Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Crash Course in Polish PDF
Crash Course in Polish PDF
Case(s)
Part of speech
Example
-a
noun
noun/adj.
noun
-ami
I pl.
noun
-
-(i)e
A fem. sing.
D/L sing.
N/A pl.
noun
noun
-ego
A sing./pl.
G/A sing.
masc./neut.
adj.
adj. (also if
used as noun)
-(i)ej
-em
-emu
-i
-ich
-im
adj. (also if
used as noun)
I sing. masc./neut.
noun
L sing. masc./neut.
adj.
D sing. masc./neut. adj. (also if
used as noun)
G/D/L fem. sing.,
noun
G sing./pl., N/A pl.
-imi
G/A/L pl.
I/L sing.,
D pl.
I pl.
adj.
adj. (also if
used as noun)
adj.
-om
D pl.
noun
Replace with
Result
syn Jana
do mieszkania
nazwa miasta
pola
ciaa
Kwaniewsk
w dokumentach
w ksigach
w Uhercach
w Stawiskach
w miastach
w Borzymach
materiaami
cyframi
zebraniami
midzy Rudnikami
sowami
za Borzymami
Ann
w Krakowie
w Warszawie
crce*
w Wesoowie
dobre
syn Antoniego Dbskiego
z Porytego
wonego
Olszewskiej
w Korczowej
midzy Janem
w Zakopanem
Antoniemu
Alojzemu
w odzi
syn Jadwigi
z Pogorzeli
z Chrzanowskich
z Antonim Dbskim
Grskim
dalekimi
nothing
-e
-o
-e
-o
-a
nothing
-a
-e
-i
-o
-y
nothing
-a
-e
-i
-o
-y
-a
nothing
-a
-a*
-o
-y
nothing
-e
-y
-a
-a
nothing
-e
nothing
-y
nothing
-a
-e
-i or -a
delete m
delete m
delete mi
Jan
mieszkanie
miasto
pole
ciao
Kwaniewska
dokument
ksiga
Uherce
Stawiski
miasto
Borzymy
materia
cyfra
zebranie
Rudniki
sowo
Borzymy
Anna
Krakw
Warszawa
crka
Wesoowo
dobry
Antoni Dbski
Poryte
wony
Olszewska
Korczowa
Jan
Zakopane
Antoni
Alojzy
d
Jadwiga
Pogorzele
Chrzanowski
Antoni Dbski
Grski
daleki
Nowakom
Wasom
polom
Stawiskom
Moniuszkom
Borzymom
nothing
-a
-e
-i
-o
-y
Nowak
Wasa
pole
Stawiski
Moniuszko
Borzymy
-w
-owi
-owie
-u
D masc. sing.
N masc. pl.
G/D/L sing.,
masc./neut.
-y
-ych
-ym
-ymi
I pl.
noun
z Charanw
z Maciorw
z Mikaszw
z Krysiakw
z Moodziejkw
z Mynw
noun
Janowi
noun
panowie, Zarbowie
noun
w Toruniu
w Zaskrodziu
w Ryszczewku
noun
w Bydgoszczy
syn Karoliny
adj.
w Starych Gutach
adj. (also if w Starym Miecie
used as noun) o Wincentym
adj.
midzy innymi
nothing
-a
-e
-i
-o
-y
nothing
nothing, -a, -o
nothing
-e
-o
nothing
-a
-e
-e
-y
-y
Charan
Maciora
Mikasze
Krysiaki
Moodziejko
Myny
Jan
pan, Zarba
Toru
Zaskrodzie
Rzyszczewko
Bydgoszcz
Karolina
Stare Guty
Stare Miasto
Wincenty
inny
In the genitive plural of many nouns (mainly feminine and neuter), grammar calls for no
endings. To get the nominative form, one must add an ending, rather than delete one:
ze Stawisk Stawiski
z Kielc Kielce
ze dziar dziary
In similar environments one may need to delete a fill or epenthetic vowel. This is a vowel
inserted in some formsusually between two consonants at the end of a word, to make the word
easier to pronouncethat drops out in other forms.
z Borek Borki
z Ejszyszek Ejszyszki
Conversely, fill vowels may have to be restored when deleting endings from nouns containing
certain suffixes, notably iec or ec and -ek.
z Myszyca (genitive) Myszyniec
z Sielca (genitive) Sielec
z Rynku (genitive) Rynek
When you encounter such a name with an ending in the text of a document, you must delete both
the ending and the inserted i-, and restore the kreska, to arrive at the nominative form, the one
that appears in a dictionary or gazetteer, or on a map.
Vowel Shifts and Alternations
The only feature of this complicated phonetic phenomenon likely to affect the researcher is
the shift of the vowel to simple o when endings are attached. This will most often be encounHoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 3
tered when dealing with the common place name ending w: Krakw w Krakowie,
Chrzanw w Chrzanowie
Other possibilities, less frequently encountered, are a e , , and /o e:
a e:
:
/o e:
Wierzchlas w Wierzchlesie
m o mu
koci w kociele or jezioro o jezierze
Consonant Alternations
Besides dealing with removing endings and substituting others, researchers also need to be
aware of consonant alternations in the stems of nouns when certain endings are attached, especially in the locative singular case. Thus after prepositions such as w and na (among others) that
indicate a location or status in which something is taking place (as opposed to change of location
or status), nouns have locative case endings. Researchers need to recognize this because the phonetic shape of place names in documents may need to be altered one more time, even after the
endings are removed, to arrive at the form of a place name given on a map or in a gazetteer. The
most common of these alternations are:
Map name
Name in Locative
ch sz
Birwicha
w Birwisze
d dzi
Piwoda
w Piwodzie
g dz
Praga
w Pradze
kc
Adamwka
w Adamwce
l
Pia
w Pile
r rz
Wara
w Warze
s l
Jaso
w Jale
sn ni
Krosno
w Kronie
st cie
Nowe Miasto
w Nowym Miecie
t ci
Huta
w Hucie
zd dzi
Gniazdo
w Pilnie
EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND DATES
The following expressions, denoting parts of the day and the like, immediately follow the
hour:
po pnocy after midnight
po poudniu after noon
przed pnoc before midnight
przed poudniem before noon
rano morning
So o godzinie trzeciej po poudniu is literally at the 3rd hour after midday, in other words, at 3
p.m. Record keepers sometimes chose different styles to express the same thought, so that you
may see o pitej godzinie rano, at five oclock in the morning, or o pitej godzinie po pnocy,
at five oclock after midnight, to designate 5 a.m.
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 4
A variant of the above was to use the preposition w or na plus the word for day (dzie) in the
locative case form dniu plus an adjectival form of the time expressions noted in the list above.
This produces such expressions as:
w dniu dzisiejszym today, literally in the day of today
w dniu wczorajszym yesterday
w dniu przedwczorajszym the day before yesterday
w dniu onegdajszym two days ago
Another way of expressing the same thing was to use the genitive singular of dzie, day, plus
the genitive masculine forms of the adjectives just shown, with no preposition, e. g., dzisiejszego
dnia, today, and wczorajszego dnia, yesterday.
DATES AND NUMERALS
In modern Polish dates are usually given in the following order: day/month/year. But in 19thcentury records the year is in first position, almost always written out in words, followed by the
day and then the month (or vice versa), all with the appropriate case endings. The year is almost
always marked by use of roku or w roku, meaning in the year of...
Names of the Months
Nominative/Genitive English
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
stycze, stycznia
luty, lutego
marzec, marca
kwiecie, kwietnia
maj, maja
czerwiec, czerwca
January
February
March
April
May
June
Nominative/Genitive
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
English
lipiec, lipca
July
sierpie, sierpnia
August
wrzesie, wrzenia
September
padziernik, padziernika October
listopad, listopada
November
grudzie, grudnia
December
Numerals
Cardinal
Ordinal
pierwszy
drugi
trzeci
czwarty
pity
szsty
sidmy
smy
dziewity
dziesity
jedenasty
dwunasty
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Cardinal
Ordinal
trzynacie
czternacie
pitnacie
szesnacie
siedemnacie
osiemnacie
dziewinacie
dwadziecia
dwadziecia jeden
dwadziecia dwa
dwadziecia trzy
dwadziecia cztery
dwadziecia pi
trzynasty
czternasty
pitnasty
szesnasty
siedemnasty
osiemnasty
dziewitnasty
dwudziesty
dwudziesty pierwszy
dwudziesty drugi
dwudziesty trzeci
dwudziesty czwarty
dwudziety pity
26
27
28
29
30
31
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
dwadziecia sze
dwadziecia siedem
dwadziecia osiem
dwadziecia dziewi
trzydzieci
trzydzieci jeden
czterdzieci
pidziesit
szedziesit
siedemdziesit
osiemdziesit
dziewidziesit
sto
dwudziesty szsty
dwudziesty sidmy
dwudziesty smy
dwudziesty dziewity
trydziesty
trzydziesty pierwszy
czterdziesty
pidziesity
szedziesity
siedemdziesity
osiemdziesity
dziwidziesity
setny
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1600
1700
1800
1900
dwiecie
trzysta
czterysta
piset
szeset
siedemset
osiemset
dziewiset
tysic
tysic szeset
tysic siedemset
tysic osiemset
tysic dziewiset
dwusetny
trzechsetny
czterechsetny
pisetny
szesetny
siedemsetny
osiemsetny
dziewisetny
tysiczny
tysic szesetny
tysic siedemsetny
tysic osiemsetny
tysic dziewisetny
Dates in the records are usually quoted in the genitive case and employ ordinal numbers for
the last two digits of the year, as well as the day. The first two digits of the year are usually cardinal numbers with no case endings, although some record keepers converted these, too, into ordinal numbers with case endings. Thus the date November 28, 1869 would be written out as follows (genitive endings are emphasized in boldface type):
...roku tysic omset szedziesitego dziewitego dnia dwudziestego smego
miesica listopada...
Note the following terms:
rok, genitive roku, plural forms lata, lat year
dzie, genitive singular dnia, locative singular dniu day
miesic, genitive miesica, genitive plural miesicy month
So a word-by-word, literal translation of the phrase above would be of the year [one] thousand
eight hundred sixty-ninth, of the day twenty-eighth, of the month of November. Or as wed say,
On November 28, 1869.
Days of the Week
English
Dictionary form
On __ [accusative case]
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
niedziela
poniedziaek
wtorek
roda
czwartek
pitek
sobota
w niedziel
w poniedziaek
we wtorek
w rod
w czwartek
w pitek
w sobot
stem from which cases other than the nominative are formed; in a few instances where there is a
form one would not expect, it is also given. When expressions with an adjective and noun have a
particular meaning not readily obvious from analysis of the components, the genitive form is
given with the noun; thus for cioteczny brat see brat.
babcia, babci: (f.) grandmother (a more affectionate term than babka)
babka, babki (dat. sing. babce): (f.) grandmother; stryjeczna babka: paternal great
aunt
bezdzietny: (adj.) childless
bezmna: (adj.) unmarried (female)
bliniaczka, bliniaczki: (f.) twin (female)
bliniak, bliniaka: (m.) twin (male)
blinita, blinit: twins (plural)
bracia brat
brat, brata (dat. sing. bratu, loc. sing. bracie,
nom pl. bracia, gen. pl. braci, instr. pl.
brami): (m.) brother; brat cioteczny:
cousin, son of your mothers sister; brat
przyrodni: half brother, stepbrother; brat
rodzony: full brother (not a stepbrother);
brat stryjeczny: cousin, son of your fathers brother; brat wujeczny: cousin, son
of your mothers brother
bratanek, bratanka: (m.) nephew, brothers
son
bratanica, bratanicy: (f.) niece, brothers
daughter
bratowa, bratowej (declined as a fem. adj.):
(f.) sister-in-law, brothers wife
busia, busi: (f.) colloquial term for grandmother (rare in Poland, more common
in the U. S.)
chopiec, chopca (dat. sing. chopcu, nom.
pl. chopcy): (m.) boy
chrzeniaczka, chrzeniaczki: (fem.)
goddaughter
chrzeniak, chrzeniaka (nom. pl.
chrzeniacy): (m.) godson
chrzestna matka, chrzestnej matki: (f.)
godmother (also often seen with the
words inverted, matka chrzestna)
chrzestny: adj. from chrzest, baptism;
(used as a noun) chrzestny, chrzestnego:
SOME SAINTS NAMES AND RELIGIOUS EVENTS OFTEN USED IN CHURCH NAMES
B.
Boe Ciao
Chrystus Krl
MB Anielska
MB Bolesna
MB Czstochowska
MB Krlowa Polski
MB Miosierdzia
MB Nieustajcej Pomocy
MB Ostrobramska
MB Pocieszenia
MB Racowa
MB Szkaplerzna
MB Wspomoenia Wiernych
MB Zwyciska
Naj.
Naj. Ciaa i Krwi Chrystusa
Naj. Imi
Najwitsze Serce Jezusa
Narodzenie
Nawiedzenie
Niepokalane Poczcie
Niepokalane Serce NMP
NMP
NMP Krlowa Polski
Opatrzno Boa
Przemienienie Paskie
w. Cyryl i Metody
w. Agnieszka
w. Duch
w. Jan Nepomucen
w. Jan Chrzciciel
w. Kazimierz
w. Krzy
w. Mikoaj
w. Rodzina
w. Stanisaw, B. i M.
w. Trjca
Trzej Krlowie
Wniebowstpienie
Wniebowzicie
Wszyscy wici
Zmartwychwstanie
CEMETERY INSCRIPTIONS
The final memorials of our ancestors, their cemetery monuments, were often carved in their
native language. This is especially true if they died a short while after coming to the U. S., for
the ties to the old country and its language were stronger.
The limited vocabulary found on stones can be quickly mastered, but the researcher should
be aware of certain factors which will help make sense of mystifying or inconsistent items on the
stones. We should remember that in the very early days of many Polish settlements, a merchant
and professional class was yet to emerge; thus there were few stone-cutters who spoke or understood Polish. The Yankee stone-carver in a small Massachusetts or Connecticut town was puzzled by the or of the Polish alphabet, and this could lead to mistakes, e. g., mistaking for t,
etc. Thus we will find items such as yta and urodzita si on stones instead of the correct ya and
urodzia si. At other times it seems that the data to be carved on the stones was conveyed orally,
and the results reflect this fact badly misspelled words in a quasi-Anglicized phonetic
rendition.
The material that follows should enable you to make your next information-gathering trip to
a cemetery more profitable linguistically.
Introductory Phrases
If they appear at all, the following phrases may begin an epitaph; but in many cases only the
names are recorded, without any preliminaries.
Ku pamici To the memory of. Since the memory of expresses a relationship normally
rendered in Polish with the genitive case, one should expect case endings on names that follow: Ku pamici Jzefa Jaworskiego, To the memory of Jzef Jaworski. More common,
actually, is the simple expression witej pamici, of sacred memory, commonly abbreviated . p. Names following . p. are generally in the nominative case.
Tu spoczywa/spoczywaj Here lies/lie..., from spoczywa, to rest. This phrase, often abbreviated Tu sp., is followed by the name(s) of the deceased, or may contain additional expressions, e. g.: Tu spoczywaj zwoki, here lies the body [of]; Tu spoczywaj miertelne
szcztki, Here lie the mortal remains [of]; Tu spoczywaj prochy, Here lie the ashes [of].
The last three expressions naturally tend to end with of, so the names following them will
be in the genitive case: Tu spoczywaj prochy Jzefa Jaworskiego i jego ony Katarzyny,
Here lie the ashes of Jzef Jaworski and his wife Katarzyna.
Za dusze: for the souls of. The word dusze is accusative plural of dusza, spirit, soul after the
preposition za, which can mean, among other things, for, on behalf of.
Phrases Referring to Death
By far the most common word here is simply zmar (referring to a male) or zmara (referring
to a female), abbreviated zm., meaning he/she died. We also see umar/umara, abbreviated
um. For some, however, those expressions may have seemed a bit too blunt, and thus euphemisms were used. They include:
Poleca/polecaa ducha Bogu: commended his/her soul to God. The term ducha is from duch,
spirit or soul (not the same word as dusza, which we saw above, but from the same linguistic root). Bogu is the dative singular of Bg, God.
Hoffman A Crash Course in Polish: Words You Can Use 12