స్పోకెన్ ఇంగ్లీష్, Spoken English

Spoken
English
www.granthanidhi.blogspot.in
www.mohanpublictions.com
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
granthanidhi.blogspot.in
mohanpublictions.com
1
Spoken English
D+! H e $q+&. (#<e+&)

+^w e{&\+f @+ #j*?
+^w e{&*.
+^wMOHAN
e{&&+ m edT+~?
+^w e{& edT+~.
m s\T> || |X n&H de<q+ <. +! @ uw
e{&&+ nsTTH
n~ n\yT e edT+~. |\HH ds
PUBLICTIONS
&TeTT+& e{&j*. nyT |&by*. |\T eT+>
bsTT.
k<q +{ |d\T <] #|sTT. |d+ #
|J\ |q u = y\THsTT. n$ kyT\T, d\T.
bs+ #<T eTq| &T y\qT +sd
+ #jT +&. MT d+uwD\
d+<s+ eq|& y\qT n+T+ +&+&. d>TZ|&+&.
bs\T eTq+> eTqdTH #<e+&. _>Zs> #<e+&. MT
euw MTsT @y>+ e{&TTHs y>+ n\yjT
#<e+&. m M\sTT n y\qT H{ e# #<e+&. MT
d+uwD\ |j+#+&. <VsD |d+ I shall go to
Rajahmundry nH y+ +~. MT yTeTT s| @\sT yeTT
MOHAN
go to Eluru tomorrow n #|+&.
n #|d+<s+ ed We shall
+^w e{&&+ eTq # +~ *+#~ present
tense third person singular verb |j
+#&+ . He drinks tea
PUBLICTIONS
y+ drinks nq&+, Does he drink tea n |+#&+ does
drink, he does not drink tea n#| &+
does not drink nq&+ #
w+ neT+~. $dT>=#dT+~. =+\+ |<T. |jT+#+&.
eq+&. bd H* sT#T+&. m|&T r] <=]H He goes,
she smiles, it runs, he plays, she sings, the cow gives, does he play?
does she dance? does it run? he does not write, it does not run, she
does not like n+ MT *dq @&$T~ Verb \ |jd
|
q me]H n+TqT >{> e{&T T+&+&. nsTT<sT sE
2
Spoken English
q\u verb\T +bsTT. + sTy eTq+ m+dT\Te>,

m+ <s+>, T&TeTT+& n<\T &Ty n+ u>
+^w e{&>\+.
s#T> sp n|& be>+, |& |~ eTTc\T yTT+
yTT+ z >+d| +^w #<e
+&. _>sZ > #<e
+&. = y\
MOHAN
+sd
+ #jT +&. qdt |
|sY z |
J nsTTH < m&{]jT nsTTH
#<e+&. #<e&+ b +^w $q+&. d.$.sY. qdt #q
sp +^w ysPUBLICTIONS
\T eksTT. $q+&. &.&. qdt #q $q+&.
+^w { yT+{ L& $qe#T.
#<e&+ +f $q&+, $q&+ +f e{&&+ me yT\T.
eT&+{ $& |+&.
{e\ &^ s>T |y+q <>Zs qT+& jTTerjTTe\T
+|PsY d+s #sTTHsT. +|PsY $Cq+ ed <>\T
ekjT . eT+<. HsT +&. +^w e{&> \ >&+ n++ f
eTTKeT \TdT+&. u> +|PsY $Cq+ +& _.f, m+.d.@
\T bdsTT k|tysY <>\ d+ fdT\T yd y{ L& bdsTT
L& +s +^w u> e{&&
+ # q+<Te <>\
d
e&+<T . messTTH n&>+ &. e<, d
H
_jTd |d
t dT
bdsTT _.m& bdsTTq jTTeT\T |[ #dT= @ V<u< y[
U> +&&+ m+<TMOHAN
n& |yT d {#sY <>
|
j
T ksT . qTe e< m+ *yq
<yH
+^w <s+>
e{&&+, du +^w &TeTT+& #|&+ #b
<>+ s<TPUBLICTIONS
.
d{\ m& <>+ s<T. |eT dT\ {#sT> L&
qT rdTsT. n& 5,6 s>T\ $<sT\T L& +^w eTq+f
u> e{ & T s T . y +^ w bs + # | & qTe
|jTdTHe.
fH dT, +sY\ qT+& +^w e{&& |jT+
#jT+&. n\yT #dT+&.
|d+ msYdC\T HsTT. y{ yT\T + MT<
3
Spoken English
yjT+&. H{ nq+&. s+&T eT&T ksT nH, |d+ es

yT\T () HsTT. MT yT* n&Tq yT d] #dT+&.
n |d+ H\T><T ksT #~y, MT + |ksTT
|d\T #<y\|d MT fHdT +^w Non-detailed text
MOHAN
|d\THsTT. The Merechant
of Venice ws VAyT &fy <
+{ |d\ bsjT+&. eT #<e+&.
|d + #~y practice + =qk+#\ + |d +
PUBLICTIONS
#<y\ n|++<
+f H n~ #\T. eT+ d+w+, >s+
\T>TsTT.
Please make me feel proud.
|d+ yjT&+ H bV, d\V*d, |*

d]#d dVjT|&qysT X l d.$.. ne<qT\T >sT (>{\).
ysT H dsDjTT\T.
e $TT&T jTH. jTsE (]fsY |b, >esyT+T pjTsY
, #>\T) >] esT&T e]we s+J$ ds|t (
>|, >D| d+sY, &<y\T) |d+ &.{.|. #jT&+
< > Z s q T+ | d + | + { + > es y T T + u< eV +
T&j&T. n Xu+\T.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
Spoken English
The best way to learn a subject is to

write a book about it.
Lesson - 1
MOHAN
Language is a vehicle of thought
ue |q k<qeTT uw. ue |q uw f k<qeTT

<T. nH s k<H\T L& HsTT.
PUBLICTIONS
1. d+\T (gestures)
: H+ e |\+&H \ n&+>H,
\Te>H }|&+ <s eTq sks > y< >
*jT#jTe#T. #T\T }| T seT < nT yeT
*jT#jT e#T.
2. s+>T\T : eTq CrjT C+& = s+>T = uy
d+eT+{sT. {| d> msT|, |dT|, |# s+>T\ uy\T
eTq \TdT. mesH n~] eT sdq *jT#jT&
q\s+>T u&\T |<]ksT.
s&T MT< bjT yVH\ &
e
s <>sZ d\T +< Vd
+<, m<TsT> |e<syTq e+| ek+<, +{ uy\
= \ d+\T> |jksT. n+<] *dq~ s+&T
meTT\ dt> yd eT<MOHAN
|i yd nbjTeTT n ueeTT. e
ue |q k<H.
e # |]$TyTq uy\qT *jT#jT&
PUBLICTIONS
|jkeTT.
$d yTq d+wyTq uy\ e]+#&
$ d]be. < uw n+ deTsyTq k<qeTT.
eT] eTw uw m d+$TdT+~?
e u w n+{+. n+f * <s + & <s
ysd+>H, C{ >H d+$TdT+<?
\T>T *<+&T\ |{q |d>T&TqT |+> @
u+uj rdT bsTT V+B usus\ <>Zs e~d |d_&
|<j V+B uw n\e&TT+~. \T>T d+> <T.
5
Spoken English
+{qT |]dsq $|+# uw |\\ n\e&TT+~.

qT uw d+$T+#~ <T. n\yT #dT=H~. +{q,
|]dsq $|+# uw dT\u+> n\e&TT+~. n eTw
m uwH n\es#Te#T.
+= eTTK $wjT+: eTw |dq+ n|&|& e\T
edq ejTdT qT+ |]MOHAN
o*d ` |dq+H @ uwHH dT\u+>
HsT>\+. ejTdT |]>=B = uwqT n\yT #dT=H X
Zb+T+~.
H&T dPUBLICTIONS
T\u+> n\e& M\T <{bsTTq ejTdT n+f
| ~ V H <{ b sTTq ej T d T e q j T Te \T +{ > ,
|]ds> $q& uw, n< +^w uw e{&&+
n\es#T y\+f n~ d+ue
e? dT\uk < e? |
X \ yT
d+ueyT... k<yT.
& yT<&T #q e+<+f ` n~ K+>
euwH edT+~. uy +^w sTe #dT=
e{&*. m+{ y&H |suw m+ >=|> nqsZ+> e{&
y&H < |jT.
euw yT<&T {q uy m+ y>+>, sTw+>
n+f |\T +& nqTy<+ #jT>\eTT nq < MT< |suw
e{&>\>&+ <s|&TT+~.
ds! yT<&T MOHAN
#q {+~. uy +^w e+
#j
*. n+f eTT+<T> @ Verb |j +#*. Verb @ Tense
|j+#* nH~ eTT+<T sjTeTy*.
PUBLICTIONS
A
1.
HH= $<] n +^w #b\+f.

I am a Student.
2.
eTqeTT usrjTT\eTT.
We are Indians.
3.
jTq b<jTT&T.
He is a teacher.
4.
yT &sT.
She is a doctor.
6
Spoken English
5.
n~ \.
That is a table.
6.
~ .
This is a chair.
7.
n~/ ~ .
It is a dog.
8.
MOHAN
n$ e\T.
Those are cows.
9.
e n<PUBLICTIONS
\sT$.
You are a liar.
10.
MTsT d\T.
You are soldiers.
+^w there yTT<\jT ysD+ |yTq~.
11.
>& MT< |* q~.

There is a cat on the wall.
12.
e dT |~eT+~ $<sT\THsT.
There are ten students in our class.
B
13.
H <sT k<sT\THsT.
I have two Brothers.
14.
e sT+~.MOHAN
We have a car.
15.
16.
e s+&T =eTT\T+{sTT.
The cowPUBLICTIONS
has two horns.
yT eT<TsyTq +s ds+ +~.

She has a melodius voice.
17.
\ H\T>T +{sTT.
The table has four legs.
18.
y \T+~.
They have a house.
C
19.
e b*dT+~.
7
Spoken English
The cow gaves milk.
20.
|\T\T m\T\ #+|sTT.

Cats kill rats.
21.
eTqeTT usYqT |$TkeTT.

We love India.
22.
MOHAN
dH { &T&T.
Sachin plays cricket.
23.
dsT&T sTq <sTTk&T.
The sunPUBLICTIONS
rises in the east.
24.
H jT> +T+~.
Honey tastes sweet.

| y\ Underline #dq |<\qT verb \T n+{sT.
u>+ am, are, is \T verb \T
subject I nsTT verb - am
III Person @e#q+ (singular number) he, she, it nsTT verb
- is
You (e nsTTH MTsT nsTTH) verb - are.
VQe#q+ (Plural number) we, they nsTT verb - are $ y+

subject jTT ` +&T ` be ` n+f The state of being qT
*jT#ksTT.
MOHAN
I am a student n+f HH= $<]> HqT.
nqqe +&T = be
be jTT $$< sb am, is, are M{ $es+ sTy +T+~.
PUBLICTIONS
(a) The verb denotes the state of being of a subject

B ` $u>+
Has < have - verb \T.
y+ Subject First, Second, Third Person \ +T+~.
First person - Singular number (@e#q+) - I,
Plural number (VQe#q+) - We
II Person
Singular - You
Plural - You
III Person
Singular - He, She, it
8
Spoken English
Plural - they
HqT, yTeTT, e MTsT +<sTTH, mesH, y&T, <e&T, e

b<sY, e, \ @<H III Person.
Subject Third person +& Singular number (@e#q+) nsTT
Verb - has. ( Subject He, She, it nsTT )
plural number (VQe#MOHAN
q+) They nsTT verb - have
subject I @e#q+( I person singular) nsTTH We(VQe#q+)
II person you (e MTsT) nsTTH verb - have
has - have n+f PUBLICTIONS
* +&T (possession)
we have a car n+f yTeTT sTqT * HeTT nqT
The verb denotes the state of possession of a subject
C ` u>+
Give, Kill, love, play, rise, taste nH Verb \T y{ Subject \T the
cow, cats, we, sachin, the sun, honey \T #d
| *jT#ksTT.
Subject - Third Person - singular +f Present tense
Verb S > es > #s*. Ex: The cow gives
(C) The verb denotes the state of action of a subject.
(a), (b), (c) y\T eT& *| verb \D+ neT+~.
verb ` u
\eTT (Past tense) ese
q\eTT (Present tense)
u$wY \eTT (Future tense) n eT&T +T+~.
+^w eT&T tense \ = < H\T>d s\THsTT.
MOHAN
n+f yTT+ eT&T H\T>T\T |H+&T s\T+{sTT.

M{ Present tense H\T>T s\ yTT<{~
Simple present
tense .
PUBLICTIONS
|q <V]+q A,B,C $u> yverb \T
Simple present tense HsTT.
Simple present tense is used to denote universal truths
and habitual actions.
The sun rises in the east, Honey tastes sweet. $ |
d\T
Sachin plays e+{ y n\yT> #d |qT\T.
I have a car, she is a doctor e+{ y u, u$wY, eseq
\T eT& + { qT ( | ] $T) e] + # | q T\T

9
Spoken English
d+#&TTHsTT.
eT&T d+<s\q verb simple present tense
|j+#*.
kyT\T nqTue
d\T qT n$ m|&
Simple present
tense H +{sTT.
MOHAN
Ex. 1. Honesty is he best policy. 2. All that glitters is not gold.

3.Fortune favours the brave e+{$.
mHs\ nqTueyT kyT\ s|+ q&TT+~. n$ XX

PUBLICTIONS
d.
EXERCISE - 1
Translate the following sentences into English.
1. us<XeTT H eu$T. (eu$T ` Mother land )
2. \T>T H euw. (euw ` Mother tongue )
3. e >& +T+~.
4. u$T dsT&T #T sT>TT+~.
5. @qT>T =+&eTT +T+~.
6. ys+ @&T sE\T+{sTT.
7. ys @&T sE\T+{sTT.
8. +<|<X 23 \THsTT.
9. +<|<X 23 \THsTT.
10. [<dT >=| $. MOHAN
11. sejTD, eTVuse TT\T >=| VdeTT\T (VdeTTèpic )
12. nd X b|eTT. (nd X ` untouchability )
13. q& eT+ yj
jTeTT. (q& ` Walking )
PUBLICTIONS
14. n& <&XjT+ +~. (<&XjT+ ` Strong Determination )
15. H *> +~.
16. <e&T n+ H&T.
17. u\T b\T b&T&T.
18. nk+ s#T> es+ sTdT+~.
19. e Hq V+<T ||sT #<Te&T.
20. Kss\T nsu <X\ |+&TsTT.
10
Spoken English
Knowledge is Power
Lesson - 2
|X\T n&>&+ m?
MOHAN
T s\T.
+^w Questions s+&
1.Wh questions 2.Yes - No answer questions
Who, Whom, When, Where, Why, What, how, how many, how
much, how often, how far |<\ yTT<\jT |X\ wh questions n+{sT.
yT neqT Yes n > <T No n > e# |X\qT Yes - No
questions n+{sT.
1. e$T& | we? Do you like mangoes? nH |X
PUBLICTIONS
neqT wyT n <T w+ <T n yT edT+~.

2. e n& #ky? Have you seen him?
3. \ H+ #dT+<? Does Latha dance?
Yes - No answer questions +{sTT.
Do, does, has, have, is e+{ e\ yTT<\esTT.
M{ Auxiliary Verbs n+{sT.
be, am, is, are, was, were
have
has
had
do
does
did
shall
should
will
would
can
could
may
might
must
need
dare
24 auxiliary verbs. M{ helping verbs n L& n+{sT.
He is a teacher is - principal verb.
He is reading a book verb - is reading. ( reading f verb
<T )
& is - helping (auxiliary) verb
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
11
Spoken English
read - principal verb.

An auxiliary verb is one which helps other verbs to form other
tenses. Helping verb is not necessary in simple present and
simple past tenses.
Simple present tence B $u>+ q state of possesion
qT *jT#d verb \T has, have \T y principal verbs.
MOHAN
* +&&+ nsdTHsTT.
I have lost my purse y+ have * +&&+
n ns+ <T .
PUBLICTIONS
lost prinicipal verb b>=THqT nH ns+ dT+~. eT] have
| @$T{?
verb , present perfect tense #|& have - helping verb
> +~.
24 helping verbs = helping verb \T> e +
|j>|&sTT. = d++> prinicipal verbs >q helping
verbs >q L& |j>|&sTT. M{ $es\T eTT+<T eksTT.
|&T eTT+<T> A u>+ y\T #<+. y +&T
(be) nH ns+ be sb verbs.
1.
Q.
Q.
2.
3.
I am a student.
Who are you?
I am a student.
Are you a student?
Yes, I am a student. .. affirmative sentence n+{sT.
No; I am not a student ( ~ negative)
We are Indians
Who are you?
Are we Indians?
Yes; we are Indians.
No; we are not Indians.
He is a teacher.
Who is he?
Is he a teacher?
Yes; he is a teacher.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
12
Spoken English
4.
No; he is not a teacher?

She is a doctor.
who is she?
Is she a doctor?
Yes; she is a doctor.
No; she is not a doctor.
That is a table.
what is that?
Is that a table?
Yes; that is a table.
No; that is not a table.
This is a chair.
What is this?
Is this a chair?
Yes; this is a chair.
NO; this is not a chair.
It is a dog?
What is it?
Is it a dog?
yes; it is a dog.
NO; it is not a dog.
They are cows.
What are they?
Are they cows ?
Yes; they are cows.
No; they are not cows.
You are a liar.
Am I a liar?
Yes; you are a liar.
No; you are not a liar.
You are soldiers.
Who are we?
MOHAN
5.
PUBLICTIONS
6.
7.
MOHAN
8.
PUBLICTIONS
9.
10.
13
Spoken English
Are we soldires?
Yes; you are soldiers.
No; you are not soldiers.
11.
There is a cat on the wall.
What is there on the wall?
Where is the cat?
Is there a cat on the wall?
Yes; there is a cat on the wall.
No; there is not a cat on the wall.
12.
There are ten students in our class.
How many students are there in your class?
Are there ten students in your class?
Yes; There are ten students in our class.
NO; There are not ten students in our class.
B. u>+ have, has \T prinicipal verb \T> eT d+
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
*jTT+&TqT *jT#ksTT.
Subject III person singular number +f verb-has.
I person - singular (I) nsTTH plural (We) nsTTH
II Person singular (you) plural L& you nsTTH
III person plural they nsTTH verb-have
Question - negative forms y+ q|&T
have - do have. do not have
has - does have. does not have > +{sTT.
13.
I have two brothers.
How many brothers do you have?
Do you have two brothers?
Yes; I have two brothers.
No; I do not have two brothers.
14.
We have a car.
Do you have a car?
Yes; we have a car.
No; I do not have a car.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
14
Spoken English
ns+
15.
16.
The cow has two horns.

How many horns does the cow have?
Does the cow have two horns?
Yes; the cow has two horns.
No; the cow does not have two horns.
She has a melodious voice
Does she have a melodious voice?
Yes; she has a melodious voice.
No; She does not have a melodious voice.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
17.
The table has four legs.

How many legs does the table have?
Does the table have four legs?
Yes; the table has four legs.
No; the table does not have four legs.
18.
They have a car.

Do they have a car?
Yes; they have a car.
MOHAN
No; they do not have a car.

19.
The cows gives milk.
PUBLICTIONS
y+ subject
the cow. ~ III Person Singular
Simple present tense subject III person singular +f
verb S > es > #s*.
give s #] gives nsTT+~.
question form .......does give
negative answer does not give.
what does the cow give?
15
Spoken English
Does the cow give milk?

Yes; the cow gives milk.
No; the cow does not give milk.
20. cats kill rats.
MOHAN
Subject - cats. ~ Singular <T. plural qT verb - kills
nq<T. kill >H +~. Subject qT The cat nsTT e+ Kills

PUBLICTIONS
n #b*.
What do cats kill?
cats kill rats.
Do cats kill rats?
Yes; cats kill rats.
No; cats do not kill rats.
21.
Sachin plays cricket.

What does sachin play?
Does sachin play cricket?
MOHAN
Yes; Sachin plays cricket.
No; Sachin does not play cricket.

22.
We love India.
PUBLICTIONS
Do you love India?

Yes; we love India.
No; we do not love India.

23.
The sun rises in the East.

Where does the sun rise?
Does the sun rise in the East?
Yes; The sun rises in the East.
16
Spoken English
No; the sun does not rise in the East.

24.
Honey tastes sweet.

How does honey taste?
Does honey taste sweet?
Yes; honey tastes sweet.
NO; honey does not taste sweet.
EXERCISE - 2
Translate the following sentences into English and write the
question forms and answers in both affirmative and negative
forms.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
+ Xdy.
d+es+ 12 H\\T+{sTT.
e Hq <jT+ | >T&T.
sT 100 e< eTsT>TT+~.
+< <qTdT @&T s+>T\T+{sTT.
+< <qTdT @&T s+>T\T+{sTT.
\ <\T ydT+~.
q\T s deTjMOHAN
T+ |ksTT.
ysD >+>q~ &Tq q~.
qM&T e$T& | |d~.
\T yTTsPUBLICTIONS
T>TsTT.
||+#+ dTesT 2796 uw\THsTT.
|\T m>TsTsTT.
u\TsT >* |{\qT m>syksT.
+f b&yq yT& +T+~.
17
Spoken English
Politics is war without blood shed and

war is politics with blood shed
Lesson - 3
|&T sT>TTq | MOHAN
#|e\d eq|&T ` <VsD
1. HqT |<es> #<TeTHqT. n #b*ed
I am Studying tenth calss. n #b*.
2. e Hq>sT PUBLICTIONS
d{u+ |#dTHsT.
My father is working in the state bank.
3. u\TsT V &TTHsT.
The boys are playing hockey.
4. es+ ek+~.
It is raining.
y+ it yTT<\e&+ +^w |.
Simple present tence natural truth > #b\+f
nk+ s#T es+ sTdT+~.
It often rains in Assam.
MOHAN
+<eH >sH #&&+ Hq+<+> +T+~.

It is delightful to see the Brindavan gardens.
y+
PUBLICTIONS
verb - is
to see <T.
It n+f n~ ~ nH ns+ ~&.There is a cat on the wall
there +{~.
B Impersonal it n+{sT. n~ ~ nH ns+ it - personal it.

5.
bdT\T <=+> sTeTTTHsT.
18
Spoken English
The Police are chasing the thief.
6.
yTeTT beTT d+ yTTHeTT.

We are searching for the snake.
7.
seTDjT >sT >eTs

T #|THsT.
MOHAN
Mr. Ramanayya is teaching grammar.
8.
e<$ +^w HsT+T+~.
PUBLICTIONS
Madhavi is learning English.
9.
sE \+&H +T+H&T.
Raju is living in London.
10.
eTV ejCsY &TT+~.

Mayabazar is showing at Leela Mahal.
|&T sT>TTq | #| tense present continuous tense

n+{sT.
The present continuous tense denotes an action which is taking place at the time of speaking.
MOHAN
tense Verb s+&T e\T+{sTT.

be form (helping verb) + verb + ing.
PUBLICTIONS
Verb + ing present participle n+{sT.

be forms:
Present tense
past tense
past participle
be
was
been
am
was
been
is
was
been
19
Spoken English
are
were
been
1 e y+ am studying - verb.
am - be form
~ helping verb.
study - prinicipal verb.
MOHAN
study + ing= Studying - present participle
PUBLICTIONS
subject I nsTT be form - am
He, She, it (III person singular) nsTT is

we, you, they, (plural number) nsTT are
present continuous tense be form L& present tense
H +&*.
being L& be ` s|yT. ~ continuous tense passive
voice edT+~.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
20
Spoken English
The fourth world war will be fought

with sticks and stones
Lesson - 4
MOHAN
|X\T n&> $<q+:
m|&H Question < answer tense +&*. Question
PUBLICTIONS
@ tense +f yT n< tense #b*.
I am studying tenth class.
Q1.
What class are you studying?
Q2.
Are you studing tenth class?
A1.
Yes; I am studying tenth class.
A2.
No; I am not studying tenth calss.
2.
My father is working in the state bank.
Q.
Where is your father working?

Is your father working in the State Bank?
MOHAN
Negative - No; my father is not working in the state

bank.
3.
The boys are playing hockey.
PUBLICTIONS
What are the boys playing?
Are the boys playing hockey?

Negative - No; the boys are not playing hockey.
4.
It is raining.
Is it raining?
Negative - No; It is not raining.
5.
The Police are chasing the thief.

21
Spoken English
Who are chasing the thief?

Whom are the police chasing?
Are the police chasing the thief?
No; The police are not chasing the thief.
MOHAN
V
Qe#q+. \T>T +<T\T, _jTeTT
> police & H&? me eT+~ Hs? nqeds+.The
police are nH nH*. bdt & n dw+> #b\+f The
PUBLICTIONS
police man nH*. n|& is y&*.)
( +^w police
6.
We are searching for the snake.

What are you searching for?
Are you searching for the snake?
Negative: No; we are not searching for the snake.
7.
Mr. Ramanayya is teaching grammar?

Who is teaching grammar?
What is Mr. Ramanayya teaching?
Is Mr. Ramanayya teaching grammar?
8.
Madhavi is learning English.
MOHAN
What is Madhavi learning?

Who is learning Englinsh?
PUBLICTIONS
Is Madhavi learing English?
Negative - No; Madhavi is not learning English.

9.
Raju is living in London.

Where is Raju Living?
Is Raju living in London?
No; Raju is not living in London.
10.
Mayabazar is showing at Leela Mahal.

What is showing at Leela Mahal?
22
Spoken English
Where is Mayabazar showing?

Is Mayabazar showing at Leela Mahal?
EXERCISE -3
Translate the folling Telugu sentences into English and frame
MOHAN
the relevant question forms too.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
de sC q{dTH&T.
kq m||mdtd |\ js+~.
PUBLICTIONS
sM+< bsyT+T m b{ #dTH&T.
e eTT&T sE jTTmdt qT+& edTH&T.
qTe n<+ &TTHe.
HqT sejTD+ #<TeTHqT.
N{ |&T+~.
y b{&T=+T+HsT.
y{\T J nsy sbjT\ neTT&eTHsTT.
dsT&T nd$TdTH&T.
s< ||sT #<Te+~.
my\T = |d d+ +<q #dTHsT.
yTeTT {M {MOHAN
#dTHeTT.
Ms+< = qe\ ydTH&T.
X+ e+PUBLICTIONS
#k+~.
23
Spoken English
Peace is the interval between two wars.
Lesson - 5
1.
H|& e#qT.
MOHAN
I have just come.
2.
s\T |& b{b+ e~*+~.

The train has left the platform.
3.
y[& |PUBLICTIONS
< qT+ HsT.
They have lived here for ten years.
4.
jTo |d+ #~yd+~.

Jayasree has already read this book.
5.
yTeTT { e#Y >*#eTT.
We have won the cricket match.

|& |P] nsTTq | present perfect tense #b*. |
y underline #dq u>+ verb +<T s+&T e\THsTT.
has or have + past participle form of the verb.
Past participle form of the verb n+f`
| Verb present tense form, past tense form, past participle form (future tense form <T). n eT&T sb\T+{sTT.
eT&T sb\T <s+>H Verb n tense sb\T
@s&TsTT. eT&T sb\ verb jTT conjugation
n+{sT. past participle nH~ tense <T. n<= s|+. =
tense \ Verb <= u>+ neT+~.
= Verb \ conjugation +T+~.
Present tense
past tense
past participle
Be
was
been
Am
was
been
Is
was
been
do
did
done
has
had
had
have
had
had
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
24
Spoken English
bring
buy
build
catch
feel
fell
fall
learn
leave
feed
lose
make
say
sell
teach
tell
think
read
become
begin
break
choose
drive
drink
eat
fight
fly
flow
give
grow
hold
know
brought
bought
built
caught
felt
felled
fell
learnt
left
fed
lost
made
said
sold
taught
told
tought
read
became
began
broke
chose
drove
drank
ate
fought
flew
flowed
gave
grew
held
knew
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
25
brought
bought
built
caught
felt
felled
fallen
learnt
left
fed
lost
made
said
sold
taught
told
tought
read
become
begun
broken
chosen
driven
drunk
eaten
fought
flown
flowed
given
grown
held
known
Spoken English
lie
lay
run
stick
strike
lay
laid
ran
stuck
struck
MOHAN
lein
laid
run
stuck
struck
$ = verb \T eyT. + # HsTT. s+& bs+

|
s=q auxilary verbs have, has \T HsTT. present perfect tense
PUBLICTIONS
$ helping verbs.
has or have + past participle
has or have + spoken (speak- spoke- spoken)
has m|&T |j+#*? have m|&T |j+#*?
Subject
I
We
nsTT ` have
You
they
I have seen, we have played, you have eaten, they have

brought
Subject He
MOHAN
nsTT ` Has
She
It
He has written, she has sold, It has gone.
H uq+ |& PUBLICTIONS

nsTT+~.
I have had my lunch.

y+ have - present perfect tense helping verb
had - ~ have past participle - ~ principal verb
present perfect tense is used to denote an action
a) Just completed.
b) a Past action as continuing to the present
1. s\T (|&) b{b+ MT<=+~.
26
Spoken English
The train has arrived on the platform.

2. HqT |d+ #~ykqT.
I have read this book.
m|{ #<e&+ |P] nsTT+~? <jTyT |P] nsTT+<? |&

D+ yT |P] nsTTMOHAN
|d+ eTdH? n+f m|&H
e#T.
I have read this book an hour ago. n+f |.
feTT | d]>PUBLICTIONS
#b\+f.
I read (s&) this book an hour ago nH*. (simple past tense)
ago, yesterday, last week +{ \ d |<\T (adverbs
of time) Present Perfect tense y&L&<T.
3. H& |< |#kqT. (|{es)
I have worked here .................. ten years.
I have worked here .............................................................. the year 2000.
~ 2010 d+es+ nsTT... s+&T y\ f ns+. 10

d+ \T perid of time n the year 2010 n+f point of time
n n+{sT. period of time nsTT ..................... prepostion for
y&*. point of time nsTTq|&T ......................... prepostion
............since y&*. MOHAN
I have worked here for ten years.

I have worked here since the year 2000
+& I have worked in 2000 n+f y+
for > since >PUBLICTIONS
|. d+<s+ have worked n present perfect
y&L&<T.
Simple past tense
I worked here in year 2000 n #b*.
4. y&T & jTs&T.
He has set out for Delhi. (set -set -set)
5. yT |sT bsTT+~.
She has lost her purse. (Lose - lost - lost)
27
Spoken English
ever, never, so far, yet |<\qT |j+#|&T present

perfect tense qT |j+#*. |X ever +f answer
negative nsTT never y&*.
6. qTe CqT m|&H #ky?
Have you ever seen the Taj?
MOHAN
Yes; I have seen.
Yes; I have often seen.
No; I have never seen.
PUBLICTIONS
7. +es |~eT+~ >dT e#sT.
Only ten guests have come so far.
8. jTq + <s+> +&&+ HHsT>qT.
I have never known him to be so generous.
9. n& eTT|jT. + <>+ s<T.
He is thirty. He has not got a job yet.
10. |<q eT+ sJHe #dsT.
The prime minister has resigned.
EXERCISE-4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
>$T m|dt |& b{ b+ MT< =+~.

MOHAN
yT q\ujT. +
|[ #dT<T.
|{ qe\ sy |J\T #~yqT.
m|&H ysDd yy?
yVH HPUBLICTIONS
\ ]fsYj&T.
$jYT eTT|jT ddT |P] #k&T.
HqT d>sT \&+ eHkqT.
yT n+ |+> +&&+ HH|& #&<T.
nsTT<> HqT eHqqT #&<T.
d*jTH\T >+& m|& >\e<T.
s\ qT+ seTw ddqH H&T.
28
Spoken English
Wars begin in the minds of men
Lesson-6
1. HqT e|+& d+ s+&T >+\ qT+ m<TsT#dTHqT.
I have been waiting for my friend for two hours.
This sentence means that
1. I began waiting two hours ago.
2. I am still waiting
3. I shall cotinue to wait for some more time.
I have waited for my friend for two hours.
~ Present perfect tense y+ B ns+
1. I began waiting for my.friend two hours ago
2. I am waiting till this moment.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
s+&T y\ & `
yTT<{ y+ waiting nH | future L& =qk>TT+~.
s+&e y+ |s+ waiting |q =qk><T.
yTT<{ y+ have been waiting - Verb
~ present perfect Continuous tense +~.
have / has + been + present participle.
1. yT H\T>T sE\T qT+ s+ +~.
She has been having fever for four days.
2. y =$T~+{ qT+ &TTHsT
They have been playing since 9 0 clock.
3. qT+ es+ sTk+~.
It has been raining since yesterday.
4. yT ys+ qT+ |d+ #<Te+~.
She has been reading .that book for one week.
subject................
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
I, We , You, They nsTT have been+ Present Participle

29
Spoken English
He, She, It, (Third person singular) nsTT has been+ Present
Participle
EXERCISE- 5
1. HqT s+& qT+ +^w HsT=+T+HqT.
2. <>T\T sy sE\ qT+ +< (agitation) #dTHsT.
3. b| >+ qT+ @&TdT+~.
4. APSRTC @u jT qT+ dT\T q&T|+~.
5. | 200 sE\ qT+ q&Tk+~.
6. >b\+ >sT 2000e d+es+ qT+ +^w +> dT\T
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
q&T|THsT.
7. yT s+&T >+\ qT+ ueT ^k+~.
8. & s+& qT+ es\T se&+ <T.
9. H <jT+ qT+ {$ #dTH&T.
10.>+ qT+ y& eTT qT+ s+ sT+~.
RECAP
Present tense H\T>T s\ |P] njsTT. past, future tense \
L& H\T>T s\T +{sTT. +es #dq present
tense H\T>T s\ m|&|&T |j+#*. y{ eT<
MOHAN
&\T @$T{ +k] #<+.

1. HqT b&TqT.(n\yT
qT simple present tense #b*)
PUBLICTIONS
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
sing
do not sing.
2. HqT b&TTHqT. (|&T sT>TTq | present continuous
#b*.
I am singing.
I am not singing.
3. H|& b&qT. ( |& |P] nsTTq | present perfect
tense #b*.
30
Spoken English
I have sung.
I have not sung.
HqT @&+{ qT+ b&qT.

I have sung since 7o clock.
I have sung for two hours.
MOHAN
HqT s+&T >+\ qT+
b&TTHqT.
b&&+ nH | + + yTT<+~. |& sT>T+~. +
=qk>TT+~. qT present perfect continuous tense #b*.
5.
PUBLICTIONS
2.
3.
4.
5.
I have been singing for two hours.

He has breakfast at 9 am (Habit)
He is having breakfast.
He has (just) had breakfast.
He has been having breakfast.
She writes. - she does not write.
She is writing.
She has written.
She has been writing.
They play.
they are playing.
They have played.
They have been Playing.
It often rains in Assam.
It is raining.(now)
It has rained
It has been raining
MOHAN
EXERCISE- 6PUBLICTIONS
|&T present tense H\T>T s\ |jd

$wjT+ >T]+ yj*.
Descriptive (esH
eTTq
) passages present tense H
#b*+T+~. e }sT nH n+X+ MT< paragraph yj*.
eTT+<T eTq+ #|<\T#Tq n+X\ = y eTqdT
nqT= +^w Translate #dT+ #b*.
e }sT |P&.
31
Spoken English
~ |sT. eT+&\ +<+ L&.

~ ><e] &Tq q~.
& Hu dTesT |~y\T.
90 X+ eT+~ ~>Te eT< s> ysT.
eekjTeTT M] |<q e.
MOHAN
& sT\T e], #s, |, b>, Ls>jT\T |+&ksT.
seT+& & dMT| |D+.
& b MTs
<s+.
PUBLICTIONS
| ns>+ dT\T +{sTT.
eT< |P& y>+> n s+>q n_e~ #+<T+~.
& |uT pjTsY X\ +~. |yT pjTsY
eT]jTT &^ HsTT.
|yT Vd |>=&T>T |sT>TTHsTT.
& Primary health Centre +~.
meTs |]dT\ seT+& y[bsT.
& n+<s ><e] qT+ sT #T+{sT.
k>T sT d+ *| ]>wH \Te +~.
& J$+ |X++> +T+~.
H e }s+f w+.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
32
Spoken English
History is the continuous diologue

between the past and present
Lesson-7
1.
yJ >=|sE.
MOHAN
Sivaji was a great King.

2.
s$Tj p*jT{\T |$T\T.

Romeo and Juliet were lovers.
3.
yTT<{ +^wPUBLICTIONS
+&sY 10 H\ +&$.
There were only ten months in a year in the English Calender in
the begining.
4.
<Xs<T&T q\T>TsT =&T\T.

Dasaratha had four sons
5.
w jTsY 37 H\T yk&T.

Shakespeare wrote thirty seven Plays
6.
us<X+ 1947 >w 15q k++ b+~+~.

India got Independence on 15th August 1947
7.
+^w y us<X 200 jT |]b*+#sT.

The British ruled over India for 200 years
8.
HqT s+& + +sY bdt njqT.
MOHAN
I passed Intermediate two years ago.

9.
\ +<f&T |[ #dT+~.
Latha married last year.
10.
seDT&T dqPUBLICTIONS
T mT bj&T.
Ravana kidnapped Sita.
y n+&sYH #dq |<\T Verb \T Verb jTT

Conjugation s+& sb*$. ]bsTTq d+>T\qT #|&
|j+# $ Past Tense sb\T. Tense Simple Past
Tense < Past indefinite Tense n+{sT.
Simple Past Tense is used to denote an action which took
place in the Past not having anything to do with the present.
n+<TH B Tense of history n+{sT.
33
Spoken English
Simple Past Tense >H Tense L& Verb f

|<eTT +T+~. n~ Verb jTT Conjugation s+& s|+.
Simple Present Tense do,does > Simple Past Tense
helping verb - did (Passed = did Pass)
InterogatiVe (question form) did eat negative form
did not eat eksTT. did sTy present tense s|yT sy*.
Did ate <T did eat nH +T+~.
y+ Principal Verb was, were nsTTq|&T question form
did +&<T . Negative form not +T+~. did s<T.
1. Sivaji was a great king
Who was Sivaji?
Was Sivaji a Great King?
Affirmative - Yes; Siviaji was a great king.
Negative - No: Sivaji was not a great king.
2. Thee were only ten months in a year in the English Calender in
the begining
How many months were there in the English calender in the
begining?
Were there ten months in a year in English Calender in the
begining?
Negative - No; there were not ten months in a year in the
English Calender in the begining.
3 Romeo and Juliet were lovers.
Were Romeo and Juliet lovers?
4. Dasaratha had four sons.
How many sons did Dasaratha have? (Did have = had)
5. Did shakespeare Write 37 Plays ?.
Yes, Shakespeare wrote 37 Plays.
No; Shakespeare did not write 37 Plays.
6. India got independence on 15th August 1947.
When did India get independence?
Did India get independence On l5th August 1947?
7. The British ruled over India for 200 years?
How long (For how many years) did the British rule over India?
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
34
Spoken English
Did the British rule over India for 200 years?

8. I passed intermediate two years ago.
When did you pass Intermediate?
Did you pass Intermediate two years ago?
How many years ago did you pass intermediate?
9. Latha married last year.
When did Latha marry?
Did Latha marry last Year?
No; Latha did not marry last year?
10. Ravana Kidnapped Sita.
Who Kidnapped Sita?
Whom did Ravana Kidnap?
Did Ravana Kidnap Sita?
No; Ravana did not kidnap sita
+ + HsTq Simple Present Tense b\T+f,
Kalam is a Scientist - Verb - is (simple Present tense)
Sivaji was a great King Verb - was (Simple Past Tense).
They are soldiers (Verb - are - Simple Present Tense)
Savarkar brothers were Patriots (verb - were - simple past tense)
The elephant has a trunk (verb- has - simple present tense)
Dasaratha had four Sons (verb - had-simple past tense)
Latha sings songs (verb - sings - Simple present tense)
Valmeeki wrote the Ramayana (verb - wrote- Simple past tense)
<VsD\ #d Verb jTT Conjugation yTT<{ s|+
Simple Present Tense ` Verb nsTT Verb jTT s+& s|yT
Simple Past Tense - Verb neT+~.
Find
Found
Found.
Found
Founded
Founded
Is
was
been
Are
were
been
has
had
had
have
had
had
write
worte
written
sing
sang
sung
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
35
Spoken English
yTT<{ s|+ Simple Present Tense - qT s+& s|+

Past Tense - q Verb \T nesTT.
Simple
EXERCISE : 7
Translate the follwing sentences into English and frame their
question forms and answer qestn forms in affirmative and negat
ive forms as well.
MOHAN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
HVA +&j =* |<q eT+.

PUBLICTIONS
VsY jT+
.
seT<dt yJ >TsTe.
eTp\T |$T\T.
\eX\T e\\T ( e\\T R Twins )
w <esjT\ kq+ 8 eT+~ >=| e\T+& ysT.
( kqeTT R Court )
|&T +>&T >=| ke+ +&~.
( keeTT R Empire )
jTq q\T>TsT =&T\T+&ysT.
=\+dt nyT]qT |fqT. (|T R to discover )
ds| 2005 10 e s> bdsTT+~.
V]Vs ` T k<MOHAN
sT\T $jT q>s keC k|+#sT.
( k|+#T R to found )
T<T&T nV+dqT u~+#&T. (u~+#T R to preach )
&sY sC+<PUBLICTIONS
|k< yTT<{ sh| njsT.
(n>T R to become )
>+BJ \+&H u]dsY #~ysT.
e Hq Hq+f # w|&y&T.
X 1752e d+es+ 355 sE HsTT.
|{ +^w +&sT |P 45e d+es+ yTT<+~.
36
Spoken English
Conversation is like a boat. If the entire

weight rests on one side, the boat will sink.
Lesson-8
MOHAN
1.
q syTXqT *XqT. n|&&T ||sT #<TeTH&T.

I met Ramesh yesterday. Then he was reading the news paper.
2.
PUBLICTIONS
e n |[ nsTTq|
&T HqT |<s> #<TeTHqT.
I was studying tenth class when my sister married.
3.
HqT yS+&> @&+{ #kqT.

I saw an accident while I was going to college.
4.
*bT+f y u$ eTHsT.
They were digging the well while the houses were burning.
5.
q 9 >+\ HqT {|H #dTHqT.

I was having breakfast at 9 am, yesterday
>+ H= deTjT+ sT>Tq | #b\+f Past

Continuous Tense |j
+#*.
The Past Continuous tense marks an action as going on in the past.
|q <V]+q 1 e y+ Verb \T met, was reading
2e y+ Verb \T married, was studying
3e y+ Verb \T saw, was going
was reading, was studying, was going verb \T Past Continuous
Tense HsTT. $ n|&T ` H= deTjT+ sT>TTq
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
|qT\qT *jT#dTHsTT. n$ m|&T @ deTjT+

sT>TTHj met, married, saw nH Verb \T *jT#ksTT.
4e y+ were digging, were burning \T verb \T. >+

H= deTjT+ sT>Tq |qT\qT *jTCdTHsTT. s+&T
|qT\ sT>TH HsTT. { sT>TTq|&T s+&~
sT>T+~.
37
Spoken English
5e y+ Verb - was having.
~ >+ (q 9 >+\) sT>Tq | *jTCdTq~.

yde+> eeVs+ s+&T Verb \T |j>+ neds+
+&be#T. m+<T+f e{&T=H <] | sT>TTq
deTjT+ \TdH +T+~.
qT n|& s+&TVerb \
MOHAN
|j+#*q neds+ +&<T.
Past Continuous Tense Verb \ form n#+> Present Cont
+T+~. f & Present Continuous
inuous Tense H
PUBLICTIONS
Tense helping verb - be form
Singular number nsTT am, is
Plural number nsTT are
helping verbs eT&+{ Past Tense sb\T was, were
y Past Continuous helping verb \T > +{sTT.
was / were + Present Participle (verb+ing)
Singular nsTT was + Present Participle (going etc)
Plural nsTT were - Present Participle (Playing etc)
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
38
Spoken English
GOD: G for generator

O for organiser
D for Destroyer
Lesson-9
MOHAN
Past Continuous Tense |
X \T n&>&
+ :
1. I met Ramesh yesterday when he was reading the newspaper.
Q.1 When did you meet Ramesh?
I met Ramesh yesterday.
What was Ramesh doing when you met him?
Ramesh was reading the newspaper when I met him
Q.2 Did you meet Ramesh when he was reading the newspaper?
No, I did not meet Ramesh when he was reading the newspa
per.
Was Ramesh reading the newspaper when you met him?
II. My sister married when I was studying tenth Class.
Q.1 When did your sister marry?
Q.2 What class were you studying when your sister married?
Q.3 Were you studying tenth class when your sister married?
Q.4 Did your sister marry when you were studying tenth class?
III. I saw an accident while I was going to college
When did you see an accident?
What did you see while you were going to college?
Did you see an accident while you were going to college?
Were you going to college when you saw an accident?
IV. They were digging the well while the houses were burning
When were the houses burning ?
Were they digging the well while the houses were burning?
Were the houses burning while they were digging the well?
V. I was having breakfast at 9a.m. yesterday
When were you having breakfast yesterday?
Were you having breakfast at 9 am. yesterday?
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
39
Spoken English
EXERCISE: 8
Translate the following sentences into English and form the
Questions too.
1. 19e X+ +^wysT +&jqT b*+#ysT.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
MOHAN
yT e+ #dT+&> n&T e+ >~ |y+#&T.

\ b&T+f s< &H #dTq~.
eT q{dT+f H +{ sTHsTT.
PUBLICTIONS
syT q>s+ >\& b+f s |&\T ysTTdTH&T.
yTeTT {M #d+f <=+> +{ |y+#&T.
seT]>sT bs+ #T+f eTD < bT+~.
seTD de q{d+&> @&+{ >T] nj&T.
+u { &T >+& #bj&T.
q <jT+ 9 >+\ es+ sTk+~.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
40
Spoken English
Bad goods require better Packing
Lesson - 10
1. bdT\T e#|{MOHAN
<=+> |+#T= bj&T.
The thief had ecaped before the police came
2.
yT+ b{ b+qT #sT=H|{ s\T dwH e~d+~.

The train had left station when we reached the platform.
3.
y# d] PUBLICTIONS
|[ nsTTbsTT+~.
The marriage had been over when they arrived there.

| y n+&sYH #dq$ Verb \T. = y+ s+&d
Verbs HsTT. n+f s+&T |qT\T HsTT. s+& ]bsTTqy.
{ eTT+<T ]+~ s+&~ sTy ]+~.

1 e y+ eTT+<T ]+~. The thief had escaped
2 e y+ eTT+<T ]+~.The train had left
3 e y+ eTT+<T ]+~.The marriage had been over
Past Perfect tense #|q | eTT+<T ]q~.
1 e y+ sTy ]+~. the police came
2 e y+ sTy ]+~. we reachd the plotform.
3 e y+ sTy ]+~.
they arrived there.
MOHAN
eT&T Verbe \T Simple Past Tense HsTT. Simple
Past Tense ]q | sTy ]q~.
yTT< ]q |qPUBLICTIONS
T\qT #| Verbe \T...........
had escaped
had left
had been
eT&T Verb \T Past Perfect Tense HsTT. |&=k]

Present Perfect Tense >TsT #dT=+f
It has eaten I have writern we have played tense Verb
have/has+eaten (eat - ate - eaten) - (past participle form)
have, has Past tense form had qT had + past paticipie 41
Spoken English
had eaten, had written, $ past perfect tense sb\T.
eTT+<T ]q | @~ sTy ]q | @~ n \TdTe&

before, after \qT L& y&e#T. n|&T eTT+<T ]q | Simple
Past Tense L& #|e#T. Past Perfect Tense L& #| e#T.
The thief had escaped before the police came.
The thief escaped before the police came.
The train had left the station before we reached platform.
The train left the station before we reached the platform.
before, after |j+#+& #b\+f eTT+<T ]q |
Past Perfect Tense ey
T |j
+#*.
s+&T Past action \T b e+ Past Perfect Tense
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
|j
+#s<T.
I had gone to London last month - wrong
I Went to London last month - Correct
+ |
j

>+: Vijaya told me that she had fever:
2. My father asked her where she had gone.
3. Divakar enquired us if we had passed.
mes ++ #|q ` < ` n&q $wj eTq+ |&T

#|Tq|&T ` y+ yTT<{ u>+.
Vijaya told me
My father asked her
Divakar enquired us
MOHAN
++ mesT me] nHs #|B u>+. ~ Simple Past Tense

+~. ~ Simple
Past Tense +fH sTy u>+
PUBLICTIONS
She had had fever
+<T had had -verb B yTT<{ had - past perfect tense
auxialary verb.
s +& had ~ has Past participle form
has - had - had
she had gone.
we had passed.
$ Past perfect tense HsTT.
The teacher asked us if we had done the home work
42
Spoken English
The guru enquired with his disciples how often they had visited the
temple in a week
Past perfect terse eTs= |j>+.
eTq+ nqTq~, +q~ s><T.

Hope, Expect, Think, intend, mean, suppose and want verb
MOHAN
\ Hsys X\qT e+#jT&
1. We had hoped that you would attend the function.

Function qTe ekeqTH+. qTe s<T n ns+.
2. They had intended to go to Tirupathi.
3. I had expected that I should get first prize.
Past Perfect tense marks a past action as already completed before
1. Some Point of time in the Past.
2. The happening of a past action
PUBLICTIONS
EXERCISE: 9
Translate the foflowng sentences into English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
y e#+ MT{+> nsTTbsTT+~.

HqT n& yd] T+> +sY eTdXsT.
HHyTqT |&\qTHqT. ( |[ne<T)
HqT zk] jTT.mdt.MOHAN
y\qTHqT.
sE |P] njT|{ | 2 $T rdT=H&T.
n<T\T e#XsT e\ +e+ |P] #jT<T.
.{. |dsT PUBLICTIONS
qTe &T m d+b~+#e n |+#sT.
|< \+&H y eTT+<T yTqT s+&TksT #kqT.
es+ yTT<\jT|{ yTeTT \T #seTT.
\ V #dT=HeTT+<T sY yd+~.
43
Spoken English
News: Information drawn from

N: North; E: East; W: West; S: South
(from all sides)
Lesson - 11
MOHAN
1. HqT Vd V& edsY> appoint nsTTq|&T ds|
ndd+{> |PUBLICTIONS
#dT+~.
when I was appointed headmaster of the high school, Swarupa

had been working as an assistant.
2. > d|+sT H{ HqT LIC |<qT+ |#dTHqT.
By last september I had been working in the LIC for ten years.
3. HqT qT \e&+ d+ H\T>T sE\T+ |jTdTHqT.
n yVH jT #b&T.
Mohan told shriya that he had been trying to meet her for four
days.
4.
u\T q\u @ qT+ b&TH& HqT esY #bqT.

I told kumar that Balu had been singing for forty years
5.
> e] H{ HqT s\ qT+ +^w HsT+THqT.

By last March I had been learning English for six months.
MOHAN
>+ H= deTj
T+ ` n|{ =+ \+> sT>TTq
| *jT#j\+f
had been + present participle

had been playing s|+ verb |j
+#*. ~ past
perfect continuous tense.
+ + #| q present perfect continuous tense helping
verb - has/ have been nsTT tense Had been.
has have past tense s|+ had.
|{ past tense H\T>T sb\qT #k+. e
PUBLICTIONS
>+ ]q |qT\TqT d+#\+f |j+#*q$.

1. HqT b&qT. I sang. (simple past tense.)
subject I, II, III persons @<H
, singular nurnber nsTTH
44
Spoken English
plural number nsTTH f helping verb - did

I
we
you He, she, It
They
Question - Did you sing? what did you sing ?
Affirmative - I sang
Negative - I did not sing.
2. ( deTjT+) HqT b&TTHqT. Past continuous tense
helping verb - was, were
@ Person nsTTH Singular - I, He, she, It - was singing
Plural-we
You
- were singing
They
Q. Were you singing?
Yes; I was singing.
No; I was not singing.
Were they singing?
Yes; they were singing.
No; they were not singing.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
3. >+ ]bsTTq MOHAN

s+&T |qT\ yTT<> ]bsTTq
| #b\+f
&sT e#|{ |w+T #bj&T.
PUBLICTIONS
The patient had died when the doctor arrived.

verb - had died.
b.
Devadas had hoped that he would marry parvathi.
3. >+ mes #|q $wj qT sT\ #||&T

The Finance Minister announced that the cabinet had decided not to
rise petrol prices.
<qT #b\+f < d+|TqqT #b\+f (Narration)
past tense H #b*. #b*q <qT \T>T }V+#T=
y\T> nqT=+ +^w nqTe~+#T=+ #b*.

n&$ +~.
45
Spoken English
There was a crow in a forest.
n~ m+&\+
It was summer.
< <V+ yd+~.

It was thirsty.
MOHAN
{ d+ #d| ]+~.
It flew for a long time for water
e] n~ #T yTT<\T e< +&qT #d+~.
PUBLICTIONS
At last it found a pot at the foot of a tree.
n& y[ +& =+ #d+~.

The crow went there and looked into the pot.
+& n&T>Tq sT+~.

It found some water at the bottom of the pot.
sT < H{ n+<<T.
Its beak did not reach the water. (beak- eTT)
< sTV+ *+~.

It was disappointed.
n #d+~.
It looked around.
=+#+ <s+ = >T\ s #d+~.
MOHAN
The crow found some pebbles at a distance.
<= #q e+~.
An idea flashed into its mind.
y+H n~ y[ =
ssTTH HeT~> +& yd+~.
PUBLICTIONS
It went immediately and brought the pebbles one after another and
slowly dropped into the pot.
+& sT | e+~.
The water level in the pot rose up.
sT q+<+> m]bsTT+~.
The crow drank water and flew away
Rise - rose - risen
Raise - raised - raised.
46
Spoken English
There is no escape from law.

But there is always escape through law.
Lesson - 12
1.
HqT s| seT+& yMOHAN

qT.
I shall go to Rajahrnundry tomorrow.
2.
yTeTT e#ys+ sT =+{eTT.
PUBLICTIONS
we shall buy a car next week.

3.
e# | qTe eT+ esT\T d+b~ke.

You will get good marks in the coming examinations.
4.
y e b{ bZ+{sT.
They will participate in the elocution competition
5.
sT>sT VQeTT\ q+<#ksT.
The district collector will give away the prizes (to give away to
distribute)
| y n+&sYH #dq |<\T verb \T. u$wT sT>ujT
|qT\qT *jT#dT H
sTT. ~ Simple future tense.
| y verb s+&d |<\THsTT.
du I person - singular or plural I we nsTT verb \T shall go,
shall buy.
Shall I person, simple future tensed helping verb - shall
II person singular and plural - You
III person singular - He, she, It
III person Plural - They
M{ @<sTTH subject nsTT
will get, will participate, will give away
M{ helping verb - will
>eT+#*+<eT+f simple present, simple past tense \
verb f |<+ +~. tense helping verb <T.
simple future tense s +&T |<\T shall or will+ present tense
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
47
Spoken English
form of the verb *d verb > +{sTT.

simple future tense mentions a future action
Now let us see how to ask questions and give replies in affirmative
and negative too.
1.
I shall go to Rajahmundry tomorrow.
Q. 1. When will you go to Rajahmundry?
2. Where will you go tomorrow?
3. Will you go to Rajahmundry tomorrow.
Negative; No I shall not go to Rajahmundry toworrow.
2.
we shall buy a car next week.
what will you buy next week?
when will you buy a car?
will you buy a car next week?
No we shall not buy a car next week.
3.
you will get good marks in the coming examinations.
shall I get good marks in the coming examinations?
No ; you will not get good marks in the coming examinations.
4.
They will participate in the elocution competition.
who will participle in the elocution competition?
will they participate in the elocution competition?
No; they will not participate in the elocution competition.
5.
The district collector will give away the prizes.
who will give away the prizes?
will the district collector give away the prizes?
No; the district collector will not give away the prizes.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
+ +{ y\T
`
PUBLICTIONS
6.
7.
8.
I shall return this book tomorrow.

When will you return this book?
will you return this book tomorrow?
No; I shall not return this book tomorrow.
The patient will recover soon.
when will the patient recover?
will the patient recover soon?
No; The patient will not recover soon.
She will certainly become a film star.
What will she certainly become?
48
Spoken English
Will she certainly become a film star?

Who Will certainly become a film star?
9.
Surendra will be our next P.M.
Who will be our next P.M?
Will surendra be our next PM?
No; surendra will not be our next PM?
10.
We shall visit varanasi next month?
What will you visit next month?
Will you visit varanasi next month?
When will you visit varanasi?
EXERCISE: 10
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
u$wT s>ujT @<H d+|Tq $e]+#& Simple

Future tense |j+#*. <VsD X\ y]e+
sV+#*. @sT |P] njsTT. $es\ HqT e friend
letter y
j*.
Vegeswarapuram,
January, 13th, 2011.
Dear Prakash,
|e]1e B e J & (y]e+)

Our college day will be on February first.
yTeTT #TsT> @sT #dTHeTT.
MOHAN
We are actively making arrangements.
e sT eTTK n~> eksT.

Our district collector will come as the chief guest.
HqT bsH ^+ PUBLICTIONS

b&TqT.
I shall sing the prayer song.
e || >sT du n< eVksT.

The prinicipal of our college will preside over the meating.
e $<] d+|<&T y] y~ deT]k&T.

The president of our students union will present the annual report.
s<] n<T\qT |]#jT+ #k&T.

The secretary will introduce the guests.
sT >sT $<sT\qT<+ |d+ksT.

49
Spoken English
The district collector will address the students.
sT >] us VQeTT\qT n+<#ksT.

The wife of the collector will give away the prizes.
seT+ es yT+ CrjT ^+ \|keTT.

we shall sing the national anthem in the end.
MOHAN
address on the envelope.

To
Mr. Prakash
Jangareddigudem,
W.G.Dt.
Yours lovingly,
PUBLICTIONSA.S.
Narayana.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
50
Spoken English
Knowledge murmours but money roars
Lesson- 13
1. e# d+es+ b{ HqT _f #<Te+{qT.
MOHAN
I shall be studying B,Tech next year by now.

2.
s| |H+&+{ yTeTT \+#Y #dT+{eTT.

We shall be having lunch by 12.00 noon tomorrow.
3.
Ms+< qe\ PUBLICTIONS

e# qe+sT k d]jT>
|#T]eTe+T+~.
Virenders novel will be publishing in swathi serially from the

coming November.
4.
] eT+ |e] 28 qT+ bsyT+T u&T

|yX|&TT+{sT.
The finance minister will be presenting the budget to the Lok

sabha on Feb 28th.
5. The winter session of the parliament will be going on next
month by now.
| y verb eT&d |<\THsTT.
shall be studying, will be publishing etc.
+ + >H I person singular or plural - shall be + present
participle form of the verb.
II and III person - singular or plural - will be + present participle.
B Future continuous tense n+{sT.
The Future continuous representes an action as going on at
some point of time in future.
Will be + presenting, will be -- helping verb.
present - prinicipal verb.
Presenting - Present Participle form
tense questions n&>\+f
1. I shall be studying B.Tech next year in Chennai.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
51
Spoken English
2.
Q.
3.
4.
5.
Where will you be studying B.Tech next year. ? .

Will you be studying B.Tech in channai next year ?
We shall be celebrating Diwali in the U.S. next year.
Where will you be celebrating Diwali next year?
He will be acting in a film next month.(by 2nd weak)
The cricket match between India and Pakistan will be going
on tomorrow by 10a.m.
Mr. B.S.N. Murthy will be completing thirty years of service
by May this year.
|q ydqT> | y by n eeVs+
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
|j+#+. d+<s { e{&TH <] ns+ nsTTbT+~.

<VsD d+uwD #&+&.
Ramu - I shall leave for Delhi tomorrow by A P express
Raja - Then Latha will be writing her examinations.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
52
Spoken English
Good bye - Shortened from of God be with you
Lesson 14
1.
e# @&~ _&MOHAN
sD+ |P] neT+~.
The bridge Will have completed by next year.

2.
s| b{ |d+ #~ykqT.
I shall have read this book by this time tomorrow.
3.
y e#H\PUBLICTIONS
sT |P]#ksT.
They will have completed the law course by next month.

4.
dTuse s| 8 >+\ |[#dT+{&T.

Mr Subbarao will have married by 8 o clock tomorrow
5.
yd+ +^w sT s|{ |P] neT+~.

Vasanthi will have completed English course by tomorrow
u$wT H= feTT | |P] neT+~ #b\+f

verb s|+ +T+~.
tense verb eT&T |<\T+{sTT.
will / shall + have + past participle
will / shall +~ qT future
have +~ qT perfect ( tense has s<T)
have sT y m|&
past participle form of the verb
MOHAN
edT+~.
tense
~ future perfect
PUBLICTIONS
The future perfect marks a future action as already comp

leted before.
6.
qTe |&T jT\T<] N{ |& eTT+< \T

#sTe.
If you start now, you will have reached home before it gets
dark.
7.
s|TT jT.mdt. qT+ e#|{ yHq #b&T.

His father will have died before Raghu comes from the us.
53
Spoken English
8.
e<$ y[+{ y|{ y uH\T nsTTbsTT.

They will have had their lunch by the time Madhavi reaches
their house.
9.
s| 10 HqT CsTT+> ]bsT deT]kqT.

I shall have submitted my joining report by 10 am tomorrow.
10.
m\T+& s 10 >MOHAN
+\ yTeTT o #sT=+{eTT.
We shall have reached kasi by 10 p.m. day after tomorrow.
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
54
Spoken English
Success has many fathers

but failure is an orphan
Lesson 15
MOHAN
1. qTe \+&H qT+ ]>=#|{ |q sTTsY

#<Te+{qT.
By the time you return from London, I shall have been study
ing final year.
PUBLICTIONS
2.
qTe c|+> #d e#|{ HqT s+&T >+\T>

<bT+{qT.
I shall have been sleeping for two hours by the time you
return from shopping.
u$wT H= deTj sT>TTq |

*jT#j\+f tense qT |j+#*. ~ future perfect
continuous tense.
Shall / will - future
have perfect ( tense has qT|j
+#sT .)
been - be form
present participle - continuous
verb form been s+&T |j>\T.
have sT y verb jTT past participle form +&*.
be jTT past participle been (be - was - been)
continuous tense present participle yqT helping verb >
be form +&*. n~ tense been.
tense shall / will have been - helping verb
present, past, future
eT&T fHq perfect perfect continuous f d++<+.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
deTj |P] nsTTbsTTq < D+ esL < D+

L& sT>TTq | perfect tense. | nT |q L&
=qk>TTq| & perfect continous tense |j
+#*.
present perfect - He has written the novel.
55
Spoken English
He has written the novel for two yers.
( yjT&+ |&H ` =+#+d| y |P] nsTTbT+~.

eTT+<T e+ =qk><T.)
Present perfect continuous - He has been writing the novel for
two years. (s+& qT+ ydTH&T. eTT+<T L& yk&T.)
Past perfect He had written the novel when I met him.( y&T
MOHAN
qe\ |P] #jT&+, HqT yD \e&+ ` s+& ]bsTTq

|qT)
PUBLICTIONS
Past perfect continuous
He had been writing the novel when I met him.
>+ H= deTj (HqT n& *dq|{) n|{

sT>TTq |.
Future perfect He will have written the novel b tomorrow.
u$wT H= deTj (tomorrow) |P] neujT |
*jT#d~.
Future perfect conttnuous - n+f u$wT H= deTj
|P] <T. + =qk> |.
He will have been writing the novel by tomorrow.
3.
ds| s|b{ qe\ #<Te+T+~.
MOHAN
Swaroopa will have been reading the novel by tomorrow.

4.
duse s| 8>+\ |[ #dT=++{&T.

Mr. subba rao will have been marrying by 8 am. tomorrow.
5. qT$|&T jT\T <], N{ |&d] +{ y+{e.

If you start now, you will have been going home when it
gets dark.
6. e<$ y[+{ y|{ y uH\T #d+{sT.
They will have been having lunch when Madhavi. reaches their
house.
7. s| |~+{ HqT CsTT+> ]bsT deT]d+{qT.
I shall have been submitting my joining report by 10 am.
tomorrow.
PUBLICTIONS
56
Spoken English
EXERCISE:11
Present, Past, Future tense \T eT&+{ = < H\T>T
#=|q yTT+ 12 tense \ sb\T. y{ |j>\T *ksTT.
|&T tense \T n |j+# $<+> HqT nH n+X+ MT<
z paragraph yj*.
1. H |sT qjT.
2. eHq>sT |sT seT<dT.
3. H nqjT H&T.
4. HqT >esyT+T Vd fH dT #~yqT.
5. HqT fH |dt dT bdjqT.
6. H 540 esT\T e#sTT.
7. HqT +sT #<TeTHqT.
8. HqT fH bdsTTq H{ e nqjT _f #<TeTH&T.
9 . e nqjT H e< #|&T.
10.e nqjT e< n+f w+.
11. H yT&dH #<y\ +~.
12.e# @|jT H +sY #<Te |P] neT+~.
13.HqT +sY bdjT H{ e nqjT eT&T H\\T> #H
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
+T+H&T.
MOHAN
14.+ d+es+ yT \T THeTT.
15.+{ MT< H 2015 H{ r]bT+~.
16.HqT, syTX eT+ dVT\+ (I and Ramesh nqL&<T.
PUBLICTIONS
Ramesh and I nH*.)
17.kq eTqdT >\e& s+& qT+ |jTdTHq syTX
H nH&T.
18.H fH dT |dt s+ edT+<qTHqT.
57
Spoken English
Man is born free, but he is every where in chains
Lesson - 16
Can-Could
1. HqT +^w e{&>\qT.
I can speak in English. (I am able to speak in English)
2. \ ej*H ysTT+#>\<T.
Latha can play on the violine.
3. b dq+ us dq+ ><T.
Pak army can not match with the Indian army.
4. eTqeTT ssd s*+#>\eTT.
We can eradicate illiteracy
5. n&T dT\Te> syTXqT z&+#>\&T.
He can easily defeat Ranesh.
y Can expresses ability
6. HqT |* se#+&?
Can I come in sir?
7. $TeT* |X n&>e#?
Can I ask you a question?
3. qTe ye#T.
You can go now.
eT&T yqT Can ns+ may
May I come in sir?
May I ask you a question?
You may go now.
permission n&>&+ > e&+ > ns+. can +f may
|j+#&+ eT+~.
4. |d|\> q|& yT u> b&>*+~.
Even as a child she could sing well.
5. y&T #jT>*+<+ #d&T.
He did all that he could do.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
58
Spoken English
6.
q \+#Y qTe m+<Ts bje?
Why couldnt you attend lunch yesterday?

can past tense could. | s+&T y\T >+ e
abiltily #TTHsTT. eT] future tense uy #b\+f
can |j
>|&
<
T . will / shall be able to n #b*.
we shall be able to defeat them
They will be able to complete the work by tomorrow.
8. $TeT* |X n&>e#?
Could I ask you a question
9.
<jT#d MT n&dT b& MT< yjTs?
Could your write you address on the pad?
|X could - past tense d+#<T. M{ could
<T\T can |j+H grammar |<T.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
ue+
| .
could - eTs< ddT+~.
10. Batsman + ={&T.
n. @+ shot! n~ d e#T. zVt ... n~ d
Oh! what a shot! It could be a six!.. yes ! it is!
11.
qTe w& e+f e |dtdt b+<>\e.

If you worked hard, you could get first class.
s+&T y\q could - past tense <T. Persent tense
passibility (d+ue) *jT#dT+~. ne#T n+f be#T
MOHAN
H
nL& ns+. |j> <<|> neT+<H ns+ +~.
spoken English PUBLICTIONS
could jTT |
j

>+# $wy
T q
~.
n+<yTq~.
can -could
may - might
shall - should
will - would
must - must, dare - dared, need - needed
59
Spoken English
May - Might
1. HqT +{ ye#?
May I go home?
Affirmative :- yes, you may.
negative :- no; you may not
negative e+ - may <T\T can y&+ L& +~.
No; you can not! nqT. & may permission ns+ k+~.
2. $& |b<q n+^]+#e#T.
She may agree to this propoal.
3. @&T |+ ~>T& u>T+&e#T.
we may have good havrest this year.
4. n& X+ \T>T>.
May his soul rest in peace.
5. qTe n |jT n_e~ #+<T<Te>.
May you prosper in all that you try.
y\ may expersses wish (+)
6. eT+ esT\T b+<+<T u> #<Te.
Study well so that you may get good marks.
7. & qT. q& .
Eat that you may live, dont live that you may eat.
so that, that \ |jq+ d+ #|+<T may
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
|j
+#eTT.
It may rain today.
It may rain tomorrow.
May conjugation eT& s|+ (past participle ) <T .
May - might s
+& sb\T.
may present, future tense q
might present past, future tense q |j
+#e#T.
He may come now
He might be at the bus stand now.
He may arrive tomorrow.
He might join B.Tech next year.
May past tense s|+ might.
PUBLICTIONS
60
Spoken English
8. He told me that he might go abroad soon.

9. Gayatri expressed that she might come for pongal.
$ Indirect speach y\T. main clause (That yq u>+)
past tense +f subordinate clause (that sT y u>+)
past tense > past perfect tense > +T+~.
Might past tense s|+> present tense H doubt
#|+<T |jksT. may L& |jksT. may
|j+q d+<s+ +f might |j+q|&T
MOHAN
me nqTeq+PUBLICTIONS
e+ neT+~.
10. I may pass. HqT bdt ne#T.
I might pass n+f pass $wjT+ me nqTeq+ qT.
(X e)
s+& present tense |j+#y.
The patient may recover. y+ +f.
11. The patient might recover recovery X e.
eTq+ # |< y e{&&|&T $qjT+, eTs< e njT
$<+>
If I might make a sugestion, couldnt we try once more?
qTe + yT H #|+&*+~.
You should have told meMOHAN
before n s=Ve+> #| e#T.
You might have told me before. n # dT+
> #| e#T.
+ s+> you ought to have told me before. ~ u<
nqT> #|e#TPUBLICTIONS
.
ought u< (obligation) #|T+~. (B $es+ eTT+<T...)
Shall - Should
12. |d+ s| ]#kqT.
I shall return this book tomorrow.
yT+ e# ~ys+ | yeTT.

we shall go on a picnic net sunday.
s +&T d+<s\ q shall future tense helping verb
qTe HqT #|qT $H*.

61
Spoken English
You shall obey me. .

shall dV yTq
d+ ns+ You will be obliged to obey me
XjT+> qTe HqT #|qT $H*.

13. I person (I, We) subject future tensee5 helping
verb - shall
II and III person shall
a) You shall obey me
b) Thou shall not steal
c) You shall be given an award
d) He shall be promoted to a gazetted post.
e) You shall apologize
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
qTe e|D #|e\d edT+~ C>. (V#])

f) They shall pay for this.
y B eT\+ #*+#Te\dq+<
g) |rB # |s+ s>*+<.
Everything shall be done according to Law.
shall past tense form - should
14) I told her that I should meet her the next day.
shall I person future tense auxilliary verb > y&T+.
should I,II,III, persons q duty or obligation d+#
$<+>q |jk+. MOHAN
a) I should not be disloyal to my master.

b) We should have helped him in crisis.
c) you should join hands with others for common good.
d) He should reveal the truth at least now.
e) They should have paid the tax in time.
15. y&=d wait #jTeT #| ` nH\+f
If he comes, ask him to wait nqe#T.
should he come, ask him to wait n >
If he should come ask him to wait n > nqe#T.
should |j
d y&=# possibility e n ue+.
16) should auxilliary > | d]> |j
+#*q
d+<s+ -
PUBLICTIONS
62
Spoken English
punish #d&T b y&T | <]|&&T.

The teacher punished the boy severely lest he should go astray.
lest = b
lest |j
+q|&T should ey
T |j
+#*.
watch and pray lest you should fall into temptation
{#sY yD re+>
MOHAN
HsdT&T |+#T+{& bdT\T +{ #TT eTT{sT.

The police surrounded the house lest the criminal should escape
Will - Would:
17) Will past tense form would
ns+ Indirect speach
The manger told me That the office would be closed on Friday.
She said that she would not wait there any more.
PUBLICTIONS
>+ n\yT> ]> |`

s uq+ nj $<sT\T common room LsT d|
Ts&T+{sT.
After dinner, the boys would sit in the common room and chat
for a while.
HH eT\ <bT+&y&.
I would sleep in a corner.
18) would, would like to
1 would know what my duty is
I would like to know what my duty is
MOHAN
sT\T | m |e]+#\qT+{y e sT\ |

n |e]+#T. PUBLICTIONS
Behave towards others as you would like them to behave
towards you.
19. would rather expresses choice or preference.
I would rather die than marry her.
She would rather read a novel than to see that picture.
They would rather go to jail than to pay the fine.
20. Would is used to ask polite questions.
Will you have a cup of coffee?
would you have a cup of coffee? (polite)
63
Spoken English
21. nd+ue+,
nd+ueeTT\qT e+ #d|&T ` <VsD HH

sEH qT H eT+> #dyD
If I were the king. I would make you my minister.
I sTy were |j+#&yT nd+ue
ddT+~.
HH qTesTT ( kq+ HqT+f ` n) B nd+ueyT <!
MOHAN
Must:
Present, Past, Future - eT&T tense \q, subject jTT
number, (singular or plural) person (I, II \T) n+{q must
ys s|+<T. n d+<s\q must H |j+#e#T.
Present tense ` I must thank you for your help.
Future tense - you must give a police complaint.
s +&T tense qT must sT y present tense form of the verb
(Thank, give) e#sTT.
past tense e+
must sT y present perfect tense
form of the verb qT |j
+#*.
You must have attended the funtion.
must |
j

>\T :
1. yTHCyT+{ ysT worker \ V\qT >T]+#*. (>T]+rs*)
The management must recognise the rights of the workers
B must <T\T should |jd
The mangement should recognise the rights of the workers
B s. shold |j>+ +f must |j>+ force me.
we must be loyal to our country.
2.d+ue ` probability - n+f ` nsTT+&e#T. B+f `nsTT
+&* force me. ns+ must qT |j+#*.
proposal |+f y&T |y& +&*.
He must be mad to agree to the proposal
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
\T| #|&+~. b\y& +&*.

There is a knock on the door. That must be the milk vendor.
3. |X n&>\+f Must eTT+<T |j+#*.
Must you apply causual leave?
64
Spoken English
Ought:
B sTy to sTy verb (present tense form) eksTT.

ought to go nqT
to sTy present tense form of the verb *| to go
to - infnitive n+{sT. to go - ~ verb <T.
MOHAN
ought L& must H present, future tense \ s|+
+T+~. past tense e+ ought sT y present perfect tense
|j
+#*.
form of the verb qT
PUBLICTIONS
ought indicates obligation. Must q+ force <T . should
+f |fq<.
1. eTTd* * <+&T\qT |T= +&*.
we ought to look after the old parents
2.
<qe+T\T |<\ dVjT+ #j*.

The rich ought to help the poor
3.
< MT< n+feTT ydt #jTL&<T.

we ought not to have wasted so much time over it
4.
eTq+ #jTe\dq | #keTT.
we have done the work which we ought to have done.

Need
B prinicipal verb >q auxlilliary verb >q L&
MOHAN
|j
ksT .
prinicipal verb > need ns+
to require.
1. n& kjTPUBLICTIONS
+ neds+.
He needs your help

(He requires your help n ns+
)
Question: Does he need your help?
2. eTq~ nedsy n~ e+~.
we have got what we need.
Q. Have you got what you need?
y need < d+ ns+ require or to be under
the necessity to do something H +~.
need auxilliary > |
j

d
65
Spoken English
subject I, II, Ill persons, singular or plural nurnber present

tense need >H +T+~.
Future tense <T .
Need sT y present perfect form |jd past tense
neT+~.
MOHAN
He need not go.

Question: Need he go?
Need k<sD+> not H |jksT.
He need not ask any permisssion.
They. need not write any longer.
You need not mention this to any one else.
need question |jd not |j+#sT.
Need he wait any longer?
Need I come again?
Need you my help?
Past tense need s present perfect tense form of
the prinicipal verb |j
+#*.
He need not have lost his temper
They need not come all the way
we need not have waited for his arrival.
&= d #b*. Question #||&T need
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
|j
+#*.
Need he wait any longer?
Need they pay anything?
Answer negative #b\+f no - need not |j
+#*.
Question : Need they pay anything?
No, they need not pay anything?
yT postive nsTT need <T\T must qT |j+#*.
Need they pay anything?
Yes they must pay something.
Dare | j > + :
Dare is used both as a priniciple verb and an auxiliary. As a
PUBLICTIONS
66
Spoken English
prinicipal verb, dare means defy, challenge.

1. | #jTeT qT #+C #dTH&T.
He dares you to do it.
2. s$ @ | +&T.
There is nothing that Ravi does not dare.
3. H m<T \&& eT<T kVd+#&T.
Madhu does not dare to stand in front of me
4. How dare he talk so rudely.
5. Dare he say I am a liar?
Dare helping verb > |j
d
1. He dare not jump into the river.
< y+ prinicipal verb >
He does not dare to jump into the river.
Questions : Dare he jump into the river ? (1e y question)
Does he dare to jump into the river? (2 e y |X )
Dare prinicipal verb > |j
d He, She, It sT y
dares qT |j
+#*. AuxiIIiary > |j
d dare >H
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
|j
+#*.
used to:
MOHAN
use principal verb > |j+#T nH ns+ y&T+

1. I used your pencil.
Question: Did you use my pencil?
2. She uses oxford dictionary.
Question: Which dictionary does she use?
2. Does she use oxford dictionary?
3. Past tense used jTC& n #<Te+.
Helping verb used use d++<+ <T.
Used to jTdt youst n #<y*.
B past tense H |j+#*.
B >+ n\yT ` habit in the past d+#&
PUBLICTIONS
67
Spoken English
k+|<jT+ #s+ Custom in the past d+#&

|j
ksT .
1. I used to smoke before I had heart trouble.
question: used you to smoke before you had heart trouble?
2. He used to Swim across the river when he was young.
Used he to swim across the river when he was young?
3. Cinema music is not so sweet as it used to be
4. There used to be a library where the liquor shop exists now.
5. The U.S. returned doctor is slowly getting used to these
roads.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
eT]= |j>\T :
have to:
1. H |d+ ] #j*.
I have to return this book (must)
2. He has to attend the meeting. (responsibilty)
He needs to attend the meeting. (necessity)
He ought to attend the meeting.(obligation)
Question: Need he attend the meeting?
Negative - No, he need not.
Affinmative - yes; he must ( & >TsT+
#Ty*.)
I had an accident (had - prinicipal verb)
Had i an accident? (not correct)
No i hadnt an accident.(worng)
Did you have an accident? (correct)
No; I did not have an accident.(correct)
We had a meeting yesterday.
We had not a meeting yesterday- wrong
We did not have a meeting yesterday - corretct.
She has fever.
Does she have fever?
She hasnt fever. - wrong
She does not have fever, correct.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
68
Spoken English
Beggars are not choosers
Lesson - 17
d+d+ nqT>Vd n+f nqT>V+|&qy&qT.
n+f eT nqT>V+ b+<qT n ns+. d+d+
nqT>V+|&q y&qT MOHAN
nq&+ y&T.
n> V+B de#sY dTHjT C sV V ys\ T $|+#
&TTHsTT. n+f MTsT ys\T $+T+HsT n ns+.
PUBLICTIONS
V+B ys\T $|
+#&TTHsTT nq&yT |]b{.
\T>T |d+ e&+<? n n&>+.
|d+ #H? nH n&T>T+. ~ \T>T uw due+.
V+B, d+d+ uw\ ysD |<T\T HsTT.
\T>T &T |j>+ dV+ <T.
$q&+~ ` q&+~. +{ nsT<q |j>\T =
HsTT. e&+~. #+|&&T nq&+ \T>T ndV+. ]
eT+ bsyT+T &{ deT]+#sT n #b\+f
The Finance minister presented the budget to the parliament
n #|e#T.
The budget was persented in the parliament nq&+ eT+
|
j

>+.
MOHAN
\T>T seTT&T seDT #+b&T n+{+. seDT&T
seTT# #+|&&T n #|+.
seTT# #+|&
&T n #|&+ |< <T +^w
PUBLICTIONS
Rama killed Ravana nqe#T.
Ravana was killed by Rama nq&+ y&T.
|< y$Hk\T #<+.
1. b u\T # b&&+~.
This song is sung by Balu
(sing - sang - sung) y\+{ verb jTT past
participle form ey
T edT+ < >T]+#+&.
y+ @ tense +~ nH~ sung yqT q be form e\
69
Spoken English
>T]+#*.
y+ beform - is
qT verb - present tense n >T]k+ +
The song - singular number qT beform - is qT |
j

+#+.
$<+> object yTT<\T |{ be - form + past participle qT
MOHAN
verb > #d by + subject s|+ y passive voice +~
n+{eTT.
2. se\jT+ seT<dT# ]+#&q~.
PUBLICTIONS
The Ram temple was built by Ramadas.

Build - Built - Built.
be form - past tense qT y+ past tense +~. y
$<q+ object y+ bs+u+ +&, #dqysT subject) y+
es +T+~. subject eTT+<T by +T+~.
3. bkH usY # z&+#&+~.

Pak was defeated by India.
3. sE +sY ] |{dTHsT.
The Intermediate results are announced today.
4. sE sp V+< ||sT #<Te&T.
The Hindu is read (s
&) by Raju everyday.
5. H nd+; mqT&&T.
Nani was elected to the assembly.
6. >jT +^w HsT=+{+~.
English is being learnt by Gayatri.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
yH + yd
Gayatri is learning English.

present continuous tense +~.
qT is - be form - present tense
being - continuous tense s
+& *k#
English is being learnt by Gayatri
7. Andhra pradesh is being ruled over by the congress
present continuous tense +~.
eTq+ + + #dq 12 tense forms
70
Spoken English
1. present perfect continuous

2. past perfect continuous
3. Future continuous
4. Future perfect continuous
H\T>T | $T*q m$T~ Tenes \ passive voice forms

MOHAN
+{sTT.
The circus manger trapped the tiger.
~ active voice y+.
The tiger was trapped by the circus manger.
~ passive voice y+.
Active voice y passive voice es $<q+ $<sT\
| change the voice nH |X yT yjT&
PUBLICTIONS
|j
>|&
T T+~.
+^w HsTH y |< |j> |&<T.
passive voice ysD practice #j*.
8. |r ~ys+ y[+{ e+kVs e+\T
jsT#jT&sTT.
Non - vegetarian dishes are prepared in their house every sunday.
9. <y\jT+ |sE yTsTT # <]+#&TT+~.
This temple is visited by Mythryi every day.
10. yT # |e\T neT&TTHsTT.
Flowers are being sold by her.
11. beTT |& #+|&q~.
The snake has been killed just now.
~ present perfect tense passive voice y+.
present perfect tense helping verb - has
be form ----- been
have -has - had sT y verb jTT past participle form +&*.
qT be conjugation - be - was - been past participle
been +~.
passive voice be - form sT y past participle form of
the prinicipal verb - killed (kill - killed - killed) +&*.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
71
Spoken English
12. The snake has been killed just now.

mesT #+bs dw+> *jTb by + Subject <T.
13. seTjTqT <>+qT+ &ddt #ksT.
Ramayya has been dismissed from service
14. |dy&T |yV+ yjT&&T.
The child has been dragged into the stream
$ simple present, present continuous, present perfect \
MOHAN
<VsD\T.
PUBLICTIONS
present perfect continuous tense passive voice <T .

15. Hb*jTH ys jTT<+ z&+#&&T.
Nepolean was defeated in the battle of waterloo.
16. HqT 1949 |{qT.
I was born in 1949.
Bear - bore - born.
Bear = to bring forth.
d\ seTT q~.
kousalya bore Rama. (Bore - past tense.)
y+ bore part participle - borne
Kousalya has borne Rama
17. eTV >+B bsY+<sY +#&T.
Mahathma Gandhi was born in porbandar.
18. [<dT # eT&T H\T yjTu&sTT.
Three plays were written by kalidasa.
Three plays plural number.
past tense be form were
past participle form of write - written (Write - Wrote - Written)
19. b+&e\T p<+ yd+#&sT.
The pandavas were cheated in the game of dice.
20. b\T $q&TTHsTT.
Songs were being heard.(at some time in the past)
~ past continuous tense. songs plural number
past tense and plural number be form - were
~ continuous tense qT being y&*.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
72
Spoken English
hear - heard - heard n+f verb past participle form heard

21. +>dT k|q H{ _{wt ysT +&jqT b*dTHsT.
India was being. ruled over by the British when the congress was
founded.
y+ subject-India
~ 3rd person singular past tense be - form - was
continuous tense - being
past participle form of the verb - ruled (rule - ruled - ruled)
22. n|&T ueH L\>=&TTHsT.
Then the building was being demolished.
23. bdT n& #sT=H d] nD #+|ksT.
He had been killed when the police reached there
past perfect tense helping verb - had
been - be - form killed - past participle form of the verb - kill.
24. yq yTT<\jT d] |P] nsTTbT+~.
The match had been finished when the rain began.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
25. seT \ DT\T |sX\ ] e# d] seDT&T dqT

mT= bj&T.
Sita had been kidnapped when Rama and Lakshmana reached the
parnasala.
26. dT $#sD e# |q k HXq+ #dksT.
The evidence had been destroyed when the case came up for
hearing.
|{ past tense simple, continuous and perfect tense \T
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
eT& |P] njsTT.

27. simple futue tense
HqT s| |d+ #<TeqT.
I shall read the book tomorrow
y passive voice #|
The book will be read by me tomorrow.
subject - The book (III person - singular)
will - future tense - helping verb
be form - be
73
Spoken English
past participle form of the verb - read

Read - read - read
28. s| s~ w |[ neT+~.
Radhika will be married to Krishna tomorrow.
29. qe\ s+&T H\ |P] neT+~.
This novel will be completed in two months.
30. H VQeT ksT.
I shall be given a prize.
3 1. e# world cup usY >\T+T+~.
The next world cup will be won by Inda.
~ simple future tense
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
sTy
future continuous tense passive voice +&<T .
sT y tense - future perfect tense.
32. e# d+es b\es+ bC |P] neT+~.
The polavararn project will have been completed by next year.
y+ verb - will have been completed
will - future tense
will have - future perfect tense helping verb
been - be form
completed - past participle form of the verb complete.
33. HKsT qe\ |P] neT+~.
This novel will have been finished by the end of this month.
34. 2012 sC n|\ r]bsTT.
All the debts of Raja will have been cleared by 2012.
Future perfect continuous tense passive voice <T .
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
74
Spoken English
No man can be grateful at the cost of his individuality/

No country can be grateful at the cost of its sovereignity.
No woman can be grateful at cost of her chastity
Lesson- 18
MOHAN
(order or request or cammand or prayer)
Order requeste \qT *jT#d y\qT imperative sentence
\T n+{sT. k<sD y\ yTT< subject sTy verb
eksTT. Imperative sentene eTT+<T verb edT+ ~. y+
subject q&<T. m+<T+f eTq+ order #dH request #dH
m<TsT> q eH <! n+f subject -you n ns+ #dTy*.
Request nsTT y Please yTT<\T|&+.
PUBLICTIONS
1. qTe C>> +&T.

Be careful.
2.
yT esY #sTT.
Do your home work.
3. qqT |> nqT+&.

Please dont mistake me.
4.
deTj e< #jMOHAN

T.
Dont waste time.
5. H d+ m<TsT #&T.
Wait for me.
PUBLICTIONS
6. H d+ m<TsT#d+&T.
Be waiting for me.
7. H |~y\T n| e+&.
Please lend me ten thousand rupees (ten thousands <T)
8.
HqT #|~ $q+&.

Please hear me - or please listen to n.
9. H >dT eT+ rdTs.

Please get me a tumbler of water.
75
Spoken English
Please fetch me a tumbler of water.

10.
n<&.
Dont lie.
11.
+& (sT\) MOHAN

jT+&.
Live and let live.
12.
eT+> +&T. eT+ #sTT.

Be good and do good.
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
76
Spoken English
If the people are good, rulers are unnecessary.

If people are bad rules are useless
Lesson - 19
MOHAN
1. qTe u> #~$ |dtdT #T+{e.
If you study well, You will get first class.
+ |\T ne
<qe. |\ eTT+<T $<]
PUBLICTIONS
bV+> nH e sTT~.
2. qTe u> #~$ +f |dtdT #T+{e.
If you studied well, you would get first class.
|bjsTT. + |*\T s<T. $<] <s+ #|e.

3. qTe u> #~$ +f |dtdt e +&~.
If you had studied well, you would have got first class.
y\qT conditional sentence n+{sT.
If you study well u>+. You will et first class s
+& u>+.
If you study well - qTe u> #~$ ~ condition. qT B
conditional clause n+{sT. ~ subordinate clause
condition Hsy] |*+ s+& - clause. First class edT+~.
B Main clause n+{sT. > $T*q s+&T y L&.
verb \ d+>.
I e y+ If you study well you will get first class.
If clause verb - study
~ simple present tense +~.
Main clause verb - will get +~.
& will get > can get < may get L& |j+#e#T.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
|&T
If you study well, you can get first class.
If you study well you may get first class nqe#T.
2e y+ Subordinate clause - If you study well
77
Spoken English
verb - studied ~ Simple past tense +~.

Main clause would get sy*.
would get > could get < might get n L& nqe#T.
3e y+ subordinate clause - If you had studied well
B verb - had studied past perfect tense
Main clause - you would have got first class.
would have got <T\T> could have got might have got L&
MOHAN
|j
+#e#T. PUBLICTIONS
If you had studied well, you could have got first class.
If you had studied well, you might have got first class
y\ s+& u>+ yTT<{ #|e#T.

Ydu will get first class if you study well
You would get first class if you studied well.
You would have got first class if you had studied well.
es y n< ns+ If +& L& nqe#T.
Had you studied well, you would have got first class.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
78
Spoken English
All of us are more or less fools, but

some insist on proving it.
Lesson - 20
MOHAN
1. seT] >sT eT+ {#sY n H \TdT.

I know that Mr. Rama Murty is a good teacher.
2. qT |q u> #<Teq sa n+{+~.
Jhansi says that she will study well here after.
3. d\T y& sp |~yT q&# y&q dTVD+
PUBLICTIONS
>sT
n++{sT.
Mr. Subrahman,iam says that he used to walk ten miles everyday to
go to school.
mes H #|q, < HqT nqT=q $wj HqT (m<T{

e) #|THqT.
y\ that yqTqTq~ u>+. B reporting Speech
n+{sT. ~ main clause.
that sTy q~ s+&u>+. B reported speech. ~
subordinate clause
y\ s+&d verb \T HsTT. = clause =

MOHAN
verb +~. clause n+f verb +T+~. s+&T clause \qT
*|
e that. B subordinate conjunction n+{sT.
|&T = y
#<+.
PUBLICTIONS
1. seT] >sT eT+ teacher n H \TdT.
H \TdT ~ present tense +~. I know
seT] >sT eT+ eksT. B present tense nqT=+f
Mr. Rama Murthy is a good teacher.
s+& *|
I know that Mr. Rama murty is a good teacher.
Tense @~ nH~ #|y&, $Hy& \TdT+~. seT]>sT Past
tense eTw nqT=+<+. jTq >T]+ HqT nqT=q~ L&
79
Spoken English
past tense e#T.

I knew that Mr. Rama murty was a good teacher.
HVA >] >T]+ eTq+ e{&T+T+H+ nqT+& n|&T

HVA >sT >=| sTE& H \TdT n+f
I know that Mr. Nehru was a great statesman.
2. |q u> #<Teq+{+~ sa.
sa n+{+~ - Jhansi says.
|
q
u> #<T eqT. shall study well hereafter
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
s+&T u>\ *|`

Jhansi says that she will study well thereafter
3. d\T y& sp |~yT q&#y&q
n++{sT
dTVD+>sT.
dT
VD+>sT n++{sT - Mr. Subrahmaniam says
d y& |~yT q&# y& n he used to walk ten miles
everyday to go to school
s+&+{ *|
Mr. Subrabmaniam says that he used to walk ten miles everyday to
go to school.
3. b|\T qs bs Xd>+<\T #|THsTT.
The scriptures say that the sinners go to hell.
simple present tense - the sinners go to hell.
MOHAN
b|\T qs bsT nH~ d+.

qT ~ simple present tense H +&*.
PUBLICTIONS
4. u$T >TsTsD X +< qH |f&T.
Newton invented that the earth has gravitational force.
(3,4 y\qT b\T= +k] #<e+&.)
5. #+ q | qT #dT=+bT+< |< n++{sT.

The P.M. Says that the law will take its own course of action.
6. seTqT >=| HjTXdy\ #] #b+~.

History reveals that the Romans were experts in law
7. q e+{ u> < #+{ H nH&T.
#+{ H nH&T. ~ past tense
80
Spoken English
chanti told me.
H +{ u> <T . I am not doing well

~ present continuous tense
H nq|&T n +{ u><T.
nqT H #| q|&T present continuous tense
$wjT+ HqT |MOHAN
&T #|HqT. qT #+{ #|q~
past continuous tense ne+~.
qT was not doing well nH*.
+ d+> #+{PUBLICTIONS
q +{ u> <q|&T
I am not doing well
#+{ u> < HqT #b\+f he (#+{)was not

doing well nH*.
s +& *| Chanti told me that he was not doing well
8. q ejTdT 70 @ ne<qT >sT H nHsT.
Mr Avadhanulu told me that he was seventy.
9. |\T u> ykq V] H #b&T.
V] H #b&T. ~ past tense - Hari told me.
|\T u> ykqT. B past tense.
~ HqT #|q d+> present
V] H nq&+ - past
qT |\T u> ydq $wjT+. past past.
- past perfect.
V] >T]+ HqT #|q|&T V] he nH*.
Hari told me that he had written the exams well.
V] H #|q~ - past tense
qT |\T u> ydq~ - past tense
+<T s+&T past actions HsTT.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
qT |\T u> yjT&+ eTT+<T ]+~. qT ~

past perfect tense +&*.
V]H #|q~ sTy ]q~. ~ simple past tense qT
Hari told that he had written the exams well.
81
Spoken English
10. qT ^qT #~yq dTbD >jT nH&T.

Supani told Gayatri that he had read the Gita.
11. H\T> qT+ d+d+ HsT+T+Hq dyD
n+~.
MOHAN
Satyavani told me - past tense.
H\T> qT+ d+d+ HsT=+THqT.

n d yD H nq| &T present perfect continuous tense.
dyD HPUBLICTIONS
nq&+ past tense.
past tense present perfect continous tense @eTy*?
past perfect continous tense ny*.
qT
Satyavani toad me that she had been learing sanskrit for four years
then.
12. n& sTH\\ qT+ |#dTH |~ #|+~.
Padmini said that she had been working there for six months then.
13. US qT+ |t kq dTswt promise #k&T.
dTswt promise #d+~ past tense.
US qT+ gift kqT. n|{ future tense $wjT+
#| q
| { past tense nsTT+~. n|&T Suresh promised me that he
would bring a git from the U.S.
MOHAN
14. HqT msTTsYbsY <>Zs q ]dy #dT=+{q eT] >sT

expect #ksT.
PUBLICTIONS
Mr. Murty expected that i would receive him at the airport.
15. e# es|t +&j >\TdT+< seTH>sT Cd+ #bsT.

Mr. Raman predicted that India would win the next world cup.
16. eTs&T 12 qT \+#Y #d+{q sDY #b&T.

Kiran told that he would be having lunch by 12 noon next day.
17. e# H\ { KT H |P] nsTTbT+< seTjT

VMT #&T.
Ramiah assured that the loan would have cleared by the first of next
month.
order or request \qT #|
y\qT imperative Sentence \T
82
Spoken English
n+{sT. <VsD
18. e {#sY e< #jTe< #bsT.
e teacher #bsT . our teacher told.
e< #jT+& Dont waste time.
< model y\ s+&MOHAN
T E\ eT< that e+~.
y\ to > not to > #b*.
Affimative nsTT to, negative nsTT not to
PUBLICTIONS
My teacher told us not to waste time

19. 1942 >w +>dt _{wt y]
{ +&j n &e+&
#d+~.
The congress demanded the British in Aug. 1942 to quit India.
20. +~TD $&T<\ #jTeT bdT\ & <+#sT.
The judge crdered the police to release the accused.
21. q >eTsY #b*+~> esY seT] >] s&T.
Kumar requested Mr. Rama murty to teach him grammar
22. VeT q =&T HsT eTdT= X+> +&eT+~.
Hema asked her son to shut up and keep quiet.
eT&T |<\ & \TdT=+&. quit, quiet, quit
23. q yjTeT |<eTw bdT\ s&T.
The gentleman requested the police to let him go.
24. bsT>T y >H |$T+#eT u_ u~++~.
The Bible ordains everyone to love ones neighbour as onesself.
25. n| n&> y&$ e<T. n|# y&$ e<T. n bjTdt
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
esT& d\V #&T.

Polonius advised his son to be neither a borrower nor a lender.
|
X y\qT Interogative sentense \T n+{sT.
|X neqT < <T yTed < yes - no answer question
n+{sT.
Ex: Do you like mangoes?
mesT, m&, m|&T e+{ $es\&> |X\T.

Ex: What is your father?
83
Spoken English
M{ wh questions n+{sT.
26. home work #ky n teacher n&>sT.
The Teacher asked ~ past tense.
Did you do your homework? ~ past tense.
+ eTT+<T y that
MOHAN
to eqT>
kq+ y If > whether (weather <T) > edT+~.
qT The teacher asked (me) if I had done my homework
PUBLICTIONS
27. qTe qqT |$Tk
y n swt neTqT n&>&T.
Rakesh asked Amrita if she would love him.
28. qTe H kjT+ #ky n sE C n&>&T.

Raju asked Jyothi if she could help him.
29. e$T& | we n e uusTT l\qT n&>&T.

My uncle asked srilatha if she liked mangoes.
30. H |X n&>e# n s<, w n&+~.

Radha asked krishna if she would ask him a question.
31. |s$T{ n |b qqT n&>sT.

|
s $T{? What is your name?
The prinicipal asked what my name was.
|
X y#\ interogative pronouns n+{sT.
what, who yTT<q
subordinate clause - interogative pronoun H yTT<\eT+~. that,
to, it e+{ n<q| eMT se.
The principal asked me what..........
question - what is your name? n +T+~.
|
s $T Pnnicipal n&>sT.
|s$T Prinicipal n&>sT n #|HqT.
your name - my name neT+~.
The principal asked what my name................
~ past tense qT is was > es*.
question what is your name n+f is jTT kq+ what
sTy, your name eTT+<T +~.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
84
Spoken English
y sD+ what sTy y+H subject sy*.

sTy ` Verb.
so, final >
The Prinicipal asked what my name was
32. +y* n e Hq n&>sT.
My Father asked me
what do you want? n n&>sT. d+> HqT #b*.
+<T do want - simple present tense
Reporting verb - asked ~ past tense
past present tense n+f
Present L& past neT+~.
do want past tense - wanted
My father asked me what I wanted.
verb - wanted - y+ es e+< >eT+#*.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
33. qTe +^w m+<T HsTe n yT] qq&+~.

(Why dont you learn English?)
Mary asked me why I did not learn English..
34. nq<eTT+eT+~? n yD XsY n&+~.

Vani asked kishore how many brothers he had.
35. >+BJ m|&T |{sMOHAN

T? n C edsY n&>sT
The Quiz master questioned when Gandhiji had been born.
36. qTe |deTT m& =He? n Xw n&>&T.

Seshu asked where i had bought this book.
37. Paradise lost mesT yks e |+&T n&>&T.
My friend asked who had written paradise Lost.
PUBLICTIONS
85
Spoken English
Power corrupts; Absolute power

corrupts absolutely.
Lesson- 21
MOHAN
edTe e jTT \D #|e Adjectiye

He is a tall man.
Man m>T+{&T? b&>] n #|e tall
~ adjective
India is a large country
Country m+{~? n+f Large #b+~. ~ adjective
PUBLICTIONS
eT eTT>TZ]H n++f me eT+~H b|&T

He is the tallest man.
Ganesh is taller than Ashok.
y\ the tallest, taller - adjective
tall - taller - tallest
large - larger - largest
Adjective eT&d sb\T+{sTT.
M{ Degrees of Comparison n+{sT.
yTT<{ s|+ Positive degree - tall, large
s +&e s|+ comparative degree - taller, larger
eT&e s|+ Superlative degree - tallest, largest
MOHAN
1. dT >yT n+<] +f b&>].

PUBLICTIONS
uy eT&T s\T> #|e#T.
Goutham is the tallest boy in the class.
Goutham is taller than any other boy in the class.
No other boy in the class is as tall as Goutham.
eT&T y\ ns+ f.
Superlative degree - the tallest
Comparative degree - taller than - any other
Positive degree - no other - as tall as
86
Spoken English
2. >b e } n+~] +f <qe+T&T.

Gopal is the richest man in our village.
Gopal is richer than any other man in our village.
No other man in our village is rich as Gopal.
3. jb #] n+<]+f n+<>.
1) Cleopatra is the most beautiful lady in the history.
2) Cleopatra is more beautful than any other lady in history
3) No other lady, in history is as beautiful as Cleopatra
beautiful more beautiful - most beautiful
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
+ s+ y\T #&+&.
4. dT b&>] y >yT &T.
Gowtham is one of the tallest boys in the class.
Gowtham is taller than many other boys in the class.
Very few boys in the class are as tall as Gowtham.
Superlative - one of the tallest
comparative - taller than - many other
positive degree
very few -- as tall as
as tall as < so tall as n L& nqe#T.
eT&T s\ yq @ y+HH uy #|e#T.

MOHAN
5. >+BJ eTq<X+ n+<
]+f >=| HjT&T.
Gandhiji is the greatest leader of our country.
Gandhiji is greater than any other leader of our country.
No other leader of our country is so great as Gandhiji.
6. seHjTT&T >sT \T>T de |]XeT n+ successful
PUBLICTIONS
s.
Mr. Ramanaidu is the most successful producer in the Telugu
film industry
(successful - more successful - most successful)
Mr. Ramanaidu is a more successful producer than any other
producer in the Telugu film industry.
No other producer in the Telugu film industry is as successful as Mr.
Ramanaidu.
87
Spoken English
s+& edTe\T <s e\qT b\e\d ed

Superlative degree +&<T . Positive, comparative sb\T s
+&
+{sTT.
7. Vijayawada is hotter than vizag.
Vizag is not so hot as vijayawada.
8. msY ` @mHsY +f b|\sY qT&T.
NTR is a more popular actor than ANR.
ANR is not so popular as NTR as an actor.
MOHAN
9. y<\T ||+#+PUBLICTIONS
n |sq yjT+.
The vedas are the oldest literature in the world.
10. seTT&T q k<sT\ |<y&T.
Rama is the eldest of his brothers.
11. HVA +f |f |<y&T.

Patel was older than Nehru.
\DT& +f seTT&T |<y&T.

Rama was elder than Lakshmana.
( HVA |f k<sT\T sT. qT older |j+#*.

seT\DT\T k<sT\T qT elder |j+#*.)
13. +>&T ||+#+ n |< keC |]b*++~.
England ruled over the largest empire in the world.
14. ||+# |d< >D Xdy seqTH sT
Ramanujan is one of the greatest mathematicians in the world.
MOHAN
15. |&T b\T +f K<T nsTTbjsTT.
PUBLICTIONS
Water has become costlier than milk
16. ||+#+ @ <X Hu +f #H Hu me.

The population of China is greater than that (the population) of any
other country.
17. y&T H +f *yqy&T.
He is more intelligent than I(am)
EXERCISE 12
Try to write the story of the Ramayana. Write the story in small
sentences in Telugu and translate them into English. Usually any story
88
Spoken English
is narrated in the past tense. So while translating the sentences you

may use simple past, or past continuous or past perfect or past
perfect continuous tense.
nq>q> sE +&y&T. n& |sT <Xs<T&T. n&T d\ sC

b*+#&T. n& s< nj<.
MOHAN
<Xs<T& us\T eTT>TZsT. ysT d\, dT$T, . <Xs<T& #
\+ |\\T sT. d+q+ =s <Xs<T&T jT+ #k&T. jT|sTw&T
y] |
+ nj&T. <e&T b bjTk q us\ |+sTTeT
PUBLICTIONS
#| n+sq+ nj&T.
<Xs <
T &T bjTd+ d>u
> |
< us d\, $T*q d> u>
q us #&T. d\, eT q bjTd+ d>+, d>+ u>\
dT$T#sT.
eTT>TZsT us\T >seT\jsT. qeek\j y] q\T>TsT
esT\T +#sT.
d\ seTT&T +#&T. usT&T +#&T. d$T
\ DT&T, XT|T&T +#sT. seTT&T n+<]+f |<y&T. XT|TT&T
n+<]+f qy&T. <Xs<T& seTT&+f # w+.
<Xs<T& \ >TsTe ew&T. jTq sesT\ s, nd$<
Hs&T.
sE $X$TT&MOHAN
T <Xs<T e< e#&T.
H= jT+ #dTHq, sdT\T jTC $|\T *dTHs,
jTC s+#&+ d+ seT\DT\qT q |+|eT $X$TT&T <Xs<TD
PUBLICTIONS
s&T.
<Xs<T&T # w|]d |&&T. seTTD $& +&&T. n&
] <+f $X$TT&T >V+ #+<T&T. e] ew& d\V| seT
\DT\qT $X$TT y+ |+|+#&T.
seT\DT\T $X$TT L& n&$ ysT.
<] $X$TT&T seT\DT\ \ n\ nH eT+\qT
|<+#&T. eT+\ e\ seTDT\T * <qT n~>$T+#sT.
$X$TT&T seT\DT\ mH >=| ndeTT\qT Hs&T.
89
Spoken English
y jTX\ e< e#sT. $X$TT&T jTC bs+_#&T.

seT\DT\T n y| |]o*d jTX\qT sdTHsT.
+ nH z sd, e#T&T dTuVQ&T X+ nsTd
e jT +&+ +&\ s >TeT]+#ujsT. y+H seTT&T
uD+ #+|
X&T. y+HMOHAN
e#dT uVQe\ MT< L& uD\qT yd
+
e#T&T b]bj&T. seTT& uD dTuVQ&T eTsD+#&T. $X$TT&
jT+ |P] nsTT+~.
n|&T $<VPUBLICTIONS
sC q&T b*dTH
&T . n& s< $T~\. n
es +~. yT |sT d. d djT+es+ |{+#&T q&T. n~
\TdT= $X$TT&T seT\DT\qT rdT= $T~\ jT\T<s&T.
<] >eTT& XeT+ e+~. n&= ssTT +~. seTT& b<+
ssTT >H n~ d> e]+~. d |sT nV\. yT >eTT& us.
>eTT& X|+e\ yT ssTT> |&+~. nV\>eTT\T seT\DT\qT
B$+#sT.
seT DT\ $X$TT &T $T~\ #sT H&T . eTs& d djT+es+.
dueT<+ $\T +~. n~ e& $\T. $\T m|{q y&
d |[ #kq q&T |{+#&T. nH eT+~ sE\T |jT+#sT.
y $\T m|&+ e nT+ < <\ bjsT. seTT&T y[
$\T # rdT= mMOHAN
|f+ $\T $] bsTT+~. d seTT& yT&
|P\ e\ yd+~.
q&T <Xs <
T & ys *jT|]#&T. <Xs <
T &T d|] ys+> $T~\
e#&T. q& k<PUBLICTIONS
sT\ LTHsT. d seTTD, }] \DTD, e+&$,
X] usXT|TT\ $yV+ #dTHsT. dseTT\T nj< #sT=HsT.
|H+& d+ks dTU\qT nqTu$+#sT.
sE <Xs<T&T seTT& |{_w |{+#&T. n+<s
d+w+#sT.
<Xs<T& KsT us + eTT+<T <Xs<T&T yT s+&T
y>H\T #&T. yT <Xs<TD s+&T ]\T |&T ]+~. seTT&T 14
d+\T nsDyd+ #j*. usT& |{_w+ #j* n. n&T qq
s+&T es\ d+> >TsT#d+~. <Xs<T&T @$T #jTbj&T.
90
Spoken English
seTT&T |q* +{ y[ $wjT+ \TdTH&T. y+H +&

y>H HsysTkq |{+#&T. seTT&T nsD jT\T<s&T. d,
\DT\T L& jT\T<ssT. d seT \DT\T eTT>TZs n&$ ysT. =
sE\ usT&T e <Xs<T& eTsD ys #|&T. nj< ] e s+
#jTeT n&>&T. seTT&TMOHAN
eT<Te> sd]+#&T.
dseT \DT\T nsD+ + eTT+<TsT. n& eTTXsT\qT
u~dTq KsT&T, <wDT&T sT&T nH sdT\, 14 y\ dH seTT&T
#+|k&T.
PUBLICTIONS
dseT \DT\T |+#e{ XeT+ T= eddTHsT. XSsDK
nH sd d e seTTD |[ #dT=eT n&+~. seTT&T <+f \DT&T
<>Zs y[+~. \DT&T yTqT eTT #e\T d beTH&T.
XSsDK seDT& k<]. yT y+H y[ q k<sT& \DT&T q
#dq < #|+~. seDT&T >V+#&T. XSsDK seDT& d n+<
>T]+ #|+~.
seDT&T e#TD |*#&T. dq
T mT = e#jT & bqT #b&T .
e#T&T #q $s$T+#TeT d\V #b&T. seTT&T |seT+
>T]+ $e]+#&T. seDT& |+ e+~. e#T&T | +#Tb j&T.
seDT& # +f seTT& e eTsD+ #&+ eT+<qTH&T . seDT& bqT
n+^]+#&T.
MOHAN
e#T&T +>sT &> e] seTT& |sX \ dMT|+ ]>TTH&T .
d ejT & #d < rdTseT seTTD ]+~. \DT&T e<
y]+#&T. n~ sdPUBLICTIONS
T\ ejT n #b&T. d $q<T. seTT&T ejT &
y+ |sT>&T. & # <s+ |]>+~. seTT&T uD+ &
={&T. V \D ` V d n seTT& >=+T nsTd e#T&T bD\T
e~&T. \T $ d ujT|&+~.
seTT& n n]#&qT=+~. D
+ y[ seTT& s+ #eT \ DT&
#|+~. n~ sdT\ ejT n, seTT& @ |< \>~ \DT&T yTqT
X++ eV+#eT q# #b&T. d $q<T. \DT yeT =+<s #d+~.
\DT&T nsTTw+>H seTTD yT y&T. XeT+ d +]> +~.
seDT&T eTT s|+ |sX\ eTT+<T \& _ yjTeTH&T. d
91
Spoken English
nqeTqd+> _ seDT& eTT+<T e+~.

seDT&T s|+ <]+ dqT |w s<+ mT bj&T.
s<+ <D ~X> X+ y[bsTT+~. <] {jTTe nH | seDT&
jTT<+ #d+~. seDT&T | s\T q]k&T. {jTTe H\ MT<
|&b j&T. X+ yS
q
MOHAN
d |s + MT< mes +&+ #d q q>\qT
rd >T& eT{ Cs$&+~.seDT&T dqT q \+ sC
rdTbj&T.
PUBLICTIONS
seT\DT\T
|sX\ e d q& # +<q #+<sT.
n sT>T d @eTsTT+~ |+q y]q+<] n&>sT. mes
#| bjsT.
n dqT yT yq y] s\T u$T MT< |&eq
{jTTe q&&T. seDT&T dqT rdT= <D ~> y&, nD
m<TsT =q+<Tq seDT&T q s\T K+&+#&, y] dyT qT m<TsT
#d bD\ Hq #| bD\T e~&T.
seTT&T {jTTe n+jT\T #k&T. seT \DT\T {jTTe
e |s+ <D ~X> ysT. n ysT TTweT |s+ <>ZssT.
n& dTê&H yqs sE q q\T>TsT eT+T\ H&T. n
eT+T\ VqTeT+T&T eTTKT&T. n&T seTT&, dTê& dV+ ~s&T.
dqT y~ seTT& w+ rsMOHAN
Tkq dTê&T, y* #+| yqs sC nD
sEqT #kq seTT&T | #ksT.
bqT |s+ dTê&T y* q>s+ w+< y[ jTT< seT
|*#&T. y]esT jPUBLICTIONS
TT<+ #d+&> seTT&T #T #T qT+ uD+ yd
y* #+b&T.
seTT&T dT^ e w +< sE #k&T. y* =&T n+><T D jTTe
sEqT #k&T. es\+ y dTê&T yqsT\+<] q m<T VsT
y\ |{+#&T.
n+<s
e# yqsT\qT H\T>T +<\T> #d d m&T+< y<
seT |+b&T. d |+H, |+#bsTTH d]>Z H\<+& e
#b\ >&Te |{&T.
92
Spoken English
<D
~> y*q
+<+ VqTeT+T&T, n+><T &T, C+e+T&T
yTT<q yqs |eTTKT\THsT. seTT&T q +>s d >TsT>
#|+#eT VqTeT+T#&T.
yqsT\T <D ~> yS n+ y~sT. d q&<T. n dqT
q T>=q +& w +< MOHAN
y & + w + ys + < s T # be&
XsTT+#THsT.
n& dMT|+> d+b nH | H\MT< |& H&T. n&T yqsT\T
nqT=q e\T $HPUBLICTIONS
&T. y] |* dqT seDT&T mT= <D~X> \+
y| rdT= y&+ qT #kq #| bD+ e~&T. \+ y\+f deTT<+
<{*. n~ e+< jqeTT\ deTT<+.
n+ <s+ m>s\+f VqTeT+T&=& deTsT& C+e+T&T
yTT<q yqs |eTTKT\T ssTT+#sT.
|
s+ VqTeT+T&T deTT< <& eTV+< ] |s + qT+&
ms&T.
<] = n&+\T <{ VqTeT+T&T \+ |y+#&T. n&
\+ q>s <e \+D #+b&T. \+ n+ d d+ y~&T. e] nX
eq+ nXe+ +< dqT ##&T. d q < n+ #| seTT&T
qq +>s yT#&T. yT q >TsT> q seTD rdT=H&T.
sTy seDT& <MOHAN
w ]+#& nX eH <d+ #k&T. n~
*dq seDT&T sd
MsT\ |+|+#&T. VqTeT+T&T y]q+<] #+|
k&T.
e] seDT& esT&T +<
Y e#&T . +<
Y VqTeT+T& MT<
Vd+
|j+#&T.
PUBLICTIONS
<# +~ + | & q T V qTeT+ T & T q{ + #& T . s d T \T
VqTeT+TD seDT& eTT+<T rdTsT. VqTeT+T&T seDT& q
<q+ #| dqT seTT& n|+ seTT& XsDT y&e\d+~> d\V
#b&T. seDT& |+ e+~. n& | |{*+~> sdT\
<+#&T. sdT\T VqTeT+T& |+{+#sT.
VqTeT+T&T yjTT<e esT&T. yjTT<e&T n<e
&T $TT \T.
n+<Te\ VqTeT+T&T ||{H n u<\T><T. #\>H +~.
93
Spoken English
eT+&Tq VqTeT+T&T z ue
q+ MT<qT+& + ue
q+ MT<
< n L | n+{+#&T. \+ ueH\ eT+&bjsTT.
KsTq VqTeT+T&T y[ qT deTT<+ eTT+ eT+qT s&T.
VqTeT+T&T ] deTT< <{ TTweT |s+ e< e#&T.
seT\DT\, dTê& qT
dqT ##q $es+> #b&T. d q
MOHAN
seTD seTT& #|{&T. n+<s d+w+#sT.
seDT| jTT< jTssT. ysT deTT<+ MT< e+q {sT.
n+<s \+qT #sPUBLICTIONS
sT.
seT seD jTT<+ ]+~. seDT&T, +usT&T, +<T yTT<q
sd MsT\+<s #+|&sT.
seTT&T $;wD \+ sC sEqT #k&T. d seT \DT\T,
VqTeT+T&T dT^ e&T $;w DT&T + yqs eTTKT\T n+ nj< ysT .
seTT& |{_w+ ]+~. \DT jTTesE> +&eT seTT&T n&>&T.
\DT&T n+^]+#<T. n|&T seTT&T usTD jTTesE #k&T. seT
s+ s>\ ujT+<T. <=+>\ ujT+ <T. |<y qy |s\T
#jT<T. |+\T u> |+&sTT. |\+ dTK+> HsT.
( <q
T +^w nqTe~+#|&T e e nqTe~+#\
<T. y+ |<< s+&T eT&T q y\T> nqTe~+#e#T. n>
\T>T q q y\qT MOHAN
+^w y+> nqTe~+#e#T.)
PUBLICTIONS
94
Spoken English
Unequal combinations are always

dangerous to the weaker side.
Lesson - 22
+^w uc u>\T (MOHAN
Parts of Speeach) m$T~ HsTT.
y{ Preposition {. ~ \T>T $u\ e+{~.
Prroposition is palced before a noun or a pronoun to show its
relation to some other word in the sentence.
n+f y+ Preposition sTy Noun > pronoun > edT+~.
|&T noun < pronoun object of the preposition n+{sT.
Look at these sentences:
1. There is no water in the pot.
2. Raghu is going by car.
3. Gopal is angry with you.
y underline #dq
|<\T preposition \T.
yTT<{ y+ preposition - in
~ water pot d++<+ #|+~.
water, pot s+& noun .
s+& y+ preposition - by
~ y+ verb - is going car (noun) d++<+ #|+~.
eT& y+ preposition - with
~ angry (adjective) pronoun you d++< jT#dT+~.
to, in, for, on, from, at, up, upto, in into, upon, about, after, before,
under yTT<q
$ prepositions.
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
$ # qq |<\T. M{ \TdT= d]>Z |jd

uw >=| k>dT edT+~. nCq+ |jd nqs\T eksTT.
<VsD:
They laughed at me.
They laughed with me.
laugh at n+f m>[ #jT &+ (to redicule)
They laughed with me n+f yS H bT qysT n
95
Spoken English
laught at laugh with n+ &.
+{ <VsD\T + #<+.
1.Agree upon (a course of action.)
The cabinet agreed upon raising D.A. to the employees.
Agree with (a person or a thing)
Alchohol does not agree with me.
Agree to (a proposal)
Vani did not agree to go abroad for a job.
2. Angry with (a person)
Gopal grew angry with his son for his misconduct.
Angry at (a remark)
Mohan was angry at his wifes remarks about his sister
3. Attack with (a disease)
Rani was attacked with pneumonia.
Attacked by (the enemy)
Pearl Harbour was attacked by Japan in the second world war.
4. Belive ( a person)
I dont believe you.
Believe in (Some thing)
Rajaji did not belive in socialism.
5. Break out:
The first world war broke out in 1914.
Cholera broke out in the city.
Break into
The thieves broke into his shop and looted it.
6. Call at (someones house)
Trupathi Piligrims used to call at NTRs house in Madras
Call on:
The leaders of all parties called on the Governor to greet him
on the new year day.
Call for:
The officer called for an explanation from the clerk for his
negligence of duty.
Call off:
The N.G. G.OS called off their strike following on an agree
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
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96
Spoken English
ment with the government.

7. Differ from (to be dissimilar)
Salt and camphor look alike. But they differ from each other
in flavour.
Differ with (to be in disagreement)
Netaji differed with Gandhiji on several issues.
8. Engaged to (some one)
Jyothi is engaged to Chinmaya.
Engaged in (an activity)
Veeresalingam was engaged in social reformation.
9. Fight with (on the side of)
Pandavass uncle salya fought with the kouravas in the war
of kurukshetra.
10. Give in (Accept)
I gave in to his proposal
Give up
We must give up bad habits and bad friends as well.
Give away (to distribute)
The C.M. gave away pensions to the disabled in the
Racchabanda programme.
11. Grateful to:
We must be grateful to everyone who helps us.
Grateful for :
Karna was always grateful to Duryodhana for his support.
12. Keep on:
The sages keep on chanting mantras.
Keep to:
The pedestrains must keep to their left on the road.
keep up :
Oh! well done! you must keep it up.
13. Live in: Supani lives in Chennai.
Live at: He lives at no.10 Kasthuri Street.
Live on : The Sages could live on air for several days.
Live by (Profession)
Athreya lived by writing for films.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
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97
Spoken English
14. Look at:

Oh! Look at the moon! How beautiful she is!
Look up to:
The congress always looked up to Gandhiji for his guidance.
Look down upon:
Venu has a feeling that he is being looked, down upon by nis wife
Look after: we ought to look after old parents.
15. Meet (a person)
Netaji met Hitler during second world war.
16.Meet with:
Notaji met with a plane accident
Need of: Ramu has poor eye sight and is in need of glasses
Need for: There is a need for a school in this area.
17. Pass for (to be regarded)
Among villagers he passed for a scholar.
Pass off
(1) (to stop) The rain passed off,
(2) (to take palce successfully): The assembly sessions passed
off peacefully
Pass away (to die)
Nehru passed away on 27th May 1964.
18. Part from (a loved one)
Lakshmana parted from his wife and mother and followed Sita
and Rama to the forest.
Part with (to be seperated from) suresh could not part with his
car.
19. Put off (to postpone)
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
put up (to take up ones lodging) when you come to Agra you may
put up my house.
Put on (to wear) we usually put on new dress on Ugadi.
Put out (to extinguish as light)
It is a good habit to put out the lights before going to bed.
Put forth: (to exert) Mr. Murthy Put forth all his strength and won
the prize.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
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98
Spoken English
20. Quarrel over (something)

Durga always quarrels with vani over politics
+{$ e+<~ |j>\T +{sTT. #~y =B \TksTT.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
99
Spoken English
Work must be useful and work must be cheerful
Lesson - 23
Common Errors
eeV s + | < yMOHAN

e{ & +^ w L & | \ T
<=sT+{sTT. n$ q q |\T. keqT\ n$ <=se.
keqT\T e{ & +^ w d s k< s D +> $| + #
PUBLICTIONS
|\T+{sTT. n$
q |\T e. =+#+ *dqy $+f
qesT.
<VsD:
1. Government Employers <+&! m<TsT> qy&T L&,
eTTc& nq u<<T ` \+#+ >*+<!
y+ Government employers n+f <>dT\T / Employees
nH ns+ |j+#sT. n~ |.
Employers= jTeqT\T
Employees= <>dT \
T
Governement employeesMOHAN
nH\qe.
2. Question Paper #d
ny Paper # tough +~. +<T nsTT<sT problems #
typical > HsTT.PUBLICTIONS
nHs=jTq typical n+f # w
+ > n jTq
<X+ typical ns+ <T. Dictionary Combining and
showing the main sign of a particular kind, group or class n ns+
+~.
Ex : A typical eighteenth Century Church.
n+f 18e X+ H{ #] sD+ eTTKyTq b&\T \D\T

* q~. s+ buliding qeTH!
100
Spoken English
type + eq e typical.
Problems critical > HsTT n+f yT\T.
3. |<\ ns+H <T ` #sD & `

+|\sY (ink pillar) |<MOHAN
#&+&.
Ink bottles $|&T. eye drops ydTH+<T |jdTH+.
n~ Ink Piller <T ink filler.
PUBLICTIONS
4. s\T u^\ j
TsY Compartment \T
rjTsY +bsYyT+T\T n++{sT <!
usT\T <|q {, s+&T n+dT\T+f n~ jTsY u^.
usT\T < |q { eT&T n+dT\T> neT]q u^ ` rjTsY
+bsYyT+T.
n~ jTsY <T. {jTsY
s\T u^ MT< three tier compartement n sd +T+~. tier
jTsY n #<e#T. {jTsY n #<ee#T. +< V+B *|
{jTsY n yd +T+~. |&T |d]> {jTsY nH nH*. n
\TdT+~. tier |<+ + d+<s+ L& # |eTTK+>
MOHAN
|j>+ +~.
The Indian constitution prvides for three tier. system in the constitution
PUBLICTIONS
of the cabinet ministers.
They are - cabinet minister, deputy minister and ministers of staste.

( tier, tire, tyre |<\ &qT >eT+#+&.)
5. k] uw |<\T y& |ksTT.

NsY (cheater) yd+ #dy&T nH ns+, ` +^w
yd+ #jT&+ n+f to cheat.
one who cheats is called a cheat.
N{ #dy&T N{ n+ NsY <T.

101
Spoken English
6. +&jT{ ` &^ sT #<TeTq $<sT\T V{{\ d+

passport size photo \T rsTT+#T+{sT. b{ q&TeTT
|u>+ +f #\T. $<sT\T ` $<]qT\T L& d&j y[
breast size photo rjTeT n&T>TsT. n~ breast size <T bust
size.
MOHAN
bust = the human head, shoulders and chest
breast n+f dPUBLICTIONS

eC\T.
7. Emergent: # ns+T> nH ns+ |<+ y&T +~.
emergent ns+<T. |<+ emerge d++~++~.
Emerge = to come or appear out of some where.
The sun emerged from behind the clouds.
emerge nH verb adjective form - emergent n+f emerge nsTTq{
n ns+.
emergency nH |<+ L& emergent @MT d++<+ <T.
emergency n+f neds |]d =+<s, s> nH ns+<T.
emergent L& +{<.
8. Female: d\ females nq&+ |]b{> +~.

MOHAN
.. nH |<+ & ` eTq ( sex ) #|&+ es |j+#*.
She gave birth to a female (or male) child.
PUBLICTIONS
Female nH e n+f n~ Female dog, Female cat,

Female Flower @<H e#T. & eTw nH\+f
y&*+~ Woman
There are thirty Femaes in the class |
There are thirty girls or ladies (ejTdT
{) ~ |.
- Male voice, Female walk ~ |.
Masculine voice, Feminine Walk etc.
Manju has a masculine voice
Rarna Krishna has a feminine Walk nH*.
102
Spoken English
<X+ & Hu, eT> CHu\ >T]+ e{&|&T male

population, female population +f men population, women population
nq&+ yTsT>T.
+<|<X b<$T $<XK
d\ nsd X+ u> e>
MOHAN
+& b+\ +& bsX\ LFL Post \T HsTT.
n+f Low Female Literacy.
|j>+ d]jPUBLICTIONS
Tq<H?
Low Women Literacy nq&+ + <!
~ $#sDjTeTT.
9. Backside Backside of the house, on the backside of the
paper > y| ns+ |j+#&+ $++{+.
backside n+f (|<TsT\T) nH ns+
back of the house, back of the paper d]jTq |j>+.
10. Keep-Put:
\T>T s+&T e\ |< & n|+#be#T. +^w

# & +~.
Keep implies retention put implies the act of placing
I put my dictionary in my shelf
I kept my dictionary in my shelf.
MOHAN
s+& d]jTqy.
I kept my diclionery In my friends house.
~ d]<T.
PUBLICTIONS
I put it in my friends house

e Friend #d | Keeping.
I put my ornament in the bank locker.
The bank kept my ornament in the locker.
11. Meals:
Have you taken your meals?
k] m meal +{&T?meal meals n Plural > m+<T
y&Ts *jT<T.
103
Spoken English
Have you had your food nqe#T .
< s uqy |>{ uqy <w +#T+f

Have you had your Lunch?
Have you had your Dinner? nqe#T
12. Before - ago
I saw him one month before.
I saw him before one month
MOHAN
s+& |.
PUBLICTIONS
I saw him a month ago nq&+ eT+~.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
104
Spoken English
Atom bomb is the horbinger of peace
Lesson- 24
Articles (A, An, The)
A, An, The \T Adjectives
y{ Demonstrative Adjectives n+{sT.
This, Those, These, Such \T L&
Demonstrative Adjectives s+
y. A, An, The \ |
+>
Articles n n+{sT.
eT&+{ A, An \qT countable articles n the uncountable
article n n+{sT.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
~ $u>eTT.
A, An \qT Indefinite Articles n The Definite article n n+{sT.
<= $u>eTT.
Once there was a king
|&T H= sE H&T. sE |H n #|<T. n+f

definite <T. < bs+u+ H=sE n+{+.
sTy y+
sE @&T>TsT =&TMOHAN
\THsT. n+f
b eTq *jT<T qT, yTT<{ y+
a king n indefinite article a y&eTT.
sTy y+ PUBLICTIONS
sE nH+. b eTq |]#jT+ nsTT+~.
n+f
The king had seven sons
nH*.
+#eTT.
|&T Definite Article - The |j
n>
I Saw a boy crossing the road
y+ boy >T]+ +
eTT+<T |]#jT+ <T qT

105
Spoken English
Indefinite Article a |j
+#eTT.
& a n+f H= n sTy
An auto hit the boy
u\TD { & ={+~ nq|&T Definite article The
|j+#+. n> MOHAN

A ,An \qT |jd n ns+ |>*> d+<s+
n+{+.
A boy was crossing the road
PUBLICTIONS
|f$, |$ n+f edTe\T eTqTw\T, bDT\T n+f

Noun <!
{ A, An, The \T Nouns eTT+<T ekjTqe.
n<
u\TsT s& <TTHsT nH\+f
The boys are crossing the road
nH*. n+f...VQe#H eTT+<T A, An y&L&<T. The y&*.

A ,An \ < m|&T y&*? eTq +^wt ns\ a,e,i,o,u
\qT vowels (n#T\T) n+{+.
$T*q 21 ns\qT consonants (V\T\T) n+{+.
Vowel Sound q ns+ yTT<q nouns eTT+<T an y&*.
& >eT+#*+~. MOHAN
Vowel yTT<q nq<T
Vowel sound yTT<\jT noun nHsT .
PUBLICTIONS
An aeroplane, an ant
An egg, an examiner
e ns+ yTT<\jT |<\ =+{ jT sound
|\T+.
ex: European q an y&L&<T.
A European nH*.
An ink bottle, an industrialist
An ox
He comes from an orthodox family.
106
Spoken English
o ns+ yTT<\jT one |< eH n #<Te+. s <T.

qT This is an one rupee note nqL&<T .
This is a one rupee note. nH*.
U ns+ yTT<\jT |<\ =+{ n < |\T+.
qT y{ eTT+<T an yj*.
An umbrella, an ugly fellow etc.
= |<\qT jT Sound #]k+. University yTT$.
y{eTT+<T a y&*.
A university
Doolagunda is also a useful plant
consonants yTT<\jT |<\
h yTT<\jT = |<\ n <q =+{ V
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
<q #]k+.
An hour, An honest man
V yTT<\jT |<\ eTT+<T a y&*.

A half, a hatric
An hour and a half
M A, M.L.A., N.G.O..... abbreviations m < yTT<\esTT.
qT
MOHAN
Reavindra is an M.P.
Murthy is an NGO nH*.
@e#q+ +& | common noun eTT+<T | d]> a
an |j
+#*.
The @e#q+q, VQe#q+q L& |j+#e#T.
The girl, the girls, the book,the books.... etc.
The |j>+ # $Xc\T HsTT.
proper nouns eTT+<T Article +&<T .
PUBLICTIONS
~ k<sD jTeT+.
1) q<T\T, deTT<\T, Be\ deTT<j\T, |s XDT\ |sT n$
proper nouns nsTTH y{ eTT+<T The +&*.
The Godavari, The Indian Ocean
107
Spoken English
The Andamans, The Himalayas etc.

2) |$ >+<\ |s eTT+<T The +&*.
The Vedas, The Gita, The Bible, The Khuran etc
3)Abbreviation q <X\ |s eTT+<T The +&*.
The U.S.A, The U.A.E
England n+f < eTT+<T The +&L&<T.
U.K. n+f +&*. The U.K. nH*.
4) eTqTw CT\ |sT eTT+<T The +&*.
The |j
+# +& English n+f uw
The English n+f +^w C.
5) Adjective eTT+<T The |jd The rich n+f <q
e+T\T
nH plural noun neT+~.
6) The common noun eTT+<T |jd C y#+
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
neT+~.
The cow is a domestic animal
B eT $TqVsTT+|. eqe\+<] e]+#?

Man is mortal
& the man <T.
7) Proper noun eTT+<T The |jd,
Bombay is the Monchester of India n+f +>&
Monchester
MOHAN
q>s+ m> (ed|]XeT +<+) +&j u+usTT

Patel is the Bismark of India.
s _ksY mPUBLICTIONS
@sD+ #k& +&j |f\T n>.
8) >V\ eTT+<T
The Sun, The Moon, The Earth n |j
+#*.
9) Superlative degree Adjective eTT+<TThe best, The cleverest
One of the richest e the +&*.
10) Comparative degree Adjective eTT+<T the |j
d
The higher you go, the cooler it gets
qTe m+ mT y n+ #\> +T+~.

The less we talk about him, the better is would be
108
Spoken English
y& >T]+ eTq+ m+ e e{& n+ eT+~.

The more you have the more you want.
me q=B + me y\qT+{e.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
109
Spoken English
Philosophy begins where science ends.
Lesson- 25
Question tag:
MOHAN
$<sT\ 10e s>, +sY +^w |\ Question

tag b<q +~. +^w d+uwD\ Question tag y&+ #
me. eTq+ \PUBLICTIONS
T>T e{&|&T nesTT |[ nsTT+~
<? e nqjT jTT.mdt. qT+& edTH&T. neqT <? n+ z
y+ #|d, y+H neqT <? <? n+ |X\qT *dT+{+.
< eTd n|&|&T +^w y\T n+ He did not come to
school yesterday. itnt it? All the conntnier are fawreg the prolew of
terrorism. is nt it? es is nt it? n++{sT n\yT>.
Question tag n+f n<, $<q+ d]jT q~ <T. Ques + @$T+f eTq+ eTTKyTq
$wjT + @<#| $Hy&T
tion tag <X
d]>Z $+T+H&? n y&TL& n_bjT+ @u$dTH&
n s]+#T=q&yT.
<VsD:
Gopal is an honest man.
1. eTT+<T y+ verb #, < helping verb+principal verb
MOHAN
> u$+#+&.
y+ verb-isPUBLICTIONS
< helping verb, principal verb
be-form verb nsTT es~ @MT<T.
Durga loves music.
y+ verb-loves. B helping verb+principal verb > y d
loves= does love
helping verb rdT+&. < tag yTT< yj*.
2. #|q y+ not+< < #&+&. not b Question
tag not |j
+#*. q y+ not+f Question tag
not |j+#L&<T.
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Spoken English
y+ not <T . qT helping verb sT y not y j*.

|{ (1)G(2) *| does not nsTT+~.
3) q y+ subject (s) @$T{ #d s d++~+q
pronoun select #dT+&.
y+ subject - Durga
MOHAN
~ III person, singular number +~.
III person singular pronouns - he, she, it
y+ subject Durga d
qT pronoun she rdTy*. |&T
PUBLICTIONS
(1)G(2) (3) \|+&.

does not she
doesnt shen y
d question mark |
+&.
|&T tag - doesnt she?
| yT ydq|& q y+ yd, sTy e(,) |{

tag yjT+&.
Durga loves music, doesnt she?
d+uwD ~ yT. yes, she does n+{sT.
Durga loves music ~ positive statement.
doesnt she? - negative tag.
nagative statement +f positive tag +T+~.
MOHAN
|X ydy&T q m+{ de<q+ y\qT+f < >ZT>

statement, tag +&*.
Does Durga love PUBLICTIONS
music n |Xyd yT yes n > no n >
se#T. statement, tag s|+ n&q|&T statement
m>T+T+< yT n> +T+~. n+f tag es+>
+T+~.
2) Gopal is an honest man.
Gopal is an honest man, isnt he?
3) India did not win the world cup last year.
India did not win the world cup last year, did they?
& India n+f Indian team. n+f players of Indian team.
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Spoken English
|yTq |j>+ `
4) I am a clever man.
B question tag
I am a clever man, arent I? ( am nt I <T)
5) There has been heavy violence in Kashmir.
there yTT<\jT y\, tag L& there +&*.
There has been heavy violence in Kashmir, hasnt there?
= y\ not q&<T. hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely +{
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
|<\T.
M{ not qf M{ negative meaning +~.qT tag not
+&L&<T.
6) Our M.L.A rarely( seldr) visits his constituency, does he?
Everybody, nobody $ singular number H dksTT. M{
plural sense +~.
7) No one attended the class n+f class se\dq y mes
s< ns+. n|&T tag they |j+#*.
y No one attended the class, did they?
8) Every was present in the class, werent they?
yT yes; they were.
Im peretive sentence ( order or request or wish) \ d+<s+ tag
future tense helping verb - will or shall +&*. will you? .. wont
you? n n&>y&T m+{ de<q+ sTTH& < { tag
+&*.
9) Dont waste time, will you?
yT No; i wont. e\dq yT ~.
10) Study well; wont you?
yT yes; I shall.
e\dq yT positive > +&\+f tag negative (not) +&*.
Negative > +&\+f tag positive (not +&L&<T) > +&*.
11) Let me sea the book, wont you?
yT yes; I shall
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
Spoken English
+ $XwyTq |j>\ +112|<|d\ |]o*+#
+&.
KEY TO THE EXERCISES

Ex 1:
1. India is my mother land.
2. Telugu is my mother tongue.
3. The cow eats grass.
4. The earth moves round the sun.
5. The elephant has a trunk.
6. There are seven days in a week.
7. A week has seven days.
8. There are thirteen districts in Andhra pradesh.
9. Andhra pradesh has thirteen districts.
10. Kalidas is a great poet.
11. The Ramayana and the Mahabharatah are great epics.
12. Untouchability is a great sin.
13. Walking is a good exercise.
14. He has a strong determination.
15. I am hungry.
16. God is everywhere.
17. Balu sings songs.
18. It often rains in Assam.
19. My brother reads The Hindu.
20. Dates grow in arab Countries.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
Ex 2:
PUBLICTIONS
1. Kalam is a scientist.
Q1.
Who is Kalam?
Q2.
Is Kalam is a Scientist?
A1.
yes; Kalam is a Scientist.
A2.
No; Kalam is not a Scientist.
2. There are twelve months in a year.
Q1. How many months are there in a year?
Q2.
Are there twelve months in a year.
A1.
Yes; there are twelve months in a year.
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Spoken English
A2.
No; there are not twelve months in a year.
3. My father drinks coffee in the morning.
Q1. What does your father drink in the morning?
Q2. Does your father drink coffee in the morning?
A1.
Yes; my father drinks coffee in the morning.
A2.
No; my father does not drink coffee in the morning.
4. Water boils at 100 degress centigrade.
Q1. At what temperature does water boil?
Q2.
Does water boil at 100 degrees centigrade?
A1.
Yes; water boils at 100 degrees centigrade.
A2.
No; water does not boil at 100 degress centigrade.
5. There are seven colours in the rainbow.
Q1. How many colours are there in the rainbow?
Q2. Are there seven colours in the rainbow?
A1.
Yes; there are seven colours in the rainbow.
A2.
No; there are not seven colours in the rainbow.
6. The rainbow has seven colours.
Q1. How many colours does the rainbow have?
Q2. Does the rainbow have seven colours?
A1.
Yes; the rainbow has seven colours.
A2.
No; the rainbow does not have seven colours.
7. Latha writes stories.
Q1. What does Latha write?
Q2.
Does Latha write stories?
A1.
Yes; Latha writes stories.
A2.
No; Latha does not write stories.
8. The stars shine during night time
Q1. When do the stars shine?
Q2.
Do the stars shine during night time?
A1.
Yes; the stars shine during night time.
A2.
No; the stars do not shine during night time.
9. Varanasi is on the banks of the Ganges.
Varanasi is on the Ganges.
Q1.
Where is Varanasi?
Q2.
Is Varanasi is on the Ganges.
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A1.
Yes; Varanasi is on the Gangaes.
A2.
No; Varanasi is not on the Ganges.
10. Nuzvid is famous for mangoes.
Q1. What is Nuzvid famous for?
Q2. Is Nuzvid famous for mangoes?
A1.
Yes; Nuzvid is famous for mangoes.
A2.
No; Nuzvid is not famous for mangoes.
11. The Dogs bark.
Q1.
What do the dogs do?
Q2. Do the dogs bark?
A1.
Yes; the dogs bark.
A2.
No; the dogs do not bark.
12. There are nearly 2796 Lauguages in the world.
Q1.
How many languages are there in the world.
Q2.
Are there 2796 languages in the world?
A1.
Yes; there are nearly 2796 languages in the world.
A2.
No; there are not 2796 languages in the world.
13. The birds fly.
Q1. What do the birds do?
Q2. Do the birds fly?
A1.
Yes; the birds fly.
A2.
No; the bird do not fly.
14. The boys fly kites.
Q1.
What do the boys do?
Q2.
What do the boys fly?
A1.
Yes; the boys fly kites.
A2.
No; the boys do not fly kites.
15. The camel has a long neck.
Q1. Does the camel have a long neck?
A1.
Yes; the camel has a long neck.
A2.
No; the camel does not have a long neck.
MOHAN
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MOHAN
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Ex 3:
1. Raja is acting in this film.
Q1.
Who is acting in this film?
115
Spoken English
Q2. Is Raja acting in this film?

A1.
Yes; Raja is acting in this film.
A2.
No; Raja in not acting in this film.
2. Sowjanya is preparing for APPSC Examinations.
Q1. Is Sowjanya is preparing for APPSC examinations?
A1.
Yes; Sowjanya is preparing for APPSC examinations.
A2.
No; Sowjanya is not preparing for APPSC examinations.
3. Ravindra is contesting Loksabha election.
Q1.
What is Ravindra contesting?
Q2. Is Ravindra is contesting Loksabha election?
A2.
Yes; Ravindra is contesting Loksabha election.
A2.
No; Ravindra is not contesting Loksabha election.
4. My brother is comming from the US today.
Q1.
Where is your brother comming from ?
Q2. When is your brother comming from the US?
Q3. Is your brother is comming from the US today
A2.
Yes; my brother is comming from the US today.
A2.
No; my brother is not comming from the US today.
5. You are lying.
Q1. Who is lying?
Q2. Are you lying? or Am I laying.
A2.
Yes; You are lying.
A2.
No; You are not lying.
6. I am reading the Ramayana.
Q1.
What are you reading?
Q2. Are you reading the Ramayana?
A1.
Yes; I am reading the Ramayana.
A2.
No; I am not reading the Ramayana.
7. It is getting dark.
Q1.
Is it getting dark?
A1.
Yes; It is getting dark.
A2.
No; It is not getting dark.
8. They are quarreling amoung themselves.
Q1. What are they doing?
Q2.
Are they quarreling amoung themselves?
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Spoken English
A1.
Yes; They are quarreling amoung themselves.
A2.
No; They are not quarreling amoung themselves.
9. Tomatoes are selling at sixty rupess per Kg.
Q1.
At what price are the tomatoes selling?
Q2.
Are Tomatoes selling at sixty rupess per Kg.
A1.
Yes; Tomatoes are selling at sixty rupess per Kg.
A2.
NO; Tomatoes are not selling at sixty rupess per Kg.
10. The sun is setting.
11. Radha is reading the newspaper.
12. The NGOs are agitating for the new pay scales.
Q1.
What are the NGOs agitating for?
Q2.
Are the NGOs agitating for the new pay scales?
13. We are watching cricket match on TV.
14. Veerendra is writing a new novel.
15. Santha is cooking.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
Ex 4:
1. The Gowthami express has just arrived on the platform.
2. She is forty years old. Yet she has not married.
3. I have read sixty pages in the novel sofar.
4. Have you ever gone to Varanasi?
5. Mohan has been retired this month.
6. Vijay has completed thirty years of service.
7. I have given up smoking cigeretts.
8. I have never seen her to be so angry.
9. I have been seen my father for five years.
10. The Australians have never won in this ground.
11. Ramakrishna has been under suspension for ten years now.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
Ex 5:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I have been learning English for two years.

The employees have been agitating for twenty days.
The child has been crying for one hour.
The APSRTC has been plying buses for 55 years.
This film has been showing for 200 days.
Mr. Gopalam has been engaging English coaching classes since
the year 2000.
7. She has been drawing the pictures for two hours.
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Spoken English
8. There have not been rains here for two years.

9. Nani has been watching TV since morning.
10. His nose has been bleeding since one hour. (bleed-bled-bled)
Ex 6:
My native place is Tallapudi. This is a village and a mandal head
quaters too. This is on the (banks of the) Godavari. Its population is
around ten thousand. Ninety percent of them are below middle class.
Agriculture is their main occupation. The farmers grow paddy.
sugarcane, cotton, tobacco and vigitables. Rajamahendravarm is the
nearest town. It is 25 Km away from here. Busses ply for every half
an hour. Tallapudi is developing in all fields in recent years. There is a
Govt. Junior College, Private junior and degree college, B.Ed college
and a DIET college here. Private high schools have mushroomed in
Tallapudi. There is a primary health centre and some private hospitals
as well. Patients rush to Rajamahendrvaram in emergency conditions.
People get drinking water from the Godavari. There is a lift irrigation
canal for agriculture. Life here is calm and peaceful. I love my village.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
Ex 7:
1. Nehru was the first prime minister of India.
2. Hitler was a dectator.
3. Ramdas was the mentor of Sivaji.
4. Lyla and Majnu were lovers.
5. Lava and Kusa were twins.
6. There were eight great poets in the Court of Krishnaraya.
7. Once England had a great empire.
8. He had four sons.
9. Colombus discoverd Amirica.
10. Swaroopa passed SSC in 2005.
11. Harihara and Bukka brothers founded Vijayanagara empire.
12. Buddha preached Ahimsa.
13. Dr. Prasad become the first Rastrapathi of India.
14. Gandhiji studied Barrister course in London.
15. My father was very fond of me.
16. There were 355 days only in the year 1752A.D.
17. The present English calender came into being in the year 45B.C.
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Spoken English
Ex 8:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The British were ruling India in the nineteenth Century.

He entered the kitchen while she was cooking.
Radha was dancing while Latha was singing.
I was shedding tears when Kamal was acting.
Neero was fiddling while Rome was burning.
The thief entered the house while we were watching the TV.
Mani was sleeping while Mr. Ramamurty was teaching.
Ramana murthy met with an accident while he was acting in a
film.
9. Lamba died while playing cricket.
10. It was raining yesterday in the morning at 9o clock.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
Ex 9:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The meeting had been concluded before they arrived.

The booking counter had been closed when I reached there.
I had hopped that I would marry her.
I had wished that I would go onec.
Kapil had taken two wickets when the play of the day came to
an end.
The guests had come when malathi did not finish cooking.
The IT officers questioned how he had earned the money.
I had met padma before she left for London.
She had written a letter before she committed suicide.
MOHAN
Ex 10:
I am chinmaya. My fathers name is Ramadas. I have one elder
brother. I studied tenth calss in the local government high school. I
passed in first class. I got 540 marks. I am studying intermediate now.
My brother is studying B.Tech when I passed tenth class. My brother
taught me maths at home. My brother is very much interested in maths.
I want to study medicine. My intermediate will have completed in the
coming April. We built our house last year. The house lone will have
cleared by 2015. Ramesh and I are good friends. Ramesh told me that
he had been trying to win over sowjanys mind for two years. I had
hopped the I would get first rank in tenth class.
PUBLICTIONS
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Spoken English
Ex 11:
Once there was a king. His name was Dasaratha. He ruled over
the Kosal Kingdom. His capital was Ayodhya. Dasaratha had three
wives. They are Kousalya, Sumitra and Kikeyi. He had no children for
a long time. He performed a sacrifice for childern. The God of that
sacrifice appeard before them. He gave a bowl of payasa to Dasaratha
and asked him to share it among his wives. He gave half of it to his
eldest wife Kousalya and the remaining half to his youngest wife Kikeye.
In turn each of them gave half of their shares to Sumitra.
All the three wives conceived. Nine months later four sons were
born to them.
Kousalya gave birth to Rama, Kikeya to Bahartha and sumitra
gave birth to the twins Lakshmana and satrughna. Rama is the eldest.
Satrugha is the youngest. Dasaratha was very fond of Rama.
Sage Vasistha was the Kulaguru of Dasaratha. He taught the princes
Rajanithi and archery.
One day, the sage viswamithra came to Dasaratha. He told him
that he was performing a sacrifice but the demons were creating hundles
to it and requested him to send Rama and Lakshmana to protect it.
Dasaratha was in a fix. He could not bear the thought of parting
with Rama even for a ninute. If he dishonoured his request Vishvamithra
would grow angry. At last on the advice of Vasishta, Dasaratha sent
Rama and Lakshmana along with Viswamitra.
Rama and Lakshmana follwed Vishwamitra to the forest. Viswamitra
taught them two great manthras Bala and Athibala. By chanting them
they could overcome hunger and thirst. Vishwamitra taught them several great mantras called Asthras.
They came to the Yajnasala and Viswamithra commenced the sacrifice. Rama and Lakshmana were observing all sides and protecting
the Yajna. Suddnely a devil Tataka, the demons Mareecha and Subahu
came there shouting from the sky and tried to pour blood into the fire of
the Yajna. Rama killed Tataka with one arrow. he released two arrows
on Mareecha and subahu. Mareecha ran away and Subahu was killed
by the arrow. The yagna was succesfully completed. At that time the
king Janaka was ruling over Videha Kingdom. Mithila was his capital.
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Spoken English
he had a daughter named Sita. King Janaka announced Swayamvara

for Sita. Having heard so, Viswamitra went to Mithila along with Rama
and Lakshmana.
On their way they passed the gowtham Ashram.There Rama
touched a stone with his foot. The stone turned into a woman. She was
Ahalya. She was the wife of the sage Gowthama. She was cursed by
Gowthama and became a stone. Ahalya and Gowthama blessed Rama
and Lakshmana.
Vishwamitra reached Mithila along with the princes. Sita
swayamvara would take place the next day.
The Raja Sabha was held. There was a great bow called Siva
Dhanu in the centre. Janaka declared that he would give Sita in marriage to the one who would stringe the bow. Several Princes tried to
stringe the bow. No one could lift the bow let alone stringing it. Rama
went there. He held the bow and lifted it. As he bent it to string the bow
broke into two with a crash of thunder. Sita garlanded Rama.
King Dasaratha was informed of the happy news through mesengers
and he reached Mithila with his wives, ministers and other following.
Sita married Rama, Urmila married Lakshmana. Janaka had a
brother and he had two daughters. Mandavi and Sauthukeerthi married Bharatha and Sathrughna. Sita and Rama reached Ayodhya. They
enjoyed twelve happy years.
One day king Dasaradha held his assembly of ministers and declared yuvaraja pattabhisheka to Rama. The entire assembly was happy.
Dasarathas younger wife was kikeyi. Long years ago Dasaratha
promissed two boons to Kikeyi, but she said that she would ask for the
boons later. Now Kikeyi demanded those two gifts. Her son Bharatha
should be made yuvaraja and Rama must be sent to live in the forests
for fourteen years.
Rama went to kikeyis palace and came to know what happend.
He unhesitatingly declared that he would fullfil his fathers promise. He
immediatly set out to the forest. Sita and Lakshmana followed him.
After some days. Bharatha came and told him of their father Dasatathas
demise. He implored Rama to return to Ayodhya and rule the Kingdom. Rama gently but firmy rejectd.
Sita, Rama and Lakshmana advanced into the forest. There were
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Spoken English
three demons by names Khara, Dushana and Thrisira with their forteen
thousand strong army. They were teasing the sages livings there. Rama
killed them entirely.
Sita, Rama and Lakshmana advanced further into the forest and
reached beautiful panchavati. They built a cottage there. When they
were living there, a rakshasi named soorpanakha came to Rama and
asked him to marry her. When Rama rejected, she went to Lakshmana.
He cut her nose and ears and asked her to go away.
Soorpanakha was the sister of Ravana. She immidiately ran away
and complained to Ravana what Laskhmana had done to her. Ravana
became furious. She told Ravana how beautiful Sita was.
Ravana summoned Mareecha to his presence and told him a plan
to kidnap Sita. But Mareecha tried to dissuade him from his mad adventure. He also explaine Ravana how valliant Rama was. Ravana grew
wild. Mareecha could not escape. He thought that it would be better
for him to die in the hands of Rama rather than to be killed by Ravana.
He agreed to execute his plan.
Mareecha turned himself into a wonderful golden stag with silver
spots and wandered here and there near Ramas cottage. Seetha saw
the deer and showed it to Rama and Lakshmana. Sita wanted Rama to
bring it to her. Lakshmana dissuaded Rama telling that it was the tric of
the Rakshasas. Sita turned a deaf ear and persited. Rama ran after the
deer with his bow and arrows. The deer ran a long distance. Rama
killed the deer with an arrow. Mareecha simulating Ramas voice called
out Ah! Seetha, Ah! Lakshmana and fell dead.
Sita heard this cry and got scared. She thought that Rama himself
cried. She told Lakshmana to run at once to Ramas help. Lakshmana
told gently that it was the trick of the Rakshasa and there can be no
danger to Rama and consoled her to calm herself. Again Sita insisted to
rush at once. Lakshmana unwillingly went out in search of Rama.
Sita was alone in the hermitage. Ravana, in the guise of a sage,
came to the hermitage and asked for bhiksha. Sita inadvertently brought
bhiksha and came in front of Ravana. Ravana assumed his real self and
dragged her dragged into his plane called Pushpaka and kidnaped her.
The plane flew southward. On the way an eagle king by name Jatayu
bought with Ravana, but Ravana cut off his wings. Jatayu fell on the
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Spoken English
ground. Sita saw some people on a hill top and she took off all her
ornaments, tied in a cloth piece and dropped it exactly on the hill top.
Ravana took away sita to his Lanka kingdom.
Rama and Lakshmana returned to their hermitage and Sita was not
found there. They were greatly agitated. They looked here an there
and asked whomever they came across about the whereabouts of Sita.
No one could tell.
They were going in the forest reaching for Sita. On their way they
found Jatayu on the ground. He told them that Ravana carried off Sita
and went in the southern direction and when he attacked him,he cut off
his wings and that he was waiting for them. Having told this information, Jatayu breathed his last.
Rama performed funeral rites to Jatayu. Rama and Lakshmana
moved south wards as advised by Jatayu. They reached the
Rushamooka mountain. Sugreeva a vanara king was living there with
his four ministers. Hanuman was the chied among them. He mediated
friendship between Rama and Sugreeva. Sugreeva pledged to search
for Sita. Rama, in response, pledged that he would kill Vali and make
Sugreeva the king of Vanara kingdom.
As planned earlier, Sugreeva went to Kishkindha and invited Vali
for a combat. While they were engaged in a fierce battle, Rama shot an
arrow from behind a tree and killed Vali.
Rama made Sugreeva the king of Kishkindha and Angada the son
of Vali the heir to the throne. After the rainy season ended, Sugreeva
summoned all the vanaras to his presence.
After all the vanaras assembled, Sugreeva divided them into four
groups and sent each in one direction to find where Sita is. Whether
you find her or not you must report to me before one month.
Hanuman, Angada, Jambavan and other great vanras are among
those who were sent to go in the southern direction. Rama gave his ring
to Hanuman and told that the ring would tell Sita that he was his (Ramas)
messanger.
The vanaras serched every where for Sita but she was nto found.
They did not want to return to Sugreeva without knowing Sita. and so,
they all decided to die.
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Spoken English
An eagle king Sampathi, who lied on the hill heard the vanaras and
called them. He informed them that he had seen the Rakshasa king
Ravana carrying off Sita southwards to Lanka and breathed his last.
They have to cross the occean of hundred yojanas wide. Jambavan
and other vanaras cheifs came to a conclussion that Hanuman alone
can fly that distance.
Accordingly Hanuman climbed the Mahendra hill and rose in to the
sky and flew southwards. He overcame some hurdles and landed in
Lanka. A terrible looking guardian goddess of Lanka stood before him.
He killed her. He searched every inch of Lanka for Sita. At last he
found her under an Asoka tree in the Asoka garden. He related his
story and gave her the ring which Rama had given him. In return, she
gave her choodamani a jewel worn the on her forehead.
Hanuman destroyed the Asoka grove only to draw the attention of
Ravana. Having been informed of this, Ravana sent some Rakshasa
soldier. Hanuman slayed all of them. At last Indrajit, Ravanas son came.
He sent forth the Brahmasthra. Hanuman pretended to have been bound
by the Brahmasthra.The Rakshasa soldiers bound Hanuman and
dragged him to Ravana.
Hanuman narrated his story to Ravana and advised him to restore
Sita to Rama and seek refuse at Ramas feet. Ravana became angry
and asked his soldiers to set fire to his tail. The Rakshasas did it.
Hanuman is the son of Lord Vayu and Agni is a friend of Vayu. So,
Agni was cool to Hanuman. It did not hurt him. He jumped with his
blazing tail from on building to another and set fire to all the buildings in
Lanka and lastly he went to the sea and plunging in, put out the fire in
his tail.
Hanuman again flew back to Rushyamooka hill and told Rama,
Lakshmana and Sugreeva that he had found seeta and showed Sitas
jewel to Rama. They were all happy.
Then they set out for a war against Lanka.They built a cause way
across the sea and all reached Lanka. A fierce battle took place between Rama and Ravana. Ravana, Kumbhakarna and all Rakshasas
were killed. Rama made Vibheeshana the king of Lanka.
Sita, Rama, Lakshmana, Hunuman, Sugreeva and Vibheshana and
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other chiefs of vanara army reached Ayodhya. Rama ascended the

throne of Ayodhya. Rama asked Lakshmana to be yuvaraja. Lakshmana
did not agree. Then Rama made Bharahta the yuvaraja.
There was no fear from desease and theft in Ramarajya. Elders did
not perform furnel rites to the youngers. Crops were in plenty. People
were happy.
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
MOHAN
PUBLICTIONS
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Spoken English

స్పోకెన్ ఇంగ్లీష్, Spoken English

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స్పోకెన్ ఇంగ్లీష్, Spoken English

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Spoken

D+! H e $q+&. (#<e+&)

q\u verb\T +bsTT. + sTy eTq+ m+dT\Te>,

yjT+&. H{ nq+&. s+&T eT&T ksT nH, |d+ es

|d+ yjT&+ H bV, d\V*d, |*

The best way to learn a subject is to

Language is a vehicle of thought

ue |q k<qeTT uw. ue |q uw f k<qeTT

+{qT |]dsq $|+# uw |\\ n\e&TT+~.

HH= $<] n +^w #b\+f.

>& MT< |* q~.

yT eT<TsyTq +s ds+ +~.

The cow gaves milk.

|\T\T m\T\ #+|sTT.

eTqeTT usYqT |$TkeTT.

Sachin plays cricket.

dsT&T sTq <sTTk&T.

Honey tastes sweet.

VQe#q+ (Plural number) we, they nsTT verb - are $ y+

(a) The verb denotes the state of being of a subject

HqT, yTeTT, e MTsT +<sTTH, mesH, y&T, <e&T, e

n+f yTT+ eT&T H\T>T\T |H+&T s\T+{sTT.

\T eT& + { qT ( | ] $T) e] + # | q T\T

Ex. 1. Honesty is he best policy. 2. All that glitters is not gold.

mHs\ nqTueyT kyT\ s|+ q&TT+~. n$ XX

neqT wyT n <T w+ <T n yT edT+~.

read - principal verb.

No; he is not a teacher?

The cow has two horns.

The table has four legs.

They have a car.

No; they do not have a car.

The cows gives milk.

Does the cow give milk?

Subject - cats. ~ Singular <T. plural qT verb - kills

nq<T. kill >H +~. Subject qT The cat nsTT e+ Kills

Sachin plays cricket.

Yes; Sachin plays cricket.

No; Sachin does not play cricket.

Do you love India?

No; we do not love India.

The sun rises in the East.

No; the sun does not rise in the East.

Honey tastes sweet.

Politics is war without blood shed and

+<eH >sH #&&+ Hq+<+> +T+~.

B Impersonal it n+{sT. n~ ~ nH ns+ it - personal it.

The Police are chasing the thief.

yTeTT beTT d+ yTTHeTT.

seTDjT >sT >eTs

e<$ +^w HsT+T+~.

Madhavi is learning English.

eTV ejCsY &TT+~.

|&T sT>TTq | #| tense present continuous tense

tense Verb s+&T e\T+{sTT.

Verb + ing present participle n+{sT.

study - prinicipal verb.

study + ing= Studying - present participle

subject I nsTT be form - am

He, She, it (III person singular) nsTT is

The fourth world war will be fought

What class are you studying?

Are you studing tenth class?

Yes; I am studying tenth class.

|d+ yjT&+ H bV, d\Vd, |