Materials for Technical Use :

Metal

Department of Technology
I.E.S. El Molinillo
Guillena
© Antonio Jesús Romero
Metal Properties
 Metal is a good conductor of heat and
electricity

 High mechanical endurance

 High fusion temperature  Metal is a heavy material

Cast Iron Steel Copper Tin Zinc Aluminum Magnesium Titanium

Tensile
18 kg 70kg 18kg 5kg 3kg 10Kg 18kg 70kg
Strength
Mass(per
7600kg 7800kg 8800kg 7300kg 7400kg 2700kg 1700kg 4500kg
m3)

Fusion
1100ºC 1500ºC 1083ºC 231ºC 419ºC 660ºC 650ºC 1800ºC
temperature
Metal Properties
 It´s a tough material  It´s a ductile, malleable material

Some of them have magnetic properties  It´s an easily recyclable material

Classification of Metals
World Metal Production

Metals are classified in two groups:

oFerrous Metals: iron and its alloys.

oNon-Ferrous Metals: metals that do not contain iron .

This is because iron is the most used metal in the world

Ferrous Metals

Pure iron

Iron is an abundant metal.

Iron is fragile and brittle.
Iron rusts easily.
Iron has very good magnetic properties.

Due to his low endurance, pure iron is not used. So it´s mixed with a little
amount of carbon obtaining ferrous alloys.
How changes carbon the iron properties?
A bigger amount of carbon in the ferrous alloy increases the hardness
but decreases the tenacity, so the alloy becomes more fragile.
Ferrous Metals: Ferrous Alloys
 Soft Iron( C<0,1%)
It´s like pure iron. At first it was very used because it was easy to obtain. At present time it´s
used to make electromagnet nucleus thanks to its very good magnetic property.

Soft, due to its low iron content.

Silvery colour.
Electric and electronic applications.
Ferrous Metals: Ferrous Alloys
 Steel ( 0,1%<C<2% )
It´s the most used ferrous alloy thanks to its good properties.
Ductile and malleable.
High mechanical endurance.
The amount of carbon increases hardness and fragility.

Steel mixed with other metal increases endurance (vanadium) and becomes
stainless (chrome and nickel).
Ferrous Metals: Ferrous Alloys
 Cast Iron ( 2%<C<5% )
 Harder and more fragile than steel.
 It has low ductility but it´s a malleable alloy with magnesium.
 It melts more easily than steel.

It´s used to make complicated

parts by sand casting and to make
hard tools like rasps.
Non-Ferrous Metals: Pure Metals
 Copper
•Red colour
•Excellent thermal and electric
conductor
•Corrosion resistant
•Good welding
•Very ductile and malleable

 Tin
•Bluish white shiny colour
•Soft
•Corrosion resistant
•Low melting point
Non-Ferrous Metals: Pure Metals
 Zinc
•White colour
•Very corrosion resistant

 Aluminum
• White shiny colour
• Light and good endurance
• No toxic
• Cheap
•Stainless
Non-Ferrous Metals: Pure Metals
 Magnesium
•Very light
•Expensive
•Violent reaction with oxygen

 Titanium
•Very expensive
•Endurance like steel but quite lighter.
•Biocompatible
Non-Ferrous Metals: Pure Metals
 Gold
•The most malleable and ductile metal
•Very corrosion resistant
•High thermal and electric conductivity
•High economic value

 Lead
•Grey colour
•Very soft
•Low melting point
•Ductile and malleable
•Very toxic
Non-Ferrous Metals: Alloys
 Brass (Copper+Zinc)
•Yellow colour
•Very ductile and malleable
•Good tensile endurance

 Bronze (Copper+Tin)
•Dark yellow colour
•More endurance than brass
•Very corrosion resistant
•Good sonority
•Very fluid when melting, good for
molding.
 Non-Ferrous Metals: Alloys
 Aluminum, Copper & Magnesium
•Lightness and more endurance
than pure aluminum.

 Magnesium & Aluminum

•This alloy is more resistant than

each metal.

 Titanium & Aluminum

• Cheaper than pure titanium parts.

 Metal Obtaining
Most metals are in nature as minerals.

Chalcosite: copper rich Pyrite: iron rich Hematite: iron rich

Pure gold Bauxite: aluminum rich Limonite: iron rich

 Obtaining cast iron and steel
Coal

Iron ore

Limestone

Blast furnace

Refining Furnace Ladle Furnace Torpedo ladle

We can obtain cast iron from the melting of coal,iron ore and limestone at the blast furnace ,
then we carry it to the refining furnace using torpedo furnace and ladle furnace. In the refining
furnace the amount of carbon to obtain steel decreases.
Obtaining of metals by electolysis

We use a high voltage electric current over the

melted metal.
Pure metal is attracted by the negative electrode
(remember that metal atoms are positive).
We can use this method to obtain metals like
copper and aluminum.
Metal Working

To cut

Metal Scissors Hacksaw

To drill

Drill
Drill bits
Metal Working

To smooth Wire wool

Rasp Metal polisher

To split
Welding Screwing Riveting
Metal Working

To finish

Burnished

Primer
Metal Working: Machining

 Milling: we can use different mill

bits to shape a piece from a block of
metal.
Metal Working: Machining

 Turning: we can obtain metallic

parts with cylindrical symmetry.
Metal Working: Machining
 Computer Numerical Control (CNC): it´s to make metallic
pieces automatically and with a very high accuracy.
Molding and Metal Forming
 Molding: Sand Casting

Sand is used to make a mold and fill

this with molten metal. It allows you
to make complicated parts as the
engine block of a car.
Molding and Metal Forming
 Lamination
We use rolls that compress
the metal to obtain sheets
and metal profiles.
Molding and Metal Forming
 Stamping
A metal sheet is compressed
by a press to take the form
of the mold.

 Die-Cutting
It´s cutting pieces of a metal
sheet using a press.
Molding and Metal Forming
 Forge We use the fire and hammer over the
anvil to shape the soft steel and get
handmade pieces of metal.

Anvil