1

40/2

: .
2010

 1
:
a) -2< x <5
:
x (-2, 5), :
-2

y
3
.
5
3

2
.
5
2
1
.
5
1
0
.
5

0
9

b) 2 x 5
:
x [2, 5], :
y

0
5

c) -1< x 0
:
x (-1, 0], :
y

-1

0
5

d) x -3
:
x (-, -3], :
y

f
(
x
)
=
0
S
e
r
i
e
s
1

2
3
1
8

1
6

1
4

1
2

1
0

0
4

e) x <2
:
x (-2, 2), :
y

f
(
x
)
=
0
S
e
r
i
e
s
1

-2

0
6

f) x >2
:
x (-, -2)(2, ), :
y

S
e
r
i
e
s
1

-2

0
1
8

1
6

1
4

1
2

1
0

1
0

1
2

1
4

1
6

1
8

g) x-2 <2
:
x (0, 4) :
0

y
8

f
(
x
)
=
0
S
e
r
i
e
s
1

0
6

2
i) {f(x): x (0 4]} :
f(x)=6 0< x 1, f(x)=12 1< x 2, f(x)=18 2< x 3, f(x)=24 3< x 4
:
, ,
:

24

(3,24)

18
12
6

(0,6)

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

(2,18)

(1,12)

(3,18)

(2,12)

(1,6)

1
-6

(4,24)

ii)


(2, 2) (4,
6)
x :

(2, 2)
(1, y1)
(4, 6)
(2, y2),

m=

y2 y1 6 2 4
=
= =2
x2 x1 4 2 2

, (1, y1), (2, y2),

, ,
:

y = m ( x - x1) + y1 = 2 ( x - 2) + 2 = 2x 4 + 2 = 2x 2

y = m ( x - x2 ) + y2 = 2 ( x - 4) + 6 = 2x 8+ 6 = 2x 2
:

y = 2x 2

iii) (1, 3) 2.
:
(1, 3) (1, y1) (1, y1) ,
,
, :

y = m ( x - x1) + y1 = 2 ( x - 1) + 3 = 2x 2 + 3 = 2x + 1
:

y = 2x + 1
iv) (ii) (iii)

y
8
6

(4,6)

4
2

-8

-6

-4

-2

(2,2)

2
-2

x
4

y = 2x 2

-4
-6
-8

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9

(1,3)

x
1

y = 2x + 1

3
f(x)=(x+2), ( ).
( ).
:
:
x + 2 0 x -2
f(x) = [-2, ) = [0, ).
, f(x)=(x+2), x1, x2 ( x1 x2) f(x1) f(x2), f() = .
f-1(x)
y = (x + 2) y2 = (x + 2) x = y2 2
x y , :
y = x2 2

f-1(x) = x2 2
f(x), [0, ), f(x), [-2, ).

 4
:
a)

4+ x 2
x

lim
x0

lim
x0

4 + x 2 = ( 0)
0
x

xo = 0, f(x) =
f( xo ) = g( xo ) = 0

i.
ii.
iii.

0
( ).
0

4 + x 2 g(x) = , :

f(x) g(x)

xo

g() 0

Cauchy,

lim

x xo

f ( x) f ( xo )
=
g( x) g( xo )

:
1
1
1
1
(4 + xo ) 2 (4 + xo ) (2) 1 (4 + xo ) 2 1 0
1 1
4 + x 2 ( 4 + xo 2)
=
=2
=2
=
=
=
lim
2 4 + xo 2 2 4
x xo
( xo )
x

(x )
1
o

(x
b) lim
x 2

4x + 1)

lim( x2 4x + 1) = limx2 + lim(4x) + lim1= limx2 4lim( x) + lim1= 22 (4 2) + 1= 4 8+ 1= 3

x2

c)

x2

x2

x2

x2

x2

x2

x 2
x 3 x + 2

lim

lim(x 2) lim( x) + lim(2)

x 2 x3
3+ (2) 3 2 1
x3
lim
=
= x3
=
=
=
x3 x + 2
lim( x + 2) lim( x) + lim(2)
3+ 2
3+ 2 5
x3

x3

x3

x2 4
x 2 x2 + 4

d) lim
:

( x2 4) lim( x2 ) + lim(4) (2)2 + (4) 4 4 0

x2 4 xlim
2
lim
=
= x2 2 x2
=
=
= =0
2
x 2 x2 + 4
lim( x + 4)
lim( x ) + lim(4)
(2)2 + 4
4+ 4 8
x 2

x 2

x 2

e)

lim(2x + 3)
x 2

lim(2x + 3) = lim(2x) + lim(3) = 2lim( x) + lim(3) = 2 2 + 3 = 4 + 3 = 7

x2

x2

x2

x2

x2

5
i) .
:
. f
x y :
y = f(x)
.
(xo, f(xo)) B(xo + h, f(xo + h)), .

f(xo + h) f(xo) y, h x. :

f ( xo + h) f ( xo )
h
y. h x
(h0),

lim
h0

f ( xo + h) f ( xo )
h

f xo f xo.
f(xo).

ii) :
a) y = 7x5 4x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 3x 16
:

y = (7x5 4x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 3x 16)

y = 7( x5 ) 4( x4 ) + 3( x3) + 2( x2 ) 3( x) 0
y = 7 5x4 4 4x3 + 3 3x2 + 2 2x1 3 1 0
y = 35x4 16x3 + 9x2 + 4x 3

b)

y = ( x2 + 6x + 3)

y = ( x2 + 6x + 3)
1
y = ( x2 + 6x + 3)- ( x2 + 6x + 3)
2
1
y = ( x2 + 6x + 3)- ( x2 ) + (6x) + (3)
2
1
y = ( x2 + 6x + 3)- (2x + 6 1+ 0)
2
1 2
y = ( x + 6x + 3)- (2x + 6)
2
1 2
y = ( x + 6x + 3)- 2( x + 3)
2
y = ( x2 + 6x + 3)- ( x + 3)
x+ 3
y = 2

( x + 6x + 3)
x+ 3
y =
2
x + 6x + 3

c)

y=

3 2x
3+ 2x

(3 2x) (3+ 2x) (3 2x) (3+ 2x)

(3+ 2x)2
(2) (3+ 2x) (3 2x) 2
y =

(3+ 2x)2
6 4x 6+ 4x
y =

(3+ 2x)2
12
y =

(3+ 2x)2
12
y =
(3+ 2x)2
y =

3
2

y = x 2 + 3x 3 2x

d)
:

1
y = ( x 2 + 3x 3 2x 2 )
1

y = ( x 2 ) + (3x 3 ) (2x 2 )
y = ( x 2 ) + 3( x 3 ) 2( x 2 )
1 1
1 2
3 1
y = x 2 + 3 x 3 2 x 2
2
3
2

2
1
1
1
y = x 2 + x 3 3x 2
2
1
1
y =
+
3 x
3
2 x
x2

e) y =
:

( x2 + 4)2 (2x3 1)3

y = ( x2 + 4)2 (2x3 1)3 + ( x2 + 4)2 (2x3 1)3

[
[

y = 2 ( x + 4) ( x + 4) (2x 1) + ( x + 4) 3 (2x3 1)2 (2x3 1)

y = 2 ( x2 + 4) 2x (2x3 1)3 + (x2 + 4)2 3 (2x3 1)2 6x2
y = 4x ( x2 + 4) (2x3 1)3 + ( x2 + 4)2 18x2 (2x3 1)2
y = x ( x2 + 4) (2x3 1)2 4 (2x3 1) + ( x2 + 4) 18x
y = x (x2 + 4) (2x3 1)2 8x3 4 + 18x3 + 72x
2

[
[

y = x ( x2 + 4) (2x3 1)2 (26x3 + 72x 4)

f)

ex
y= 2
x

y =

(ex ) x2 ex ( x2 )

( x2 )2

ex x2 ex 2x
x4
ex x( x 2)

y=
x4
ex ( x 2)
y =
x3
y =

g)

1+ 3x
y=
1 3x

y =

(1+ 3x ) (1 3x ) (1+ 3x ) (1 3x )

(1 3x )2

y =

(0+ 3x ln3) (1 3x ) (1+ 3x ) (0 3x ln3)

(1 3x )2

y =

(3x ln3) (1 3x ) (1+ 3x ) (1) (3x ln3)

(1 3x )2

y =

(3x ln3) (1 3x + 1+ 3x )

(1 3x )2

y =

2 (3x ln3)
(1 3x )2

h)

y = e x ln x

y = (e x ln x)
y = (e x ) ln x + e x (lnx)
1
y = e x ( x) ln x + e x
x
1
y = e x (1) ln x + e x
x
1
y = e x ( ln x)
x

6
a)

y = x3 3x + 2 , (2, 4)

:
(1, y1) (2, 4),
y =
:

y = f (x) (1, y1)

f ( x1) ( x x1) + y1.

y = f ( x1) ( x x1) + y1
3
y = ( x1 3x1 + 2) ( x x1) + y1
y = (3x1 3+ 0) ( x x1) + y1
y = (3 22 3+ 0) ( x 2) + 4
y = (3 4 3+ 0) ( x 2) + 4
y = (12 3+ 0) ( x 2) + 4
y = 9 ( x 2) + 4
2

10

y = 9x 18+ 4
y = 9x 14
(1)

y = f (x) (2, 4) (1) y = 9x 14

1. m1 = 9.

y = f (x)

m 2 =

y = f (x) : m 2 =

1
.
m 1

1
1
=
m 1
9

(1, y1) = (2, 4), :

1
2
38
y = m2 ( x - x1) + y1 = - ( x - 2) + 4 = + + 4 = +
9
9 9
9 9

y = f (x) (2, 4) (2), y =

b) B

38
+
9 9

y = x4 + 3x2 16,

y = 3x2
:
. :

x4 + 3x2 16= 3x2 x4 + 3x2 16 3x2 = 0 x4 16= 0 x4 = 16 x = 4 16 x = 2

2 = 2
i)

y = x4 + 3x2 16, i) 1 = -2 ii)

1 = -2

f ( x) = x4 + 3x2 16
4

y1 = x1 + 3x1 16= (2)4 + 3 (2)2 16= 16+ 3 4 16= 16+ 12 16= 12

(1, y1) (-2, 12),
y =
:

y = f (x) (1, y1)

f ( x1) ( x x1) + y1.

y = f ( x1) ( x x1) + y1
y = (4x1 + 3 2x1 0) ( x x1) + y1
3

y = (4(2)3 + 3 2(2) 0) ( x (2)) + 12

y = (4(8) 12 0) ( x + 2) + 12
11

y = (32 12 0) ( x + 2) + 12
y = (44) ( x + 2) + 12
y = 44x 88+ 12
y = 44x 76
y = f (x) (-2, 12) (1) y = 44x 76
y = f (x)

1. m1 = -44.

m 2 =

y = f (x) : m 2 =

1
.
m 1

1
1
1
=
=
m 1
44 44

(1, y1) = (-2, 12), :

y = m2 ( x - x1) + y1 =

ii)

2
265
( x - (-2)) + 12=
+
+ 12=
+
44
44 44
44 22

y = f (x) (2, 4) (2),

y=

265
+
44 22

2 = 2

f ( x) = x4 + 3x2 16
4

y2 = x2 + 3x2 16= 24 + 3 22 16= 16+ 3 4 16= 16+ 12 16= 12

(2, y2) (2, 12),
y =
:

y = f (x) (2, y2)

f ( x2 ) ( x x2 ) + y2 .

y = f ( x2 ) ( x x2 ) + y2
4
2
y = ( x2 + 3x2 16) ( x x2 ) + y2
y = (4x2 + 3 2x2 0) ( x x2 ) + y2
y = (4 23 + 3 2 2 0) ( x 2) + 12
y = (4 8) + 12 0) ( x 2) + 12
y = (32+ 12 0) ( x 2) + 12
y = 44 ( x 2) + 12
y = 44x 88+ 12
y = 44x 76
3

y = f (x) (2, 12) (3) y = 44x 76

y = f (x)

3. m3 = 44.

m 4 =

y = f (x) : m 4 =

1
.
m 3

1
1
1
=
=
m 3
44
44

(2, y2) = (2, 12), :

12

y = m4 ( x - x2 ) + y2 =

2
265
( x - 2) + 12= +
+ 12= +
44
44 44
44 22

y = f (x) (2, 4) (4), y =

265
+
44 22

7
a) f ( x) = x2 + x 6 . N :
i) ,
ii)
:
i) f(x): R, x (-, )

f ( x) = ( x2 + x 6) = ( x2 ) + ( x) (6) = 2x + 1 0 = 2x + 1
f ( xi ) = 0
2xi + 1= 0
2xi = 1
xi =

1
2

i,
. .. 1 = -1 2 = 0. :

f ( xi ) = 0 ,

f ( x1) = 2x1 + 1= 2 (1) + 1= 2 + 1= 1< 0

f ( x2 ) = 2x2 + 1= 2 0+ 1= 0+ 1= 1> 0
1
( , )
2
1
f ( x) < 0 . , f(x) ( ,)
2
f ( x) > 0 .
f(x)

ii) f(x)
)

f ( x) = 0 (

f (x) ( ).

1
= ), , f (x) , .
2
1
f(x) xi = ,
2
( xi

f(x) ,
13

 , ,
. :

1
1
1 1
25
2
f ( xi ) = xi + xi 6 = ( )2 + ( ) 6 = 6 =
2
2
4 2
4

b)

2
3

f ( x) = 2 + x

:
f(x): 0, [0, )
2

f ( x) = (2 + x 3 ) = (2) + ( x 3 ) = 0+

f ( x) =

2 1/ 3
2
x = 3
3
3 x

2
> 0 (0, ).
3 x
3

E f(x) .
f (0) , , f(x), .
f(x) f(x) , i = 0
.

f (0) = 2 + 0 3 = 2 + 0 = 2

c) () , f(x) = x3
:
f(x): R, x (-, )

f ( x) = ( x3) = ( x3 ) = (3x2 ) = 3 2x = 6x
:

f ( xi ) = 0

6xi = 0
xi = 0
i, f ( xi ) = 0,
. .. 1 = -1 2 = 1. :

f ( x1) = 6x1 = 6 (1) = 6 < 0

f ( x2 ) = 6x2 = 6 1= 6 > 0
14

 f(x) (-, 0) ,
f ( x) < 0. , f(x) (0, ) ,

f ( x) > 0

8
a)

f ( x) = 4x3 48x2 + 144x

:
f(x): R, x (-, )

f ( x) = (4x3 48x2 + 144x) = (4x3 ) (48x2 ) + (144x) = 4 3x2 48 2x + 144= 12x2 96x + 144
f ( xi ) = 0
2

12xi 96xi + 144= 0

2

12 ( xi 8xi + 12) = 0
12 ( xi1 2)(xi2 6) = 0
xi1 = 2

xi2 = 6

f(x) ,

xi1 = 2 xi2 = 6 .

f ( x) = ( f ( x)) = (12x2 96x + 144) = (12x2 ) (96x) + (144) = 12 2x 96+ 0 = 24x 96

f ( xi1 ) = 24xi1 96= 24 2 96= 48< 0
f ( xi2 ) = 24xi2 96= 24 6 96= 48> 0

xi1 = 2 f(x) f ( xi1 ) < 0,

xi2 = 6 f(x) f ( xi2 ) > 0.

f ( xi1 ) = 4xi1 48xi1 + 144xi1 = 4 23 48 22 + 144 2 = 4 8 48 4 + 144 2 = 32 192+ 288= 128

3

f ( xi2 ) = 4xi2 48xi2 + 144xi2 = 4 63 48 62 + 144 6 = 4 216 48 36+ 144 6 = 864 1728+ 864= 0

b) ( )

y = x 4 6 x + 2

:
f(x): R, x (-, )

f ( x) = ( x4 6x + 2) = ( x4 ) (6x) + (2) = 4x3 6 1+ 0 = 4x3 6

f ( x) = ( f ( x)) = (4x3 6) = (4x3 ) (6) = 4 3x2 0 = 12x2
f ( xi ) = 0
2

12xi = 0
xi = 0
15

 i, f ( xi ) = 0,
. .. 1 = -1 2 = 1. :
2
f ( x1) = 12x1 = 12 (1)2 = 12 1= 12> 0

f ( x2 ) = 12x2 = 12 12 = 12 1= 12> 0
2

i, f ( xi ) = 0, f(x)
( ). f(x)
, R f ( x) > 0 .

c)

y = ex

:
f(x): R, x (-, )

f ( x) = (ex ) = ex
f ( x) = ( f ( x)) = (ex ) = ex
f ( xi ) = 0
exi = 0

, f(x)
, y = e x ,
.
i . .. 1 =
0. :

f ( x1) = ex1 = e0 = 1> 0

i, f ( xi ) > 0 , f(x)
.

9
N

1
1
y = x3 + x2 6x + 8
3
2

:
y = f(x): R, x (-, )

1
1
1
1
1
1
y = ( x3 + x2 6x + 8) = ( x3 ) + ( x2 ) (6x) + (8) = ( x3) + ( x2 ) 6( x) + (8) =
3
2
3
2
3
2
1 2 1
= 3x + 2x 6 1+ 0 = x2 + x 6
3
2
16

y = ( y) = ( x2 + x 6) = ( x2 ) + ( x) (6) = 2x + 1 0 = 2x + 1
y = f(x)

y = 0
1 3 1 2
x + x 6x + 8 = 0
3
2
(33 + 22 + 11 + 0 = 0)
Cardano.

1
a
1
x= t 2 = t 2 = t
1
3a3
2
3
3

1 3 1 2
x + x 6x + 8 = 0
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
(t )3 + (t )2 6(t ) + 8 = 0
3
2
2
2
2
1 3
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
(t 3t2 + 3t( )2 ( )3 ) + (t2 2t + ( )2 ) 6t + 6 + 8 = 0
3
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1 3 32 3 1 1 2
1
(t t + t ) + (t t + ) 6t + 3+ 8 = 0
3
2
4 8 2
4
13 1 2 1
1 1 2 1 1
t t + t
+ t t + 6t + 3+ 8 = 0
3
2
4 24 2
2 8
1 3 25
1
t t + 11+ = 0
3
4
12
25
1
t3 = 3 ( t 11 )
4
12
75
3
t3 = t 33
4
12
3
t = 18,75t 33,25

t3 = pt+ q

t= 3 q + D 3 q D ,
2
2

q
p
33,25 2 18,75 3
D = ( )2 ( )3 = (
) (
) = (16,625)2 6,253 = 276,391 244,141= 32,25
2
3
2
3
17

t = 3 q + D + 3 q D = 3 33,25 + 32,25 + 3 33,25 32,25 =

2
2
2
2
3

16,625+ 5,679+ 3 16,625 5,679= 3 10,946+ 3 22,304

() , .

t = 3 10,946+ 3 22,304= 3 10,946 3 22,304= 2,220 2,815= 5,035

1
1
x = t , x = t = 5,035 0,5 = 5,535
2
2
x = 5,535

y = f(x)

y = 0

x2 + x 6 = 0
( x + 3) ( x 2) = 0
xi1 = 3 xi2 = 2

xi1 = 3 xi2 = 2

x1 = 4 , x2 = 0 x3 = 3 (-, -3),
(-3, 2) (2, ) y = f(x) . :

2
yx1 = x1 + x1 6 = (4)2 + (4) 6 = 16 4 6 = 6 > 0

2
yx2 = x2 + x2 6 = 02 + 0 6 = 0+ 0 6 = 6 < 0

2
yx3 = x3 + x3 6 = 32 + 3 6 = 9 + 3 6 = 6 > 0
y = f(x) (-, -3) , (-3, 2)
(2, ) .

xi1 = 3

xi2 = 2 .
:

1 3 1 2
1
1
1
1
9
43
f ( xi1 ) = xi1 + xi1 6xi1 + 8 = (3)3 + (3)2 6(3) + 8 = (27) + 9 6(3) + 8 = 9 + + 18+ 8 =
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
1 3 1 2
1 3 1 2
1 1
8
2
f ( xi2 ) = xi2 + xi2 6xi2 + 8 = 2 + 2 6 2 + 8 = 8+ 4 6 2 + 8 = + 2 12+ 8 =
3
2
3
2
3 2
3
3

18

y = 0
2xii + 1= 0
2xii = 1
xii =

1
2

(-, -

xii =

1
2

x3 = 1 x4 = 0 y = f (x)

1
1
) (- , ) .
2
2

f ( x3) = 2x3 + 1= 2 (1) + 1= 2 + 1= 1< 0

f ( x4 ) = 2x4 + 1= 2 0+ 1= 0+ 1= 1> 0
1
) ,
2
1
f ( x) < 0, , (- , ) ,
2
f ( x) > 0 .
y = f(x) (-, -

10
R.
:

R
2

0, 0
2

2 2 R .
19

 :
i.
= 2 2 = 4
ii.
0 R, 0 R
iii.
0 R, 0 R
iv.

v.

R (0, 0) :

y = R2 x2

,
y.
:

= R2 2

[0, )

= 4
= 4a R2 2 [0, )
,
.

(a) = (4a R2 2 )
(a) = 4(a R2 2 )
(a) = 4[(a) R2 2 + a ( R2 2 )]
1
1
(a) = 4[1 R2 2 + a (R2 2 ) 2 (R2 2 )]
2
a
(a) = 4[ R2 2 +
(2 )]
2 R2 2
a2
(a) = 4( R2 2
)
R2 2
(a) = 0
4( R2 2

a2

) = 0
R2 2
a2
R2 2
= 0
R2 2
a2
R2 2 =

R2 2
R2 2 R2 2 = a2

R2 2 = a2
2a2 = R2

=R

1
2
20

 (0, R)

=R

1
.
2

[0, R]
= 0 = R.
= 0, = R

=R

1
2

(0) = 4 0 R2 02 = 0
(R) = 4 R R2 R2 = 4R 0 = 0
(R

1
1 2
1
1 2 R2
1 R2
1 1
1
) = 4 R
R (R )2 = 4R
R
= 4R
= 4R R
= 4R2 = 2R2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2

(R>0),
, :

(0) < (R 1 ) (R 1 ) > (R)

2
2
, [0,
, ( R

1
)
2

1
1
, R] . = R

2
2

, = 0 = R .

=R

1

2

, .
, R

(R

1
) = 2R2 :
2

2 = 2R

= 2

1
2

= 2 R2 ( R

1 2
R2
R2
1
) = 2 R2
=2
= 2R
2
2
2
2

2R

1
,
2

21