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Settlement and Consolidation, 1-25-00
Settlement and Consolidation, 1-25-00
Ref:
Topics:
Effective Stress
Compression and Consolidation Process
Settlement Categories
Preconsolidation Condition
Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement
Time Rate of Consolidation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Effective Stress
Total stress at point A below the soil surface is equal to (1) the stress carried by the water
in the continuous void spaces (i.e. pore water pressure, u) and (2) the stress carried by the
soil solids at their points of contact (i.e. the soil skeleton). Approximately the effective
stress (')
HA
H w H A H sat
Ws Ww
where sat
Vtotal
'u 1 a
where a is the fractional surface area of solids (usually a<<1 for all
practical conditions) so 'u
Overconsolidated
Maximum
past load
Void ratio, e
log p
Non-linear
rebound when
load is removed
log p
pc
b
d
pc
log p
Using the initial void ratio and total volume (eo and Vo) gives VS
Vo
AH
1 eo 1 eo
AH
e
e S H
1 eo
1 eo
Cc
e1 e2
e
log p2 log po p
po
p1
p p
Cc H
log o
1 eo
po
Good
condition!
p o i p i
Cc H i
log
1 eo
po i
S s log o
NOTE: use of Cc vice Cs is conservative
1 eo
po
S S log c c log o
(partially on both curves)
1 eo
pc
p o 1 eo
If the e-log p plot is known, can simply find e over the appropriate range of
e
C c 0.141Gs1.2
2. Rendon-Herrero (1983)
3. Nagaraj and Murty (1985)
2.38
LL %
Gs
100
Cc 0.2343
sand
dz
dy
2Hdr
dx
clay
vzdxdy
sand
vz
v z
V
dz dxdy v z dxdy
z
t
v z
V
dxdydz
z
t
Darcy's law gives
v z ki k
combining gives
h
u
k
since u w h
z
z
k 2u
1
V
2
w z
dxdydz t
during settlement
VS
V Vv VS eVS dxdydz e
VS
0 and
, since
t
t
t
1 eo t
t
V
dxdydz
1 eo
1 eo
k 2u
1 e
2
w z
1 eo t
assume that the decrease in void ratio is proportional to the increase in effective stress (or
e av u , av = coeff. of compressibility
the decrease in pore pressure)
define the coeff. of volume compressibility mv
av
1 eo
k
k 2u
u
2u
u
c
m
, define coeff. of consolidation v
cv
v
2
w mv
w z 2
t
t
z
,
solving gives a time factor Tv
cv t
H dr2
1 e
e e
, eav 1 2
1 eav p
2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.001
0.01
0.1
Sivaram & Swamee (1977) empirical relationship for U (degree of settlement) from 0-100%
2
4Tv
U%
U%
4 100
Tv
0.179
and
2
.
8
5.6 0.357
100
U%
4Tv
1
100