UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

Tittle of Presentation
Structure and Application of Non Ferrous Metals

Prepared by:
1. Defi Pramesti
2. Rachmat Hermawan
3. Fajar Herdian Akhzan
4. Thea Athalia Candra
5. Imam Fantowi

21 November 2020
Introduction
Non Ferrous metal characteristic:
1. Ease of fabrication
2. Resistance to corrosion
3. Eletrical and thermal conductivity
4. Weight
Kind of Non Ferrous Metal:
• Copper and its Alloy
• Alumunium and its Alloy
• Refractory metal
• Noble Metal
• Miscellaneous (Nikel, lead, tin, Zinc, Zirconium)
A. COPPER & ITS ALLOYS
 Properties
• Soft and ductile tha it is difficult to machine
• Unlimited capacity to be cold worked
• Highly resistance to corrosion in diverse environment
including the ambient temperature, sea water and
industrial chemicals
 1. PURE COPPER
Most Important :

The high thermal & electrical conductivity, Second best

material after silver
 2. BRASS
Type of brass
• Cu – 5 % Zn : Gilding Metal > Jewelry
• Cu – 10 % Zn : Commercial Bronze > Cheaper than Cu – Sn.
• Cu – 15 % Zn : Red Brass ( Stress Corrosion Resistant )
• Cu – 30 % Zn : Cartridge Brass ( Excellent cold formability , e.g. deep
drawing )
• Cu – 40 % Zn : 60 – 40 Brass or Muntz Metal (α + β phase) are hot
worked / machined
DIAGRAM FASA Cu - Zn
Cartridge Brass
 3. Bronze
• 3.1 TIN BRONZE
Paduan antara tembaga ( Cu ) dan timah putih ( Sn )
 3.3. ALUMUNIUM BRONZE
Paduan antara tembaga ( Cu ) dengan Aluminium (Al) dengan
kadar Aluminium antara 4 dan 11 %
Dapat dikeras dengan proses hardening
 3.4 BERYLIUM BRONZE
• Paduan antara Tembaga (Cu) dan Berylium (Be)
• Dapat dikeras dengan proses Precipitation Hardening
 4. COPPER – NICKEL ALLOYS
• Cu and Ni are similar ( Density, FCC structure, Atomic radius,
Atomic volume ) >> Full Solubility
TYPES OF COPPER NICKEL
ALLOYS
5. COPPER ZINC NICKEL (NICKEL
SILVER)
 B. Alumunium & its alloy
•Atomic Number 13
•Specific gravity2.7 gr/cm3
•Modulus of elasticity 70.000 N/mm2
•Modulus of Elasticity in shear 26.000 N/mm2
Physical Properties
•Poisson's ratio 1/3
•Caloric conductibility 200 W/m oK
•Electric Conductibility 30 m/ohm mm2
•Paramagnetic half life value 10 sek
•Melting temperature 660 deg C
•Structure Crystal FCC
 Typical Properties
• Aluminum is light
• Good corrosion resistance
• High reflectivity
• Aluminum is readily workable and easy to form
• Aluminum conducts electricity and heat
• High specific strength and specific modulus of elasticity
 Aluminum & Aluminum semi product

1. Primary aluminum
2. Rolled product
3. Extruded product
 1. Primary aluminum

• The production of primary aluminum consists of

two processes :
1.Bayer process to produce pure aluminum oxide
2.Electrolytic process to produce aluminum
 2. Rolled Product

• Hot rolling
The aluminum billet is preheat to 400 C and rolled. The billet is
up to 500 mm thick and at thickness will reduced to 12 and 6
mm

• Cold rolling
Reduced thickness, prescribed hardening and straightening and
stress relieves
 3. Extruded Product
• Direct extrusion
The slug in the recipient is moved by the plunger
toward the die.

• Indirect extrusion
The die is moved in to recipient toward the slug.
It needs less pressure and allows higher
extruding rate.
• Basic principle of extrusion process is the material
is pressed with high pressure from the recipient
into the die and emerges through the opening the
die, which has the form corresponding to the
shape of the profile
• Such big profiles are economical only when great
quantities are required
Thermally treated
 Applications

•Building & Construction 20.5%

•Transportation 20.7%
•Electrical Industries 10.6%
•General Engineering 6.4%
•Containers & packaging 21.4%
•Durable goods 6.6%
•Miscellaneous 6.5%
•Export 6.9%

*USA 1978, application of aluminum are growing especially in transportation

Magnesium and Its Alloys
Properties :
• Color : Silver White Metal
• Phase : Solid
• Crystalline Structure : Hexagonal
(relativelf soft and low elastic Modulus 45 GPa)
• Melting Point : 651 deg C (Moderately low melting temp)
• Density : 1.7 g/cm3 (light weight)

Consequenly casting or hot working temperature 200 – 350 deg C

 Effects of Alloying Elements
Alloying Element Effects of Addition
Alumunium (Al) Increase hardness, strength, and castability while only increasing density
minimally
Zirconium (Zr) Improve strength and corrosion resistance
Cerium (Ce) Improves corrosion resistance. Also it increases plastic deformation capability,
magnesium elongation, and work hardening rates. But it reduces yield strength.
Thorium (Th) Lightweight, high strength, creep resistance
Manganese (Mn) Increases saltwater corrosion resistance within some alumunium containing
alloys
Nickel (Ni) Increasing both yield and ultimate strength at room temperature. Negatively
impact ductility and corrosion resistance
Strontium (Sr) Used in conjunction with other elements to enhance creep performance
Tin (Sn) When used with alumunium it improves ductility and reduces tendency to crack
during processing
Yttrium (Y) Enhances high temperature strength and creep performance when combined with
other rare earth metal
Zinc (Zn) Increasing the alloys fluidity in casting
 Magnesium – Alumunium Grain Sizes
• Reduces Grain size and improves ultimate tensile and yield strength
Mg- 1 % Al Mg- 5 % Al Mg- 6 % Al Mg- 9 % Al
Application in Aircraft
Titanium and Its Alloys

• Color : Silver
• Phase : Solid
• Crystalline Structure : hexagonal
• Elastic Modulus 107 GPa
• Melting Point : 1668 deg C (high)
• Density : 4.51 g/cm3 (low)
Properties

www.daido.co.jp
 Mechanical properties
• Titanium alloys are extremely strong: room-temperature tensile strength
as high as 1400 MPa
• Titanium alloys are used as high strength component in temperature
ranging 25 -550 deg C, especially where its excellent strength to weight
ratio is exploited. E.g Aircraft and missile component
 Alloying System of Titanium Alloys

Alloying Element :
Allostropic • Alpha stabilisers
Tranformation Al, O, N
• Beta stabilisers
Isomorphous : Mo,
V, W, Nb, Ta
Eutectoid : Fe, Cr,
α phase β phase Cu, Ni, Co, Mn
HCP structure BCC structure • Neutral
Zr, Si, Sn
 Classification of titanium alloys
1. Commercially pure (CP) titanium, alpha and near alpha titanium alloys
- generally non heat treatable and weldable
- Medium strength, good creep strength, good corrosion resistance
2. Alpha-beta titanium alloys
- Heat treatable, good forming properties
- Medium to high strength, good creep strength
3. Beta titanium alloys
- Heat treatable and readily formable
- Very high strength, low ductility
 Application
Alloy Type : Commercially Pure Alloy type : Alpha - Beta

Blade compressor:
1. Stage 1 – 14 : Ti-6A1-4V
2. Stage 15 – 16: A286
 Refractory Metals (Logam Tahan Api)
Metals that have extremely high melting Logam yang memiliki titik leleh sangat tinggi
temperatures are classified as refractory metals. diklasifikasikan sebagai logam tahan api.
Types: Jenis-jenis:
Included in this group are niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten Yang termasuk dalam klasifikasi ini adalah niobium (Nb),
(W), and tantalum (Ta). molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), dan tantalum (Ta).

Niobium (Nb) Molybdenum (Mo) Tungsten (W) Tantalum (Ta)

High purity niobium crystals, electrolytic made, as Molybdenum, ebeam remelted macro crystalline Tungsten rods with evaporated crystals, partially A high purity (99.999 %) tantalum single crystal,
well as a high purity 1 cm3 anodized niobium cube fragment. Purity as well as a high purity single oxidized with colorful tarnish. Purity 99.98 %, as made by the floating zone process, some single
for comparison. crystalline 1 cm3 molybdenum cube for comparison. well as a high pure 1 cm3 tungsten cube for crystalline fragments of tantalum, as well as a high
comparison. purity 1 cm3 tantalum cube for comparison.
Refractory Metals (Logam Tahan Api)
Properties:
Melting temperatures range between 2468°C for niobium and
3410°C, the highest melting temperature of any metal, for tungsten.
Interatomic bonding in these metals is extremely strong, which
accounts for the melting temperatures, and, in addition, large elastic
moduli and high strengths and hardnesses, at ambient as well as
elevated temperatures.
Sifat-sifat:
Titik lelehnya berkisar antara 2.468°C (untuk niobium) sampai
3.410°C (untuk tungsten; ini merupakan titik leleh tertinggi dari
semua logam). Ikatan antar atom pada logam-logam tersebut sangat
kuat. Akibatnya logam ini memiliki titik leleh, dan, sebagai tambahan,
modulus elastisitas yang besar disertai kekuatan dan kekerasan yang
tinggi, baik pada suhu ambien maupun suhu yang lebih panas.

Niobium (Nb) Molybdenum (Mo) Tungsten (W) Tantalum (Ta)

Appearance gray metallic, bluish when oxidized gray metallic grayish white, lustrous gray blue
Phase at STP solid solid solid solid
Melting point 2468 °C 2623 °C 3410 °C 3017 °C
Boiling point 4744 °C 4639 °C 5930 °C 5458 °C
Density (near r.t.) 8.57 g/cm3 10.28 g/cm3 19.3 g/cm3 16.69 g/cm3
Young's modulus 105 GPa 329 GPa 411 GPa 186 GPa
Shear modulus 38 GPa 126 GPa 161 GPa 69 GPa
Bulk modulus 170 GPa 230 GPa 310 GPa 200 GPa
Mohs hardness 6 5.5 7.5 6.5
Vickers hardness 870–1320 MPa 1400–2740 MPa 3430–4600 MPa 870–1200 MPa
Brinell hardness 735–2450 MPa 1370–2500 MPa 2000–4000 MPa 440–3430 MPa
 Refractory Metals (Logam Tahan Api)
Applications:
The applications of these metals are varied. For example:
• Within microalloyed stainless steels, the niobium content is a small (less than
0.1%) but important addition to high strength low alloy steels.
• Because of its resistance to high-temperature ablation, molybdenum was
widely used in the manufacture of weapons and equipment in the early 20th
century, mainly for the manufacture of artillery chambers and rocket nozzles.
• Approximately half of the tungsten is consumed for the production of hard
materials – namely tungsten carbide – with the remaining major use being in
alloys and steels. Incandescent light filaments, x-ray tubes, and welding
electrodes employ tungsten alloys.
• The major use for tantalum, as the metal powder, is in the production of
electronic components, mainly capacitors and some high-power resistors.
Niobium (Nb) Molybdenum (Mo)
Swebor-brand HSLA steel plate, showing both sides,
after plastic deformation from defeating projectiles Rocket nozzles is one of the application of molybdenum alloys.
in ballistics testing.
Aplikasi:
Penggunaan logam ini bervariasi. Misalnya:
• Dalam baja tahan karat mikroaloy, kandungan niobiumnya kecil (kurang dari
0,1%) tetapi merupakan tambahan penting untuk baja paduan rendah
berkekuatan tinggi (HSLA).
• Karena ketahanannya terhadap ablasi suhu tinggi, molibdenum banyak
digunakan dalam pembuatan senjata dan peralatan pada awal abad ke-20,
terutama untuk pembuatan ruang artileri dan nozel roket.
• Sekitar setengah dari tungsten dunia dipakai untuk membuat material keras,
yaitu tungsten karbida. Sisanya dipakai dalam paduan dan baja. Paduan
tungsten juga digunakan untuk filamen lampu pijar, tabung sinar-X, dan
elektroda las.
• Penggunaan utama tantalum adalah dalam produksi komponen elektronik,
terutama kapasitor dan beberapa resistor berdaya tinggi.
Tungsten (W) Tantalum (Ta)
Tungsten-carbide drill and end mills Tantalum electrolytic capacitor
 Noble Metals (Logam Mulia)
The noble or precious metals are a group of eight elements that have
some physical characteristics in common. They are expensive (precious)
and are superior or notable (noble) in properties—characteristically
soft, ductile, and oxidation resistant.
Types:
The noble metals are silver, gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium,
ruthenium, iridium, and osmium.
Logam mulia adalah 8 (delapan) unsur logam yang memiliki beberapa
ciri atau sifat fisik yang sama. Harganya mahal, dan sifatnya lebih
unggul atau lebih mulia (sifatnya lunak, ulet, dan tahan terhadap
oksidasi).
Jenis-jenis:
Yang termasuk logam mulia adalah perak, emas, platina, paladium,
rhodium, rutenium, iridium, dan osmium.

Silver (Ag) Gold (Au) Platinum (Pt) Palladium (Pd) Rhodium (Rh) Ruthenium (Ru) Iridium (Ir) Osmium (Os)

Acanthite sample from Gold nugget from A native platinum Platinum-palladium ore The chemical element One half of a high-purity Pieces of pure iridium. Native platinum
the Chispas Mine in Australia. (public nugget, Kondyor mine, from the Stillwater mine Rhodium: processing: (99.99%), electron- containing traces of the
Sonora, Mexico; scale at display, Field Museum Khabarovsk Krai. in the Beartooth 1g powder, 1g pressed beam-remelted other platinum group
bottom of image as one of Natural History, Mountains, Montana, cylinder, 1 g argon arc ruthenium bar. Size ca. metals.
inch with a rule at one Chicago, Illinois, USA). USA. remelted pellet. 40 × 15 × 10 mm,
centimeter. weight ca. 44 g.
 Noble Metals (Logam Mulia)
Properties: Sifat-sifat:

Silver Gold Platinum Palladium Rhodium Ruthenium Iridium Osmium

Appearance lustrous white metal metallic yellow silvery white silvery white silvery white metallic silvery white metallic silvery white silvery, blue cast
Phase at STP solid solid solid solid solid solid solid solid
Melting point 961.78°C 1064.18 °C 1768.3 °C 1554.9 °C 1964 °C 2334 °C 2446 °C 3033 °C
Boiling point 2162°C 2970°C 3825°C 2963°C 3695°C 4150°C 4130°C 5012°C
Density (near r.t.) 10.49 g/cm3 19.30 g/cm3 21.45 g/cm3 12.023 g/cm3 12.41 g/cm3 12.45 g/cm3 22.56 g/cm3 22.59 g/cm3
Speed of
sound thin rod 2680 m/s (at r.t.) 2030 m/s (at r.t.) 2800 m/s (at r.t.) 3070 m/s (at 20 °C) 4700 m/s (at 20 °C) 5970 m/s (at 20 °C) 4825 m/s (at 20 °C) 4940 m/s (at 20 °C)

Thermal 18.9 µm/(m·K) 14.2 µm/(m·K) 8.8 µm/(m·K) 11.8 µm/(m·K) 8.2 µm/(m·K)

expansion (at 25 °C) (at 25 °C) (at 25 °C) (at 25 °C) (at 25 °C) 6.4 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) 6.4 µm/(m·K) 5.1 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)

Thermal 429 W/(m·K) 318 W/(m·K) 71.6 W/(m·K) 71.8 W/(m·K) 150 W/(m·K) 117 W/(m·K) 147 W/(m·K) 87.6 W/(m·K)

conductivity
Electrical 15.87 nΩ·m 22.14 nΩ·m 105 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) 105.4 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) 43.3 nΩ·m (at 0 °C) 71 nΩ·m (at 0 °C) 47.1 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) 81.2 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
resistivity (at 20 °C) (at 20 °C)
Ductility (% 44 45 30-40
Elongation)
Young's modulus 83 GPa 79 GPa 168 GPa 121 GPa 380 GPa 447 GPa 528 GPa
Shear modulus 30 GPa 27 GPa 61 GPa 44 GPa 150 GPa 173 GPa 210 GPa 222 GPa
Bulk modulus 100 GPa 180 GPa 230 GPa 180 GPa 275 GPa 220 GPa 320 GPa 462 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.37 0.4 0.38 0.39 0.26 0.3 0.26 0.25
Mohs hardness 2.5 2.5 3.5 4.75 6 6.5 6.5 7
Vickers hardness 251 MPa 188–216 MPa 400–550 MPa 400–600 MPa 1100–8000 MPa 1760–2200 MPa 300 MPa
Brinell hardness 206–250 MPa 188–245 MPa 300–500 MPa 320–610 MPa 980–1350 MPa 2160 MPa 1670 MPa 293 MPa
 Noble Metals (Logam Mulia)
Applications:
Silver, gold and platinum are most common and are used extensively
in jewelry.
The largest use of palladium today is in catalytic converters.
Palladium is also used to make professional transverse (concert or
classical) flutes
The primary use of rhodium is in automobiles as a catalytic converter.
Ruthenium is used in some advanced high-temperature single-crystal
superalloys, with applications that include the turbines in jet engines.
Major applications of iridium include spark plugs that consumed 0.78
tonnes of iridium in 2007.
Aplikasi:
Perak, emas dan platina adalah yang paling umum dan digunakan
secara luas untuk perhiasan.
Penggunaan paladium terbesar saat ini adalah pada konverter
katalitik. Paladium juga digunakan untuk membuat seruling
melintang profesional (konser atau klasik)
Penggunaan utama rodium ada di mobil sebagai konverter katalitik.
Ruthenium digunakan di beberapa superalloy kristal tunggal suhu
tinggi, dengan aplikasi yang mencakup turbin pada mesin jet.
Aplikasi utama iridium termasuk busi yang mengonsumsi 0,78 ton
iridium pada tahun 2007.

Silver (Ag) Gold (Au) Platinum (Pt) Palladium (Pd) Rhodium (Rh) Ruthenium (Ru) Iridium (Ir) Osmium (Os)

French Art Nouveau Moche gold necklace 1,000 cubic centimeters Palladium is used to The primary use of Ruthenium is used in iridium and platinum Osmium are used in the
dessert spoons; circa depicting feline heads. of 99.9% pure platinum, make professional rhodium is in some advanced high- plugs that have longer tips of fountain pens as
1890; Cooper Hewitt, Larco Museum worth about transverse (concert or automobiles as a temperature single- lifetimes than copper they can resist wear
Smithsonian Design Collection, Lima, Peru. US$696,000 at 29 Jun classical) flutes. catalytic converter, crystal superalloys, with have become more from frequent
Museum (New York 2016 prices changing harmful applications that common operation.
City) exhaust emissions into include the turbines in
less noxious gases. jet engines.
Miscellaneous Nonferrous Alloys
(Paduan logam nonbesi lainnya)
A number of other nonferrous alloys are found in a
variety of engineering applications, and a brief
mention of these is worthwhile.
Nickel and its alloys are highly resistant to corrosion in many
environments, especially those that are basic (alkaline). Nickel is
often coated or plated on some metals that are susceptible to
corrosion as a protective measure. Monel, a nickel-based alloy
containing approximately 65 wt% Ni and 28 wt% Cu (the balance is
iron), has very high strength and is extremely corrosion resistant; it is
used in pumps, valves, and other components that are in contact
with acid and petroleum solutions. As already mentioned, nickel is
one of the principal alloying elements in stainless steels and one of
the major constituents in the superalloys.
The Art Deco gate in the
entrance hall of the
Guardian Building is
made from Monel
metal.
Ada beberapa paduan logam nonbesi lainnya
yang digunakan di berbagai aplikasi teknik.
Nikel dan paduannya sangat tahan terhadap korosi di berbagai
lingkungan, terutama lingkungan yang basa (alkalin). Nikel sering
dijadikan bahan pelapis untuk menyepuh logam-logam yang rentan
korosi supaya logam tersebut terlindung dari korosi. Monel, paduan
berbahan dasar nikel yang mengandung sekitar 65% berat Ni dan
28% berat Cu (sisanya adalah besi), memiliki kekuatan yang sangat
tinggi dan sangat tahan korosi. Monel digunakan untuk pompa,
katup, dan komponen lain yang bersentuhan dengan larutan asam
dan minyak bumi. Nikel adalah salah satu bahan utama pada paduan
baja tahan karat dan salah satu unsur utama dalam superalloy.
A pitted and lumpy Dutch coins made of
piece of nickel, with the pure nickel
top surface cut flat
Miscellaneous Nonferrous Alloys (Paduan logam nonbesi lainnya)
Lead, tin, and their alloys find some use as engineering materials.
Both lead and tin are mechanically soft and weak, have low melting
temperatures, are quite resistant to many corrosion environments,
and have recrystallization temperatures below room temperature.
Some common solders are lead–tin alloys, which have low melting
temperatures. Applications for lead and its alloys include x-ray
shields and storage batteries. The primary use of tin is as a very thin
coating on the inside of plain carbon steel cans (tin cans) that are
used for food containers; this coating inhibits chemical reactions
between the steel and the food products.
Solder wire.
Timbal, timah, dan paduannya banyak digunakan sebagai material
teknik. Baik timbal maupun timah secara mekanis lunak dan lemah,
memiliki titik leleh rendah, cukup tahan terhadap banyak lingkungan
korosi, dan memiliki suhu rekristalisasi di bawah suhu kamar. Solder
umumnya adalah paduan timbal-timah, yang memiliki titik leleh
rendah. Penggunaan timbal dan paduannya di antaranya sebagai
pelindung dari sinar-X dan bahan baterai. Kegunaan utama timah
adalah sebagai pelapis yang sangat tipis pada bagian dalam kaleng
baja karbon biasa (tin can) yang digunakan untuk wadah makanan;
lapisan ini menghambat reaksi kimia antara baja dengan makanan
dalam kaleng.
Tin plated metal from a Bricks of lead (alloyed
can. with 4% antimony) are
used as radiation
shielding.
Miscellaneous Nonferrous Alloys (Paduan logam nonbesi lainnya)
Unalloyed zinc also is a relatively soft metal having a low melting
temperature and a subambient recrystallization temperature.
Chemically, it is reactive in a number of common environments and,
therefore, susceptible to corrosion. Galvanized steel is just plain
carbon steel that has been coated with a thin zinc layer; the zinc
preferentially corrodes and protects the steel (Section 17.9). Typical
applications of galvanized steel are familiar (sheet metal, fences,
screen, screws, etc.). Common applications of zinc alloys include
padlocks, plumbing fixtures, automotive parts (door handles and
grilles), and office equipment.
Galvanized nails
Seng nonpaduan juga merupakan logam yang relatif lunak yang
memiliki titik leleh rendah dan suhu rekristalisasi di bawah
lingkungan. Secara kimiawi, ia reaktif di sejumlah lingkungan umum
sehingga rentan terhadap korosi. Baja galvanis hanyalah baja karbon
biasa yang telah dilapisi dengan lapisan seng tipis; seng khususnya
akan menimbulkan korosi dan melindungi baja. Aplikasi khas baja
galvanis sudah dikenal (lembaran logam, pagar, layar, sekrup, dll.).
Aplikasi umum paduan seng termasuk gembok, perlengkapan pipa,
suku cadang otomotif (gagang pintu dan kisi-kisi), dan peralatan
kantor.
Galvanized surface with A street lamp in
visible spangle Singapore showing the
characteristic spangle of
hot-dip galvanization
Miscellaneous Nonferrous Alloys (Paduan logam nonbesi lainnya)
Although zirconium is relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, not
until quite recent times were commercial refining techniques
developed. Zirconium and its alloys are ductile and have other
mechanical characteristics that are comparable to those of titanium
alloys and the austenitic stainless steels. However, the primary asset
of these alloys is their resistance to corrosion in a host of corrosive
media, including superheated water. Furthermore, zirconium is
transparent to thermal neutrons, so that its alloys have been used as
cladding for uranium fuel in water-cooled nuclear reactors. In terms
of cost, these alloys are also often the materials of choice for heat
exchangers, reactor vessels, and piping systems for the chemical-
processing and nuclear industries.
Zirkonium relatif melimpah di kerak bumi namun teknik pemurnian
komersialnya baru berkembang belum lama ini. Selain ulet,
zirkonium dan paduannya memiliki sifat-sifat mekanis yang
sebanding dengan paduan titanium dan baja tahan karat austenitik.
Namun, keutamaan paduan ini ada pada ketahanannya terhadap
korosi di sejumlah media korosif, termasuk air yang sangat panas.
Selanjutnya, zirkonium transparan terhadap neutron termal,
sehingga paduannya telah digunakan sebagai penutup bahan bakar
uranium di reaktor nuklir berpendingin air. Dari segi biaya, paduan ini
juga sering menjadi bahan pilihan untuk penukar panas, bejana
reaktor, dan sistem perpipaan untuk industri pengolahan kimia dan
nuklir.

Zircon sand, also known Fuel cladding is the

as zircon silicate outer layer of the fuel
(ZrSiO4),  is directly used rods, standing between
in foundry applications the reactor coolant and
and refractories and the nuclear fuel (i.e. fuel
other minor pellets). It is made of a
applications. corrosion-resistant
material with low
absorption cross section
for thermal neutrons (~
0.18 × 10–24 cm2),
usually zirconium alloy.
“Protective Aluminide Coatings
for Refractory Metals”
Author: S. Ulrich, M. C. Galetz
Published: September 2016

DOI 10.1007/s11085-016-9650-z
 Problem Identification
Refractory metals have significantly higher melting points compared to
commonly used materials, while their mechanical properties are adequate
at high temperatures [1, 2].
The main challenges for their application are their low ductility at room
temperature as well as low oxidation resistances at elevated temperatures.
This study investigates an approach to enhance the oxidation resistance of
the four different refractory metals tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, and
tungsten.
 Solutions Offered
Aluminum diffusion layers manufactured by pack cementation are promising coatings
used to suppress harmful oxidation by forming a dense and protective Al2O3 layer, thus
preventing the underlying substrate from degenerative oxidation.
Along with low fabrication costs, these coatings also show self-healing effects if the
protective surface oxide layer fails.
There has been some research on the aluminization of high temperature refractory metals
and their alloys via pack cementation processes reported in literature.
This research made an initial attempt to compare aluminide coatings on different
refractory metals systematically.
 Experimental Procedures
Pack Cementation Process
The samples were cut to 10 mm x 10 mm x 3 mm using wire erosion and cleaned for 10 min in
acetone in an ultrasonic bath.
The refractory metal samples were embedded in the powder pack in a covered alumina crucible
with an amount of powder-to-surface area ratio of 7.9 g/cm2. A pack composition of 1 wt% Al, 1
wt% NH4Cl, and 98 wt% Al2O3 was chosen according to experiments on austenitic steels [3].
The crucible was placed in the middle of a tube furnace equipped with a quartz tube. The heat
treatment of the crucible takes place at 1000°C for 8 h under an Ar—5 % H2 atmosphere with a
constant flow rate of approximately 4 L/h.
After the pack cementation process was completed, the coated specimens were cleaned with a
brush and distilled water.
Coating Result
 Oxidation Tests
All oxidation tests were carried out at 1300°C in dry air.
The weight changes per unit area were determined via TGA measurements.
At first, the results of 12 h oxidation tests are shown followed by
experiments for 40 h and 100 h.
In these experiments, uncoated and coated samples as well as coated
samples with additional fluorine treatment were used.
 Oxidation Tests for 12 h (1)

mass change curves oxidation curves

 Oxidation Tests for 12 h (2)
Aluminized molybdenum samples with and without Aluminized and fluorine-treated tantalum, tungsten, and
fluorine treatment niobium
Oxidation Tests for 40 h
Oxidation Tests for 100
 Conclusion and Summary (1)
Aluminum diffusion coatings have been applied successfully on the four
different refractory metals niobium, tantalum, tungsten, and
molybdenum.
After a pack cementation process for 8 h at 1000 C, smooth and
homogeneous diffusion layers consisting of intermetallic phases with high
aluminum contents were identified.
 Conclusion and Summary (2)
During oxidation tests at 1300 C in dry air, it was found that aluminizing has no effect on
the oxidation resistance of tantalum and tungsten.
In contrast, aluminizing niobium retards the linear oxide growth typically observed with
niobium.
A high increase in oxidation resistance is achieved using a halogen treatment on
aluminized samples.
Aluminized and fluorine-treated tantalum shows oxidation resistance up to 100 h at
1300 C in dry air.
In contrast, fluorine has no enhancing effect on molybdenum.
 Conclusion and Summary (3)
Closed and protective Al2O3 layers were found on aluminized and fluorine-
treated tantalum which therefore seems to be very promising.
Total lifetime investigations should be carried out in the future after
optimization of the fluorine treatment on tantalum.
Aluminized molybdenum substrates also show promising mechanisms
suitable to increase their oxidation resistance even without the need of an
additional fluorine treatment.
 Conclusion and Summary (4)
Aluminized and fluorine-treated tantalum shows oxidation resistance up to
100 h at 1300 C in dry air.
In contrast, fluorine has no enhancing effect on molybdenum.
The Lightweight of Magnesium
alloys :
Bio-material
•Bio-magnesium alloys

•Advantages : Low cost, abundant resources , lightweight , biocompatible and biodegradable

•Issues : over-rapid corrosion rate of magnesium in physiological environment and the insufficient mechanical property

•Material : Mg–30Sc alloys for orthopedics applications (Liu, 2019)

•Result : alloy showed the best mechanical performance with an ultimate compressive strength of 603±39 MPa and a compressive strain of
31±3%. The incorporation of Sc into corrosion layer led to the formation of double-layered corrosion product and thus improved the corrosion resistance of
alloy. The β phased alloy showed no cytotoxicity on MC3T3-E1 cells. After implantation into the femoral condyle for 24 weeks, the β phase alloy showed good
osseointegration which indicating its potential usage within bone.

•Material : Mg-2Zn-0.46Y-0.5Nd , micro-tubes for vascular stents (Wang, 2018)

•Result : The micro-tubes having an outer diameter of ∼2.0 mm and wall thickness of ∼0.15 mm, exhibit a high tensile strength of 298 MPa and
a large breaking elongation of ∼20% as well as a good corrosion resistance in simulated body fluid solution, providing the precursor for laser engraving stents.
The performance of biodegradable magnesium alloy stents (BMgS) requires special attention to non-uniform residual stress distribution and stress
concentration, which can accelerate the localized degradation after implantation.

Song, Jiangfeng. 2020. Latest research advances on magnesium and magnesium alloys worldwide.
Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 8. pages 17-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.02.003
 Mg–30Sc alloys for orthopedics applications
Heat Treatment
The disk samples were sealed in a quartz tube under high vacuum (9 x 10 Pa).
-4
Various heat treatment conditions were adopted in an electrical furnace to obtain specimens
with different constitutional phases. In order to acquire the single a phased alloy, the samples
were normalized at 470 C for 0.5 h with iced NaOH cooling. Other samples were subjected to
solid solution treatment at 670 C for 0.5 h with the same cooling way to obtain single b
phase. Subsequently, part of them was aged at 200 C for 5 h and
cooled gradually in furnace to acquire (a + b) dual phased alloys. The behavioral differences
between the as-extruded Mg-30 wt%Sc alloys with single a, single b, and dual (a + b) phases
were analyzed by microstructural characterization, mechanical tests, immersion and hydrogen
evolution tests, and electrochemical evaluation.
Liu, Jiang. 2019. In vitro and in vivo studies of Mg-30Sc alloys with different phase structure for potential usage within bone. Acta Biomaterialia 98. pages 50-66
Conclusion :
(1) The in vitro biodegradation test showed that Sc2O3 was distributed in the inner corrosion layer
while Mg(OH)2 was revealed in the outer corrosion layer. The double-layered corrosion products
could effectively improve the corrosion resistance of Mg-30 wt%Sc alloy.
(2) Both single a phased and b phased Mg-30 wt%Sc alloys showed no cytotoxic effect on MC3T3
cell line. All three experimental alloys displayed superior hemocompatibility without platelets
aggregation.
(3) The b phased Mg-30 wt%Sc alloy which had been reported toexhibit shape memory effect,
displayed outstanding mechanical performance, superior in vivo degradation performance (0.06
mm y1), which showed improved performances comparing with the WE43 alloy. Satisfactory
osseointegration, limited hydrogen release, maintained mechanical integrity were observed at 24
weeks’implantation.
 Mg-2Zn-0.46Y-0.5Nd , micro-tubes for vascular stents
Material Treatment :
As-cast Mg-2Zn-0.46Y-0.5Nd (wt.%) alloy cylindrical sample with a length of 50 mm and a diameter of 36 mm
were obtained for extrusion by wire cutting. Alloy billets were pre-extruded at 350 C with an extrusion ratio
of 7:1. Solid solution treatment for the extruded bars was carried out at 430 C for 72 h, in order to reduce
the volume fraction of second phase and gain uniform microstructure. The solution treated alloy billets were
machined into small hollow billets and then extruded into thin-wall hollow tube blanks with an outer
diameter of about 3.2 mm and a wall thickness of about 0.4 mm at 390 C with an extrusion ratio of 49:1. In
the extrusion process, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was applied as a lubricant.
Conclusion :
The drawn micro-tube after annealing exhibits good mechanical properties with yield
strength of 196 MPa and breaking elongation of 20 %. Such a good mechanical
properties is mainly related with grain refinement and texture weaken. In addition, as-
annealed micro-tube have a much lower corrosion rate of 0.106 ± 0.010 mg/(cm2/h)
compared with as-extruded tube blank. The improvement of corrosion resistance is
ascribed to the less crystallographic defects as well as fine and uniform grain structure.
Wang, Jianfeng. 2018. Processing and properties of magnesium alloy micro-tubes for
biodegradable vascular stents. Materials Science & Engineering C.
doi:10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.005
 References
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