Ferrous Metals

Mild Steel Carbon (0.1-0.3) + Iron (99.7-99.9)

Carbon steel Carbon (0.6-1.4) + Iron (98.6-99.4)
Cast Iron carbon (2-6) + Iron (94-98). Very hard but brittle.
Wrought Iron almost 100% iron.
Stainless Steel Iron + nickel + chromium.

Non Ferrous Metals

Aluminum aluminum alloy + copper + manganese. Soft and Very

lightweight

Copper cubic crystalline structure - Conductive

Brass copper (65) + zinc (35)
Silver
Lead heavy and very soft
Tin soft, pliable, silvery white
Magnesium silvery white and very light
Zinc lustrous bluish-white. Brittle and crystalline
Tungsten resists oxygen attack

Cast iron cheapest and most abundant engineering material ost abundant and
cheapest
Lead highest specific gravity
Aluminum highest specific heat, lightest metal
Silver best conductor
Titanium alloy highest specific strength

Strongest Natural Metal= Tungsten

Strongest Alloy = Steel
Hardest Metal = Chromium
Most Useful strong metal = Titanium
Lightest Metal = Micro lattice

Top 5 strongest:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Tungsten
Steel
Titanium
Chromium
Osmium

Hardest Form of steel Martensite

Softest form of steel ferrite (Pure iron)

Steel = Iron + Carbon

Stainless Steel = Steel + chromium or (Iron +nickel + chromium)
Bronze = copper + tin
Brass = copper + zinc

Lowest-Highest
Hardness (Talc Diamond)
Ductility (lead gold)
Malleability (Zinc-gold)

Polymorphs different physical structure

Allotopes different atomic structure