) = 5.00 m 2 = 2.24 m
2

(b)
P3.4

1
= tan 1 = 26.6; r = 2.24 m, 26.6
2

We have 2.00 = r cos 30.0

r=

2.00
= 2.31
cos 30.0

and y = r sin 30.0 = 2.31 sin 30.0 = 1.15 .

P3.5

y
We have r = x 2 + y 2 and = tan 1 .
x
(a)

The radius for this new point is

( x )2 + y 2

= x 2 + y2 = r

and its angle is

y
tan 1 = 180 .
x
(b)

(2 x )2 + (2 y )2 = 2 r This point is in the third quadrant if ( x, y ) is in the rst quadrant

or in the fourth quadrant if ( x, y ) is in the second quadrant. It is at an angle of 180 + .

(c)

( 3x )2 + (3y )2 = 3r This point is in the fourth quadrant if ( x, y ) is in the rst quadrant

or in the third quadrant if ( x, y ) is in the second quadrant. It is at an angle of .

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Vectors

Section 3.2

Vector and Scalar Quantities

Section 3.3

Some Properties of Vectors

P3.6

47

R = 310 km at 57 S of W
(Scale: 1 unit = 20 km)

FIG. P3.6

P3.7

tan 35.0 =

x
100 m

x = (100 m ) tan 35.0 = 70.0 m

FIG. P3.7

P3.8

Find the resultant F1 + F2 graphically by placing the tail of F2 at the head of F1. The resultant



force vector F1 + F2 is of magnitude 9.5 N and at an angle of 57 above the x axis .

F1 + F2

F2

F1

0 1 2 3 N
FIG. P3.8

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48

P3.9

Chapter 3

(a)

d = 10.0 i = 10.0 m since the displacement is in a

straight line from point A to point B.

(b)

The actual distance skated is not equal to the straight-line

displacement. The distance follows the curved path of the
semi-circle (ACB).
s=

(c)
P3.10

5.00 m
B

FIG. P3.9

1
( 2 r ) = 5 = 15.7 m
2

If the circle is complete, d begins and ends at point A. Hence, d = 0 .

(a)

The large majority of people are standing or sitting at this hour. Their instantaneous footto-head vectors have upward vertical components on the order of 1 m and randomly
oriented horizontal components. The citywide sum will be ~ 10 5 m upward .

(b)

Most people are lying in bed early Saturday morning. We suppose their beds are oriented
north, south, east, and west quite at random. Then the horizontal component of their total
vector height is very nearly zero. If their compressed pillows give their height vectors
vertical components averaging 3 cm, and if one-tenth of one percent of the population are
on-duty nurses or police ofcers, we estimate the total vector height as
~10 5 ( 0.03 m ) + 10 2 (1 m ) ~ 10 3 m upward .

P3.11

To nd these vector expressions graphically,

we draw each set of vectors. Measurements of
the results are taken using a ruler and
protractor. (Scale: 1 unit = 0.5 m )
(a)

A + B = 5.2 m at 60

(b)

A B = 3.0 m at 330

(c)

B A = 3.0 m at 150

(d)

A 2B = 5.2 m at 300

FIG. P3.11

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Vectors

P3.12

49

The

three

diagrams



shown

below


represent

the

graphical


solutions for the
three
vector

sums:
R1 = A + B + C, R 2 = B + C + A , and R 3 = C + B + A. We observe that R1 = R 2 = R 3,
illustrating that
the sum of a set of vectors is not affected by the order in which the vectors are added .

100 m
C

R1

R2

R3

C
B

FIG. P3.12

P3.13

The scale drawing for the graphical

solution should be similar to the
gure to the right. The magnitude and
direction of the nal displacement
from the starting point are obtained
by measuring d and on the drawing
and applying the scale factor used in
making the drawing. The results should be
FIG. P3.13

d = 420 ft and = 3 .

Section 3.4
*P3.14

Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors

We assume the oor is level. Take the x axis in the direction of the rst displacement.
If both of the 90 turns are to the right or both to the left , the displacements add like

40.0 m i + 15.0 m j 20.0 m i = 20.0 i + 15.0 j m

to give (a) displacement magnitude (20 + 15 )
2

2 1
2

m = 25.0 m

at (b) tan (15
20) = 36.9 .

1

If one turn is right and the other is left , the displacements add like

40.0 m i + 15.0 m j + 20.0 m i = 60.0 i + 15.0 j m

to give (a) displacement magnitude (602 + 152)1
2 m = 61.8 m
at (b) tan1(15
60) = 14.0. Just two answers are possible.

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50

P3.15

Chapter 3

Ax = 25.0
Ay = 40.0
A = Ax2 + Ay2 =

( 25.0 )2 + ( 40.0 )2

= 47.2 units

We observe that
tan =
So

Ay
Ax

Ay
FIG. P3.15
40.0
1
= tan 1
= tan 25.0 = tan (1.60 ) = 58.0.
A
x
The diagram shows that the angle from the +x axis can be found by subtracting from 180:

= 180 58 = 122 .
P3.16

The person would have to walk 3.10 sin ( 25.0 ) = 1.31 km north , and
3.10 cos ( 25.0 ) = 2.81 km east .

*P3.17

Let v represent the speed of the camper. The northward component of its velocity is v cos 8.5.
To avoid crowding the minivan we require v cos 8.5 28 m
s.
We can satisfy this requirement simply by taking v (28 m
s)
cos 8.5 = 28.3 m
s.

P3.18

(a)

Her net x (east-west) displacement is 3.00 + 0 + 6.00 = +3.00 blocks, while her net
y (north-south) displacement is 0 + 4.00 + 0 = +4.00 blocks. The magnitude of the
resultant displacement is
R=

( xnet )2 + ( ynet )2

( 3.00 )2 + ( 4.00 )2

= 5.00 blocks

and the angle the resultant makes with the x axis (eastward direction) is
4.00
= tan 1 (1.33) = 53.1 .
= tan 1
3.00
The resultant displacement is then 5.00 blocks at 53.1 N of E .
(b)
P3.19

x = r cos and y = r sin , therefore:

(a)

x = 12.8 cos 150 , y = 12.8 sin 150, and ( x, y ) = 11.1i + 6.40 j m

(b)

x = 3.30 cos 60.0 , y = 3.30 sin 60.0, and ( x, y ) = 1.65 i + 2.86 j cm

(c)
P3.20

The total distance traveled is 3.00 + 4.00 + 6.00 = 13.0 blocks .

)
x = 22.0 cos 215 , y = 22.0 sin 215 , and ( x, y ) = ( 18.0 i 12.6 j) in
(

x = d cos = ( 50.0 m ) cos (120 ) = 25.0 m

y = d sin = ( 50.0 m ) sin (120 ) = 43.3 m


d = ( 25.0 m ) i + ( 43.3 m ) j

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Vectors

P3.21

51

Let +x be East and +y be North.

x = 250 + 125 cos 30 = 358 m

y = 75 + 125 sin 30 150 = 12.5 m

( x ) + ( y ) = (358)
( y ) = 12.5 = 0.0349
taan =
( x ) 358
2

d=

+ ( 12.5) = 358 m
2

= 2.00


d = 358 m at 2.00 S of E
P3.22

The east and north components of the displacement from Dallas (D) to Chicago (C) are the sums
of the east and north components of the displacements from Dallas to Atlanta (A) and from
Atlanta to Chicago. In equation form:
dDC east = dDA east + dAC east = 730 cos 5.00 560 sin 21.0 = 527 miles .
dDC north = dDA north + dAC north = 730 sin 5.00 + 560 cos 21.0 = 586 miles
By the Pythagorean theorem, d = (dDC east )2 + (dDC north )2 = 788 mi .
Then tan =

dDC north
= 1.11 and = 48.0.
dDC east

Thus, Chicago is 788 miles at 48.0 northeast of Dallas .

P3.23

We have B = R A :
Ax = 150 cos120 = 75.0 cm
Ay = 150 sin 120 = 130 cm
Rx = 140 cos 35.0 = 115 cm
x

m
Ry = 140 sin 35.0 = 80.3 cm
Therefore,

FIG. P3.23

B = [115 ( 75)] i + [80.3 130 ] j = 190 i 49.7 j cm


B = 190 2 + 49.72 = 196 cm

49.7
= tan 1
= 14.7 .
190
P3.24

(a)

See gure to the right.

(b)

C = A + B = 2.00 i + 6.00 j + 3.00 i 2.00 j = 5.00 i + 4.00 j


4
C = 25.0 + 16.0 at tan 1 = 6.40 at 38.7
5




D = A B = 2.00 i + 6.00 j 3.00 i + 2.00 j = 1.00 i + 8.00 j


D=

( 1.00 )2 + ( 8.00 )2

8.00
at tan 1
1.00

D = 8.06 at (180 82.9 ) = 8.06 at 97.2

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 51

FIG. P3.24

11/28/06 4:40:11 PM

52

P3.25

Chapter 3

( A + B) = ( 3i 2 j) + ( i 4 j) =



( A B) = ( 3i 2 j) ( i 4 j) =

(a)
(b)

2 i 6 j
4 i + 2 j

(c)

A + B = 2 2 + 6 2 = 6.32

(d)

A B = 4 2 + 2 2 = 4.47

(e)

6
A + B = tan 1 = 71.6 = 288
2
2
A B = tan 1 = 26.6
4

*P3.26

P3.27

We take the x axis along the slope uphill. Students, get used to this choice! The y axis is perpendicular to the slope, at 35 to the vertical. Then the displacement of the snow makes an angle of
90 35 20 = 35 with the x axis.
(a)

Its component parallel to the surface is 5 m cos 35 = 4.10 m toward the top of the hill .

(b)

Its component perpendicular to the surface is 5 m sin 35 = 2.87 m .

d1 = 3.50 j m


d 2 = 8.20 cos 45.0 i + 8.20 sin 45.0 j = 5.80 i + 5.80 j m

d 3 = 15.0 i m

R = d1 + d 2 + d 3 = ( 15.0 + 5.80 ) i + ( 5.80 3.50 ) j =

( 9.20 i + 2.30 j) m

(or 9.20 m west and 2.30 m north)

The magnitude of the resultant displacement is


2
2
R = Rx2 + Ry2 = ( 9.20 ) + ( 2.30 ) = 9.48 m .
2.30
The direction is = arctan
= 166 .
9.20
P3.28

P3.29

Refer to the sketch

R = A + B + C = 10.0 i 15.0 j + 50.0 i
= 40.0 i 15.0 j


2
2 1/ 2
R = ( 40.0 ) + ( 15.0 ) = 42.7 yards
East

North

0m

4.00 m

1.41

1.41

0.500

0.866

A = 10.0
R

B = 15.0
C = 50.0

FIG. P3.28

+0.914
4.55


2
2
R = x + y at tan 1 ( y
x ) = 4.64 m at 78.6 N of E

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Vectors

P3.30

P3.31

53

A = 8.70 i + 15.0 j and B = 13.2 i 6.60 j





A B + 3C = 0:

3C = B A = 21.9 i 21.6 j


C = 7.30 i 7.20 j

or

C x = 7.30 cm ; C y = 7.20 cm

(a)

F = F1 + F2


F = 120 cos ( 60.0 ) i + 120 sin ( 60.0 ) j 80.0 cos ( 75.0 ) i + 80.0 sin ( 75.0 ) j


F = 60.0 i + 104 j 20.7 i + 77.3j = 39.3i + 181j N


F = 39.32 + 1812 = 185 N

181
= tan 1
= 77.8
39.3
(b)
P3.32

F3 = F =

( 39.3i 181j) N

A = 3.00 m, A = 30.0

B = 3.00 m, B = 90.0

Ax = A cos A = 3.00 cos 30.0 = 2.60 m

A = Ax i + Ay j = 2.60 i + 1.50 j m

Ay = A sin A = 3.00 sin 30.0 = 1.50 m

Bx = 0, By = 3.00 m

so

A + B = 2.60 i + 1.50 j + 3.00 j =

P3.33

B = 3.00 j m

( 2.60 i + 4.50 j) m

B = Bx i + By j + Bz k = 4.00 i + 6.00 j + 3.00 k


B = 4.00 2 + 6.00 2 + 3.00 2 = 7.81

4.00
= cos 1
= 59.2 is the angle with the x axis
7.81
6.00
= cos 1
= 39.8 is the angle with the y axis
7.81

P3.34

3.00
= cos 1
= 67.4 is the angle with the z axis
7.81





(a) D = A + B + C = 2 i 2 j


D = 22 + 22 = 2.83 m at = 315
(b)

P3.35

(a)

(b)

E = A B + C = 6 i + 12 j


E = 62 + 122 = 13.4 m at = 117




C=A+B=

2
2
2
C = ( 5.00 ) + (1.00 ) + ( 3.00 ) m = 5.92 m





D = 2 A B = 4.00 i 11.0 j + 15.0 k m

D=

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 9

( 5.00 i 1.00 j 3.00k ) m

( 4.00 )2 + (11.0 )2 + (15.0 )2

m = 19.0 m

12/7/06 6:01:55 PM

54

P3.36

Chapter 3

Let the positive x-direction be eastward, the positive y-direction be vertically upward, and the
positive z-direction be southward. The total displacement is then


d = 4.80 i + 4.80 j cm + 3.70 j 3.70 k cm = 4.80 i + 8.50 j 3.70 k cm.

P3.37

The magnitude is d =

(b)

Its angle with the y axis follows from cos =

(a)

A = 8.00 i + 12.0 j 4.00 k

(c)

( 4.80 )2 + ( 8.50 )2 + ( 3.70 )2

(a)

(b)

P3.38

cm = 10.4 cm .

8.50
, giving = 35.5 .
10.4

A
B = = 2.00 i + 3.00 j 1.00 k
4




C = 3A = 24.0 i 36.0 j + 12.0 k

The y coordinate of the airplane is constant and equal to 7.60 10 3 m whereas the x coordinate is
given by x = vi t where vi is the constant speed in the horizontal direction.
At t = 30.0 s we have x = 8.04 10 3, so vi = 8 0 40 m 30 s = 268 m s. The position
vector as a function of time is


P = ( 268 m s ) ti + ( 7.60 10 3 m j .

At t = 45.0 s, P = 1.21 10 4 i + 7.60 10 3 j m. The magnitude is


P=

(1.21 10 ) + ( 7.60 10 )
4 2

3 2

m = 1.43 10 4 m

and the direction is

7.60 10 3
= 32.2 above the horizontal .
= arctan
1.21 10 4
P3.39

The position vector from radar station to ship is

S = 17.3 sin 136 i + 17.3 cos 136 j km = 12.0 i 12.4 j km.

From station to plane, the position vector is

P = 19.6 sin 153 i + 19.6 cos 153 j + 2.20 k km ,

or


P = 8.90 i 17.5 j + 2.20 k km.

(a)

To y to the ship, the plane must undergo displacement

D=SP=

(b)

The distance the plane must travel is

D= D =

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 10

( 3.12 i + 5.02 j 2.20k ) km

( 3.12 )2 + ( 5.02 )2 + ( 2.20 )2

km = 6.31 km .

12/7/06 2:08:46 PM

Vectors

P3.40

(a)

E = (17.0 cm ) cos 27.0 i + (17.0 cm ) sin 27.0 j


E=

(b)

(15.1i + 7.72 j) cm

F = (17.0 cm ) sin 27.0 i + (17.0 cm ) cos 27.0 j

27.0 27.0

F=

( 7.72 i + 15.1j) cm

Note that we do not need to

G
E

explicitly identify the angle with the positive x axis.

(c)

G = + (17.0 cm ) sin 27.0 i + (17.0 cm ) cos 27.0 j


G=

P3.41

55

27.0
x

FIG. P3.40

( +7.72 i + 15.1j) cm

Ax = 3.00 , Ay = 2.00
(a)

A = Ax i + Ay j = 3.00 i + 2.00 j

(b)

A = Ax2 + Ay2 =
tan =

Ay
Ax

( 3.00 )2 + ( 2.00 )2

= 3.61

2.00
= 0.667, tan 1 ( 0.667 ) = 33.7
( 3.00 )

is in the 2 nd quadrant, so = 180 + ( 33.7 ) = 146 .

(c)

Rx = 0, Ry = 4.00 , R = A + B thus B = R A and
Bx = Rx Ax = 0 ( 3.00 ) = 3.00 , By = Ry Ay = 4.00 2.00 = 6.00 .


Therefore, B = 3.00 i 6.00 j .

P3.42

41.0 km
The hurricanes rst displacement is
( 3.00 h ) at 60.0 N of W, and its second

h
25.0 km

displacement is
(1.50 h ) due North. With i representing east and j representing

h
north, its total displacement is:

( )

41.0 km cos 60.0 ( 3.00 h ) i + 41.0 km sin 60.0 ( 3.00 h ) j + 25.0 km (1.50 h ) j

h
h
h

( )

= 61.5 km i + 144 km j
with magnitude
P3.43

(a)

( 61.5 km )2 + (144 km )2

= 157 km .

Ry = 40.0 sin 45.0 30.0 sin 45.0 + 20.0 = 27.1

R = 49.5i + 27.1j
(b)

Rx = 40.0 cos 45.0 + 30.0 cos 45.0 = 49.5

2
2
R = ( 49.5) + ( 27.1) = 56.4

45

45
C

27.1
= 28.7
= tan 1
49.5

FIG. P3.43

55

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56

*P3.44

Chapter 3

(a)

Taking components along i and j, we get two equations:

6.00 a 8.00b + 26.0 = 0

and
8.00 a + 3.00b + 19.0 = 0.
We solve simultaneously by substituting a = 1.33 b 4.33 to nd 8(1.33 b 4.33) + 3 b + 19 = 0
or

7.67b = 53.67

b = 7.00

so

and

a = 1.33(7) 4.33.

Thus
a = 5.00, b = 7.00 .
Therefore,

(b)

*P3.45

5.00 A + 7.00 B + C = 0 .

In order for vectors to be equal, all of their components must be equal. A vector equation contains more information than a scalar equation.

The displacement from the start to the nish is 16 i + 12 j (5 i + 3 j) = (11 i + 9 j) meters.

The displacement from the starting point to A is f (11 i + 9 j) meters.
(a)

The position vector of point A is 5 i + 3 j + f (11 i + 9 j ) = (5 + 11f ) i + (3 + 9f ) j meters .

(b)

For f = 0 we have the position vector (5 + 0) i + (3 + 0) j meters.

This is reasonable because it is the location of the starting point, 5 i + 3 j meters.

(c)

For f = 1 = 100%, we have position vector (5 + 11) i + (3 + 9) j meters = 16 i + 12 j meters .

This is reasonable because we have completed the trip and this is the position vector of the
endpoint.
*P3.46

We note that i = west and j = south. The given mathematical representation of the trip can be
written as 6.3 b west + 4 b at 40 south of west + 3 b at 50 south of east + 5 b south .
(a)

(b)

i
N
R

The total odometer distance is the sum of the

magnitudes of the four displacements:
6.3 b + 4 b + 3 b + 5 b = 18.3 b .

S
= 1 block
f

(c)

R = ( 6.3 3.06 + 1.93) b i + ( 2.57 2.30 5) b j
= 7.44 b i 9.87 b j
= ( 7.44 b ) + ( 9.87 b ) at tan 1
2

9.87
south of west
7.44

= 12.4 b at 53.0 south of west

= 12.4 b at 233 counterclockwise from east

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Vectors

Additional Problems
P3.47

/2

Let
represent
the
angle between
the directions




of
and
Since
and
have
the
same magnitudes,
B
B.
A
A







A
A, B, and R = A + B form an isosceles triangle

A
in which the angles are 180 , , and .
2
2


D

-B
The magnitude of R is then R = 2 A cos .
2
This can be seen from applying the law of cosines
FIG. P3.47
to the isosceles
and

triangle



using


the fact that B = A.
Again, A, B, and D = A B form an isosceles triangle with apex angle .
Applying the law of cosines and the identity

(1 cos ) = 2 sin 2

57

gives the magnitude of D as D = 2 A sin .

2
The problem requires that R = 100 D .

Thus, 2 A cos = 200 A sin . This gives tan = 0.010 and = 1.15 .
2
2
2
P3.48

Let
represent
the angle
between
the directions






B
A
of A and B. Since
and
have
the
same







magnitudes, A, B, and R = A + B form an isosceles

triangle in which the angles are 180 , , and .

2
2

The magnitude of R is then R = 2 A cos . This can

2
be seen by applying the law of cosines to the isosceles
triangle and using


the fact
that
B =
A.
Again, A, B, and D = A B form an isosceles triangle with
apex angle . Applying the law of cosines and the identity

(1 cos ) = 2 sin 2
2

gives the magnitude of D as D = 2 A sin .

2

FIG. P3.48

1
The problem requires that R = nD or cos = n sin giving = 2 tan 1 .
2
2
n




The larger R is to be compared to D, the smaller the angle between A and B becomes.
P3.49

The position vector from the ground under the controller of the rst airplane is


r1 = (19.2 km ) ( cos 25 ) i + (19.2 km ) ( sin 25 ) j + ( 0.8 km ) k

= 17.4 i + 8.11j + 0.8k km.

The second is at

r2 = (17.6 km ) ( cos 20 ) i + (17.6 km ) ( sin 20 ) j + (1.1 km ) k

= 16.5i + 6.02 j + 1.1k km.

Now the displacement from the rst plane to the second is



r2 r1 = 0.863i 2.09 j + 0.3k km

with magnitude

( 0.863)2 + ( 2.09 )2 + ( 0.3)2

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 57

= 2.29 km .

11/28/06 4:40:17 PM

58

P3.50

Chapter 3

Take the x axis along the tail section of the snake. The displacement from tail to head is
240 mi + ( 420 240 ) m cos (180 105 ) i 180 m sin 75j = 287 mi 174 mj .
Its magnitude is

( 287 )2 + (174 )2

m = 335 m. From v =

distance
, the time for each childs run is
t

Inge: t =

distance 335 m ( h ) (1 km ) ( 3 600 s )

=
= 101 s
v
(12 km ) (1 000 m ) (1 h )

Olaf: t =

420 m s
= 126 s .
3.33 m

Inge wins by 126 101 = 25.4 s .

P3.51

Let A represent the distance

from island 2 to island 3.


The displacement is A = A at
159. Represent the
displacement from
3 to

1 as B = B at 298. We have
4.76 km at 37 + A + B = 0 .

3
A

69

28 B

2
C

For x components
( 4.76 km ) cos 37 + A cos 159 + B cos 298 = 0

37
1

3.80 km 0.934 A + 0.469 B = 0

B = 8.10 km + 1.99 A

N
E

FIG. P3.51

For y components

( 4.76 km ) sin 37 + A sin 159 + B sin 298 = 0

2.86 km + 0.358 A 0.883 B = 0
(a)

We solve by eliminating B by substitution:

2.86 km + 0.358 A 0.883 ( 8.10 km + 1.99 A ) = 0
2.86 km + 0.358 A + 7.15 km 1.76 A = 0
10.0 km = 1.40 A
A = 7.17 km

P3.52

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 58

(b)

B = 8.10 km + 1.99 ( 7.17 km ) = 6.15 km

(a)

Rx = 2.00 , Ry = 1.00 , Rz = 3.00

(b)

R = Rx2 + Ry2 + Rz2 = 4.00 + 1.00 + 9.00 = 14.0 = 3.74

(c)

R
cos x =
x
R

R
x = cos 1
x = 57.7 from + x
R

Ry
cos y =

R

Ry
y = cos 1
= 74.5 from + y
R

R
cos z =
z
R

R
z = cos 1
z = 36.7 from + z
R

11/28/06 4:40:19 PM

Vectors

P3.53

v = v x i + v y j = ( 300 + 100 cos 30.0 ) i + (100 sin 30.0 ) j


v = 387 i + 50.0 j mi h


v = 390 mi h at 7.337 N of E

*P3.54

59

(a)



A = 60 cm j and


so A + B = 80 cos




B = 80 cos i + 80 sin j cm


i + ( 80 sin 60 ) j centimeters

and


1/2
1/2
2
2
A + B = (80 cos ) + (80 sin 60 ) cm = 80 2 cos 2 + 80 2 sin 2 2(80)(60) cos + 60 2 cm
Now sin2 + cos2 = 1 for all , so we have


1/2
1/2
A + B = 80 2 + 60 2 2(80)(60) cos cm = [10 0000 9 600 cos ] cm
(b)

For = 270 , cos = 1 and the expression takes on its maximum value,
[10 000 + 9 600] 1
2 cm = 140 cm .

(c)

For = 90 , cos = +1 and the expression takes on its minimum value, [10 000 9 600]
1
2 cm = 20.0 cm .

(d) They do make sense. The maximum value is attained when A and

B are

in the same direction,
and it is 60 cm + 80 cm. The minimum value is attained when A and B are in opposite directions, and it is 80 cm 60 cm.
*P3.55

r =

0.380 s
0

1.2 i m
s 9.8t j m
s 2 dt = 1.2t i m
s

0.38 s
0

t2
9.8 j m
s 2
2

0.38 s

( 0.38 s ) 0

= 1.2 i m
s ( 0.38 s 0 ) 9.8 j m
s 2

= 0.456 i m 0.708 j m
2

P3.56

Choose the + x axis in the direction of the rst

force, and the y axis at 90 counterclockwise
from the x axis. Then each force will have only
one nonzero component.

12 N

The total force, in newtons, is then

12.0 i + 31.0 j 8.40 i 24.0 j =

31 N

35.0
horizontal

8.4 N

( 3.60 i ) + ( 7.00 j) N

24 N

The magnitude of the total force is

( 3.60 )2 + ( 7.00 )2

N = 7.87 N

and the angle it makes with our + x axis is given by tan =

FIG. P3.56

( 7.00 )
, = 62.8 .
( 3.60 )

Thus, its angle counterclockwise from the horizontal is 35.0 + 62.8 = 97.8 .

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 59

11/28/06 4:40:19 PM

60

P3.57

Chapter 3

d1 = 100 i


d 2 = 300 j


d 3 = 150 cos ( 30.0 ) i 150 sin ( 30.0 ) j = 130 i 75.0 j


d 4 = 200 cos ( 60.0 ) i + 200 sin ( 60.0 ) j = 100 i + 173j








R = d1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 = 130 i 202 j m

2
2
R = ( 130 ) + ( 202 ) = 240 m

FIG. P3.57

202
= tan 1
= 57.2
130

= 180 + = 237
P3.58

P3.59

d r d 4 i + 3 j 2tj
= 0 + 0 2 j = ( 2.00 m s ) j
=
dt
dt
The position vector at t = 0 is 4 i + 3j. At t = 1 s, the position is 4 i + 1j , and so on. The object is
moving straight downward at 2 m
s, so


d r represents its velocity vector .
dt
(a)

You start at point A: r1 = rA = 30.0 i 20.0 j m.

The displacement to B is



rB rA = 60.0 i + 80.0 j 30.0 i + 20.0 j = 30.0 i + 100 j .

You cover half of this, 15.0 i + 50.0 j to move to

r2 = 30.0 i 20.0 j + 15.0 i + 50.0 j = 45.0 i + 30.0 j.
Now the displacement from your current position to C is



rC r2 = 10.0 i 10.0 j 45.0 i 30.0 j = 55.0 i 40.0 j .
You cover one-third, moving to
1





r3 = r2 + r23 = 45.0 i + 30.0 j + 55.0 i 40.0 j = 26.7 i + 16.7 j .
3
The displacement from where you are to D is




rD r3 = 40.0 i 30.0 j 26.7 i 16.7 j = 13.3i 46.7 j .

You traverse one-quarter of it, moving to

1


1



r4 = r3 + ( rD r3 ) = 26.7 i + 16.7 j + 13.3i 46.7 j = 30.0 i + 5.00 j .
4
4
The displacement from your new location to E is



rE r4 = 70.0 i + 60.0 j 30.0 i 5.00 j = 100 i + 55.0 j

of which you cover one-fth the distance, 20.0 i + 11.0 j, moving to

r4 + r45 = 30.0 i + 5.00 j 20.0 i + 11.0 j = 10.0 i + 16.0 j .
The treasure is at

(10.0 m, 16.0 m )

continued on next page

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 60

11/28/06 4:40:20 PM

Vectors

(b)

61

Following the directions brings you to the average position of the trees. The steps we took
numerically in part (a) bring you to




1


r +r
rA + ( rB rA ) = A B
2
2












r +r
r r + r 2
then to ( A B ) + C ( A B ) = rA + rB + rC
2
3
3















r +r +r
r r + r + r 3
then to ( A B C ) + D ( A B C ) = rA + rB + rC + rD
4
3
4












( r + r + r + rD ) + rE ( rA + rB + rC + rD ) 4 = r
A + r
B + r
C + r
D + r
E .
and last to A B C
4
5
5
This center of mass of the tree distribution is the same location whatever order we take
the trees in.

P3.60

(a)

Let T represent the force exerted by each child. The

x component of the resultant force is
T cos 0 + T cos 120 + T cos 240 = T (1) + T ( 0.5) + T ( 0.5) = 0
The y component is
T sin 0 + T sin 120 + T sin 240 = 0 + 0.866T 0.866T = 0.
Thus,

(b)

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 17

F = 0

FIG. P3.60

If the total force is not zero, it must point in some direction. When each child moves one
space clockwise, the whole set of forces acting on the tire turns clockwise by that angle
so the total force must turn clockwise by that angle, 360 . Because each child exerts
N
the same force, the new situation is identical to the old and the net force on the tire must
still point in the original direction. But the force cannot have two different directions.
The contradiction indicates that we were wrong in supposing that the total force is not
zero. The total force must be zero.

12/7/06 6:33:00 PM

62

P3.61

Chapter 3

Since

A + B = 6.00 j ,

we have

( Ax + Bx ) i + ( Ay + By ) j = 0 i + 6.00 j
giving

FIG. P3.61

Ax + Bx = 0 or Ax = Bx

[1]

and
Ay + By = 6.00 .

[2]

Since both vectors have a magnitude of 5.00, we also have

Ax2 + Ay2 = Bx2 + By2 = 5.00 2 .
From Ax = Bx , it is seen that
Ax2 = Bx2 .
Therefore, Ax2 + Ay2 = Bx2 + By2 gives
Ay2 = By2 .
Then, Ay = By and Equation [2] gives
Ay = By = 3.00 .




Dening as the angle between either A or B and the y axis, it is seen that
cos =

Ay
A

By
B

3.00
= 0.600 and = 53.1 .
5.00

The angle between A and B is then = 2 = 106 .
P3.62

(a)

From the picture, R1 = ai + bj and R1 = a 2 + b 2 .

(b)

R 2 = ai + bj + ck ; its magnitude is

2
R1 + c 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .

FIG. P3.62

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P3.2

(a) ( 2.17 m, 1.25 m ) ; ( 1.90 m, 3.29 m )

P3.4

y = 1.15; r = 2.31

P3.6

310 km at 57 S of W

P3.8

9.5 N at 57

P3.10

(a) ~105 m vertically upward

P3.12

See the solution; the sum of a set of vectors is not affected by the order in which the vectors are
added.

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 62

(b) 4.55 m

(b) ~103 m vertically upward

11/28/06 4:40:21 PM

Vectors

63

P3.14

We assume that the shopping cart stays on the level oor. There are two possibilities. If both of
the turns are right or both left, the net displacement is (a) 25.0 m (b) at 36.9. If one turn is right
and one is left, we have (a) 61.8 m (b) at 14.0.

P3.16

1.31 km north; 2.81 km east

P3.18

(a) 5.00 blocks at 53.1 N of E

P3.20

25.0 m i + 43.3 m j

P3.22

788 mi at 48.0 north of east

P3.24

(a) see the solution

P3.26

(a) 4.10 m toward the top of the hill

P3.28

42.7 yards

P3.30

C = 7.30 cm i 7.20 cm j

P3.32

A + B = (2.60 i + 4.50 j)m

P3.34

(a) 2.83 m at = 315

P3.36

(a) 10.4 cm;

P3.38

1.43 10 4 m at 32.2 above the horizontal

P3.40

(a) 15.1i + 7.72 j cm

P3.42

157 km

P3.44

(a) a = 5.00 and b = 7.00 (b) For vectors to be equal, all of their components must be equal.
A vector equation contains more information than a scalar equation.

P3.46

(a) see the solution

P3.48

1
2 tan 1
n

P3.50

25.4 s

P3.52

(a) 2.00, 1.00, 3.00

P3.54

(a) (10 000 9 600 cos )1
2 cm (b) 270

; 140



cm (c) 90 ; 20.0 cm (d) They do make sense.
The maximum value is attained when
A and
B are in the same direction, and it is 60 cm + 80 cm.
The minimum value is attained when A and B are in opposite directions, and it is 80 cm 60 cm.

P3.56

We choose the x axis to the right at 35 above the horizontal and the y axis at 90 counterclockwise from the x axis. Then each vector has only a single nonzero component. The resultant is
7.87 N at 97.8 counterclockwise from a horizontal line to the right.

P3.58

( 2.00 m
s ) j; its velocity vector

P3.60

(a) zero (b) see the solution

P3.62

(a) R1 = ai + bj ; R1 = a 2 + b 2

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 63

(b) 13.0 blocks

(b) 5.00 i + 4.00 j, 6.40 at 38.7, 1.00 i + 8.00j, 8.06 at 97.2

(b) 2.87 m

(b) 13.4 m at = 117

(b) 35.5

(b) 7.72 i + 15.1j cm

(b) 18.3 b

(b) 3.74

(c) +7.72 i + 15.1j cm

(c) 12.4 b at 233 counterclockwise from east

(c) x = 57.7, y = 74.5, z = 36.7




(b) R 2 = ai + bj + ck ; R 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2

11/28/06 4:40:22 PM

13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 20

12/7/06 2:08:57 PM