Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vectors: Answers To Questions
Vectors: Answers To Questions
Vectors
CHAPTER OUTLINE
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Coordinate Systems
Vector and Scalar Quantities
Some Properties of Vectors
Components of a Vector and
Unit Vectors
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q3.1
Q3.2
*Q3.3
*Q3.4
*Q3.5
*Q3.6
(i) The magnitude is 10 2 + 10 2 m s, answer (f ). (ii) Having no y component means answer (a).
*Q3.7
The vertical component is opposite the 30 angle, so sin 30 = (vertical component)/50 m and the
answer is (h).
*Q3.8
Take the difference of the coordinates of the ends of the vector. Final rst means head end rst.
(i) 4 2 = 6 cm, answer ( j) (ii) 1 (2) = 3 cm, answer (c)
(i) If the direction-angle of A is between 180 degrees and 270 degrees, its components are both
negative: answer (c). If a vector is in the second quadrant or the fourth quadrant, its components
have opposite signs: answer (b) or (d).
Vectors A and B are perpendicular to each other.
Q3.9
Q3.10
Q3.11
No, the magnitude of a vector is always positive. A minus sign in a vector only indicates
direction, not magnitude.
Q3.12
Addition of a vector to a scalar is not dened. Think of numbers of apples and of clouds.
45
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 45
11/28/06 4:40:06 PM
46
Chapter 3
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 3.1
P3.1
Coordinate Systems
P3.2
(a)
( x1 , y1 ) = ( 2.17, 1.25) m
x2 = ( 3.80 m ) cos 120, y2 = ( 3.80 m ) sin 120, and
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 1.90,
(b)
P3.3
3.29 ) m
The x distance out to the y is 2.00 m and the y distance up to the y is 1.00 m.
(a)
We can use the Pythagorean theorem to nd the distance from the origin to the y.
distance = x 2 + y 2 = ( 2.00 m ) + (1.00 m ) = 5.00 m 2 = 2.24 m
2
(b)
P3.4
1
= tan 1 = 26.6; r = 2.24 m, 26.6
2
2.00
= 2.31
cos 30.0
y
We have r = x 2 + y 2 and = tan 1 .
x
(a)
( x )2 + y 2
= x 2 + y2 = r
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 46
11/28/06 4:40:07 PM
Vectors
Section 3.2
Section 3.3
P3.6
47
R = 310 km at 57 S of W
(Scale: 1 unit = 20 km)
FIG. P3.6
P3.7
tan 35.0 =
x
100 m
P3.8
Find the resultant F1 + F2 graphically by placing the tail of F2 at the head of F1. The resultant
force vector F1 + F2 is of magnitude 9.5 N and at an angle of 57 above the x axis .
F1 + F2
F2
F1
0 1 2 3 N
FIG. P3.8
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 47
11/28/06 4:40:08 PM
48
P3.9
Chapter 3
(a)
d = 10.0 i = 10.0 m since the displacement is in a
(c)
P3.10
5.00 m
B
FIG. P3.9
1
( 2 r ) = 5 = 15.7 m
2
If the circle is complete, d begins and ends at point A. Hence, d = 0 .
(a)
The large majority of people are standing or sitting at this hour. Their instantaneous footto-head vectors have upward vertical components on the order of 1 m and randomly
oriented horizontal components. The citywide sum will be ~ 10 5 m upward .
(b)
Most people are lying in bed early Saturday morning. We suppose their beds are oriented
north, south, east, and west quite at random. Then the horizontal component of their total
vector height is very nearly zero. If their compressed pillows give their height vectors
vertical components averaging 3 cm, and if one-tenth of one percent of the population are
on-duty nurses or police ofcers, we estimate the total vector height as
~10 5 ( 0.03 m ) + 10 2 (1 m ) ~ 10 3 m upward .
P3.11
A + B = 5.2 m at 60
(b)
A B = 3.0 m at 330
(c)
B A = 3.0 m at 150
(d)
A 2B = 5.2 m at 300
FIG. P3.11
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 48
11/28/06 4:40:09 PM
Vectors
P3.12
49
The
three
diagrams
shown
below
represent
the
graphical
solutions for the three vector
sums:
R1 = A + B + C, R 2 = B + C + A , and R 3 = C + B + A. We observe that R1 = R 2 = R 3,
illustrating that
the sum of a set of vectors is not affected by the order in which the vectors are added .
100 m
C
R1
R2
R3
C
B
FIG. P3.12
P3.13
d = 420 ft and = 3 .
Section 3.4
*P3.14
We assume the oor is level. Take the x axis in the direction of the rst displacement.
If both of the 90 turns are to the right or both to the left , the displacements add like
2 1 2
m = 25.0 m
If one turn is right and the other is left , the displacements add like
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 49
11/28/06 4:40:10 PM
50
P3.15
Chapter 3
Ax = 25.0
Ay = 40.0
A = Ax2 + Ay2 =
( 25.0 )2 + ( 40.0 )2
= 47.2 units
We observe that
tan =
So
Ay
Ax
Ay
FIG. P3.15
40.0
1
= tan 1
= tan 25.0 = tan (1.60 ) = 58.0.
A
x
The diagram shows that the angle from the +x axis can be found by subtracting from 180:
= 180 58 = 122 .
P3.16
The person would have to walk 3.10 sin ( 25.0 ) = 1.31 km north , and
3.10 cos ( 25.0 ) = 2.81 km east .
*P3.17
Let v represent the speed of the camper. The northward component of its velocity is v cos 8.5.
To avoid crowding the minivan we require v cos 8.5 28 m s.
We can satisfy this requirement simply by taking v (28 m s)cos 8.5 = 28.3 m s.
P3.18
(a)
Her net x (east-west) displacement is 3.00 + 0 + 6.00 = +3.00 blocks, while her net
y (north-south) displacement is 0 + 4.00 + 0 = +4.00 blocks. The magnitude of the
resultant displacement is
R=
( xnet )2 + ( ynet )2
( 3.00 )2 + ( 4.00 )2
= 5.00 blocks
and the angle the resultant makes with the x axis (eastward direction) is
4.00
= tan 1 (1.33) = 53.1 .
= tan 1
3.00
The resultant displacement is then 5.00 blocks at 53.1 N of E .
(b)
P3.19
(a)
(b)
(c)
P3.20
)
x = 22.0 cos 215 , y = 22.0 sin 215 , and ( x, y ) = ( 18.0 i 12.6 j) in
(
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 50
11/28/06 4:40:10 PM
Vectors
P3.21
51
( x ) + ( y ) = (358)
( y ) = 12.5 = 0.0349
taan =
( x ) 358
2
d=
+ ( 12.5) = 358 m
2
= 2.00
d = 358 m at 2.00 S of E
P3.22
The east and north components of the displacement from Dallas (D) to Chicago (C) are the sums
of the east and north components of the displacements from Dallas to Atlanta (A) and from
Atlanta to Chicago. In equation form:
dDC east = dDA east + dAC east = 730 cos 5.00 560 sin 21.0 = 527 miles .
dDC north = dDA north + dAC north = 730 sin 5.00 + 560 cos 21.0 = 586 miles
By the Pythagorean theorem, d = (dDC east )2 + (dDC north )2 = 788 mi .
Then tan =
dDC north
= 1.11 and = 48.0.
dDC east
We have B = R A :
Ax = 150 cos120 = 75.0 cm
Ay = 150 sin 120 = 130 cm
Rx = 140 cos 35.0 = 115 cm
x
m
Ry = 140 sin 35.0 = 80.3 cm
Therefore,
FIG. P3.23
B = [115 ( 75)] i + [80.3 130 ] j = 190 i 49.7 j cm
B = 190 2 + 49.72 = 196 cm
49.7
= tan 1
= 14.7 .
190
P3.24
(a)
(b)
C = A + B = 2.00 i + 6.00 j + 3.00 i 2.00 j = 5.00 i + 4.00 j
4
C = 25.0 + 16.0 at tan 1 = 6.40 at 38.7
5
D = A B = 2.00 i + 6.00 j 3.00 i + 2.00 j = 1.00 i + 8.00 j
D=
( 1.00 )2 + ( 8.00 )2
8.00
at tan 1
1.00
D = 8.06 at (180 82.9 ) = 8.06 at 97.2
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 51
FIG. P3.24
11/28/06 4:40:11 PM
52
P3.25
Chapter 3
( A + B) = ( 3i 2 j) + ( i 4 j) =
( A B) = ( 3i 2 j) ( i 4 j) =
(a)
(b)
2 i 6 j
4 i + 2 j
(c)
A + B = 2 2 + 6 2 = 6.32
(d)
A B = 4 2 + 2 2 = 4.47
(e)
6
A + B = tan 1 = 71.6 = 288
2
2
A B = tan 1 = 26.6
4
*P3.26
P3.27
We take the x axis along the slope uphill. Students, get used to this choice! The y axis is perpendicular to the slope, at 35 to the vertical. Then the displacement of the snow makes an angle of
90 35 20 = 35 with the x axis.
(a)
Its component parallel to the surface is 5 m cos 35 = 4.10 m toward the top of the hill .
(b)
d1 = 3.50 j m
d 2 = 8.20 cos 45.0 i + 8.20 sin 45.0 j = 5.80 i + 5.80 j m
d 3 = 15.0 i m
R = d1 + d 2 + d 3 = ( 15.0 + 5.80 ) i + ( 5.80 3.50 ) j =
( 9.20 i + 2.30 j) m
P3.29
North
0m
4.00 m
1.41
1.41
0.500
0.866
A = 10.0
R
B = 15.0
C = 50.0
FIG. P3.28
+0.914
4.55
2
2
R = x + y at tan 1 ( y x ) = 4.64 m at 78.6 N of E
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 52
11/28/06 4:40:12 PM
Vectors
P3.30
P3.31
53
A = 8.70 i + 15.0 j and B = 13.2 i 6.60 j
A B + 3C = 0:
3C = B A = 21.9 i 21.6 j
C = 7.30 i 7.20 j
or
C x = 7.30 cm ; C y = 7.20 cm
(a)
F = F1 + F2
F = 120 cos ( 60.0 ) i + 120 sin ( 60.0 ) j 80.0 cos ( 75.0 ) i + 80.0 sin ( 75.0 ) j
F = 60.0 i + 104 j 20.7 i + 77.3j = 39.3i + 181j N
F = 39.32 + 1812 = 185 N
181
= tan 1
= 77.8
39.3
(b)
P3.32
F3 = F =
( 39.3i 181j) N
A = 3.00 m, A = 30.0
B = 3.00 m, B = 90.0
Bx = 0, By = 3.00 m
so
A + B = 2.60 i + 1.50 j + 3.00 j =
P3.33
B = 3.00 j m
( 2.60 i + 4.50 j) m
B = Bx i + By j + Bz k = 4.00 i + 6.00 j + 3.00 k
B = 4.00 2 + 6.00 2 + 3.00 2 = 7.81
4.00
= cos 1
= 59.2 is the angle with the x axis
7.81
6.00
= cos 1
= 39.8 is the angle with the y axis
7.81
P3.34
3.00
= cos 1
= 67.4 is the angle with the z axis
7.81
(a) D = A + B + C = 2 i 2 j
D = 22 + 22 = 2.83 m at = 315
(b)
P3.35
(a)
(b)
E = A B + C = 6 i + 12 j
E = 62 + 122 = 13.4 m at = 117
C=A+B=
2
2
2
C = ( 5.00 ) + (1.00 ) + ( 3.00 ) m = 5.92 m
D = 2 A B = 4.00 i 11.0 j + 15.0 k m
D=
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 9
m = 19.0 m
12/7/06 6:01:55 PM
54
P3.36
Chapter 3
Let the positive x-direction be eastward, the positive y-direction be vertically upward, and the
positive z-direction be southward. The total displacement is then
d = 4.80 i + 4.80 j cm + 3.70 j 3.70 k cm = 4.80 i + 8.50 j 3.70 k cm.
P3.37
The magnitude is d =
(b)
(a)
A = 8.00 i + 12.0 j 4.00 k
(c)
(a)
(b)
P3.38
cm = 10.4 cm .
8.50
, giving = 35.5 .
10.4
A
B = = 2.00 i + 3.00 j 1.00 k
4
C = 3A = 24.0 i 36.0 j + 12.0 k
The y coordinate of the airplane is constant and equal to 7.60 10 3 m whereas the x coordinate is
given by x = vi t where vi is the constant speed in the horizontal direction.
At t = 30.0 s we have x = 8.04 10 3, so vi = 8 0 40 m 30 s = 268 m s. The position
vector as a function of time is
P = ( 268 m s ) ti + ( 7.60 10 3 m j .
At t = 45.0 s, P = 1.21 10 4 i + 7.60 10 3 j m. The magnitude is
P=
(1.21 10 ) + ( 7.60 10 )
4 2
3 2
m = 1.43 10 4 m
or
P = 8.90 i 17.5 j + 2.20 k km.
(a)
(b)
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 10
km = 6.31 km .
12/7/06 2:08:46 PM
Vectors
P3.40
(a)
E = (17.0 cm ) cos 27.0 i + (17.0 cm ) sin 27.0 j
E=
(b)
(15.1i + 7.72 j) cm
F = (17.0 cm ) sin 27.0 i + (17.0 cm ) cos 27.0 j
27.0 27.0
F=
( 7.72 i + 15.1j) cm
G
E
G = + (17.0 cm ) sin 27.0 i + (17.0 cm ) cos 27.0 j
G=
P3.41
55
27.0
x
FIG. P3.40
( +7.72 i + 15.1j) cm
Ax = 3.00 , Ay = 2.00
(a)
A = Ax i + Ay j = 3.00 i + 2.00 j
(b)
A = Ax2 + Ay2 =
tan =
Ay
Ax
( 3.00 )2 + ( 2.00 )2
= 3.61
2.00
= 0.667, tan 1 ( 0.667 ) = 33.7
( 3.00 )
Rx = 0, Ry = 4.00 , R = A + B thus B = R A and
Bx = Rx Ax = 0 ( 3.00 ) = 3.00 , By = Ry Ay = 4.00 2.00 = 6.00 .
Therefore, B = 3.00 i 6.00 j .
P3.42
41.0 km
The hurricanes rst displacement is
( 3.00 h ) at 60.0 N of W, and its second
h
25.0 km
displacement is
(1.50 h ) due North. With i representing east and j representing
h
north, its total displacement is:
( )
41.0 km cos 60.0 ( 3.00 h ) i + 41.0 km sin 60.0 ( 3.00 h ) j + 25.0 km (1.50 h ) j
h
h
h
( )
= 61.5 km i + 144 km j
with magnitude
P3.43
(a)
( 61.5 km )2 + (144 km )2
= 157 km .
2
2
R = ( 49.5) + ( 27.1) = 56.4
45
45
C
27.1
= 28.7
= tan 1
49.5
FIG. P3.43
55
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 11
12/7/06 2:08:47 PM
56
*P3.44
Chapter 3
(a)
and
8.00 a + 3.00b + 19.0 = 0.
We solve simultaneously by substituting a = 1.33 b 4.33 to nd 8(1.33 b 4.33) + 3 b + 19 = 0
or
7.67b = 53.67
b = 7.00
so
and
a = 1.33(7) 4.33.
Thus
a = 5.00, b = 7.00 .
Therefore,
(b)
*P3.45
5.00 A + 7.00 B + C = 0 .
In order for vectors to be equal, all of their components must be equal. A vector equation contains more information than a scalar equation.
(b)
This is reasonable because we have completed the trip and this is the position vector of the
endpoint.
*P3.46
We note that i = west and j = south. The given mathematical representation of the trip can be
written as 6.3 b west + 4 b at 40 south of west + 3 b at 50 south of east + 5 b south .
(a)
(b)
i
N
R
S
= 1 block
f
(c)
R = ( 6.3 3.06 + 1.93) b i + ( 2.57 2.30 5) b j
= 7.44 b i 9.87 b j
= ( 7.44 b ) + ( 9.87 b ) at tan 1
2
9.87
south of west
7.44
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 56
11/28/06 4:40:16 PM
Vectors
Additional Problems
P3.47
/2
Let represent
the angle between
the directions
of
and
Since
and
have
the
same magnitudes,
B
B.
A
A
A
A, B, and R = A + B form an isosceles triangle
A
in which the angles are 180 , , and .
2
2
D
-B
The magnitude of R is then R = 2 A cos .
2
This can be seen from applying the law of cosines
FIG. P3.47
to the isosceles
and
triangle
using
the fact that B = A.
Again, A, B, and D = A B form an isosceles triangle with apex angle .
Applying the law of cosines and the identity
(1 cos ) = 2 sin 2
57
Thus, 2 A cos = 200 A sin . This gives tan = 0.010 and = 1.15 .
2
2
2
P3.48
Let represent
the angle
between
the directions
B
A
of A and B. Since
and
have
the
same
magnitudes, A, B, and R = A + B form an isosceles
(1 cos ) = 2 sin 2
2
FIG. P3.48
1
The problem requires that R = nD or cos = n sin giving = 2 tan 1 .
2
2
n
The larger R is to be compared to D, the smaller the angle between A and B becomes.
P3.49
The position vector from the ground under the controller of the rst airplane is
r1 = (19.2 km ) ( cos 25 ) i + (19.2 km ) ( sin 25 ) j + ( 0.8 km ) k
r2 = (17.6 km ) ( cos 20 ) i + (17.6 km ) ( sin 20 ) j + (1.1 km ) k
with magnitude
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 57
= 2.29 km .
11/28/06 4:40:17 PM
58
P3.50
Chapter 3
Take the x axis along the tail section of the snake. The displacement from tail to head is
240 mi + ( 420 240 ) m cos (180 105 ) i 180 m sin 75j = 287 mi 174 mj .
Its magnitude is
( 287 )2 + (174 )2
m = 335 m. From v =
distance
, the time for each childs run is
t
Inge: t =
Olaf: t =
420 m s
= 126 s .
3.33 m
3
A
69
28 B
2
C
For x components
( 4.76 km ) cos 37 + A cos 159 + B cos 298 = 0
37
1
N
E
FIG. P3.51
For y components
P3.52
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 58
(b)
(a)
(b)
R = Rx2 + Ry2 + Rz2 = 4.00 + 1.00 + 9.00 = 14.0 = 3.74
(c)
R
cos x = x
R
R
x = cos 1 x = 57.7 from + x
R
Ry
cos y =
R
Ry
y = cos 1 = 74.5 from + y
R
R
cos z = z
R
R
z = cos 1 z = 36.7 from + z
R
11/28/06 4:40:19 PM
Vectors
P3.53
v = v x i + v y j = ( 300 + 100 cos 30.0 ) i + (100 sin 30.0 ) j
v = 387 i + 50.0 j mi h
v = 390 mi h at 7.337 N of E
*P3.54
59
(a)
A = 60 cm j and
so A + B = 80 cos
B = 80 cos i + 80 sin j cm
i + ( 80 sin 60 ) j centimeters
and
1/2
1/2
2
2
A + B = (80 cos ) + (80 sin 60 ) cm = 80 2 cos 2 + 80 2 sin 2 2(80)(60) cos + 60 2 cm
Now sin2 + cos2 = 1 for all , so we have
1/2
1/2
A + B = 80 2 + 60 2 2(80)(60) cos cm = [10 0000 9 600 cos ] cm
(b)
For = 270 , cos = 1 and the expression takes on its maximum value,
[10 000 + 9 600] 12 cm = 140 cm .
(c)
For = 90 , cos = +1 and the expression takes on its minimum value, [10 000 9 600]
12 cm = 20.0 cm .
(d) They do make sense. The maximum value is attained when A and
B are
in the same direction,
and it is 60 cm + 80 cm. The minimum value is attained when A and B are in opposite directions, and it is 80 cm 60 cm.
*P3.55
r =
0.380 s
0
0.38 s
0
t2
9.8 j m s 2
2
0.38 s
( 0.38 s ) 0
P3.56
12 N
31 N
35.0
horizontal
8.4 N
( 3.60 i ) + ( 7.00 j) N
24 N
( 3.60 )2 + ( 7.00 )2
N = 7.87 N
FIG. P3.56
( 7.00 )
, = 62.8 .
( 3.60 )
Thus, its angle counterclockwise from the horizontal is 35.0 + 62.8 = 97.8 .
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 59
11/28/06 4:40:19 PM
60
P3.57
Chapter 3
d1 = 100 i
d 2 = 300 j
d 3 = 150 cos ( 30.0 ) i 150 sin ( 30.0 ) j = 130 i 75.0 j
d 4 = 200 cos ( 60.0 ) i + 200 sin ( 60.0 ) j = 100 i + 173j
R = d1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 = 130 i 202 j m
2
2
R = ( 130 ) + ( 202 ) = 240 m
FIG. P3.57
202
= tan 1
= 57.2
130
= 180 + = 237
P3.58
P3.59
d r d 4 i + 3 j 2tj
= 0 + 0 2 j = ( 2.00 m s ) j
=
dt
dt
The position vector at t = 0 is 4 i + 3j. At t = 1 s, the position is 4 i + 1j , and so on. The object is
moving straight downward at 2 m s, so
d r represents its velocity vector .
dt
(a)
You start at point A: r1 = rA = 30.0 i 20.0 j m.
The displacement to B is
rB rA = 60.0 i + 80.0 j 30.0 i + 20.0 j = 30.0 i + 100 j .
(10.0 m, 16.0 m )
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 60
11/28/06 4:40:20 PM
Vectors
(b)
61
Following the directions brings you to the average position of the trees. The steps we took
numerically in part (a) bring you to
1
r +r
rA + ( rB rA ) = A B
2
2
r +r
r r + r 2
then to ( A B ) + C ( A B ) = rA + rB + rC
2
3
3
r +r +r
r r + r + r 3
then to ( A B C ) + D ( A B C ) = rA + rB + rC + rD
4
3
4
( r + r + r + rD ) + rE ( rA + rB + rC + rD ) 4 = rA + rB + rC + rD + rE .
and last to A B C
4
5
5
This center of mass of the tree distribution is the same location whatever order we take
the trees in.
P3.60
(a)
(b)
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 17
F = 0
FIG. P3.60
If the total force is not zero, it must point in some direction. When each child moves one
space clockwise, the whole set of forces acting on the tire turns clockwise by that angle
so the total force must turn clockwise by that angle, 360 . Because each child exerts
N
the same force, the new situation is identical to the old and the net force on the tire must
still point in the original direction. But the force cannot have two different directions.
The contradiction indicates that we were wrong in supposing that the total force is not
zero. The total force must be zero.
12/7/06 6:33:00 PM
62
P3.61
Chapter 3
Since
A + B = 6.00 j ,
we have
( Ax + Bx ) i + ( Ay + By ) j = 0 i + 6.00 j
giving
FIG. P3.61
Ax + Bx = 0 or Ax = Bx
[1]
and
Ay + By = 6.00 .
[2]
Ay
A
By
B
3.00
= 0.600 and = 53.1 .
5.00
The angle between A and B is then = 2 = 106 .
P3.62
(a)
From the picture, R1 = ai + bj and R1 = a 2 + b 2 .
(b)
R 2 = ai + bj + ck ; its magnitude is
2
R1 + c 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 .
FIG. P3.62
P3.4
y = 1.15; r = 2.31
P3.6
310 km at 57 S of W
P3.8
9.5 N at 57
P3.10
P3.12
See the solution; the sum of a set of vectors is not affected by the order in which the vectors are
added.
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 62
(b) 4.55 m
11/28/06 4:40:21 PM
Vectors
63
P3.14
We assume that the shopping cart stays on the level oor. There are two possibilities. If both of
the turns are right or both left, the net displacement is (a) 25.0 m (b) at 36.9. If one turn is right
and one is left, we have (a) 61.8 m (b) at 14.0.
P3.16
P3.18
P3.20
25.0 m i + 43.3 m j
P3.22
P3.24
P3.26
P3.28
42.7 yards
P3.30
C = 7.30 cm i 7.20 cm j
P3.32
A + B = (2.60 i + 4.50 j)m
P3.34
P3.36
P3.38
P3.40
P3.42
157 km
P3.44
(a) a = 5.00 and b = 7.00 (b) For vectors to be equal, all of their components must be equal.
A vector equation contains more information than a scalar equation.
P3.46
P3.48
1
2 tan 1
n
P3.50
25.4 s
P3.52
P3.54
P3.56
We choose the x axis to the right at 35 above the horizontal and the y axis at 90 counterclockwise from the x axis. Then each vector has only a single nonzero component. The resultant is
7.87 N at 97.8 counterclockwise from a horizontal line to the right.
P3.58
P3.60
P3.62
(a) R1 = ai + bj ; R1 = a 2 + b 2
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 63
(b) 35.5
(b) 18.3 b
(b) 3.74
(b) R 2 = ai + bj + ck ; R 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2
11/28/06 4:40:22 PM
13794_03_ch03_p045-064.indd 20
12/7/06 2:08:57 PM