xo R

X0
2 x 3x +3
1. N lim
x 1 x 2 + 2x + 3

=4-12=-8<0 Af =R
2 x 3 x + 3 2 1 + 3 1 + 3 2 1+ 3 4 2
= 2
lim 2
=
= =
x 1 x + 2 x + 3
1 + 2 1 + 3 1 + 2 + 3 6 3
x 2 5x + 6
2. N lim
x 2 x2 4

x2-40 (x+2)(x-2) 0 Af =R-{2,-2}

x 2 5x + 6 2 2 5 2 + 6 0
lim
=
=
0
x 2 x2 4
22 4

5 1
x2-5x+6=(x-2)(x-3) =25-24=1 x1,2=
= 3
2
2
(x 3)(x 2 ) = lim x 3 = 2 3 = 1
x2-4=(x-2)(x+2) lim
4
x 2 (x + 2 )(x 2 ) x 2 x + 2 2 + 2
x 3 2x 2 9x + 18
3. lim
x2
x3 8

x3-80 (x-2)(x2+4x+4) 0 x2. Af =R-{2}=(-,2)(2,+)

3
2
3
2
x 2x 9x + 18 2 2 2 9 2 + 18 0
=
=
lim
3
3
x2
0
x 8
2 8
T

x 3 2x 2 9x + 18
x 2 (x 2) 9(x 2)
lim
= lim
=
x2
x2
x3 8
x 3 23
( x 2 )( x 2 9 )
x2 9
22 9
49
5
lim
= lim
=
=
=
x 2 ( x 2 )( x 2 + 2x + 4 ) x 2 x 2 + 2x + 4 2 2 + 2.2 + 4 4 + 4 + 4 12
x 3 3x 2 + 4x 2
4. lim
x 1
x2 1

x2-10 (x-1)(x+1) 0 x1, x-1 Af =R-{1,-1}

3
2
3
2
x 3x + 4x 2 1 3 1 + 4 1 2 0
=
=
lim
2
2
x1
0
x 1
1 1

Horner
96

 xo R

-3

-2

2 1

-2

x3-3x2+4x-2=(x-1)(x2-2x+2)

3 2
2
2
x 3x +4x 2
(x 1)(x 2x +2) 1 21+2 1
lim
= lim
==
=
2
x1
x

1
(x

1)(x
+
1)
x
+
1
2
x 1
5. lim
x5

Af =R-{5}=(-,5)(5,+).
lim

x 5

x 1 2
x5

x 1 2
5 1 2 0
=
=
x 5
55
0

x 1 2
( x 1 2)( x 1 + 2)
x 1 4
= lim
= lim
=
x 5
x 5 ( x 5)( x 1 + 2)
x 5 ( x 5)( x 1) + 2
x 5
1
1
1
lim
=
=
=
5 1 + 2 2 + 2 4
x 5 ( x 5)( x 1 + 2)
lim
x5

6.

x+2 2
lim
x2 x+7 3

x+20 , x+70 x + 7 3 0 x -7, x2 Af =[-2,2) (2,+)

x+22
( x + 2 2)( x + 2 + 2)( x + 7 + 3)
lim
= lim
=
x 2 x + 7 3 x 2 ( x + 7 3)( x + 7 + 3)( x + 2 + 2)
(x + 2 4)( x + 7 + 3)
(x 2)( x + 7 + 3) 3 + 3 6 3
lim
= lim
=
= =
x 2 (x + 7 9)( x + 2 + 2) x 2 (x 2)( x + 2 + 2) 2 + 2 4 2

7.

lim
x 1+

x 1 + x 2 5x + 4
x 1

Af =(-,1)(1,+) f(x)=

x 1 + x 2 5x + 4

x 1
x 1 + x 2 5x + 4
x(1,+) x-1=x-1 f(x)=
=
x 1

x2 4x +3 (x 1)(x 3)
=
= x 3 limf(x)
= lim(x 3) =13 =2
x1
x1+
x 1
x 1

x 2 4x + 4
8. N lim
x 2
x2
97

 xo R

A f = R - {2,-2}

x 2 0 x 2 x 2, x -2

x 2 x =x
lim
x2

x 2 4x + 4
(x 2)2
= lim
= lim (x 2) = 0
x 2
x 2 (x 2)
x2

x2 + 3 x
9. lim
x 0 x2 3 x

x2-3 x 0 x 2-3 x 0 x ( x -3) 0 x 0, x -30

x0, x3, x-3 Af =R-{0,3,-3} . x<0 x =-x
f(x)=

x2 + 3 x
x 2 3x x( x 3) x 3
=
=
=
2
x 3x
x 2 + 3 x x( x + 3) x + 3

x 3 3
lim f(x) = lim
=
= 1
3

x0x+3
x0

x>0 x =x

f( x ) =

x2 + 3 x
2

x 3x

x+3
3
lim+ f( x ) = lim
=
= 1
x

0
x0
x3 3

lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = 1

x 0

x 2 + 3x
2

x 3x

x( x + 3) x + 3
=
x( x 3) x 3

lim f (x) = 1
x 0

x0

10. N

lim
x 3+

x2-90 x-3>0

x2 9 + x 3
x3

Af =(3,+)

T lim f ( x ) = lim x 9 + x 3 = lim x + 3 x 3 + x 3 =

+
lim

x 3 ( x + 3 + 1)

x 3

x3

x 3

x 3

x 3

x 3

x 3

= lim ( x + 3 + 1) = 3 + 3 + 1 = 6 + 1
x 3

x2
x+5
11. f(x)= 2
lim f(x)
x2
x + 3 x > 2

lim f ( x) = lim ( x + 5) = 2 + 5 = 7 lim f (x ) = lim (x 2 + 3) = 2 2 + 3 = 7

x 2

x 2

lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 7

x 2
x 2+

x 2+

x 2

lim f (x) = 7
x2

x0
1 5x
12. f(x)= 2
.
2
8x + 15 x > 0
N 0.

98

 xo R

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x )
x 0

x 0+

lim f (x) = lim (1 5x) = 1 lim f (x) = lim (8x 2 2 15) = 2 15

x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0+
2 15 = 1 2 = 16 = 4 , = 4
A

83 x 2 x + 1
13. f (x) =
2 x + 3
, lim f (x) = 1

x < -1
x -1

x 1

lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = 1

x 1

(1)

x 1
3 2

lim f (x) = lim (8 x x + 1) = 8 3 (-1)2 (-1) +1 = 8 3 + + 1

x 1

x 1

lim f (x) = lim+ (2 x + 3) = 2 (-1) + 3 = -2 +3

x 1+

x 1

(1)
83 + + 1 = 1
83 + = 0
3
8 3 + + 1 = -2 +3 = 1

8 + 1 = 0
2 + 3 = 1
=1

1
1
, =1
3 = =8
2

14.

x 1 2x

lim

2
x
x 0

Af =R-{0}
x
1 2x
x
1 1 + 22 x
x 1 2x
lim

= lim
lim
= lim
lim
=

2
2
x
x 0
x 0 xx
x 0
x
x
x2
x
x 0 x
x
1
2 x

2 lim 2 = 1 2 1 = 1 2 = 1
x 0 x
x0 x
x

lim

15.

x + 6 x 3 + 5x 7
) lim
x 3
2x + 1 5

) lim
x 4

x 2 + 2x + 8 + x 2 5x + 4

x 3 + 4x 2 + x 6
x 2
x 2 2x 8

) lim

99

 xo R

x + 6 0 x 6
2x+1 5 2x 4 x 2
2x+1 5 0 2x+1 5
2x+1 -5 2x -6 x -3

A f = [ 6, 3] (3, 2) (2, +)

x + 6 x 3 + 5x 7 3 27 + 15 7 16
lim
=
=
= 8
x 3
2x + 1 5
75
2
)

x 2 + 2x + 8 0 2 x 4
x 2 5x + 4 0 x 1 x 4

A f = [ 2,1] {4}
4 .
) A f = R {2, 4}
0

0

( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 2x 3)
x + 4x + x 6
x 2 + 2x 3 3 1
lim
= lim
= lim
=
=
x 2
x2
x 2
x 2 2x 8
x4
6 2
( x + 2) ( x 4)
3

Horner
x 3 + 4x 2 + x 6 = ( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 2x 3)
16.
3

) lim
x 2

x 1 3 3 x
x 3 4x

) lim
x 1

x + 8 3 9 x 1
x2 1

100

 xo R

lim
x 2

0

0

x 1 3 x
= lim
x 2
x 3 4x
3

= lim
x2

x ( x 2 4)

4x )

x 1 + 3 x 1 3 3 x + 3 3 x
2

x 1 + 3 x 1 3 3 x + 3 3 x

x 1 + 3 x 1 3 3 x + 3 3 x

x ( x 2) ( x + 2)

x 1 + 3 x 1 3 3 x + 3 3 x

x ( x 2) ( x + 2)

x 1 + x 1 3 x + 3 x
2

x ( x + 2)

x 1 + 3 x 1 3 3 x + 3 3 x

) lim
x 1

)=

2( x 2)
3

x 1 3 + x

= lim
x2

(x
3

= lim
x2

)(

x 1 3 3 x

x 1 3 3 x

= lim
x2

2
1
=
2 4 3 12

0

0

x + 8 9 x 1
=
x2 1

lim x + 8 = 3
x 1

lim 3 9 x = 3 8 = 2
x 1

1 3+2

101

 xo R

0

0

x + 8 9 x 1
x +8 3 3 9 x + 2
lim
= lim
=
x 1
x 1
x2 1
x2 1

(
= lim

) (

x +8 3

9x 2

x2 1
1 1 3 1
= =
=
12 24 24 8
x 1

) = lim

3
x +8 3
9 x 2 (1),(2)
lim
=
x 1
x2 1
x2 1

x 1

x 1

= lim
x 1

lim
x 1

x 1

( x 1) ( x + 1) (

x +8 +3

= lim

x 1

)(

9x 2

( x + 1) (
2

x +8 +3

1
(1)
12

)=
+ 2 9 x + 4)

9 x + 23 9 x + 4
3

9x

( x 1) ( x + 1)

9x +2 9x +4

9 x 8

( x 1) ( x + 1)

1
24

9 x 23

= lim
x 1

)
)

= lim

9x 2
= lim
x 1
x2 1
( x 1) ( x + 1)
3

x 1

)(
(

x +8 3 x +8 +3
x +8 3
x +89
=
lim
= lim
=
2
x 1
x 1
( x 1) ( x + 1) x + 8 + 3 x1 ( x 1) ( x + 1) x + 8 + 3

lim

9x +2 9x +4

=
( x 1)

= lim
x 1

( x 1) ( x + 1)

9x +2 9x +4

(2)

17. f : R R

f (x) x
=3
x 2 x 2 4

lim

f (x) + x 2 6
) lim
x 2
x+2 2

) lim f (x)
x 2

g(x) =

f (x) x

x2 4

x 2 4 0 x 2 4 x 2

limg(x) = 3
x 2

102

 xo R

f (x) x
g(x) ( x 2 4 ) = f (x) x f (x) = g(x) ( x2 4) + x
2
x 4
lim f (x) = lim g(x) ( x 2 4) + x lim f (x) = lim g(x) lim ( x2 4) + lim x
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
g(x) =

lim f (x) = 3 0 + 2 = 2
x 2

g(x) ( x 2 4 ) + x + x 2 6
f (x) + x 2 6
lim
= lim
=
x 2
x 2
x+2 2
x+2 2

(
)

g(x) ( x 2 ) ( x + 2 ) + x 2 + x 6
= lim
x2
x+2 2 x+2 +2

)(

x+2+2

g(x) ( x 2 ) ( x + 2 ) + ( x 2 ) ( x + 3)
= lim
x2
x+24
= lim

( x 2 ) g(x) ( x + 2 ) + x + 3 (

x2

x+2+2

x2

= lim g(x) ( x + 2 ) + x + 3

)=

x+2+2

)=

)=

x + 2 + 2 = 17 4 = 68

x 2

x 2 + x +
= 3 , .
x 2
x 2 + 2x
(
))

18. lim

x 2 + x +
lim
= 3.
x 2
x 2 + 2x
x 2 + 2x 0 ( x 0 x 2 ) : f ( x ) =

x 2 + x +
.
x 2 + 2x

:
lim f ( x ) = 3
x 2

x 2 + x + = ( x 2 + 2x ) f ( x ) x 0 x 2

:
2
2
lim ( x 2 + x + ) = lim ( x 2 + 2x ) f ( x ) ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) + = ( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 ) 3

x 2
x 2
(1)
4 2 + = 0 = 2 4
2 4 :

x 2 + x +
x 2 + x + 2 4
=
3

lim
=3
x 2
x 2
x 2 + 2x
x 2 + 2x
lim

103

 xo R

( x + 2 )( x 2 ) + ( x + 2 ) = 3
x 2 4 + x + 2
= 3 lim
x 2
x 2
x ( x + 2)
x ( x + 2)

lim

( x + 2 )( x 2 + ) = 3 lim x 2 + = 3
x 2
x 2
x ( x + 2)
x

lim

2 2 +
= 3 4 = 6 = 2
2
(1) :
= 2 4 = 2 ( 2 ) 4 = 8

f , g , h. :
h ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) x 0
lim h ( x ) = lim g ( x ) =

x x0

x x0

:
lim f ( x ) =
x x0

.

-1
-1
19. f : ( 0, + ) R :
2x x f ( x ) x 2 + x x > 0
: ) lim f ( x )
x 1

f (x) 2
x 1
x 1

) lim

) x > 0 :
2x x f ( x ) x 2 + x (1)

:
( x ) ( x ) ( x )
.

lim 2x x = 2 1 1 = 2

lim ( x 2 + x ) = 12 + 1 = 2

x 1

x 1

: lim f ( x ) = 2
x 1

) (1) :
2x x f ( x ) x 2 + x 2x x 2 f ( x ) 2 x 2 + x 2

(2)

:
x 1 > 0 x > 1 , :
104

 xo R

(2)

2x x 2 f ( x 2 ) x 2 + x 2

x 1
x 1
x 1

)(

2 x x 1 x x + 1
2 ( x 3 1)
2x x 2
lim+
= lim+
= lim+
=
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
( x 1) x x + 1
( x 1) x x + 1

= lim+
x 1

2 ( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 1)

( x 1) ( x

x +1

= lim+
x 1

2 ( x 2 + x + 1)
x x +1

23
=3
2

( x 1)( x + 2 ) = lim x + 2 = 3
x2 + x 2
lim+
= lim+
(
)
x 1
x 1
x 1+
x 1
x 1
: lim+ f ( x ) = 3
x 1

x 1 < 0 x < 1 , :
2x x 2 f ( x ) 2 x 2 + x 2
(2)

x 1
x 1
x 1

:
2x x 2
lim
= 3
x 1
x 1
x2 + x 2
lim
=3
x 1
x 1
: lim f ( x ) = 3 .
x 1

lim+ f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = 3 , : lim f ( x ) = 3

x 1

x 1

x 1

-2
2.
-2
20. f : R R :

f ( x ) 3x
x 2 + 1 x 1 .
x 1

lim f ( x ) .
x 1

x 1 :
f ( x ) 3x
f ( x ) 3x
x2 +1
x2 +1
x 1
x 1
f ( x ) 3x x 1 ( x 2 + 1)

: ( x ) ( x )
: ( x ) ( x ) ( x )

.

x 1 ( x 2 + 1) f ( x ) 3x x 1 ( x 2 + 1)
x 1 ( x 2 + 1) + 3x f ( x ) x 1 ( x 2 + 1) + 3x
105

 xo R

lim x 1 ( x 2 + 1) + 3x = 0 2 + 3 = 3
x 1

lim x 1 ( x 2 + 1) + 3x = 0 2 + 3 = 3

x 1

: lim f ( x ) = 3
x 1

21. :
2 x 2x
x 1
) lim
) lim
2
2
x 0
x 0
x +x
x +x+42
1 x
) lim
x 0
x2

x + 4 2 + x
x + x

) lim
x 0

x ( x 2 )
2 x 2x
0 2 0 2
x x 2
= lim
= lim

= 1
=
= 2

2
x 0
x 0
x 0
x +x
x ( x + 1)
x +1
0 +1
0 +1
x

) : lim

) : lim
x 0

= lim

( x 1) (

x 1
x2 + x + 4 2

x 0

x2 + x + 4 + 2

x2 + x + 4 4

x 0

= lim

( x 1) (

x2 + x + 4 + 2

x2 + x + 4 2

)(

) = lim ( x 1) (

x2 + x + 4 + 2

x2 + x + 4 + 2

x ( x + 1)

x 0

)
)

)=

x 1 x 2 + x + 4 + 2
2+2
= lim

=0
= 0
x 0

x
x +1
0 +1

) x :

x + 4 2 + x
lim
= lim
x 0
x 0
x + x

x + 4 2 + x
x + 4 2 x
+
x
x
x =
= lim
x 0
x + x
x
1+
x
x

lim
x 0

x+4 2
= lim
x 0
x

x+4 2
x

)(

x+4+2

x+4 +2

) = lim
x 0

x +44
x

x+4 +2

= lim
x 0

1
1
1
=
=
x +4 +2 2+2 4

x
=1
x
l :

lim
x 0

106

 xo R

x + 4 2 x 1
5
+
+1
5
x
x =4
l = lim
=4=
x 0
x
1+1 2 8
1+
x
) :
1 x )(1 + x )
2 x

(
1 x
1 2 x
2 x
1
lim
= lim
= lim 2
= lim 2
= lim 2
=
2
x 0
x

0
x

0
x

0
x

0
x
x
x (1 + x )
x (1 + x )
1 + x
x
x2 +
x
x 2
1 2
1
1
1
= lim

=
=
=1

x 0
1 + 0 1 + 1 2
x 1 + x

22. lim ( x 2 + x ) .
x 0
x

lim ( x 2 + x ) = 02 + 0 = 0
x 0

1
1
1 1 x 0
x
x
1

lim ( x 2 + x )
x 0
x

:
x 0 :
( x 2 + x ) 1x = x 2 + x 1x x 2 + x
1
1 .
x

: lim ( f ( x ) g ( x ) )
x x0

f , g :
lim f ( x ) = 0 , f
x x0

,
g ( x ) , > 0 , g

.
(
)
.
:
f ( x ) g ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x )
: f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x )

f (x) M f (x) g(x) f (x) M

lim ( f (x) M ) = lim ( f (x) M ) = 0

xxo

xxo

lim ( f (x) g(x) ) = 0

xxo

:
1
1
1
1
1 x 2 + x x 2 + x ( x 2 + x ) x 2 + x x 2 + x ( x 2 + x ) x 2 + x
x
x
x
x

107

 xo R

lim x 2 + x = lim x 2 + x = 0 .. lim ( x 2 + x )

x 0

x 0

x 0

1
=0
x

f (x)
=2
x 0
x

23. f : R R : lim
f ( 3x ) 5x

lim

x + 1 2 x

x 0

f ( 3x ) 5x

x
x
: lim
=
lim
=
lim
=
2
2
x 0
x

0
x

0
x + 1 x
x + 1 1 + x
x + 1 1 2 x
+
x
x
:
5x
5x
5x
1 u =5x
1
5x
u 1

lim
= lim 5x = lim
= lim 5

= lim 5

= 5 1 = 5

x 0
x 0
x 0 x 5x
x 0
u 0
x
x
5x 5x
u u
1

f ( 3x ) 5x

lim
x 0

x +1 1
= lim
x 0
x

f ( 3x ) 5x

)(

x +1 1
x

) = lim

x +1 +1

x +1 +1

x 0

x +11
x

x +1 +1

= lim
x 0

1
1
1
=
=
x +1 +1 1+1 2

f ( 3x )
f ( 3x ) u =3x
f (u )
= lim 3
= lim 3

= 3 2 = 6
x 0
x 0
u 0
x
x
u

lim

lim

2 x
x

= lim x
= 0 1 = 0
x 0
x 0
x
x

: =

65 1
= =2
1
1
+0
2
2

24. f : R R : 3x 5x 2 f ( x ) x 2 + 3x x R .
:

f (x)
x 0 x

) lim

) lim
x 0

xf ( x ) + 3x 5x
x2 +1 1

) x : 3x 5x 2 f ( x ) x 2 + 3x

(1)

3x 5x 2 f ( x ) x 2 + 3x


x 0, x > 0 , : (1)

, x 0,
x
x
x
2
2
:

108

 xo R

3x 5x 2
3x 5x
3 5x 3 0
x

lim+
= lim+
= lim+
=
=3
x 0
x 0
x
x 0
x
x
1
x
x
2
x + 3x
2
x + 3x
x +3 0+3
x

lim
= lim+
= lim+
=
=3
x 0+
x

0
x
x

0
x
x
1
x
x
f (x)
: lim+
(2)
=3
x 0 x
3x 5x 2 f ( x ) x 2 + 3x


x , 0 x < 0 , : (1)

, x ,0
x
x
x
2
2
3x 5x 2
x 2 + 3x
: lim
= 3 lim
= 3.
x 0
x 0
x
x
f (x)
: lim
(3)
=3
x 0 x
2

f (x)
=3
x 0 x

(2) (3) : lim

f (x)
.
x 0 x

) lim
2 x . :

lim
x 0

xf ( x ) + 3x 5x
x2 +1 1

= lim
x 0

xf ( x ) 3x 5x
+
2 x
2 x
x2 +1 1
2 x

= lim
x 0

x f ( x ) 3x 5x

x x
x x
x2 + 1 1
2 x

x
1
1
= lim
= =1
x

0
x 1
x
x
f (x)
lim
=3
x 0 x
3x
3x
3
3x
3x = 3 1 = 3
lim
= lim x = lim
x 0 x
x 0 x
x 0
x
1
x
x
5x
5x
5
5x
5x = 5 1 = 5
x
lim
= lim
= lim
x 0 x
x 0 x
x 0
x
1
x
x
lim
x 0

109

 xo R

x2 +1 1
lim
= lim
x 0
x 0
2 x

)(

x2 +1 1
2 x

) = lim

x2 +1 +1

x2 +1 +1

x 0

x2
2 x

x2 +1 +1

= lim
x 0

=
2

1
1
=
1 (1 + 1) 2
2

: =

1 3 + 3 5
= 36
1
2

25. f : R R : lim
x 1

: ) lim f ( x + 3)

) lim f ( x )

x 1

x 4

( x 1) f ( x + 3) = 20
x +3 2

) lim f ( x )
x 4

( x 1) f ( x + 3)

) g ( x ) =

, x [3,1) (1, + ) . :

x +3 2

( x 1) f ( x + 3) = 20 lim g

( x ) = 20
x 1
x+32
x [3,1) (1, + ) :
lim
x 1

g(x) =

( x 1) f ( x + 3)
x+32

( x 1) f ( x + 3) = g ( x ) (

x + 3 2 f ( x + 3) =

g(x)

x+32

x 1

:
g(x)

lim f ( x + 3) = lim
x 1

x+32
x 1

x 1

= lim
x 1

) = lim g ( x ) (
x 1

g ( x )( x + 3 4 )

( x 1)

x +3 +2

= lim

x 1

x +3 2

)(

x +3 +2

( x 1) ( x + 3 + 2 )
g (x)
20
=
=5

x +3 +2

)=

2+2

lim f ( x + 3) = 5 .
x 1

) lim f ( x + 3) = 5 u = x + 3 . : u 0 = lim ( x + 3) = 1 + 3 = 4
x 1

x 1

: lim f ( x + 3) = 5 lim f ( u ) = 5 lim f ( x ) = 5

x 1

u 4

x 4

) lim f ( x ) = 5 u = x . : u 0 = lim ( x ) = 4
x 4

x 4

: lim f ( x ) = 5 lim f ( u ) = 5
x 4

u 4

(1)

f , u R f ( u ) = f ( u ) . :
(1) lim ( f ( u ) ) = 5 lim f ( u ) = 5 lim f ( u ) = 5 lim f ( x ) = 5
u 4

u 4

u 4

x +1 +1

x 4

110