NeerajKumarMastersThesis PDF

COMPRESSIBILITY FACTORS FOR NATURAL AND SOUR
RESERVOIR GASES BY CORRELATIONS AND

CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE
by
NEERAJ KUMAR, B.Tech.
A THESIS
IN
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
of Texas Tech University in
Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for
the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Approved
Akanni Lawal
Chairperson of the Committee
Paulus Adisoemarta
Accepted
John Borrelli
Dean of the Graduate School
December, 2004
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
There are many people who were associated with this thesis who deserve
recognition. I would like to thank Dr. Akanni S. Lawal for his direction, support and
training. Thanks to Dr. James F. Lea for helping me with industrial approach towards this
thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. Paulus Adisoemarta for serving on my committee
and for his guidance.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ii
ABSTRACT
vi
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xii
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background Information
1.2
Use of Compressibility Factors in Engineering Analysis
1.2.1
Z-Factor for Sour and Acid Gases
1.2.2
Z-Factor for Geologic CO2 Storage
1.3
Significance of the Project
1.4
Objective of the Project
2. COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR PREDICTION TECHNIQUES
2.1
Theoretical Analysis of Gas Law-Based Z-Factors
2.2
Experimental Method for Compressibility Factors
2.3
Empirical Correlation Methods
2.3.1
Standing-Katz Compressibility Factor Chart
2.3.2
Hall-Yarborough Z-Factor Correlation
2.3.3
Wichert -Aziz Z-Factor Correlation
2.3.4
Dranchuk-Abou-Kassem Z-Factor Correlation
2.3.5
Beggs-Brill Equation for SK Z-Factor Chart
2.3.6
Amoco Company Equation for SK Z-Factor Chart
2.3.7
Gopal Best-Fit Equation for SK Z-Factor Chart
2.3.8
Shell Oil Company Equation for SK Z-Factor Chart
10
2.3.9
Physical Properties of C7+ Fractions Correlations
11
iii
2.4
Corresponding State Prediction Methods
12
2.5
Equations of State Prediction Methods
19
3. STANDING-KATZ Z-FACTOR CORRELATION
20
3.1 Standing-Katz Representation of Z-Factor Chart
20
3.2 Best-Fit Equations for SK Z-Factor Chart
20
3.3 Mixture Critical Property Prediction Methods
23
3.3.1
Heptane-Plus Fraction Correlation Methods
25
3.3.2
Pseudocritical Mixing Parameter Methods
27
3.3.3
Pseudocritical Gas Gravity Correlation Methods
33
3.3.4
van der Waals Theory of Pseudocritical Methods
37
3.3.5
Improved Theory for Pseudocritical Mixture Parameter
37
3.4 Designed Scaling Parameter for Standing-Katz Z-Factor Chart

3.4.1
Design Procedure for Scaling Parameter
38
38
3.5 Designed PR/Z Versus Z-Factor Chart
42
3.6 Prediction Results for Z-Factor of Natural Gases
43
3.7 Prediction Results for Z-Factor of Reservoir Gases
45
4. Z-FACTOR PREDICTIONS FROM CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE
53
4.1 Selection of Cubic Equations-of-State
53
4.2 Lawal-Lake-Silberberg Equation of State
54
4.3 van der Waals Equation of State
56
4.4 Redlich-Kwong Equation of State
57
4.5 Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation of State
58
4.6 Peng-Robinson Equation of State
61
4.7 Schmidt-Wenzel Equation of State
62
4.8 Patel-Teja Equation of State
63
4.9 Trebble-Bishnoi Equation of State
65
iv
4.10 Transformed Cubic Equations to the LLS EOS Form
66
4.11 Generalized Reduced State of Cubic Equations-of-State
67
4.12 Prediction Results for Z-Factor of Pure Substances
71
4.13 Development of Binary Interaction Parameters
74
4.14 Prediction Results of Z-Factor of Mixtures
75
77
4.15. 1
Results for Excelsior Laboratory Data
78
4.15. 2
Results for TTU Laboratory Data
80
4.15. 3
Results for UCalgary Data
81
4.15. 4
Results for Elsharkawy Gas Data
88
4.15. 5
Results for Elsharkawy Miscellaneous Data
90
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
94
5.1. Conclusions
94
5.2. Recommendations
95
REFERENCES
96
APPENDICES
106
A. REDUCED FORM OF CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE
106
B. PREDICTION RESULTS FOR PSEUDOCRITICAL PARAMETERS
117
C. SCALING FACTOR DEVELOPMENT AND RESULTS
122
D. PREDICTION OF Z-FACTOR FOR PURE SUBSTANCES
127
E. EXPERIMENTAL Z-FACTOR FOR MISCELLANEOUS GASES
137
F. PREDICTION OF Z-FACTOR FROM LLS EOS
171
G. FORTRAN PROGRAMS
174
ABSTRACT
Compressibility factor (z-factor) values of natural gases are necessary in most
petroleum engineering calculations. The most common sources of z-factor values are
experimental measurement, equations of state method and empirical correlations.
Necessity arises when there is no available experimental data for the required
composition, pressure and temperature conditions. Presented here is a technique to
predict z-factor values of pure substances, natural gases and sour reservoir gases
regardless of the composition of the acid gases at all temperatures and pressures.
Eight equations of state have been thoroughly examined and the results suggest
that the Lawal-Lake-Silberberg (LLS-EOS) equation of state is capable of predicting zfactor values of both pure substances and mixtures of gases. This equation of state
method allows the determination of reduced temperature (TR) and reduced pressure (PR)
instead of the pseudo-reduced temperature (TPR) and pseudo-reduced pressure (PPR) both
for pure substances and mixtures of gases. This EOS is robust and the results are accurate
even if of acid gases present in high concentration. A comparative z-factor prediction
result of the various EOS methods for different gas samples is presented fortifying the
capability of the LLS-EOS method. Another method of predicting z-factor values is
based on the famous Standing-Katz (S-K) Chart (empirical methods). Law of
Corresponding States principle has formed the basis to develop a universal adjustable
parameter. This developed adjustable parameter forms the basis for using LLS-EOS to
be able to use S-K Chart to predict accurate z-factor values of pure substances and
mixtures of gases regardless of the concentration of acid gases. In contrast to the existing
methods derived from other equations of states (EOS methods) and S-K Chart (empirical
methods), this project provides a simple and universal technique for predicting z-factor
values for pure substances, natural gases and sour reservoir gases.
vi
LIST OF TABLES
2.1
Heavy Fraction Property Correlations.
10
3.1 Coefficients of Cavetts correlation.
25
3.2
36
Sources of Experimental Z-Factor for Pure Substances
3.3 Rich Gas Condensate Composition (Elsharkawy)
45
3.4
Highly Sour Gas Composition (Elsharkawy)
46
3.5
Carbon Dioxide Rich Composition (Elsharkawy)
47
3.6
Very Light Gas Composition (Elsharkawy)
48
3.7
Property Prediction for Gas Composition Data (Elsharkawy)
49
4.1
Common Specialization Cubic Equation of State
66
4.2
Sources of Experimental Z-Factor
77
4.3 Gas Composition Data for Excelsior 6 Laboratory Data.
78
4.4 Gold Creek Gas Composition.
81
4.5
Results of Elsharkawy Gas Data.
88
4.6
Z-Factor Results for Miscellaneous Gases.
90
B.1
Gas Composition Description.
118
E.1
UCalgary Z-Factor Data.
137
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1
Critical compressibility factor for pure hydrocarbons (alkanes).
2.1
Z-Factor of Pure Substances at Reduced
2.3
Z-Factor of Pure Substances at Reduced Conditions (TR=0.85).
24
2.4
24
2.5
25
2.6
25
2.7
26
2.8
26
2.9
27
2.10 Z-Factor of Pure Substances at Reduced Conditions (TR=2.03).
27
3.1
Comparison of Six Correlations for Pseudocritical Pressure Parameters.
35
3.2
Compare of Six Correlations for Pseudocritical Temperature Parameters.
35
Conditions(TR=0.65).
22
3.3
Scaled Z-Factor for Buxton & Campbell Data (Mix-5) at 160 F.
40
3.4
Scaled Z-Factor for Buxton and Campbell Data (Mix-5) at 130 oF.
40
3.5
Scaled Z-Factor for Buxton and Campbell Data (Mix-5) at 100 oF.
41
3.6
Scaled Z-Factor for Satter Data (Mix-E) at 160 oF.
41
3.7
SK Z-Chart Developed Based on Computation SK Technique.
42
3.8
Amount of gas produced.
43
o
3.9
Scaled Z-Factor Buxton & Campbell, Mix-2 Result, @ T = 130 F.
43
3.10
Scaled Z-Factor Buxton & Campbell, Mix-2 Result, @ T = 100 oF
44
3.11
Scaled Z-Factor Buxton & Campbell, Mix-3 Result, @ T = 100 oF
44
3.12
Scaled Z-Factor for Very Light Gas Composition.
50
3.13
Scaled Z-Factor for Carbon Dioxide Rich Gas Composition.
50
3.14
Scaled Z-Factor for Rich Gas Condensate Composition.
51
3.15
Scaled Z-Factor for Highly Sour Gas Composition.
51
4.1
Z-Factor comparison for LLS-EOS for Methane.
71
4.2
Z-Factor comparison for LLS-EOS for Carbon dioxide.
72
viii
4.3
Z-Factor comparison for LLS-EOS for Nitrogen.
72
4.4
Z-Factor comparison for vdW-EOS for Methane.
73
4.5
Z-Factor comparison for vdW-EOS for Carbon dioxide.
73
4.6
Z-Factor comparison for CO2-C1 mixture at 49 F.
75
4.7
Z-Factor comparison for CO2-C1 mixture at 70 oF.
75
4.8
76
4.9
76
4.10
Z-Factor for Sweet Natural Gas, Data from Excelsior 6 (FPP) at 581 oR.
79
4.11
Z-Factor Comparison Chart at 90 oF (Simon et. al.).
79
4.12
Z-Factor Comparison Chart at 120 F (Simon et. al.).
80
4.13
75% CO2 - Dry Gas at 100 oF for CO2 Sequestration.
80
4.14
25% CO2 - Dry Gas at 160 oF for CO2 Sequestration.
81
4.15
Z-Factor for sour natural gas, data from Excelsior 6 (FPP) at 581 oR.
82
4.16
Z-Factor comparison for sour natural gas mixture at 84 oF.
82
4.17
Z-Factor comparison for sour natural gas mixture at 73 F.
83
4.18
83
4.19
84
4.20
84
4.21
85
4.22
85
4.23
Z-Factor comparison for sour natural gas mixture at 175 F.
86
4.24
86
4.25
87
4.26
87
B.1
Critical temperature prediction for Gore Data (Mix 47-1).
118
B.2
Critical pressure prediction for Gore Data (Mix 47-1).
119
B.3
119
B.4
120
B.5
120
ix
B.6
121
B.7
121
C.1 Scaled z-factor result for Buxton & Campbell Data at 160 oF (Mix-4).
o
123
C.2 Scaled z-factor result for Buxton & Campbell Data at 130 F (Mix-4).
123
124
124
125
125
126
D.1
Z-Factor comparison for vdW-EOS for Nitrogen.
127
D.2
Z-Factor comparison for RK-EOS for Methane.
127
D.3
Z-Factor comparison for RK-EOS for Carbon dioxide.
128
D.4
Z-Factor comparison for RK-EOS for Nitrogen.
128
D.5 Z-Factor comparison for SRK-EOS for Methane.
129
D.6 Z-Factor comparison for SRK-EOS for Carbon dioxide.
129
D.7 Z-Factor comparison for SRK-EOS for Nitrogen.
130
D.8 Z-Factor comparison for PR-EOS for Methane.
130
D.9 Z-Factor comparison for PR-EOS for Carbon dioxide.
131
D.10 Z-Factor comparison for PR-EOS for Nitrogen.
131
D.11 Z-Factor comparison for SW-EOS for Methane.
132
D.12 Z-Factor comparison for SW-EOS for Carbon dioxide.
132
D.13 Z-Factor comparison for SW-EOS for Nitrogen.
133
D.14 Z-Factor comparison for PT-EOS for Methane.
133
D.15 Z-Factor comparison for PT-EOS for Carbon dioxide.
134
D.16 Z-Factor comparison for PT-EOS for Nitrogen.
134
D.17 Z-Factor comparison for TB-EOS for Methane.
135
D.18 Z-Factor comparison for TB-EOS for Carbon dioxide.
135
D.19 Z-Factor comparison for TB-EOS for Nitrogen.
136
F.1 Z-factor for pure substances (Methane).
171
F.2 Z-factor for pure substances (n-Decane).
171
F.3 Z-factor for pure substances (Carbon Dioxide).
172
F.4 Z-factor for pure substances (Hydrogen Sulfide).
172
F.5 Z-factor for pure substances (Nitrogen).
173
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Symbol
Definition
Attraction Parameter in EOS
a (T ) P
Dimensionless Constant 2 2
R T
ACF
Acentric Factor
AF
Acentric Factor
API
Oil Gravity
van der Waals co-volume
bP
Dimensionless Constant
RT
BIN
Binary Interaction Number
BIP
Binary Interaction Parameter
EOS
Equation of State
Gibbs Free Energy
Parameter of SRK EOS
LLS
Lawal-Lake-Silberberg
Parameter of SRK EOS
Mw
Molecular Weight
Mw
Molecular Weight
Pressure in psia
Pressure in psia
PR
Peng Robinson
Universal Gas Constant (10.73 psiD.ft3/ (lbmol. oR))
RK
Redlick-Kwong
SRK
Soave-Redlich-Kwong
xii
SW
Schmidt-Wenzel
Inverse Absolute Temperature (1/T)
Absolute Temperature
TB
Trebble-Bishnoi
Volume in cubic feet
vdW
van der Waal
Mole Fraction
Compressibility Factor
Greek Letter
Parameter of LLS EOS
ij
Binary Interaction Term
Parameter of LLS EOS
Dimensionless EOS Parameter
Acentric Factor
Specific Gravity
Subscripts
c
Critical Property
pr
Pseudo Reduced Property Identification
pc
Pseudo Critical Property Identification
Reduced Property Identification
Mixture Definition
Reduced State
i, j
Component Identification
1, 2
Index for components 1 and 2
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information

Compressibility Factor is a measure of the amount the gas deviates from perfect
behavior. It is more commonly called as the gas deviation factor, represented as z (or) Z.
It is a dimensionless quantity and by definition the ratio of the volume actually occupied
by a gas at a given pressure and temperature to the volume it would occupy if it behaved
ideally. Therefore, a value of z = 1 would represent an ideal gas condition.
z=
Va Actual volume of n moles of gas at T and p

=
Vi
Ideal volume of n moles at same T and p
The kinetic theory of gases (basis for Ideal gas law) assumes that there are neither
attractive forces nor repulsive forces between the gas molecules.
In nature, ideal gases do not exist instead real gases exist. All molecules of real gases are
under two kinds of forces:
(a) to move apart from each other because of their constant kinetic motion, and
(b) to come together because of electrical attractive forces between the molecules.
At normal conditions, the molecules are quite far apart and the attractive forces are
negligible and same is the condition at high temperatures because of the greater kinetic
motion. Under these above mentioned conditions, the gas tends to approach ideal
behavior. While, at high pressures, the molecules come very close to each other resulting
in significant attractive forces. These theories qualitatively explain the behavior of nonideal (real) gases and a general representation of the gas law is as follows:
Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
(1.1).
Real Gas Law: PV = znRT
(1.2).
1.2 Use of Compressibility Factors in Engineering Analysis

Accurate information of compressibility factor values is necessary in engineering
applications like gas metering, pipeline design, estimating reserves, gas flow rate, and
material balance calculations. Some of the petroleum engineering applications which
involve use of z-factor values of gases are as follows:
1.2.1 Z-Factor for Sour and Acid Gases
If hydrogen sulfide is present in a natural gas mixture it is termed as sour natural
gas. The existing methods of calculating z-factor values when significant amounts of acid
gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are present in the natural gas
mixtures incur high deviations from the actual values.
1.2.2 Z-Factor for Geologic CO2 Storage
A high content of CO2 gas present in the atmosphere is the major cause for global
warming. A method to capture CO2 from the atmosphere or other sources of CO2
production and be able to store it into abandoned wells is called as CO2 sequestration.
CO2 gas in various concentrations can be required to be stored. Engineering this method
needs z-factor values.
Knowledge of accurate critical z-factor value for pure substances and mixtures is
essential in the determination of accurate z-factor values. Critical z-factor is unique for
each component and system. Figure 1.1 illustrates the capability of various equations-ofstates in predicting critical compressibility factor values.
0.38
VDW
Critical Compressibility Factor
0.36
0.34
RK
0.32
PR
SW
0.30
PT
Twu
0.28
TB
EXP
LLS
0.26
0.24
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
Pure Substances
C7
C8
C9
C10
Figure 1.1: Critical compressibility factor for pure hydrocarbons (alkanes).
1.3 Significance of the Project

Todays standard treatment of phase behavior in reservoir simulation is still based
on formation volume factors (FVFs) and surface gas/oil ratios (GORs) which requires
the determination of z-factor and critical properties of mixtures, more importantly. As
more and more, sour environment reservoirs are discovered, it becomes a necessity to
have a simple and robust technique to be able to determine z-factor values accurately.
This project presents methods that allow accurate determination of z-factor values both
for pure components and gas mixtures including significant amounts of non-hydrocarbon
components for all ranges of pressures and temperatures.
1.4 Objective of the Project

This research project provides improved predictive techniques for z-factors based
on the approaches of cubic Equations-of-State (EOS) and empirical correlation of
Standing-Katz5 Chart. Eight EOS that are routinely used in reservoir calculations and
improved pseudocritical property methods for Standing & Katz (SK) Chart are utilized to
match experimentally determined z-factors for pure substances, natural and sour reservoir
gases. The experimental z-factors data for 3100 gas samples, including highly sour gases
(H2S), acid gases (CO2 and N2) and rich gas condensates (with significant amount of C7+)
are used to establish the improved predictive techniques for z-factors.
CHAPTER 2
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR PREDICTION TECHNIQUES
2.1 Theoretical Analysis of Gas Law-Based Z-Factors

The magnitude of deviation of real gases from the conditions of the ideal gas law
increases with increasing pressure and temperature and varies widely with the
composition of the gas.
Numerous equations-of-state have been developed in the attempt to correlate the
pressure-temperature-volume variables for real gases with experimental data. In order to
express a more exact relationship between the variables p, V, and T, z-factor must be
introduced into the ideal gas equation to account for the departure of gases from ideality.
This forms the basis for the real gas law and is represented as:
pV = zRT
(1.2).
To account for this deviation factor (z-factor), numerous equations-of-state have

been proposed.
2.2 Experimental Method for Compressibility Factors

Among the existing method of determination of z-factors, experimental
measurement is one of the most accurate methods. It is hard to determine experimentally
measured z-factor values for all compositions of gases at all ranges of pressures and
temperatures. At the same time, this method is expensive and most of the time these
measurements are made at reservoir temperatures only.
2.3 Empirical Correlations Methods
2.3.1 Standing-Katz Compressibility Factor Chart
Standing and Katz5 presented a generalized z-factor chart, which has become an
industry standard for predicting the volumetric behavior of natural gases. To be able to
use this chart, knowledge of reduced temperature and reduced pressure are required,
which further needs determination of critical properties (namely, critical pressure and
critical temperature of the system). Numerous methods have been suggested to predict
pseudocritical properties of the gases as a function of their specific gravity. The point to
be noted here is that these methods predict pseudo critical values which are evidently not
accurate values of the gas mixtures. The existing methods fail to predict accurate values
of pseudocritical values when non-hydrocarbon components are present in significant
amounts. Improved technique to predict critical properties have been discussed in the
Chapter 3 of this thesis report.
2.3.2 Hall-Yarborough Z-Factor Correlation

Hall and Yarborough8 (1973) presented an equation-of-state that accurately
determined the Standing and Katz z-factor chart. This is based on the Starling-Carnahan21
equation-of-state. Best fit mathematical expressions were determined based on the data
taken from Standing and Katz z-factor chart. The mathematical form of the equation is:
0.06125p pr t
2
Z=
EXP 1.2(1 t )
Y
]
(2.1).
where pPR = pseudo-reduced pressure
Tpc
t = reciprocal of the pseudo-reduced temperature =

T
F(Y) = 0.06125p pr T 1.2(1 t ) +
Y + Y2 + Y3 Y4
(1 Y )3
14.76t 9.76t 2 4.58t 3 Y 2 + 90.7 t 242.2t 2 + 42.4t 3 Y (2.18+ 2.82 t ) = 0

Hall and Yarborough pointed out that the method is not recommended for
application if the pseudo-reduced temperature is less than one.
(2.2).
2.3.3 Wichert-Aziz Z-Factor Correlation

Sour natural gases (containing H2S) and/or CO2 frequently exhibit different
compressibility factor behavior than do sweet natural gases. Wichert and Aziz22 (1972)
developed a calculation procedure to account for these differences. Wichert and Aziz
developed a pseudo-critcal temperature adjustment factor which is a function of the
concentration of CO2 and H2S in the sour gas. This correction factor is then used to adjust
the pseudo-critical temperature and pressure according to the following expressions:
Tpc = Tpc
ppc =
where
(2.3).
p pc Tpc
Tpc + B(1 B)
(2.4).
Tpc = pseudo-critical temperature, oR
ppc = pseudo-critical pressure, psia

Tpc = corrected pseudo-critical temperature, oR
p pc = corrected pseudo-critical pressure, psia
B = mole fraction of H2S in the gas mixture
= pseudo-critical temperature adjustment factor and is defined mathematically

by the following expression
= 120 A 0.9 A 1.9 + 15 B 0.5 B 4.0
(2.5).
where the coefficient A is the sum of the mole fraction of H2S and CO2 in the gas
mixture, or
A = y H 2S + y CO 2
(2.6).
2.3.4 Dranchuk-Abu-Kassem Z-Factor Correlation

Dranchuk and Abu-Kassem23 (1975) proposed an eleven-constant equation-ofstate for calculating the gas compressibility factors. The equation is as follows:

A
A
A
z = A 1 + 2 + 33 + 55 r
Tpr Tpr Tpr
A
A
A
+ A 6 + 7 + 28 2r A 9 7 + 28 5r
Tpr Tpr
Tpr Tpr
2
+ A 10 1 + A 11 2r 3r EXP A 11 2r + 1
Tpr
(2.7).
where r = reduced gas density and is defined by the following relationship:

r =
0.27p pr
zTpr
(2.8).
The constants A1 through A11 were determined by fitting the equation, using nonlinear regression models, to 1,500 points from the Standing and Katz z-factor chart. The
coefficients values:
A1 = 0.3262
A2 = -1.0700
A3 = -0.5339
A4 = 0.01569
A5 = -0.05165
A6 = 0.5475
A7 = -0.7361
A8 = 0.1884
A9 = 0.1056
A10 = 0.6134
A11 = 0.7210
This method is applicable over the ranges
0.2 p pr < 30
1.0 < Tpr 3.0
with an average absolute error of 0.585 percent.
2.3.5 Beggs-Brill Equation for SK Z-Factor Chart

Beggs and Brill25 (1973) proposed a best-fit equation for the Standing and Katz zfactor chart and is as follows:
z=A+
(1 A ) + Cp D
pr
eB
(2.9).
where
A = 1.39(Tpr 0.92)
0.5
0.36Tpr 0.101
0.066
0.32
0.037 p 2pr + 9 (Tpr 1) p 6pr
B = (0.62 0.23Tpr )p pr +
10
(Tpr 0.86 )
C = (0.132 0.32 log (Tpr ))

D = 10
(0.3016 0.49 T
2
pr + 0.1824 Tpr
This method is cannot be used for reduced temperature ( Tpr ) values less than
0.92.
2.3.6 Amoco Company Equation for SK Z-Factor Chart

Amoco Company uses the Hall and Yarborough z-factor determination method
and can be defined as follows:
0.06125p pr t
2
Z=
EXP 1.2(1 t )
Y
]
(2.10).
where ppr = pseudo-reduced pressure
Tpc

T
F(Y) = 0.06125p pr T 1.2(1 t ) +
Y + Y2 + Y3 Y4
(1 Y )3
14.76t 9.76t 2 4.58t 3 Y 2 + 90.7 t 242.2t 2 + 42.4t 3 Y (2.18+ 2.82 t ) = 0
(2.11).
It should be noted that this method is not recommended for application if the
pseudo-reduced temperature is less than one.
2.3.7 Gopal Best-Fit Equation for SK Z-Factor Chart

Gopals33 correlation for z-factor estimation was developed by dividing the
Standing-Katz chart into two parts by drawing a line isobarically for PR up to 5.4. For
various Tr values, several z-factor values were tabulated isobarically for Pr up to 5.4
because, for any Pr,, the z-factor values show a uniform trend. His objective was to come
up with two noniterative equations, one for Pr less than or equal to 5.4, and the other for
Pr greater than 5.4. To describe the chart accurately, the chart was further divided into 12
parts24. A general equation was developed and is of the form:
Z = Pr (ATr + B ) + CTr + D
(2.12).
The values of constants A, B, C, and D for various combinations of PR and TR are

available in the reference33. For Pr greater than 5.4, harmonic equations are suggested to
be a good fit.
2.3.8 Shell Oil Company Equation for Z-Factor Chart

p pr
Z = ZA + ZB p pr + (1 ZA) EXP( ZG) ZF
10
where,
ZA = 0.101 0.36 Tpr + 1.3868 (Tpr 0.919)
ZB = 0.021 +
0.04275
(Tpr 0.65)
ZC = 0.6222 0.224 Tpr
ZD =
0.0657
0.037
(Tpr 0.86)
ZE = 0.32 EXP (19.53 (Tpr 1))

ZF = 0.122 EXP ( 11.3 (Tpr 1))
ZG = p pr * ( ZC + ZD p pr + ZE p 4pr )
10
(2.13).
2.3.9 Physical Properties of C7+ Fractions Correlation

Table 2.1: Heavy Fraction Property Correlations.
6084
+ 5 .9
MW
API =
SG =
141.5
131.5 + API
( )
Tbp o R = e 0 MW e1 SG
C = e 0 MW 1 SG 2 Tbpe3
e
e2
p c , ( psi) = e 0 MW 1 SG 2 Tbpe3 C e 4
e
( )
Tc o R = e 0 MW 1 SG 2 Tbpe 3 Ce 4
e
= e 0 MW 1 SG 2 Tbpe3 C e 4
e
Zc =
0.293
0.361
w =
(1 + 0.375 )
(1 + 0.0274 )
Parameters
Property
e0
e1
e2
e3
e4
Tbp
108.701661
0.42244800
0.42682558
0.000000
0.000000
0.83282122
0.09255911
-0.0413045
0.12621158
0.000000
Pc
237031780
-0.028484
2.755309
-1.374444
-2.947221
Tc
6.206640
-0.059607
0.224357
0.968332
-0.802538
1.5790E-13
-1.453063
-2.811708
4.883921
2.109476
2.22065E-10
-0.45908
-2.25373
3.4452
0.000000
11
2.4 Corresponding States Prediction Methods

The theory of Corresponding States proposes that all gases will exhibit the same
behavior, e.g. z-factor, when viewed in terms of reduced pressure, reduced volume, and
reduced temperature. Mathematically, this principle can be defined as:
z = z c (p R , TR )
(2.14).
The mathematical derivation of the above expression is as follows:

Real gas law is,
PV = zRT
(2.15).
Multiply and divide the LHS of the above equation by Pc Vc and RHS by zcTc, we get,
Pc Vc
PV
zRT
=
z c Tc
Pc Vc z c Tc
(2.16).
T T
PV
= zR c
Pc Vc
Pc Vc Tc
(2.17).
By definition
PR =
P
T
& TR =
Pc
Tc
= PR VR =
(2.18).
z z c Tc
TR
z c Pc Vc
(2.19).
we have from real gas law,
z c Tc
1
=
Pc Vc R
= PR VR =
= z = zc
(2.20).
z PR VR
z c TR
(2.21).
TR
PR VR
z = z c (p R , TR )
(2.22).
Based on the above derivation, the following relationship can be established,
12
p R1 VR1 p R 2 VR 2
=
Z R1TR1 Z R 2 TR 2
(2.23).
C om pressibility Factor
Exp
nC7
nC9
nC10
vdW
SRK
LLS
PT
PR
TR = 0.65
2
0
0
10
15
20
Reduced Pressure
Figure 2.1: Z-Factor of Pure Substances at Reduced Conditions (TR=0.65).
13
25
30
C om pressibility Factor
Exp
nC4
nC5
nC6
nC9
vdW
SRK
LLS
PT
PR
TR = 0.75
2
0
0
10
15
20
25
Reduced Pressure
Figure 2.2: Z-Factors of Pure Substances at Reduced Conditions (TR = 0.75).
14
30
5
Exp
C3
iC4
nC4
nC5
nC6
nC7
nC9
nC10
vdW
SRK
LLS
PT
PR
TR = 0.85
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Reduced Pressure
Figure 2.3: Z- Factor of Pure Substances at Reduced Conditions (TR=0.85).
1.8
1.4
Exp
CO2
H2S
C2
C3
nC5
vdW
SRK
LLS
PT
PR
TR = 1.02
0.6
0.2
0
12
Reduced Pressure
15
16
2.25
1.85
1.45
Exp
C2
C3
nC4
iC4
nC5
vdW
SRK
LLS
PT
PR
1.05
TR = 1.07
0.65
0.25
0
10
15
20
Reduced Pressure

2.03
1.75
1.47
Exp
CO2
H2S
C2
C3
nC4
iC4
vdW
SRK
LLS
PT
PR
1.19
TR = 1.13
0.91
0.63
0.35
0
10
15
Reduced Pressure

16
20
1.9
1.55
Exp
CO2
H2S
C2
C3
nC4
iC4
vdW
SRK
LLS
PT
PR
1.2
TR = 1.24
0.85
0.5
0
10
15
20
Reduced Pressure
1.64
1.31
Exp
CO2
C1
C2
C3
vdW
SRK
LLS
PT
PR
TR = 1.55
0.98
0.65
0
10
15
Reduced Pressure

17
20
1.60
1.36
Exp
1.12
CO2
C1
C2
vdW
SRK
LLS
PT
PR
TR = 1.98
0.88
0
12
15
18
Reduced Pressure
2.00
1.73
1.45
Exp
N2
C1
vdW
SRK
LLS
PT
PR
TR = 2.03
1.18
0.90
0
10
15
20
Reduced Pressure
18
25
30
2.5 Equations of State Prediction Methods

Cubic equations of state (EOSs) are simple equations relating pressure, volume,
and temperature (PVT). They accurately describe the volumetric and phase behavior of
pure compounds and mixtures, requiring only critical properties and acentric factor of
each component. The same equation is used to calculate the properties of all phases,
thereby ensuring consistency in reservoir processes that approach critical conditions.
Multiple phase behavior, such as low-temperature CO2 flooding, can be treated with an
EOS, and even water-/hydrocarbon-phase behavior can be predicted accurately with a
cubic EOS.
Volumetric behavior is calculated by solving the simple cubic equation, usually
expressed in terms of z =
pV
,
RT
z 3 + A 2 z + A1z + A 0 = 0
(2.24).
where constants A0, A1, and A2 are functions of pressure, temperature, and phase
composition. Chapter 4 presents a detailed use of equations-of-state method for solving zfactors.
19
CHAPTER 3
STANDING-KATZ Z-FACTOR CORRELATION
3.1 Standing-Katz Representation of Z-Factor Chart
The z-factor in the Standing and Katz5 (SK) chart is a function of reduced
pressure and temperature. To be able to predict z-factor using the SK chart requires the
appropriate reduced temperature and pressure. Information on the composition of the gas
used to design the Standing-Katz z-factor chart is not provided. A close study and
comparison of the experimental data with that of SK chart z-factor values suggests that
the SK chart was developed based on the natural gas mixture without any significant
amounts of non-hydrocarbon components and C7+ in it.
3.2 Best-Fit Equations for SK Z-Factor Chart

Many empirical equations and EOSs have been fit to the original Standing-Katz zfactor chart. Some of the commonly used methods in the petroleum industry are:
Hall & Yarborough11 Best Fit Equation:
0.06125p pr t
2
Z=
exp 1.2(1 t )
Y
(3.1)
where ppr = pseudo-reduced pressure

Tpc

T
F(Y) = 0.06125p pr T 1.2(1 t ) +
Y + Y2 + Y3 Y4
(1 Y )3
14.76 t 9.76 t 2 4.58t 3 Y 2 + 90.7 t 242.2 t 2 + 42.4 t 3 Y (2.18+ 2.82 t ) = 0
20
(3.2).
Beggs-Brill25 Best-Fit Equation:
z=A+
(1 A ) + Cp D
pr
eB
(3.3)
where
A = 1.39(Tpr 0.92)
0.5
0.36Tpr 0.101
0.066
0.32
B = (0.62 0.23Tpr )p pr +
0.037 p 2pr + 9 (Tpr 1) p 6pr
10
Tpr 0.86
C = (0.132 0.32 log(Tpr ))

D = 10
(0.30160.49T
2
pr + 0.1824 Tpr
Dranchuk-Abu-Kassem23 Best-Fit Equation:
A
A
A
z = A1 + 2 + 33 + 55 r
T pr T pr T pr
A
A
A
A
+ A6 + 7 + 28 r2 A9 7 + 28 r5
T pr T pr
T pr T pr
+ A10 1 + A11 r2
)
T
2
r
3
pr
EXP A11 r2 + 1
(3.4)
where r = reduced gas density and is defined by the following relationship:

r =
0.27p pr
zTpr
The constants A1 through A11 were determined by fitting the equation,
using non-linear regression models, to 1,500 points from the Standing and Katz z-factor
chart. The coefficients values:
A1 = 0.3262
A2 = -1.0700
A3 = -0.5339
A4 = 0.01569
A5 = -0.05165
A6 = 0.5475
A7 = -0.7361
A8 = 0.1884
A9 = 0.1056
A10 = 0.6134
A11 = 0.7210
Dranchuk-Purvis-Robinson Method:
21
Dranchuk, Purvis, and Robinsons (1974) correlation was developed based on

Benedict-Webb-Rubin57 type of equation of state. It consists of eight coefficients which
were obtained based on a best-fit of 1500 data points from Standing-Katz Z-factor chart.
The correlation is,
A A
A
A
A
Z = 1 + A 1 + 2 + 33 r + A 4 + 5 2r + 5 6 5r
Tpr Tpr
Tpr
Tpr
+ 37 2r (1 + A 8 2r )EXP( A 8 2r )
Tpr
where r =
0.27p pr
ZTpr
(3.5)
and the coefficients A1 to A8 have the following values:
A1 = 0.31506237
A2 = -1.0467099
A3 = -0.57832729
A4 = 0.53530771
A5 = -0.61232032
A6 = -0.10488813
A7 = 0.68157001
A8 = 0.68446549
This method is valid with in a temperature and pressure range of:

1.05 Tpr < 3.0
0.2 Ppr 3.0 .
Shell Oil Company Best-Fit Equation:

p pr
Z = ZA + ZB p pr + (1 ZA) exp( ZG) ZF

10
where,
ZA = 0.101 0.36 TR + 1.3868 (TR 0.919)
ZB = 0.021 +
0.04275
(TR 0.65)
ZC = 0.6222 0.224 TR
ZD =
0.0657
0.037
(TR 0.86)
ZE = 0.32 exp(19.53 (TR 1))
22
(3.6)
ZF = 0.122 exp(11.3 (TR 1))

ZG = PR * ( ZC + ZD PR + ZE PR4 )
3.3 Mixture Critical Property Prediction Methods

Numerous correlations and methods have been suggested in the past to predict
mixture critical properties. These methods predict pseudocritical properties and do not
represent a correct estimation of the properties for various ranges of composition. In most
cases, each of the correlations are designed for a limited reduced pressure, reduced
temperature and a fixed range of composition of gases (in Chapter 2 is discussed the
procedure to calculate properties of C7+). This calls for a need to have a generalized
method to calculate mixture critical properties and presented here is a generalized method
to calculated pure component and mixture critical properties. The expressions for mixture
critical point (Pc and Tc) are established in the following equations:
Pc =
B c2
am
b 2m [3Z c2 + ( m + m )B c2 + m B c ]
(3.7)
Tc =
Bc
am
2
b m R[3Z c + ( m + m )B c2 + m B c ]
(3.8).
The parameters going into the Equations 3.7 and 3.8 are calculated as shown
below:
The critical equation-of-state parameter Bc is obtained by solving the following cubic
equation:
3 B 3c + 2 B c2 + 1 B c + 0 = 0
(3.9)
where
3 = 8 + 12 m + 6 2m + 3m
2 = 15 + 15 m 27m 3 2m
1 = 6 + 3 m
0 = 1
Similarly, the expression for Zc (critical Z for mixtures) in terms of m and m are shown
in Equations 3.7 and 3.8 is obtained by solving the following cubic equation:
23
3 Z 3c + 2 Z c2 + 1 Z c + 0 = 0
(3.10)
where
3 = 8 + 12 m + 6 2m + 3m
2 = (3 + 12 m + 12 2m + 9 m 9 m m )
1 = 3 m + 6 2m + 6 m 6 m m
0 = ( 2m + m m m )
where the mixture parameters am, bm, m and m are prescribed as
n
a m = x i x j a (T )1i / 2 a (T )1j / 2 a ij
(3.11)
i =1 j=1
b m = x i b1i / 3
i =1
(3.12).
m = x i x j 1i / 2 1j / 2 ij
(3.13)
i =1 j=1
n
m = x i x j1i / 21j / 2 ij
(3.14).
The temperature function essential in the determination of the mixture equation of
i =1 j=1
state parameter (attractive term a) is defined as:

2 2
R 2 Tc2
3 R Tc
= [1 + ( w 1) Z c ]
TR
a (T ) = a
Pc
Pc
(3.15)
where = 0.19708+ 0.08627 + 0.35714 + 3.59015e 03Mw .

2
The pure component parameters are defined as follows:

b = b
RTc
RTc
= w Zc
Pc
Pc
(3.16)
1 + w Z c 3Z c
=
w Zc
(3.17)
Z ( w 1) + 2 Z + (1 3Z c ) w
Z
2
c
2
w c
2
w c
(3.18)
0.361
w =
1 + 0.0274
(3.19).
24
A brief description of the previously used empirical correlations suggested is

given in the following paragraphs. It should be noted that only the commonly used
correlations are mentioned.
3.3.1 Heptane-Plus Fraction Correlation Methods

Cavetts Correlation:
Cavett (1962) proposed correlations for estimating the critical pressure and
temperature of hydrocarbon fractions.
Tc = a 0 + a 1Tb + a 2 Tb2 + a 3 (API)(Tb ) + a 4 (Tb ) 3
(3.20)
+ a 5 (API)(Tb ) 2 + a 6 (API) 2 (Tb ) 2

Log(p c ) = b 0 + b1 (Tb ) + b 2 (Tb ) 2 + b 3 (API)(Tb ) + b 4 (Tb ) 3
(3.21).
+ b 5 (API)(Tb ) 2 + b 6 (API) 2 (Tb ) + b 7 (Tb ) 2
The coefficients in the above equations are tabulated below:

Table 3.1: Coefficients of Cavetts correlation.
I
ai
bi
768.07121
2.8290406
1.7133693
0.94120109*10-3
-0.0010834003
-0.30474749*10-5
-0.0089212579
-0.20876110*10-4
0.38890584*10-6
0.15184103*10-8
0.53094290*10-5
0.11047899*10-7
0.32711600*10-7
-0.48271599*10-7
0.13949619*10-9
25
Kesler-Lee Correlations:
Kesler and Lee (1976) proposed a set of equations to estimate the critical
temperature, critical pressure, acentric factor, and molecular weight of petroleum
fractions.
Critical Pressure:
ln ( p c ) = 8.3634
0.0566
2.2898 0.11857 3
10 Tb
0.24244 +
+
3.648 0.47227 7 2
1.6977 10 3
10 Tb
10 Tb 0.42019 +
+ 1.4685 +
+
2
(3.22)
Critical Temperature:
105
Tc = 341.7 + 811.1 g + (0.4244 + 0.1174 g )Tb + (0.4669 3.26238 g )
Tb
(3.23)
Molecular Weight:
M W = 12272.6 + 9486.4 g + (4.6523 3.3287 g )Tb
720.79 10 7
+ 1 0.77084 g 0.02058 g2 1.3437

Tb Tb
181.98 1012
2
3
+ 1 0.80882 g + 0.02226 g 1.8828
T
b
Tb
(3.24).
Winn-Sim-Daubert Correlation:
Sim and Daubert (1980) represented the critical pressure, critical temperature, and
molecular weight as follows:
p c = 3.48242 109 Tb2.3177 g2.4853
Tc = exp 3.994718Tb0.08615 0g.04614
(3.25)
(3.26)
M w = 1.4350476 10 5 Tb2.3776 g0.9371
(3.27)
where Tb is the boiling point in oR.
26
Watansiri-Owens-Starling Correlation
Watansiri (1985) developed a set of correlations to estimate the critical properties
and acentric factor of coal compounds and other hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Critical Temperature:
ln(Tc ) = 0.0650504 0.0005217Tb + 0.03905 ln(M w ) + 1.11067 ln(Tb )
(3.28)
1
1
M w 0.078154 g 2 0.061061 g 3 0.016943 g
Critical Volume:
ln(Vc ) = 76.313887 129.8038 g + 63.1750 g2 13.175 3g
(3.29)
+ 1.10108 ln(M w ) + 42.1958 ln( g )

Critical Pressure:
Tc
ln(P c ) = 6.6418853 + 0.01617283
V
c
0.8
Mw
8.712
T
c
T
0.08843889 b
(3.30)
Acentric Factor:
Tb 382.904
4
+
+
5.1236667 10 Tb + 0.281826667
Mw
Mw
T
5Tb
= 0.074691 10 5 b 0.12027778 10 4 Tb M w + 0.001261 g M w

9M

w
g
1
2
3
3
+ 0.1265 10 4 M 2 + 0.2061 10 4 M 2 66.29959 Tb 0.00255452 Tb
w
g
w
Mw
g2
(3.31)
3.3.2 Pseudocritical Mixing Parameters Methods

Empirical Methods
Gpc = Gideal + Gexcess
(3.32)
27
Ppc = x i Pci + i (Pci (IDEAL) x i )
(3.33)
Tpc = x i Tci + i (Tci (IDEAL) x i )
(3.33)
i =1
n
i =1
Kays Rule (1936)

n
Ppc = x i Pci
(3.34)
Tpc = x i Tci
(3.35)
Joffe Method64 (1947)

T
T
n
pc
=
x
i i 1c2
12
Pc i
Ppc m
Tpc
P
pc
1 n n
= x i x j Tc
8 i j
Pc
(3.36)
1
1
3 Tc 3
+
Pc j
i
(3.37)
Prausnitz-Gunn (1958)
n
Tpc = x i Tci
(3.38)
i =1
x i Z ci R x i Tci
i =1
Ppc = i =1
n
x i Vci
i =1
(3.39)
Stewart-Burkhardt-Voo Method61 (1959)
Tpc =
c T
x i c
12
i
Pc
1 c Tc
x i P
3 i
c
2 nc Tc
+ x i
i 3 i
Pc
2

i
1
(3.40)
28
Ppc =
nc T
x i c
12
i
Pc
nc
1 x Tc
i
3
Pc
i
2 nc Tc
+ x i
i 3 i
Pc
(3.41)
Leland-Mueller Method (1959)

1/ 3
1/ 3 3
n n
Z
T
Z
T
1
1
/2
c c
c c

+
x
x
T
T
i j
ci c j

2 Pc j
2 Pc i
i
j

Tpc =
3
n
n
1 Z T 1 / 3 1 Z T 1 / 3
c c
c c
+

x i x j
2
P
2
P
c i
i
j
c j
1/
Tc x i Z ci
Ppc =
1/ 3
1/ 3 3
n n
1 Z T
1Z T
x i x j c c + c c
i j
2 Pc j
2 Pc i

where
n
P x i (Tc )i
= i =n1
T x (P )
i
c i

i =1
Leland and co-workers later reported the following relationship,
n
x i Tci
+ 2.44
= 0.75 ni
xP
i ci

i
(3.42)
(3.43)
(3.44)
(3.45).
Satter-Campbell Method46 (1963)

n
Tpc = x i x j Tci 2 Tcj 2
(3.46)
i =1 i =1
29
Ppc =
Tc x i Z ci
i
Z T
1 c c
x
x
i j
2 Pc
i =1 j=1
3 1 Z c Tc
+
2 Pc
i
3

j
1
(3.47).
Lee-Kesler Method54 (1975)

Z ci = 0.2905 0.085i
(3.48)
Z ci RTci
Pci
Vci =
1 n
Vpc =
8 i =1
1
8Vc
Tpc =
(3.49).
x x V
i
j=1
ci
+ Vcj 3
x x V
i =1
j=1
ci
+ Vcj 3
(3.50)
3
Tci Tcj
(3.51)
T
= b
Tc
(3.52)
1
ln Pc (atm) 5.92714 + 6.09648 + 1.28862 ln 0.169347

15.2518 15.6875 1 13.4721 ln + 0.43577 6
i =
(3.53).
= x i i
(3.54)
i =1
Ppc =
(0.2905 0.085)RTc
Vc
(3.55)
Van Ness-Abbot Method63 (1982)

1
1
n n
T 52 2 T 52 2
c c
x i x j P P
c i c j
i =1 j=1
2
Tpc =
2
3
n n
Tc Tc
x i x j
i =1 j=1
Pc i Pc j
(3.56)
30
1
1
n n
T 52 2 T 52 2
c c
x i x j P P
c i c j
i =1 j=1
2
Ppc =
5
3
n n
Tc Tc
x i x j
i =1 j=1
Pc i Pc j
(3.57)
Pedersen-Fredenslund-Christensen-Thomassen Method55,56 (1984)
T
x i x j c
Pc
i
j
Tpc =
T
c
x
x
i j
Pc
i
j
+ c
Pc j
i
1
+ c
Pc j
i
3
Tci Tcj
(3.58)
3
T 13 T 13
8 x i x j c + c
Pc i
i
j
Pc j
Ppc =
3 2
n n
T 13 T 13
x i x j c + c
Pc i
i
j
Pc j
Tci Tcj
(3.59)
Teja-Thurner-Pasumarti Method (1985)

n
n
Tcij
Tpc
= x i x j
Pcij
Ppc i =1 j=1
2
pc
Ppc
= x i x j
i =i j=1
(3.60)
2
cij
Pcij
(3.61)
where
Tcij = ij (Tci Tcj )
Pcij =
(3.62)
8Tcij
T
c
Pc
1
1
3 Tc 3
+
i
Pc j
(3.63)
Sutton Method62 (1985)

31
c T
x i c
12
i
Pc
Tpc =
T
1
x i c
3 i
Pc
c
Ppc =
E
k
2 nc Tc
+ x i
i 3 i
Pc
nc T
x i c
12
i
Pc
nc
1 x Tc
i
3
Pc
i
2
EJ

i
1
E
k
2 nc Tc
+ x i
i 3 i
Pc
(3.64)
EJ
Lawal-Lake-Silberberg65 (2002)
a m Bc
Tc =
2
b m R[3Z c + ( m + m )B c2 + m B c ]
(3.65)
(3.66)
a m B c2
Pc = 2
b m [3Z c2 + ( m + m )B c2 + m B c ]
(3.67)
n
a m = x i x j (a i a j ) 0.5 a ij
n
b m = x i b1/3
i
i
n
(3.68)
(3.69)
m = x i x j ( i j ) 0.5 ij
(3.70)
m = x i x j ( i j ) 0.5 ij
(3.71)
3 Z3c + 2 Zc2 + 1Zc + 0 = 0

where,
(3.72)
32
3 = ( 3m + 6 2m + 12 m + 8)
2 = 3(1 + 4 2m + 4 m + 3 m 3 m m )
1 = 3(2 2m + 2 m 2 m m + m )
0 = ( m m m 2m )
3 B3c + 2 Bc2 + 1Bc + 0 = 0
(3.73)
where,
3 = ( 3m + 6 2m + 12 m + 8)
2 = 3( 2m 5 m + 9 m 5)
1 = 3( m + 2)
0 = 1
Redlich-Kwong-Abbott
Tpc =
Ppc =
n 52
x Tc
i
Pc
2

i
1
n T
x i c P
c i
n 52
x Tc
i
Pc
n T
x i c P
c i
(3.74)
(3.75)
3.3.3 Pseudocritical Gas Gravity Correlation Methods

The Standing90 gas gravity correlation is stated as:
Ppc (psia ) = 706 51.7S g 11.1S g2
(3.76)
Tpc ( o R ) = 187 + 330S g 71.5S g2
(3.77)
33
The Sutton90 gas gravity correlation is stated as:

Ppc (psia ) = 756.8 131.0S g 3.6S g2
(3.78)
Tpc ( o R ) = 169.2 + 349.5S g 74.0S g2
(3.79)
Elsharkawy-Hashem-Alikhan90 gas gravity correlation is stated as:

Ppc (psia ) = 787.06 147.34S g 7.916S g2
(3.80)
Tpc ( o R ) = 149.18 + 358.14S g 66.976S g2
(3.81)
Hankinson-Thomas-Philips91 gas gravity correlation is stated as:

Ppc (psia ) = 709.604 + 58.718S g
(3.82)
Tpc ( o R ) = 170.491 + 307.344S g
(3.83)
Brill-Beggs102 gas gravity correlation is stated as:

Ppc (psia ) = 708.75 57.5S g
(3.84)
Tpc ( o R ) = 169.0 + 314.0S g
(3.85)
This work:
Ppc (psia ) = 659.94 + 57.306S g 63.012S g2
(3.86)
Tpc ( o R ) = 165.95 + 321.82S g + 0.7924S g2
(3.87)
The R2 for Ppc is 0.9821 and that for Tpc is 0.9999.
34
700
Pc Calculated (psia)
680
Stan
Sutt
ElHA
HaTPh
BrBe
ThisWork
660
640
620
600
600
620
640
660
680
700
Pc Experimental (psia)
Figure 3.1: Comparison of Six Correlations for Pseudocritical Pressure Parameters.
Stan
530
Sutt
ElHA
HaTPh
490
BrBe
Tc Calculated ( R)
ThisWork
450
410
370
330
330
370
410
450
490
530
Tc Experimental ( R)
Figure 3.2: Compare Six Correlations for Pseudocritical Temperature Parameters.

35
Table 3.2: Sources of Experimental Z-Factor for Pure Substances.

Authors
Year
System
Sage-Lacey
1950
C1
Reference
No.
8
Sage-Lacey
1950
C2
Sage-Lacey
1950
C3
Sage-Lacey
1950
iC4, nC4
Sage-Lacey
1950
iC5, nC5
Stewart-Sage-Lacey
1954
nC6
10
Sage-Reamer- Nichols
1955
nC7
Sage-Lacey
1950
H2S
Sage-Lacey
1950
N2
Sage-Lacey
1950
CO2
36
3.3.4 van der Waals Theory of Pseudocritical Methods

Criticality Theory
1. van der Waals Pseudocritical Theory3 (1873)
P
=0
V T
at T = Tc and P = Pc
(3.88)
2P
2 = 0
V T
at T = Tc and P = Pc
(3.89)
2. Gibbs Criteria (1928)

G
=0
x T ,P
(3.90)
2G
2 = 0
x T ,P
(3.91)
3. Wilson Renormalization Theory (1982)
3.3.5 Improved Theory for Pseudocritical Mixture Parameter

Mixture rules significantly affect the accuracy of mixture property determination.
Weighted average based on mole fraction has been the general rule since Kay but this
method is an approximate method and more rigorous methods are required for accurate
determination of mixture properties. Numerous methods have been proposed but none of
them present a generalized method for critical property prediction with high accuracy.
Most of the methods are either statistical or empirical and therefore are bound by errors.
In this project a method is presented which is based on LLS EOS. This method is capable
of predicting critical properties of mixtures irrespective of the component and its
composition.
Prediction method of binary interaction number is an essential parameter in
mixture critical property determination. The BIN can be function of molecular weights,
acentric factor or product of molecular weight and acentric factor. Care must be taken in
37
applying these rules of predicting BIN with gas mixtures containing very light and heavy
components. Other occasions of concern could be when isomers are present in a gas
mixture. It should be noted that in BIN can be equal to 1 only in case of pure
composition.
3.4 Designed Scaling Parameter for Standing-Katz Z-Factor Chart

In order to extend the use of SK chart to the prediction of z-factors for sour and
acid gases without resorting to the Wichert-Aziz2 correction formula for pseudocritical
pressures and temperatures parameters, a universal scaling parameter has been
established. This scaling parameter is developed by overlaying the experimental z-factor
curves for the same range of pressures and temperatures as that of SK chart and
measuring the deviation from of the SK chart curves. A mathematical quantification of
this deviation for hydrocarbon compounds, non-hydrocarbon compounds, and sour
reservoir gases resulted in a similar modification (or scaling) parameter requirement.
This observation establishes the fact that the SK chart is designed perfectly but most of
the time, it is used wrongly. The error is in the method of calculation of the pseudocritical
pressures and temperatures.
3.4.1 Design Procedure for Scaling Parameter
The scaling parameter for hydrocarbon components is developed based on wide
range of available experimental data and measuring the deviation of SK computational
methods from experimental data. In the design of a scaling parameter, non-hydrocarbon
components that are commonly found in the reservoir gases like nitrogen, hydrogen
sulfide, and carbon dioxide were considered. A wide range of experimental z-factor data
for natural gases containing significant amounts of acid gases, sour gas, and C7+ fraction
were collected and used in this project to develop the scaling parameter.
38
The step-by-step procedure for obtaining the scaling factor is as follows:

1. z SF =
z SK
zc .
z Expt .
2. A regression analysis of the reduced pressure and ZSK scaled z-factor (based on
step 1) is performed to obtain a quadratic expression for scaling factor at each
temperature of the mixture. The equation describing it is Equation 3.78.
3. The coefficients a0, a1 and a2 for each mixture is collected and is subjected to
linear regression analysis.
4. The general expressions for these coefficients are obtained by performing
regression analysis as functions of product of molecular weight and acentric
factor (Mw).
5. The equations describing the final expressions are presented below.
SF = a 0 + a1PR + a 2 PR2
(3.92)
where
a0 =
0.31
1.04518 0.15675(M w )
(3.93)
a1 =
9.40E 05
1.2722E 02 4.4852E 03(M w )
(3.94)
a2 =
3.54E 04
0.83084 0.41702(M w )
(3.95)
The prediction results using the scaling factor technique is presented below. More
results on this can be seen in the Section C.1 of Appendix C.
39
1.42
Expt.
SK
1.32
Scaled
Z-Factor
1.22
1.12
1.02
0.92
0.82
0.72
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Pressure (Psia)
Figure 3.3: Scaled Z-Factor for Buxton & Campbell Data (Mix-5) at 160 oF.
1.41
Expt.
1.31
SK
Scaled
Z-Factor
1.21
1.11
1.01
0.91
0.81
0.71
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
Pressure (psia)
Figure 3.4: Scaled Z-Factor for Buxton and Campbell Data (Mix-5) at 130 oF.
40
8,000
1.35
Expt.
1.25
SK
Scaled
Z-Factor
1.15
1.05
0.95
0.85
0.75
0.65
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Pressure (Psia)
Figure 3.5: Scaled Z-Factor for Buxton and Campbell Data (Mix-5) at 100 oF.
1.2
Expt.
Scaled
Z-Factor
1.1
SK
0.9
0.8
0
Pressure (Psia)
Figure 3.6: Scaled Z-Factor for Satter Data (Mix-E) at 160 oF.
41
12
3.5Designed pR/z Versus Z-Factor Chart

This section provides a clear view of an ideal z-chart and the eventually the
capability of predicting amount of gas produced by a graphical means. Figure 3.5 is a zchart developed based on computation techniques developed based on a correlation
developed for SK Z-Chart.
1.1
Z-Factor Values
0.9
Tr=1.0
Tr=1.05
Tr=1.1
Tr=1.2
Tr=1.3
Tr=1.4
Tr=1.5
Tr=1.6
Tr=1.7
Tr=2.0
Tr=2.2
Tr=2.4
Tr=2.6
Tr=2.8
Tr=3.0
Tr=1.8
Tr=1.9
Tr=1.15
Tr=1.25
Tr=1.35
Tr=1.45
0.7
0.5
0.3
TR = 1.0
0.1
0
Reduced Pressure
Figure 3.7: SK Z-Chart Developed Based on Computation SK Technique.
42
Tr=1.0
Tr=1.05
1.00
Tr=1.1
Tr=1.15
Tr=1.2
Tr=1.25
0.80
Tr=1.30
Tr=1.35
Z-Factor
Tr=1.40
Tr=1.45
0.60
Tr=1.50
Tr=1.6
Tr=1.7
Tr=1.8
0.40
Tr=1.9
Tr=2.0
Tr=2.2
Tr=2.4
0.20
TR=1.0
Tr=2.6
Tr=2.8
Tr=3.0
0.00
0
10
12
PR/z
Figure 3.8: Amount of gas produced.

1.4
Exp
Standing-Katzl
1.3
Scaledt
Z-Factor
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
Pressure (psia)
Figure 3.9: Scaled Z-Factor Buxton & Campbell, Mix-2 Result, @ T = 130 oF.
43
8,000
1.3
Exp
Standing-Katz
Scaled
1.2
Z-Factor
1.1
0.9
0.8
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Pressure (psia)
1.26
Exp
Standing-Katzl
Scaled
1.16
Z-Factor
1.06
0.96
0.86
0.76
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
Pressure (psia)
44
8,000
45
3.7 Prediction Results for Z-Factor of Reservoir Gases

Scaling is done based on the law of corresponding states principle as follows:
Z Scaled
Z SK
=
SF
Z c PR ,TR Z PR ,TR
(3.96).
Table 3.3: Rich Gas Condensate Composition (Elsharkawy71).

Serial No.
39
Rich gas Condensate
IND
H2S
281
0
282
0
283
0
284
0
285
0
286
0
287
0
CO2
0.0231
0.0242
0.0248
0.0253
0.0258
0.0262
0.0266
N2
0.0137
0.0155
0.0161
0.0166
0.0163
0.0155
0.0143
C1
0.6583
0.7074
0.738
0.7559
0.7583
0.7485
0.7292
C2
0.0803
0.0817
0.0821
0.0839
0.0863
0.0905
0.0944
C3
0.0417
0.0411
0.0404
0.0402
0.0415
0.0447
0.0495
iC4
0.0078
0.0073
0.007
0.0069
0.0073
0.0082
0.0091
nC4
0.0184
0.017
0.0162
0.0159
0.0167
0.0186
0.0208
iC5
0.0075
0.0067
0.0062
0.006
0.0062
0.007
0.008
nC5
0.0108
0.0097
0.0089
0.0084
0.0086
0.0096
0.0107
nC6
0.0116
0.011
0.0103
0.0086
0.0078
0.0082
0.0092
C7+
0.1268
0.0784
0.05
0.0323
0.0252
0.023
0.0282
Mw+
Sg+
Pc C7+, (psia)
191
0.831
324.6
154
0.804
378.4
139
0.789
404.3
128
0.778
427.5
120
0.77
447.2
115
0.765
461.0
113
0.763
466.9
Tc C7+, (oR)
1264.0
1177.7
1136.4
1105.1
1081.6
1066.6
1060.5
313
6010
1.212
26.3
1.0982
1.0213
313
5100
1.054
18.97
0.9806
1.0931
313
4100
0.967
14.17
0.9224
0.5793
313
3000
0.927
9.79
0.8964
0.0725
313
2000
0.93
6.27
0.9054
0.4924
313
1200
0.952
3.68
0.9311
0.8660
313
700
0.97
2.19
0.9531
0.9835
T( F)
P (psia)
Z (Expt.)
(lb/cu.ft.)
ZSK
ZScaled(This Study)
46
Table 3.4: Highly Sour Gas Composition (Elsharkawy71).

Serial No.
57
Highly sour gas condensate
IND
H2S
439
0.282
440
0.277
441
0.272
442
0.27
443
0.273
444
0.289
445
0.318
CO2
0.0608
0.0644
0.0669
0.0685
0.0694
0.0699
0.0679
N2
0.0383
0.0455
0.0476
0.0473
0.0461
0.0434
0.0394
C1
0.4033
0.4382
0.4641
0.4807
0.4844
0.4688
0.4331
C2
0.0448
0.0471
0.0481
0.0487
0.0493
0.0496
0.0494
C3
0.0248
0.0243
0.0239
0.0237
0.0239
0.0252
0.0277
iC4
0.006
0.0055
0.0051
0.0049
0.0049
0.0055
0.0067
nC4
0.0132
0.012
0.0111
0.0106
0.0106
0.0114
0.014
iC5
0.0079
0.0068
0.006
0.0055
0.0053
0.0058
0.0074
nC5
0.0081
0.0069
0.006
0.0054
0.0052
0.0057
0.0071
nC6
0.0121
0.0096
0.0078
0.0066
0.006
0.0063
0.0077
C7+
0.0991
0.063
0.0412
0.0286
0.0217
0.0192
0.0214
Mw+
Sg+
Pc C7+, psia
165
0.818
365.4
121
0.778
453.2
116
0.773
467.1
112
0.768
477.8
109
0.764
486.0
107
0.762
492.7
107
0.762
492.7
Tc C7+, oR
1209.7
1090.7
1075.7
1062.7
1052.5
1046.3
1046.3
250
4190
0.838
27.34
0.8295
0.7981
250
3600
0.806
19.52
0.9299
0.8974
250
3000
0.799
15.06
0.9615
0.9347
250
2400
0.809
11.3
0.9744
0.9564
250
1800
0.842
7.95
0.9755
0.9709
250
1200
0.888
5.06
0.9734
0.9853
250
700
0.935
2.91
0.9742
1.0020
T( F)
P (psia)
Z (Expt.)
(lb/cu.ft.)
ZSK
ZScaled(This Study)
47
Table 3.5: Carbon Dioxide Rich Gas Composition (Elsharkawy71).

Carbon Dioxide Rich Gas
Serial No.
124
IND
H2S
926
0.003
927
0.003
928
0.003
929
0.003
930
0.003
931
0.003
932
0.004
CO2
0.6352
0.6395
0.6514
0.6579
0.6639
0.6706
0.6716
N2
0.0386
0.0399
0.041
0.0417
0.0421
0.0411
0.0388
C1
0.1937
0.1988
0.2008
0.207
0.2084
0.2037
0.1994
C2
0.0303
0.0307
0.0308
0.0309
0.0313
0.0315
0.0318
C3
0.0174
0.0172
0.017
0.0169
0.017
0.0175
0.0184
iC4
0.0033
0.0032
0.0031
0.003
0.003
0.0032
0.0035
nC4
0.0093
0.0088
0.0085
0.0082
0.0082
0.0088
0.0097
iC5
0.0039
0.0036
0.0033
0.0031
0.003
0.0033
0.0039
nC5
0.0047
0.0042
0.0038
0.0036
0.0035
0.0038
0.0046
nC6
0.0051
0.0049
0.0046
0.0042
0.0036
0.003
0.0034
C7+
0.0551
0.0458
0.0324
0.0202
0.0127
0.0101
0.0113
Mw+
Sg+
Pc C7+, psia
170
0.811
347.8
153
0.797
373.9
139
0.783
397.8
128
0.773
421.7
118
0.763
446.3
110
0.755
469.4
106
0.751
482.4
Tc C7+, oR
1211.6
1169.4
1131.0
1100.6
1071.2
1046.9
1034.5
T( F)
P (psia)
219
4825
219
4100
219
3300
219
2600
219
1900
219
1200
219
700
Z (Expt.)
(lb/cu.ft.)
ZSK
ZScaled(This Study)
0.851
34.88
0.7935
0.7151
0.777
30.9
0.7739
0.7028
0.72
25.58
0.7884
0.7233
0.719
19.39
0.8247
0.7661
0.775
12.87
0.8653
0.8151
0.851
7.38
0.9084
0.8685
0.915
4.03
0.9434
0.9125
48
Table 3.6: Very Light Gas Composition (Elsharkawy71).

Very light gas
125
Serial No.
IND
H2S
933
0
934
0
935
0
936
0
937
0
938
0
939
0
CO2
0.0033
0.0033
0.0034
0.0035
0.0035
0.0036
0.0038
N2
0.0032
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
C1
0.942
0.9438
0.9451
0.9461
0.9468
0.9473
0.9467
C2
0.0231
0.023
0.023
0.0231
0.0232
0.0233
0.0236
C3
0.0082
0.0082
0.0082
0.0082
0.0082
0.0082
0.0083
iC4
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
nC4
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0026
iC5
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
nC5
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0009
nC6
0.0014
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0012
0.0013
C7+
0.012
0.0103
0.0089
0.0077
0.0069
0.0063
0.006
Mw+
Sg+
Pc C7+, psia
143
0.787
390.5
133
0.777
409.7
126
0.769
423.9
120
0.763
438.6
116
0.76
450.5
114
0.758
456.2
114
0.758
456.2
Tc C7+, oR
1142.1
1114.1
1093.0
1075.4
1064.3
1058.3
1058.3
209
4786
1.019
12.13
1.1235
1.0007
209
4000
0.974
10.42
1.0726
0.9565
209
3300
0.945
8.76
1.0375
0.9310
209
2600
0.933
6.92
1.0119
0.9179
209
1900
0.933
5.03
0.9955
0.9170
209
1300
0.947
3.37
0.9884
0.9264
209
700
0.969
1.78
0.9883
0.9458
T( F)
P (psia)
Z (Expt.)
(lb/cu.ft.)
ZSK
ZScaled(This Work)
49
Table 3.7: Property Prediction for Gas Composition Data (Elsharkawy71).

Data No.
T,oR
P,psia
TR
PR
Tc, oR
Pc, psia
Zc
ZExpt
Rich Gas Condensate

281
282
283
284
285
286
287
773
773
773
773
773
773
773
6010
5100
4100
3000
2000
1200
700
1.6602
2.346
2.679
2.8195
2.8615
2.8533
2.7923
9.545
9.9547
8.5429
6.3235
4.2224
2.5324
1.4711
439
710
4190
1.4904
5.6376
440
441
442
443
444
445
710
710
710
710
710
710
3600
3000
2400
1800
1200
700
1.8906
2.0593
2.156
2.1873
2.1462
2.0284
5.459
4.7129
3.8496
2.8831
1.8854
1.0567
465.6188
329.4974
288.5443
274.1664
270.1407
270.9140
276.8299
629.6467
512.3187
479.9311
474.4191
473.6642
473.8606
475.8504
0.3137
0.3111
0.3093
0.3079
0.3077
0.3083
0.3095
1.212
1.054
0.967
0.927
0.93
0.952
0.97
476.3853
743.2255
0.3176
0.838
375.5364
344.7844
329.3079
324.5952
330.8097
350.0302
659.4605
636.5490
623.4470
624.3326
636.4649
662.4678
0.317
0.3167
0.3163
0.3162
0.3161
0.3161
0.806
0.799
0.809
0.842
0.888
0.935
868.2062
844.0239
825.2834
811.0509
803.0142
805.6412
807.5066
0.3012
0.3014
0.3013
0.3016
0.3016
0.3011
0.3006
0.851
0.777
0.72
0.719
0.775
0.851
0.915
533.5994
536.7226
539.1324
541.1855
542.5596
543.6069
543.4760
0.2935
0.2933
0.2932
0.2931
0.2930
0.2930
0.2930
1.019
0.974
0.945
0.933
0.933
0.947
0.969
Highly Sour Gas
CO2 Rich Gas

926
927
928
929
930
931
932
679
679
679
679
679
679
679
4825
4100
3300
2600
1900
1200
700
1.3607
1.4475
1.5372
1.6176
1.6622
1.6632
1.6418
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
669
669
669
669
669
669
669
4786
4000
3300
2600
1900
1300
700
2.3565
2.3535
2.3506
2.3480
2.3460
2.3445
2.3454
5.5574
4.8577
3.9986
3.2057
2.3661
1.4895
0.8669
499.0157
469.0735
441.7072
419.766
408.4864
408.2512
413.5822
Very Light Gas

8.9693
7.4526
6.1209
4.8043
3.5019
2.3914
1.288
50
283.8983
284.2594
284.603
284.9245
285.1668
285.3522
285.2353
1.15
Expt.
SK
Scaled
1.1
Z-Factor
1.05
0.95
0.9
0
10
Pressure (Psia)
Figure 3.12: Scaled Z-Factor for Very Light Gas Composition.

1
Expt.
SK
Scaled
Z-Factor
0.9
0.8
0.7
0
4
Pressure (Psia)
Figure 3.13: Scaled Z-Factor for Carbon Dioxide Rich Gas Composition.
51
1.4
1.2
Z-Factor
0.8
0.6
0.4
Expt.
SK
0.2
Scaled
0
1
11
Pressure (Psia)
Figure 3.14: Scaled Z-Factor for Rich Gas Condensate Composition.

1.05
Z-Factor
0.95
0.9
0.85
Expt.
SK
Scaled
0.8
0
4
Pressure (Psia)
Figure 3.15: Scaled Z-Factor for Highly Sour Gas Composition.

52
CHAPTER 4
Z-FACTOR PREDICTION FROM CUBIC
EQUATIONS OF STATE
4.1 Selection of Cubic Equations-of-State

Some phase behavior applications require the use of an equation of state to predict
properties of petroleum reservoir fluids. Since the introduction of the van der Waals4
EOS, many cubic EOSs have been proposed like the Redlich and Kwong13 EOS (RK
EOS) in 1949, the Peng and Robinson12 EOS (PR EOS) in 1976, to name only a few.
Most of these equations retain the original van der Waals repulsive term
RT
,
(V b )
modifying only the denominator in the attractive term. With the advent of simulation
techniques in petroleum engineering, accuracy was the priority but a universal equationof-state method was required as most of the EOSs worked best in a certain range of
pressures and temperatures and compositions.
Most petroleum engineering relied on the PR EOS or a modification of the RK
EOS. Soaves19 modification (SRK EOS) was the simplest and most widely used. A
major drawback of the SRK EOS was the poor liquid density prediction. PR EOS
reported that their EOS predicts better liquid densities than the SRK EOS but not accurate
enough for all ranges of pressures and temperatures including other phases. Many other
proposed equations of states relied on complex temperature functions to represent the
highly nonlinear correction terms for EOS constants.
The critical properties, acentric factor, molecular weight, and binary-interaction
parameters (BIPs) of components in mixture are required for EOS calculations. With the
existing chemical-separation techniques, we usually cannot identify the many hundreds
and thousands of components found in reservoir fluids. Another problem with the
53
existing EOS and other methods of predicting EOS parameters is that they cannot predict
properties of components heavier than approximately C20.
Eight equations of state have been chosen which are commonly used in the
reservoir simulation and calculation purposes in the petroleum industry. Each of these
equations of state has been thoroughly examined in their ability to be able to predict zfactor both for pure substances and gas mixtures (including natural gases and sour natural
gases with significant amounts of C7+). It is observed that the prediction of z-factor is
significantly dependent on the accuracy of the critical properties supplied/predicted.
Based on this observation, LLS29 EOS was observed to be capable of predicting accurate
critical properties for gas mixtures and therefore, more accurate z-factor prediction is
possible with this method for a wide range of pressures and temperatures and for any gas
composition. Hence, LLS EOS method can be adopted as a universal method for z-factor
determination.
4.2 Lawal-Lake-Silberberg Equation of State
P=
RT
a (T )
2
V b V + bV b 2
(4.1)
where
1 + w Zc 3Zc
w Zc
(4.2)
Zc2 ( w 1)3 + 2 2w Zc + (1 3Zc ) w

2w Zc
(4.3)
a = (1 + ( w 1) Zc ) 3
(4.4)
R 2Tc2
a = a
Pc
(4.5)
b=
b RTc
Pc
(4.6)
54
Z-Form of the EOS:

3 Z 3 + 2 Z 2 + 1 Z + 0 = 0
(4.7)
where,
3 = 1.0 2 = [1 + (1 )B]
1 = A B ( + )B2
0 = AB (B2 + B3 )
where,
A=
a (T ) P
,
R 2T 2
B=
bP
RT .
Mixing Rules:
1
a m = x i x ja i 2 a j 2 a ij
i
b m = x i bi 3
i
a ij =
a ij =
(4.8)
i
j
j
i
(4.9)
for i j
(4.10)
for i > j
(4.11)
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
(4.12)
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
(4.13)
a ij = (a i a j ) = ( i j ) = ( i j )
(4.14)
0.5
0.5
55
4.3 van der Waal Equation of State

van der Waals4 proposed the first cubic EOS in 1873. The van der Waals EOS
gives a simple, qualitatively accurate relation between pressure, temperature, and molar
volume. It can be mathematically expressed as:
p=
RT
a
2
Vb V
(4.15)
where a = attraction parameter

b = repulsion parameter
as compared to the ideal gas law, van der Waals EOS provides two important
improvements. First, the prediction of liquid behavior is more accurate because volume
approaches a limiting value, b, at high pressures,
lim V(p) = b
(4.16)
where be is referred to as the covolume.

a/V2 term in the vdW EOS represents the non-ideal gas behavior and is interpreted as the
attractive component of pressure.
van der Waals also stated that the critical criteria that are used to define the two
EOS constants a and b which are the first and second derivatives of pressure with respect
to volume equal to zero at the critical point of a pure component.
2p
p
2
=
V pc ,Tc ,Vc V
=0
pc ,Tc ,Vc
(4.17)
Martin and Hou show that this constraint is equivalent to the condition (z z c ) = 0 at
3
the critical point. The constants a and b are given by:

27 R 2 Tc2
a=
64 p c
and b =
1 RTc
8 pc
The critical compressibility results in z c =
(4.18)
3
= 0.375 .
8
56
van der Waals EOS in terms of z can be written as:

z 3 (B + 1)z 2 + Az AB = 0
(4.19)
p
27 p R
where A = a
=
(4.20)
2
(RT ) 64 TR2
p
1 pR
(4.21)
B=b
=
RT 8 TR
vdW EOS has a fixed zc (=0.375) for all components which is not true and no
temperature function which is a drawback of vdW EOS.
4.4 Redlich-Kwong Equation of State
Redlich and Kwong13 (1948) developed an adjustment in the van der Waals
attractive pressure term (a/V2), which could considerably improve the prediction of the
volumetric and physical properties of the vapor phase. This attractive pressure term has a
temperature dependence term and their equation can be represented as:
p=
RT
a (T )
V b V ( V + b)
(4.22)
where T is the system temperature in oR.

The authors in their development of the equation, noted that as the system
pressure becomes very large, i.e., p , the molar volume V of the substance shrinks to
about 26% of its critical volume regardless of the system temperature. The Equation 2.17
was accordingly constructed to satisfy the following condition:
b = 0.26Vc
(4.23)
Applying the critical point conditions (as expressed by Equation 4.17) on

Equation 4.19, and solving the resulting equations simultaneously, gives
a = a
R 2 Tc2.5
a (TR )
pc
(4.24)
b = b
RTc
pc
(4.25)
where
57
a = 0.42748
b = 0.08664
Equating Equation 4.18 with Equation 4.21 gives
p c Vc = 0.333RTc
(4.26)
The above expression shows that Redlich-Kwong EOS produces a universal critical
compressibility factor (Zc) of 0.333 for all substances.
Replacing the molar volume V in Equation 4.20 with ZRT/p gives
A=a
B=
p
R T2
2
(4.27)
bp
RT
(4.28).
Redlich and Kwong extended the application of their equation to hydrocarbon

liquid or gas mixtures by employing the following mixing rules:
n
a m = x i a i0.5
i =1
(4.29)
b m = x i b i
i =1
(4.30)
The Redlich-Kwong value of zc=1/3 is reasonable for lighter hydrocarbons but is

unsatisfactory for heavier components.
4.5 Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation of State

A significant development of cubic equations of state was the publication by
Soave19 (1972) of a modification in the evaluation of the parameter a in the attractive
pressure term of the Redlich-Kwong equation of state (Equation 4.22). Soave replaced
the term (a/T0.5) in Equation 4.22 with a more general temperature-dependent term as
demonstrated by (a), to give
p=
RT
a(T)
V b V ( V + b)
(4.31)
58
where is a dimensionless factor which becomes unity at T = Tc. At temperatures

other than critical temperature, the parameter is defined by the following expression:
= (1 + m(1 Tr0.5 )) 2
(4.32)
The parameter m is correlated with the acentric factor, to give
m = 0.480 + 1.574 0.176 2
(4.33)
where is the acentric factor of the substance.

For any pure component, the constants a and b in Equation 4.31 are found by
imposing the classical van der Waals critical point constraints (Equation 4.17), on
Equation 4.31 and solving the resulting equations, to give
R 2 Tc2
a = a
pc
b = b
(4.34)
RTc
pc
(4. 35)
where a and b are the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) dimensionless pure component

parameters and have the following values:
a = 0.42747
(4.36)
a = 0.08664
(4.37)
The Z-Form of the Equation 4.31 is:

Z 3 Z 2 + (A B B 2 ) Z AB = 0
(4.38)
where
A=
B=
(a )p
(RT) 2
(4.39)
bp
RT
(4.40)
To use the Equation 4.38 with mixtures, the following mixing rules were proposed by
Soave:
(a )m
[x
i
x j (a i a j i j )
0 .5
(k
ij
1)
(4.41)
59
b m = [x i b i ]
(4.42)
with
A=
B=
(a )m p
(4.43)
(RT ) 2
bmp
RT
(4.44)
The parameter kij is an empirically determined correction factor called the binary
interaction coefficient, characterizing the binary formed by component i and component j
in the hydrocarbon mixture.
Modifications of the SRK EOS
Groboski and Daubert37 (1978) proposed a new expression for calculating the
parameter m of Equation 4.32 to improve the pure component vapor pressure predictions
by the SRK EOS. The proposed relationship has the following form:
m = 0.48508 + 1.55171 0.156132
(4.45)
Elliot and Daubert38 (1985) stated that the evaluation of optimal interaction
coefficients of asymmetric mixtures (components with significant difference in chemical
behavior), proposed the following set of expressions for calculating kij,
For N2 systems:
k ij = 0.107089 + 2.9776k ij
For CO2 systems:
( )
k ij = 0.08058 0.77215k ij 1.8407 k ij
For H2S systems:

k ij = 0.07654 + 0.017921k ij
For Methane systems with compounds of 10 or more:
( )
k ij = 0.17985 + 2.6958k ij + 10853 k ij
where, for the above expression:
60
k ij = ( i j ) 2 /(2 i j )
(4.46)
and
i = (a i log e (2)) 0.5 / b i
(4.47).
The major drawback in the SRK EOS is that the critical compressibility factor
takes on the unrealistic universal critical compressibility of 0.333 for all substances.
Consequently, the molar volumes are typically overestimated, i.e., densities are
underestimated.
4.6 Peng-Robinson Equation of State

Peng and Robinson12 (1975) conducted a comprehensive study to evaluate the use
of SRK equation of state for predicting the behavior of naturally occurring hydrocarbon
systems. The authors showed emphasis on the ability of the equation to predict liquid
densities and other fluid properties particularly in the vicinity of the critical region. They
proposed the following expression:
p=
RT
a(T)
V b (V + b) 2 cb 2
(4. 48)
Equation 4.48 can be rewritten as:

RT
a(T)
p=
V b V ( V + b ) + b( V b)
(4.49)
Imposing the classical critical point conditions (Equation 4.17) on Equation 4.48
and solving for the parameters a and b, yields
R 2 Tc2
a = a
pc
b = b
(4.50)
RTc
pc
(4.51)
where
a = 0.45724
b = 0.07780 .
61
This equation predicts a universal critical gas compressibility factor of 0.307 compared to
0.333 for the SRK model. Peng and Robinson also adopted Soaves approach for
calculating the parameter :
= (1 + m(1 TR0.5 )) 2
(4.52)
where m = 0.3746 + 1.5423 0.2699 2
(4.53)
This was later expanded by the investigators (1978) to give the following
relationship:
m = 0.379642 + 1.48503 0.16442 + 0.0166673
(4.54)
Rearranging Equation 2.37 into the compressibility factor form gives

Z 3 + (B 1) Z 2 + (A 3B 2 2B) Z (AB B 2 B 3 ) = 0
(4.55)
The mixing rules for PR EOS are defined as follows:

a m = x i x j a 1i / 2 a 1j / 2 a ij
(4.56)
b m = x i bi
(4.57)
Although PR EOS is another widely used cubic EOSs in petroleum engineering

calculations, it underpredicts saturation pressure of reservoir fluids compared with SRK
EOS.
4.7 Schmidt-Wenzel Equation of State

Schmidt and Wenzel24 (1980) proposed an attractive pressure term that introduces
the acentric factor as a third parameter. The SW EOS has the following form:
p=
RT
a (T )
3
V b V + (1 + 3)bV 3b 2
(4. 58)
with
R 2 Tc2
a = a
pc
(4.59)
62
RT
b = b c
pc
(4.60)
where
a = (1 c (1 c )) 3
(4.61)
b = cc
(4.62)
The c is given by the smallest positive root of the following equation:
(6 + 1)3c + 3 c2 + 3 c 1 = 0
(4. 63)
and
c =
1
3(1 + c )
(4.64)
4.8 Patel-Teja Equation of State

Patel and Teja20 (1982) proposed the following three-parameter cubic equation:
p=
RT
a (T )
V b V2 + (b + c)V bc
(4.65)
In this equation a is a function of temperature, and b and c are constants

characteristic of each component. Equation 4.65 was constrained to satisfy the following
conditions:
p
=0
VTC
(4.66)
2p
=0
VT2C
(4.67)
p c Vc
= c
RTc
(4.68)
Patel and Teja pointed out that the third parameter c in the equation allows the
empirical parameter c to be chosen freely. Application of Equation 4.66 to Equation 4.67
yields:
63
R 2 Tc2
a = a
[1 + m(1 TR0.5 )]2
pc
(4.69)
b = b
RTc
pc
(4.70)
c = c
RTc
pc
(4.71)
c = 1 3 c
(4.72)
a = 3c2 + 3(1 2c ) b + 2b + (1 3c )
(4.73)
where
and b is the smallest positive root of the following equation:

3b + (2 3 c ) 2b + 3 c2 b 3c = 0
(4.74)
Equation 4.74 can be solved for b by using the Newton-Raphson iterative

method with an initial value for b as given by
b = 0.32429Z c 0.002005
(4.75)
For non-polar fluids, the parameters m and, c are related to the acentric factor by
the following relationships:
m = 0.452413 + 1.30982 0.295937 2
(4.76)
c = 0.329032 0.0767992 + 0.0211947 2
(4.77)
In terms of Z, Equation 4.65 can be rearranged to produce

Z3 + (C 1)Z2 + (A 2BC B C B2 )Z + (BC + B2C AB) = 0
(4.78)
where, for mixtures

A=
a mp
(RT )2
(4.79)
B=
bm p
RT
(4.80)
C=
cm p
RT
(4.81)
with
64
a m = x i x j (a i a j ) 0.5 (1 k ij )
(4.82)
b m = [x i bi ]
(4.83)
cm = [x i ci ]
(4.84)
An improved relationship for undefined components such as C7+, the parameters

m and c was proposed by Willman and Teja40 (1986) in terms of the boiling point Tb and
specific gravity . Therefore, a major drawback of PT EOS is that additional information
is required to be able to determine volumetric properties of composition involving C7+.
4.9 Trebble-Bishnoi-Salim Equation of State

Trebble and Bishnoi26 proposed a four parameter equation of state and it can be
represented as follows:
p=
RT
a (T )
2
V b V + (b + c)V bc d 2
(4.85)
Parameters a and b are temperature dependent while c and d are

independent of temperature. Therefore, new temperature functions for a(T) and b(T)
have been proposed. The value of d was determined for all the components available in
the database along the critical isotherm. d values for the remaining components were
calculated from a linear fit of optimized d values versus the critical volume. The value
of c was directly determined from the experimental value of the critical
compressibility. Once the parameters c and d are set, optimal values of a and b
are then calculated.
This TB EOS offers increased correlational flexibility and allows for significant
improvements in PVT predictions. Trebble and Bishnoi do mention that the quality of an
equation-of-state largely depends on the data used in its preparation
65
4.10 Transformed Cubic Equations to the LLS EOS Form

Lawal-Lake-Silberberg EOS is represented as:
P=
RT
a (T )
2
V b V + bV b 2
(4.1)
It is the most general form of the EOSs described in this study. This can be
observed by substituting the values of and with numerical constants as described in
the Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Common Specialization Cubic Equation of State
4.11 Generalized Reduced State of Cubic Equations-of-State

Described below is the derivation of reducing the general LLS EOS to the Zform:
66
P=
RT
a (T )
2
V b V + bV b 2
Multiply on both sides of Equation 4.1 by
(4.1)
V
, we get
RT
V
a (T )
V
RT V
RT
P
=
RT V b RT V 2 + bV b 2
(4.86)
Real Gas Equation: PV = ZRT
(4.87)
Using the real gas law, Equation 4.86 becomes,

a (T ) V
V
RT
Z=
V b V 2 + bV b 2
(4.88)
Simplifying Equation 4.88 using the real gas law: V =
ZRT
,
P
a (T) ZRT
Z=
1
b
1
ZRT
(ZRT )2
P2
P
RT
bZRT
+
P 2
P
(4.89)
Further simplifying Equation 4.89,

a (T) ZRT
P P2
1
RT
Z=
2
bp
(
ZRT
)
ZbPRT (bP) 2
+
1
RTZ
A=
Defining
and
B=
(4.90)
a (T ) P
(RT )2
(4.91)
bP
RT
(4.92)
Using these definitions in Equation 4.90 and dividing the 2nd part of RHS by
get,
67
1
,we
(RT )2
a (T ) P
Z=
1
B
1
Z
(RT )2
( ZRT) 2
(RT )2
ZbPRT
(RT )2
(bP) 2
(RT )2
(4.93)
Simplifying Equation 4.93,

a (T ) P
Z=
1
B
1
Z
(RT )2
Z2 +
ZbP (bP) 2
(RT ) (RT )2
(4.94)
Using the definitions of A and B and further simplifying Equation 4.94, we get
Z=
Z
AZ
2
Z B Z + BZ B 2
(4.95)
Canceling Z on the numerators on both sides in Equation 4.95, we get

1=
1
A
2
Z B Z + BZ B 2
(4.96)
Simplifying Equation 4.96 by cross-multiplication, we get

Z 3 + ( B + B)Z 2 + ( B 2 B 2 )Z + B 3 = Z 2 + BZ B 2 AZ + AB
(4.97)
= Z 3 + ( 1 B + B)Z 2 + (A B B 2 B 2 )Z + ( B 3 + B 2 AB) = 0
(4.98)
The reduced form of the real-gas law can be expressed as
Z = Z c f ( PR , TR )
(4.99)
In order to use Equation 4.99 to predict Z-factors of pure substances, natural and
sour gases by utilizing cubic equations of state, the computation of Z-factor from the
reduced form of Equation 4.1 requires composition-dependent critical compressibility
factor as well as mixture critical pressure, temperature and volume for the reduced
parameters (PR, R, TR). The task is accomplished in the next paragraph
68
The reduced compressibility factor (ZR) equation for pure substances can be
derived from Equation 4.1 by dividing the expression of Equation 4.100 by Zc:
=
1 + w Zc 3Zc
w Zc
(4.100)
3 Z 3R + 2 Z 2R + 1 Z R + 0 = 0
(4.101)
where
3 = 1
1
P
2 =
+ (1 ) b R
Z c TR
Zc
2
P
P
a
R
b
R
b
R
1 = 2 2+ c 2
( + )
Z c TR
Z
T
Z c TR
c R
P2
1 P 2 P 3
a
b R
0 = 3 3+ c b R + b R
ZT
Z c Z c TR Z c TR
c R
The reduced compressibility factor (ZR) equation for mixtures can be derived
from Equation 4.101 by replacing pure substance parameters with mixture parameters:
3 = 1
1
BP
2 =
+ (1 m ) c R
Z c TR
Zc
2
A P
B
P
B
P
c
R
c
R
c
R
1 = 2 2+ m m 2 ( m + m )
Z c TR
Z
T
Z c TR
c R
A B P2
1 B P 2 B P 3
c c R
0 = 3 3+ m m c R + c R
Z T
Z c Z c TR Z c TR
c R
(4.102)
In Equations 4.102, the composition-dependent parameters Ac, Bc and Zc are

defined by Equations 4.103-4.105.
69
A c = ( m + m )B c2 + m B c + 3Z c2
(4.103)
3 Z 3c + 2 Z c2 + 1 Z c + 0 = 0
(4.104)
where
3 = 8 + 12 m + 6 2m + 3m
2 = (3 + 12 m + 12 2m + 9 m 9 m m )
1 = 3 m + 6 2m + 6 m 6 m m
0 = ( 2m + m m m )
3 B 3c + 2 B c2 + 1 B c + 0 = 0
(4.105)
where
3 = 8 + 12 m + 6 2m + 3m
2 = 15 + 15 m 27 m 3 2m
1 = 6 + 3 m
0 = 1
The expressions for mixture critical pressure and temperature are thereby established in
Equations 4.99 and 4.102
B c2
am
Pc = 2
b m [3Z c2 + ( m + m )B c2 + m B c ]
Tc =
(4.106)
Bc
am
2
b m R[3Z c + ( m + m )B c2 + m B c ]
(4.107)
4.12 Prediction Results for Z-Factor of Pure Substances

A graphical comparative result of the eight EOSs is shown with the experimental
values for the components as shown below. More results on this can been seen in
Appendix D.
70
Z-Factor Comparison Graph (Expt. vs. LLS-EOS)

1.35
1.25
Z-Factor
1.15
1.05
LLS 560 R
LLS 680 R
0.95
LLS 920 R
Expt. T=560
Expt. T=680
0.85
Expt. T=920
0.75
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Pressure, P (Psia)
Figure 4.1: Z-Factor comparison for LLS-EOS for Methane.

Z-Factor Comparison Graph (Expt. vs. LLS)
1.13
1.03
0.93
Z-Factor
0.83
0.73
LLS 560 R
0.63
LLS 680 R
0.53
LLS 920 R
Expt. T=560
0.43
Expt. T=680
Expt. T=920
0.33
0.23
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Pressure, P (Psia)
Figure 4.2: Z-Factor comparison for LLS-EOS for Carbon dioxide.

71
9000
Z-Factor Comparison Graph (Expt. vs. LLS-EOS)
1.45
Z-Factor
1.35
1.25
LLS 560 R
LLS 680 R
1.15
LLS 920 R
Expt. T=560
Expt. T=680
1.05
Expt. T=920
0.95
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Pressure, P (Psia)
Figure 4.3: Z-Factor comparison for LLS-EOS for Nitrogen.

1.7
Z-Factor Comparison (Expt. Vs. VdW-EOS)
1.6
1.5
1.4
Z-Factor
1.3
1.2
1.1
VdW-EOS T=100 F
VdW-EOS T=220 F
VdW-EOS T=460 F
100 F EXP
0.9
220 F EXP
460 F EXP
0.8
0.7
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Pressure (psia)
Figure 4.4: Z-Factor comparison for vdW-EOS for Methane.
72
9000
10000
1.6
Z-Factor Comparison (Expt. Vs. vdW-EOS)
1.4
Z-Factor
1.2
0.8
VdW-EOS T=100 F
0.6
VdW-EOS T=220 F
VdW-EOS T=460 F
100 F EXP
0.4
220 F EXP
460 F EXP
0.2
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Pressure, (psia)
Figure 4.5: Z-Factor comparison for vdW-EOS for Carbon dioxide.
4.13 Development of Binary Interaction Parameters

Binary Interaction Coefficient/Number (BIN):
These binary interaction coefficients are used to model the intermolecular
interaction through empirical adjustment of the (a)m term as represented mathematically
by Equation 4.38. They are dependent on the difference in molecular size of components
in a binary system and they are characterized by the following properties, as summarized
by Slot-Petersen39 (1987):
The interaction between hydrocarbon components increases as the relative

difference between their molecular weights increases:
k,j+1 > ki,j
Hydrocarbon components with the same molecular weight have a binary

interaction coefficient of zero:
ki,j = 0
73
The binary interaction coefficient matrix is symmetric:

ki,j = kj,i
4.14 Prediction Results for Z-Factor of Mixtures
Z-Factor Comparison Chart at 49 oF (Simon et. al.)
1.0
Expt. Measured
Corresponding states
BWR EOS
VdW
LLS
PR
PT
RK
SRK
SW
TB
0.9
Z-Factor
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
Pressure (Psia)
Figure 4.6: Z-Factor comparison for CO2-C1 mixture at 49 oF.
74
3000

1.0
Expt. Measured
BWR EOS
VdW
LLS
PR
PT
RK
SRK
SW
TB
0.9
0.8
Z-Factor
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
Pressure (Psia)

1.0
Expt. Measured
BWR EOS
VdW
LLS
PR
PT
RK
SRK
SW
TB
0.9
TB
Z-Factor
0.8
0.7
0.6
VdW
RK
SRK
0.5
PT
0.4
0.3
1250
PR
LLS
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
Pressure (Psia)
75
3000

1.2
Expt. Measured
BWR EOS
VdW
LLS
PR
PT
RK
SRK
SW
TB
1.1
1.0
Z-Factor
0.9
0.8
TB
0.7
VdW
0.6
SRK
PT
LLS
0.5
PR
0.4
0.3
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Pressure (Psia)
76
3000

Table 4.2: Sources of Experimental Z-Factor.
Authors
Year
System
Reference
No.
Sage-Reamer-Lacey
1950
C1-C2
Sage-Lacey-Schfaasma
1934
C1-C3
79
Reamer-Olds-Sage-Lacey
1944
C1-CO2
75
Reamer-Sage-Lacey
1951
C1-H2S
80
1942
C1-nC10
82
1945
C2-CO2
76
Reamer-Selleck-Sage-Lacey
1952
C2-N2
83
Reamer-Sage
1962
C2-nC10
84
Sage-Reamer-Lacey
1951
C3-CO2
77
1949
nC4-CO2
78
Reamer-Selleck-Sage-Lacey
1953
nC10-H2S
81
Wichert
1970
CO2-H2S-N2-C1-C2-C3-iC4-nC4iC5-nC5-nC6-C7+
86
2002, 2004
41, 71
Elsharkawy-Foda
1998
74
Satter-Campbell
1963
H2S-C1-C2
46
Elsharkawy
Buxton-Campbell
CO2-N2-C1-C2-C3
Simon-Fesmire-Dicharry-Vorhis
1977
CO2-N2-C1-C2-C3-nC4-nC5-nC6
87
Fluid Prop. Package (Shell)
2003
CO2-N2-C1-C2-C3-iC4-nC4-iC5nC5-nC6-C7+
Private
77
4.15.1 Results for Excelsior Laboratory Data

Table 4.3: Gas Composition for Excelsior 6 Laboratory Data.
Pressure (Psia)
BHT, oF
Z-Factor
Produced
Fraction of Dew
Point Gas
Liquid Saturation
Vapor Phase
Composition
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Methane
Ethane
Propane
iso-Butane
n-Butane
iso-Pentane
n-Pentane
Hexane (s)
Heptane plus
COMPARISON
OF
LABORATORIES
AND FLUID
PROPERTIES
PACKAGE
3317
Fluid Prop.
Package
2615
Core
Lab.
Fluid Prop.
Package
0.7942
0
0.768
0.171
0.7767
0.2048
0.042
0.05
0.0005
0.0069
0.813
0.063
0.0343
0.0195
0.0153
0.0102
0.0052
0.0079
0.0242
0
0.0005
0.0069
0.813
0.063
0.0343
0.0195
0.0153
0.0102
0.0052
0.0079
0.0242
0
0.0005
0.0073
0.8321
0.0625
0.0325
0.0179
0.0137
0.0085
0.0042
0.0059
0.0149
0
0.0005
0.0071
0.8325
0.0627
0.0334
0.0185
0.0143
0.0091
0.0045
0.0063
0.0111
0
Core Lab.
121
0.802
0
78
1.20
Lab.
vdW
LLS
PR
PT
RK
SRK
SW
Z-Factor
1.09
0.98
0.87
0.76
715
1235
1755
2275
2795
3315
Pressure(psia)
Figure 4.10: Z-Factor for Sweet Natural Gas, Data from Excelsior 6 (FPP) at 581 oR
Expt. Measured
BWR EOS
VdW
LLS
PR
PT
RK
SRK
SW
TB
1.0
0.9
TB
Z-Factor
0.8
0.7
0.6
VdW
RK
SRK
0.5
PT
0.4
0.3
1250
PR
LLS
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
Pressure (Psia)
Figure 4.11: Z-Factor Comparison Chart at 90 oF (Simon et al.).
79
3000
Z-Factor Comparison Chart at 120 F (Simon et. al.)

1.2
Expt. Measured
BWR EOS
VdW
LLS
PR
PT
RK
SRK
SW
TB
1.1
1.0
Z-Factor
0.9
0.8
TB
0.7
VdW
0.6
SRK
PT
LLS
0.5
PR
0.4
0.3
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Pressure (Psia)
Figure 4.12: Z-Factor Comparison Chart at 120 oF (Simon et al.).

4.15.2 Results for TTU Laboratory Data
1
0.9
LLS EOS
PE Lab.
Z-Factor
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Pressure, psia
Figure 4.13: 75% CO2 - Dry Gas at 100 oF for CO2 Sequestration.
80
5000
LLS
PE Lab.
Z-Factor
0.95
0.9
0.85
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Pressure, psia
Figure 4.14: 25% CO2 - Dry Gas at 160 oF for CO2 Sequestration.
4.15.3 Results for UCalgary Data

Table 4.4: Gold Creek Gas Composition.
GOLD CREEK 10-5
P (Psia)
4496
4815
4515
5015
5215
5515
6015
CO2
T (210
o
F)
0.93
0.948
0.966
0.984
1.003
1.032
1.061
H2S
0.0318
C1
0.7069
C7+
Fraction
0.0704
C2
0.0303
Mole.
Wt. 131
N2
Total Acid Gas
0.0401
C3
IC4
0.0209
0.0057
Sp. Gr. 0.785
NC4
0.0109
81
IC5
0.006
0.1022
NC5
0.0057
C6
0.0093
C7+
0.046
1.7
Expt.
VdW
LLS
PR
PT
RK
SRK
SW
VdW
RK
SRK
1.3
PT
SW
PR
1.1
LLS
0.9
4400
4700
5000
5300
5600
5900
6200
Pressure (Psia)
Figure 4.15: Z-Factor for sour natural gas, data from Excelsior 6 (FPP) at 581 oR
Shell Marmattan 10-33 @ 84 oF
1.6
Expt.
1.4
VdW-EOS
LLS-EOS
PR-EOS
1.2
PT-EOS
RK-EOS
SRK-EOS
Z-Factor
Z-Factor
1.5
1.0
SW-EOS
TB-EOS
TB
VdW
0.8
SRK
0.6
RK
SW
PT
PR
LLS
0.4
0.2
2014
2514
3014
3514
4014
4514
5014
Pressure (Psia)
Figure 4.16: Z-Factor comparison for sour natural gas mixture at 84 oF.
82
Shell Marmattan 10-33 @ 73 oF

1.6
Expt.
VdW-EOS
1.4
LLS-EOS
PR-EOS
PT-EOS
RK-EOS
1.2
SRK-EOS
TB
Z-Factor
SW-EOS
TB-EOS
1.0
VdW
0.8
SRK
RK
SW
PT
0.6
0.4
2014
PR
LLS
2514
3014
3514
4014
4514
Pressure (Psia)
Sutte Plant, H,P Injection Line
1.23
VdW
SW
Expt.
TB
LLS
1.18
PR
PT
1.13
RK
RK
SRK
SW
1.08
Z-Factor
PT
SRK
TB
VdW
1.03
PR
LLS
0.98
0.93
0.88
0.83
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Pressure (Psia)
83
5014
Fina WindFall Processing Plant (510 oR)
1.12
VdW
TB
1.02
SW
SRK
0.92
Z-Factor
PR
RK
0.82
LLS
PT
Expt.
0.72
LLS-EOS
VdW-EOS
PR-EOS
0.62
RK-EOS
SRK-EOS
PT-EOS
0.52
SW-EOS
TB-EOS
0.42
1014
1514
2014
2514
3014
3514
4014
4514
5014
Pressure (Psia)
o
Fina WindFall Processing Plant (560 R)
1.18
TB
VdW
1.08
SW
SRK
Z-Factor
0.98
RK
LLS
0.88
PR
PT
Expt.
LLS-EOS
VdW-EOS
0.78
PR-EOS
RK-EOS
SRK-EOS
0.68
PT-EOS
SW-EOS
TB-EOS
0.58
1014
1514
2014
2514
3014
3514
4014
4514
5014
Pressure (Psia)
84
1.19
TB
VdW
1.09
SRK
SW
RK
LLS
0.89
PT
PR
Expt.
LLS-EOS
0.79
VdW-EOS
PR-EOS
RK-EOS
SRK-EOS
0.69
PT-EOS
SW-EOS
TB-EOS
0.59
1014
1514
2014
2514
3014
3514
4014
4514
5014
Pressure (Psia)
1.20
1.15
1.10
TB
VdW
1.05
SW
1.00
Z-Factor
Z-Factor
0.99
SRK
RK
0.95
PT
0.90
LLS
PR
Expt.
LLS-EOS
0.85
VdW-EOS
PR-EOS
RK-EOS
0.80
SRK-EOS
PT-EOS
0.75
0.70
1014
SW-EOS
TB-EOS
1514
2014
2514
3014
3514
4014
4514
5014
Pressure (Psia)
85

1.24
Expt.
1.19
LLS-EOS
VdW-EOS
1.14
PR-EOS
VdW
TB
RK-EOS
1.09
Z-Factor
1.04
SRK-EOS
PT-EOS
SRK
SW-EOS
SW
RK
TB-EOS
0.99
PT
0.94
LLS
PR
0.89
0.84
0.79
0.74
1014
1514
2014
2514
3014
3514
4014
4514
5014
Pressure (Psia)
1.24
Expt.
1.19
LLS-EOS
VdW-EOS
1.14
PR-EOS
1.09
VdW
TB
RK-EOS
SRK-EOS
PT-EOS
SW
SW-EOS
Z-Factor
1.04
TB-EOS
SRK
RK
0.99
PT
0.94
LLS
PR
0.89
0.84
0.79
0.74
1014
1514
2014
2514
3014
3514
4014
4514
Pressure (Psia)
86
5014

1.24
Expt.
1.19
LLS-EOS
VdW-EOS
PR-EOS
1.14
VdW
TB
RK-EOS
SRK-EOS
1.09
PT-EOS
SRK
SW-EOS
Z-Factor
1.04
SW
TB-EOS
RK
0.99
PT
0.94
LLS
PR
0.89
0.84
0.79
0.74
1014
1514
2014
2514
3014
3514
4014
4514
5014
Pressure (Psia)
o

1.24
Expt.
LLS-EOS
1.19
VdW-EOS
PR-EOS
TB
RK-EOS
1.14
VdW
SRK-EOS
PT-EOS
SW-EOS
Z-Factor
1.09
SRK
SW
TB-EOS
RK
1.04
0.99
PT
LLS
PR
0.94
0.89
0.84
1014
1514
2014
2514
3014
3514
4014
4514
Pressure (Psia)
87
5014
4.15.4 Results for Elsharkawy Gas Data

Table 4.5: Results of Elsharkawy Gas Data.
IND
H2S
CO2
N2
C1
C2
C3
IC4
NC4
IC5
NC5
C6
C7+
Mw+
Sg+
Tc C7+, oR
1
0
0.0017
0.015
0.7284
0.0847
0.0418
0.011
0.0171
0.0088
0.0084
0.0124
0.0707
152
0.81
1179.581
84
0.0708
0.0096
0.0064
0.6771
0.0871
0.0384
0.005
0.0156
0.0056
0.0082
0.0083
0.0656
154
0.776
1151.75
416
0.0383
0.0058
0.002
0.7564
0.0706
0.0336
0.0104
0.0135
0.0072
0.0055
0.0077
0.049
158
0.783
1165.19
439
0.2816
0.0608
0.0383
0.4033
0.0448
0.0248
0.006
0.0132
0.0079
0.0081
0.0121
0.0991
165
0.818
1209.73
504
0
0.0097
0.0041
0.8616
0.0355
0.0154
0.0046
0.0046
0.0026
0.002
0.0035
0.0564
253
0.85
1368.64
752
0.1693
0.0576
0.0011
0.6619
0.0412
0.0188
0.0044
0.0076
0.0032
0.0036
0.0052
0.0261
144
0.788
1144.9
817
0.1047
0.0163
0.0244
0.7352
0.0498
0.0181
0.0059
0.0073
0.004
0.0037
0.0053
0.0253
132
0.774
1109.426
Pc C7+,
psia
T (oF)
P (psia)
Z (Expt.)
LLS (This
Study)
381.99
350.86
373.99
398.74
487.02
362.72
409.55
221
4973
0.997
296
4669
0.97
325
5095
1.011
250
4190
0.838
271
11830
1.775
255
4050
0.914
290
4255
0.968
1.0052
0.9883
1.0651
0.7349
1.5917
0.9749
1.0172
88
Table 4.5 (Contd.)

Component
IND
H2S
CO2
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
Mw+
Sg+
Tc C7+, oR
Pc C7+, psia
T (oF)
P (psia)
Z (Expt.)
LLS (This Study)
1275
0.068
0.0209
0.1019
0.6857
0.059
0.0282
0.0047
0.0116
0.0085
0
0.0035
0.008
125
0.75
1074.0
1277
0.1078
0.0616
0.004
0.7414
0.0327
0.0121
0.0022
0.0061
0.0057
0
0.0046
0.0218
125
0.75
1074.02
Mole Fraction
1280
1714
0.1826
0.2327
0.0866
0.0287
0.0037
0.0304
0.5213
0.5601
0.1165
0.082
0.0142
0.0345
0.0039
0.0085
0.0083
0.011
0.0095
0
0
0.0071
0.0103
0.0028
0.0431
0.0022
125
145
0.75
0.85
1074.0
1202.56
405.26
157
405.26
189
405.26
216
394.76
120
272.93
250
422.82
230
2347
0.823
0.9151
5065
0.95
1.0328
5385
0.942
0.9984
1000
0.802
0.8768
5014
0.931
1.0095
3514
0.711
0.8330
89
1788
0.273
0.0451
0.0061
0.6459
0.0084
0.0093
0.0027
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.0012
0.0032
103
0.7
983.27
1866
0.5137
0.0319
0.0258
0.4241
0.0024
0.0007
0.0002
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0002
0.0004
120
0.75
1063.8
4.15.5 Results for Elsharkawy Miscellaneous Data

Table 4.6: Z-Factor Results for Miscellaneous Gases.
Rich Gas Condensate
283
284
0
0
Serial No.
H2S
281
0
282
0
285
0
286
0
287
0
CO2
0.0231
0.0242
0.0248
0.0253
0.0258
0.0262
0.0266
N2
0.0137
0.0155
0.0161
0.0166
0.0163
0.0155
0.0143
C1
0.6583
0.7074
0.738
0.7559
0.7583
0.7485
0.7292
C2
0.0803
0.0817
0.0821
0.0839
0.0863
0.0905
0.0944
C3
0.0417
0.0411
0.0404
0.0402
0.0415
0.0447
0.0495
iC4
0.0078
0.0073
0.007
0.0069
0.0073
0.0082
0.0091
nC4
0.0184
0.017
0.0162
0.0159
0.0167
0.0186
0.0208
iC5
0.0075
0.0067
0.0062
0.006
0.0062
0.007
0.008
nC5
0.0108
0.0097
0.0089
0.0084
0.0086
0.0096
0.0107
nC6
0.0116
0.011
0.0103
0.0086
0.0078
0.0082
0.0092
C7+
0.1268
0.0784
0.05
0.0323
0.0252
0.023
0.0282
Mw+
Sg+
Pc C7+,
psia
Tc C7+, oR
191
0.831
324.60
154
0.804
378.39
139
0.789
404.34
128
0.778
427.52
120
0.77
447.21
115
0.765
460.98
113
0.763
466.85
1264.023
1177.662
1136.436
1105.09
1081.6
1066.586
1060.503
313
6010
1.212
26.3
313
5100
1.054
18.97
313
4100
0.967
14.17
313
3000
0.927
9.79
313
2000
0.93
6.27
313
1200
0.952
3.68
313
700
0.97
2.19
1.0614
1.0612
1.0239
0.9815
0.9595
T ( F)
P (psia)
Z (Expt.)
(lb/cu.ft.)
LLS (This
Study)
90
0.9588
0.9675
Table 4.6 (Contd.)

Serial No.
H2S
439
0.282
Highly Sour Gas Condensate

440
441
442
443
0.277
0.272
0.27
0.273
444
0.289
445
0.318
CO2
0.0608
0.0644
0.0669
0.0685
0.0694
0.0699
0.0679
N2
0.0383
0.0455
0.0476
0.0473
0.0461
0.0434
0.0394
C1
0.4033
0.4382
0.4641
0.4807
0.4844
0.4688
0.4331
C2
0.0448
0.0471
0.0481
0.0487
0.0493
0.0496
0.0494
C3
0.0248
0.0243
0.0239
0.0237
0.0239
0.0252
0.0277
iC4
0.006
0.0055
0.0051
0.0049
0.0049
0.0055
0.0067
nC4
0.0132
0.012
0.0111
0.0106
0.0106
0.0114
0.014
iC5
0.0079
0.0068
0.006
0.0055
0.0053
0.0058
0.0074
nC5
0.0081
0.0069
0.006
0.0054
0.0052
0.0057
0.0071
nC6
0.0121
0.0096
0.0078
0.0066
0.006
0.0063
0.0077
C7+
0.0991
0.063
0.0412
0.0286
0.0217
0.0192
0.0214
Mw+
Sg+
Pc C7+,
psia
Tc C7+, oR
165
0.818
365.42
121
0.778
453.28
116
0.773
467.1
112
0.768
477.79
109
0.764
486.02
107
0.762
492.70
107
0.762
492.70
1209.732
1090.741
1075.735
1062.661
1052.522
1046.28
1046.28
250
4190
0.838
27.34
250
3600
0.806
19.52
250
3000
0.799
15.06
250
2400
0.809
11.3
250
1800
0.842
7.95
250
1200
0.888
5.06
250
700
0.935
2.91
0.8055
0.8698
0.8837
0.8920
0.9009
0.9156
0.9361
T ( F)
P (psia)
Z (Expt.)
(lb/cu.ft.)
LLS (This
Study)
91
Table 4.6 (Contd.)

Carbon Dioxide Rich Gas
Serial No.
H2S
926
0.003
927
0.003
928
0.003
929
0.003
930
0.003
931
0.003
932
0.004
CO2
0.6352
0.6395
0.6514
0.6579
0.6639
0.6706
0.6716
N2
0.0386
0.0399
0.041
0.0417
0.0421
0.0411
0.0388
C1
0.1937
0.1988
0.2008
0.207
0.2084
0.2037
0.1994
C2
0.0303
0.0307
0.0308
0.0309
0.0313
0.0315
0.0318
C3
0.0174
0.0172
0.017
0.0169
0.017
0.0175
0.0184
iC4
0.0033
0.0032
0.0031
0.003
0.003
0.0032
0.0035
nC4
0.0093
0.0088
0.0085
0.0082
0.0082
0.0088
0.0097
iC5
0.0039
0.0036
0.0033
0.0031
0.003
0.0033
0.0039
nC5
0.0047
0.0042
0.0038
0.0036
0.0035
0.0038
0.0046
nC6
0.0051
0.0049
0.0046
0.0042
0.0036
0.003
0.0034
C7+
0.0551
0.0458
0.0324
0.0202
0.0127
0.0101
0.0113
Mw+
Sg+
Pc C7+,
psia
Tc C7+,
o
R
T (oF)
P (psia)
Z (Expt.)
(lb/cu.ft.)
LLS (This
Study)
170
0.811
347.8288
153
0.797
373.929
139
0.783
397.8203
128
0.773
421.6873
118
0.763
446.3173
110
0.755
469.4246
106
0.751
482.3509
1211.601
1169.445
1131.005
1100.627
1071.227
1046.943
1034.515
219
4825
0.851
34.88
219
4100
0.777
30.9
219
3300
0.72
25.58
219
2600
0.719
19.39
219
1900
0.775
12.87
219
1200
0.851
7.38
219
700
0.915
4.03
0.7551
0.7276
0.7222
0.7483
92
0.7882
0.8437
0.8975
Table 4.6 (Contd.)

Very light gas
Serial No.
H2S
933
0
934
0
935
0
936
0
937
0
938
0
939
0
CO2
0.0033
0.0033
0.0034
0.0035
0.0035
0.0036
0.0038
N2
0.0032
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
0.0033
C1
0.942
0.9438
0.9451
0.9461
0.9468
0.9473
0.9467
C2
0.0231
0.023
0.023
0.0231
0.0232
0.0233
0.0236
C3
0.0082
0.0082
0.0082
0.0082
0.0082
0.0082
0.0083
iC4
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
0.0023
nC4
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0026
iC5
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
nC5
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0009
nC6
0.0014
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0012
0.0013
C7+
0.012
0.0103
0.0089
0.0077
0.0069
0.0063
0.006
Mw+
Sg+
Pc C7+, psia
143
0.787
390.4827
133
0.777
409.7106
126
0.769
423.93
120
0.763
438.5907
116
0.76
450.5163
114
0.758
456.162
114
0.758
456.162
Tc C7+, oR
1142.133
1114.075
1093.042
1075.419
1064.345
1058.3
1058.3
209
4786
1.019
12.13
209
4000
0.974
10.42
209
3300
0.945
8.76
209
2600
0.933
6.92
209
1900
0.933
5.03
209
1300
0.947
3.37
209
700
0.969
1.78
1.0018
0.9569
0.9252
0.9046
0.9113
0.9411
T ( F)
P (psia)
Z (Expt.)
(lb/cu.ft.)
LLS (This Study)
93
0.8995
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
This project establishes the need and a solution for a simple and robust technique
of predicting z-factor values for sour reservoir gases and natural reservoir gases.
1. Z-factor from Equations of state has been established. Eight equations-of-state
routinely used in the reservoir simulators have been examined and the most
general EOS has been established.
2. LLS EOS is the most generalized EOS. Every other EOS can be derived from
LLS EOS by substituting for and .
3. Best-fit equations for Standing and Katz Z-Chart have been established. Eight
computational techniques available has been examined and Beggs and Brill
computation technique has been used in the development of the scaling factor.
4. A universal scaling factor has been developed for S-K Z-Chart which is capable
of predicting z-factors of
a. Natural gases
b. Sour reservoir gases
5. Determination of accurate critical parameters of mixtures is an essential step to
obtain accurate z-factor values.
6. Improved technique for mixture critical property has been established. 3100
experimental data from various sources were used in the development of scaling
factor and also used for comparison purposes.
94
5.2 Recommendations
The following points can be based for further studies:
1. design of a generalized chart for predicting the amount of gas produced,
2. improvement in the generalized scaling of z using Standing-Katz chart based on
law of corresponding principles.
95
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93. Corredor, J. H., Piper, L. D., and MacCain, W. D., Jr., Compressibility Factors
for Naturally Occurring Petroleum Gases, Paper SPE 24864, presented at the
SPE Annual Technical Meeting and Exhibition, Washington, DC, Oct. 4-7
(1992).
94. Piper, L. D., MacCain W. D., Jr., and Corredor, J. H., Compressibility Factors
for Naturally Occurring Petroleum Gases Paper SPE 26668, Houston, TX, Oct.
3-6 (1993).
95. Rowe, A. M., Internally Consistent Correlation for Predicting Phase
Composition of Heptane and Heavier Fractions, Research Report 28, Tulsa, OK
(1978).
96. Winn, F. W., Simplified monograph presentation, characterization of petroleum
fraction, Pet. Refin., 36 (2), 157 (1957).
97. Sim, W. J., and Daubert, T. E., Prediction of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of
Undefined Mixtures, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process. Des. Dev., 19 (3), 380-393
(1980).
98. Lin, H. M., and Chao, K. C., Correlation of Critical Properties and Acentric
Factor of Hydrocarbon Derivatives, AIChE J., 30 (6), 153-158 (1984).
103
99. Watansiri, S., Owens, V. H., and Starling, K. E., Correlation for Estimating
Critical Constants, Accentric Factor, and Dipole Moment for Undefined Coal
Fluid Fractions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process. Des. Dev., 24, 294-296 (1985).
100. Riazi, M. R., and Daubert, T. E., Simplify Property Prediction, Hydrocarbon
Process., 115-116 (1980).
101. Riazi, M. R., and Daubert, T. E., Characterization Parameters for Petroleum
Fractions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 26 (24), 755-759 (1987).
102. Brill, J. P., and Beggs, H. D., Two-Phase flow in pipes, INTERCOMP
Course, The Huge (1974).
103. Katz, D. L., High Pressure Gas Measurement, Pet. Refin., 21 (6) 64-70
(1942).
104. Ahmed, T., Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston
(1989).
105. Buxton, T. S., and Campbell, J. M., Compressibility Factors for Naturally
Occurring Petroleum Gases, SPEJ, 80-86, March (1967).
106. Dranchuk, P. M., Purvis, R. A., and Robinson, D. B., Computer Calculation of
Natural Gas Compressibility Factors Using the Standing and Katz
Correlations, Inst. of Petroleum Technical Institute Series, No. IP74-008, 1-13
(1974).
107. Elsharkawy, A. M., Hashem, Y. S. K. S, and Alikhan, A. A., Compressibility
Factor for Gas Condensates, Paper SPE 59702 presented at the SPE 2000
Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conference, Midland, TX, March 21-23
(2000).
108. Kay, W. B., Density of Hydrocarbon Gases and Vapor at High Temperature
and Pressure, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1014-1019, Sept. (1936).
109. MacCain, W. D. Jr., The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, (2nd Ed.), PennWell
Books: Tulsa (1990).
110. McLeod, W. R., Application of Molecular Refraction to the Principle of
Corresponding States, Ph.D Thesis, University of Oklahoma (1968).
111. Pedersen, K. S., Thomassen, P., and Fredenslund, Aa., Advances in
Thermodynamics, 1, 137 (1989).
104
112. Robinson, R. L., Jr., and Jacoby, R. H., Better Compressibility Factors,
Hydro. Proc., 44 (4), April, 141-145 (1965).
113. Simon, R., and Briggs, J. E., Application of Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of
State to Hydrogen Sulfide Mixtures, AIChE J., 10 (4), July, 548-550 (1964).
114. Sutton, R. P., Compressibility Factors for High Molecular Weight Reservoir
Gases, Paper SPE 14265 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Meeting and
Exhibition, Las Vegas, Sept. 22-25 (1985).
115. Takacs, G., Comparison Made for Computer Z-Factor Calculation, Oil & Gas
J., 20, December, 64-66 (1976).
116. Whitson, C. H., Evaluating Constant-Volume Depletion Data, J. Pet. Tech.,
83, March, 610-620 (1972).
105
APPENDIX A
REDUCED FORM OF CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE
A.1 Lawal-Lake-Silberberg Reduced Equation of State

RT
a (T )
P=
2
V b V + bV b 2
=
1 + w Z c 3Z c
w Zc
Z ( w 1) + 2 Z + (1 3Z c ) w
Z
2
c
a = (1 + ( w 1) Z c )
a = a
b=
(A.2)
2
w c
2
w c
(A.3)
(A.4)
2
c
R T
Pc
(A.5)
b RTc
Pc
a (T) = aTR
(A.1)
(A.6)
c
2
(A.7)
where,
c = 0.309833 + 1.763758 + 0.7206612 1.3635893 4.005783
Mw
(A.8)
Z-Form of the LLS-EOS is as follows:

3 Z 3 + 2 Z 2 + 1 Z + 0 = 0
(A.9)
where,
3 = 1.0
2 = [1 + (1 )B]
(A.10)
(A.11)
(A.12)
1 = A B ( + )B2
0 = AB ( B 2 + B3 )
(A.13)
106
a (T ) P
R 2T 2
bP
B=
RT
A=
(A.14)
(A.15)
Mixing Rules
1
a m = x i x j a i 2 a j 2 a ij
i
b m = x i b i 3
i
a ij =
a ij =
(A.16)
i
j
(A.17)
for i j
(A.18)
for i > j
(A.19)
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
1
0 .5
(A.20)
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
1
0 .5
(A.21)
a ij = (a i a j ) = ( i j ) = ( i j )
(A.22)
A.2 van der Waals Reduced Equation of State

a (T )
RT
2
Vb V
=0
=0
a = (1 + ( w 1) Z c ) 3 = (1 + ( w 1)0.375) 3
(A.23)
(A.24)
(A.25)
a (T ) = a
(A.27)
P=
a = a
(A.26)
2
c
R T
Pc
(A.28)
Z RT
b= w c c
Pc
(A.29)
Z-Form of the vdW-EOS is as follows:
107
3 Z 3 + 2 Z 2 + 1 Z + 0 = 0
(A.30)
where,
3 = 1.0
(A.31)
(A.32)
2 = [1 + (1 )B] = [1 + B]
1 = A B ( + )B2 = [A]
(A.33)
0 = AB ( B + B ) = [ AB]
2
(A.34)
where
a(T)P
A= 2 2
R T
bP
B=
RT
(A.35)
(A.36)
Mixing Rules:
1
(A.37)
b m = x i bi
(A.38)
a ij =
a ij =
i
j
for i j
(A.39)
for i > j
(A.40)
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
i
0 .5
(A.41)
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
1
0 .5
(A.42)
a ij = (a i a j ) = ( i j ) = ( i j )
(A.43)
A.3 Redlich-Kwong Reduced Equation of State

P=
a (T )
RT
2
V b V + bV
(A.44)
108
= 1.0
= 0.0
(A.45)
(A.46)
a = 0.42751
a = 0.42747
b = 0.08664
(A.47)
2
2
c
R T
Pc
(A.48)
RTc
Pc
(A.49)
1
a
TR
a (T ) =
(A.50)
Z-Form of the RK-EOS is as follows:

3 Z 3 + 2 Z 2 + 1 Z + 0 = 0
(A.51)
where,
3 = 1.0
(A.52)
2 = 1.0
(A.53)
1 = [ A B B ]
2
(A.54)
0 = [AB]
(A.55)
where,
a (T ) P
R 2T 2
bP
B=
RT
A=
(A.56)
(A.57)
Mixing Rules
1
(A.58)
b m = x i bi
(A.59)
a ij =
a ij =
i
j
j
i
for i j
(A.60)
for i > j
(A.61)
109
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
1
0 .5
(A.62)
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
1
0 .5
(A.61)
a ij = (a i a j ) = ( i j ) = ( i j )
(A.62)
A.4 Soave-Redlich-Kwong Reduced Equation of State

a (T )
RT
2
V b V + bV
= 1.0
= 0.0
a = 0.42751
P=
a = 0.42747
(A.63)
(A.64)
(A.65)
(A.66)
2
c
R T
Pc
(A.67)
RT
b = 0.08664 c
Pc
(A.68)
a (T) = [1.0 + (0.48 + 1.574 0.176 )(1.0 T )] a

2
0.5
R
(A.69)
Z-Form of the SRK-EOS is as follows

3 Z 3 + 2 Z 2 + 1 Z + 0 = 0
(A.70)
3 = 1.0
2 = 1.0
1 = [A B B 2 ]
0 = [AB]
where,
a (T ) P
A= 2 2 ,
R T
B=
bP
RT
Mixing Rules:
1
i
(A.71)
b m = x i bi
(A.72)
110
i
j
a ij =
for i j
(A.73)
a ij =
for i > j
(A.74)
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
1
0 .5
(A.75)
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
1
0 .5
(A.76)
a ij = (a i a j ) = ( i j ) = ( i j )
(A.77)
A.5 Peng-Robinson Reduced Equation of State

a (T )
RT
2
V b V + 2bV b 2
= 2.0
= 1 .0
(A.78)
(A.79)
a = 0.45724
(A.81)
P=
(A.80)
b = 0.07780
a = 0.45724
(A.82)
2
2
c
R T
Pc
(A.83)
RT
b = 0.07780 c
Pc
(A.84)
a (T) = [1.0 + (0.37464 + 1.54226 0.26992 )(1.0 T )] a

2
0.5
R
(A.85)
Z-Form of the PR-EOS

3 Z 3 + 2 Z 2 + 1 Z + 0 = 0
(A.86)
3 = 1.0
2 = [1 B]
1 =
[A 2B 3B 2 ]
0 = [ AB ( B 2 + B3 )]
A=
a (T ) P
,
R 2T 2
B=
bP
RT
111
Mixing Rules
1
(A.87)
b m = x i bi
(A.88)
i
j
a ij =
for i j
(A.89)
a ij =
for i > j
(A.90)
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
1
0 .5
(A.91)
a ij = (a i a j ) = ( i j ) = ( i j )
(A.92)
A.6 Schmidt-Wenzel Reduced Equation of State

P=
RT
a (T )
2
V b V + (1 + 3)bV 3b 2
(A.93)
(6 + 1)3c + 3 c2 + 3 c 1 = 0
(A.94)
c = smallest positive root of the above equation.

c =
1
3(1 + c )
(A.95)
b = c c
a = (1 c (1 c ))
a = a
(A.96)
(A.97)
R 2 Tc2
Pc
(A.98)
R.Tc
b = b
Pc
(A.99)
a (T) = a(TR , k )
(TR , k ) = (1 + k (TR , k 0 )(1 TR ))
where,
(A.100)
(A.101)
k 0 = 0.465 + 1.347 0.5282
(A.102)
112
(5TR 3k 0 1) 2
k (TR , k 0 ) = k 0 +
, for TR 1.0
70
k (TR , k 0 ) = k (1, k 0 ) for TR > 1.0
(A.103)
(A.104)
Z-Form of SW-EOS:
Z 3 [1.0 + (1.0 (1.0 + 3))B]Z 2 + [A (1.0 + 3)B (1 + 6)B 2 ]

[AB 3(B 2 + B 3 )] = 0
(A.105)
1 : 1.0
2 :
[1.0 + (1.0 (1.0 + 3))B]
3 :
A (1.0 + 3) B (1 + 6)B 2
0 :
[AB 3(B 2 + B 3 )]
A=
a (T ) P
(RT ) 2
B=
bP
RT
Mixing Rules:
1
i
(A.106)
b m = x i bi
(A.107)
a ij =
a ij =
i
j
for i j
(A.108)
for i > j
(A.109)
m = 1 + 3m
(A.110)
m = 3m
m =
(A.111)
x (M )
i
w i
x i (M w )i
(A.112)
where Mwi is the components molecular weight.
113
A.7 Patel-Teja Reduced Equation of State

P=
RT
a (T )
2
V b V + (b + c)V cb
(A.113)
Z-Form of PT-EOS
Z3 (1.0 C) Z 2 + (A 2BC B2 B C) Z [AB (B + B2 )C] = 0
1 :
1.0
2:
-(1.0-C)
3:
A 2BC B 2 B C
0:
- AB + (B + B 2 )C
(A.114)
where,
(TR ) = [1 + F(1 TR1 / 2 )]2
(A.115)
F = 0.452413 + 1.30982 0.295937
(A.116)
Z c = 0.329032 0.076799 + 0.0211947
c = 1 3Zc
(A.117)
(A.118)
b , solve + (2 3Z c ) + 3Z b Z = 0
3
b
2
b
2
c
3
c
a = 3 Zc + 3(1 2Zc ) b + + 1 3Zc

2
b
(A.119)
(A.120)
pick the smallest positive root = b
a (T) = a(TR )
(A.121)
A=
a (T ) P
(RT ) 2
a=
a (RTc )
Pc
B=
bP
RT
b=
b RTc
Pc
C=
cP
RT
c=
c RTc
Pc
Mixing Rules:
1
(A.122)
b m = x i bi
(A.123)
cm = x ici
(A.124)
114
i
j
a ij =
for i j
(A.125)
a ij =
for i > j
(A.126)
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
1
0 .5
(A.127)
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
1
0 .5
(A.128)
a ij = (a i a j ) = ( i j ) = ( i j )
(A.129)
A.8 Trebble-Bishnoi-Salim Reduced Equation of State

P=
RT
a (T )
2
V b V + (b + c)V bc d 2
(A.130)
Z-Form of the TB-EOS Equation

Z3 (1 C)Z 2 + (A 2BC B2 B C D 2 )Z [AB (B + B2 )C (B + 1)D 2 ] = 0
(A.131)
1 :
1.0
2 : (1 C)
3 : (A 2BC B 2 B C D 2 )
[AB (B + B 2 )C (B + 1)D 2 ]
0 :
where,
A=
a (T ) P
2
R T
where ,
;B=
a ( T ) = a ( TR )
bP
RT
; C=
cP
RT
; D=
dP
RT
R 2 Tc2
RT
RT
RT
;b = b c ;c = c c ;d = d c
Pc
Pc
Pc
Pc
2
m = 0.662 + 3.12 0.854 + 9.3( ZC 0.3)

p = 0.475 + 2.0 for M 128 g mol
(A.132)
-1
(A.133)
p = 0.613 + 0.62 + 4.06 for M > 128 g mol

2
(TR ) = [[1 + m(1 T )] + p{(0.7)

1/ 2
R
1/ 2
-1
(A.134)
(TR ) }{1 (TR ) }]

1/ 2
c = 1.063 Zc
1/ 2
(A.135)
(A.136)
115
c = 1.0 3.0 c
(A.137)
+ ( 2 . 0 3 . 0 c ) + 3. 0 b ( + ) = 0
3
b
2
b
2
c
2
d
3
c
(A.138)
b = the smallest positive root in the above equation.

a = 3 c2 + 2 b c + b + c + 2b + d2
d =
Vc
3 .0
Mixing Rules
1
i
(A.139)
b m = x i x j b i 2 b j 2 b ij
1
c m = x i x j c i 2 c j 2 c ij
i
a ij =
a ij =
i
j
for i j
for i > j
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
1
0 .5
m = x i x j i 2 j 2 ( i j )
1
0 .5
a ij = b ij = c ij = (a i a j ) = ( i j ) = ( i j )
116
APPENDIX B
PREDICTION RESULTS FOR
PSEUDOCRITICAL PARAMETERS
B.10 Pseduocritical Parameter Results

Table B.1: Gas Composition Description.
Mix No.
47-1
26-1
26-2
26-3
47-2
26-4
26-5
CO2
0.0120
0.0109
0.0100
0.0091
0.0044
0.0030
0.0020
N2
0.0000
0.0884
0.1611
0.2441
0.0000
0.1130
0.2400
C1
0.9089
0.8286
0.7625
0.6870
0.9668
0.8580
0.7364
C3
0.0191
0.0174
0.0160
0.0144
0.0070
0.0060
0.0053
iC4
0.0033
0.0030
0.0028
0.0030
0.0014
0.0012
0.0010
nC4
0.0060
0.0055
0.0051
0.0040
0.0020
0.0018
0.0015
iC5
0.0021
0.0019
0.0018
0.0016
0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
nC5
0.0013
0.0012
0.0011
0.0010
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
nC6
0.0015
0.0014
0.0012
0.0011
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
C7+
0.0018
0.0016
0.0015
0.0014
0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
He
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Table B.1 (Contd.)

Mix-1
Mix-2
26-8
Mix-3
Mix-4
0.0079
0.0149
0.8313
0.0365
0.0080
0.0108
0.0033
0.0023
0.0028
0.0029
0.0000
0.0079
0.0143
0.7961
0.0399
0.0101
0.0149
0.0065
0.0052
0.0087
0.0171
0.0000
Mix No.
26-6
26-7
CO2
0.0013
0.0020
0.0025
N2
0.1146
0.1350
0.0705
C1
0.7665
0.7515
0.8532
C3
0.0335
0.0327
0.0198
iC4
0.0035
0.0038
0.0037
nC4
0.0090
0.0060
0.0039
iC5
0.0017
0.0000
0.0000
nC5
0.0015
0.0020
0.0022
nC6
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
C7+
0.0033
0.0000
0.0000
He
0.0100
0.0060
0.0031
0.0069
0.0150
0.9027
0.0134
0.0037
0.0034
0.0019
0.0012
0.0020
0.0029
0.0000
117
0.0069
0.0148
0.8906
0.0139
0.0040
0.0039
0.0023
0.0019
0.0038
0.0110
0.0000
Table B.1 (Contd.)

Mix No.
Mix-5
Mix-6
Mix-7
CO2
0.0079
0.0138
0.7644
0.0430
0.0120
0.0186
0.0094
0.0078
0.0140
0.0299
0.0000
0.0079
0.0135
0.7507
0.0443
0.0128
0.0202
0.0106
0.0089
0.0164
0.0355
0.0000
0.0014
0.0000
0.4534
0.1961
0.0936
0.0825
0.0542
0.0343
0.0129
0.0011
0.0000
N2
C1
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
He
Mixture 47-1 (Gore Data)

500
400
C ritical T em p eratu re ( o R )
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
VNA
SBV
Pedersen
LM
SC
Sutton
SC
Sutton
LLS
Expt.
LLS
Expt.
TTP
300
200
100
0
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
SBV
Critical
TTP Property
VNA Methods
Pedersen
LM
Figure B.1: Critical temperature prediction for Gore Data (Mix 47-1).
118

1000
LLS
Expt.
LLS
Expt.
800
Critical Pressure (psia)
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
SBV
VNA
Pedersen
LM
SC
Sutton
SC
Sutton
600
TTP
400
200
0
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
SBV Critical
TTP
Property
Methods
VNA
Pedersen
LM
Figure B.2: Critical pressure prediction for Gore Data (Mix 47-1).
1000
LLS
Expt.
LLS
Expt.
800
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
SBV
VNA
Pedersen
LM
SC
Sutton
SC
Sutton
600
TTP
400
200
0
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
SBV Critical
TTP
Property
Methods
VNA
Pedersen
LM
119

400
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
VNA
SBV
Pedersen
LM
SC
Sutton
LLS
Expt.
LLS
Expt.
TTP
Critical Temperature ( R)
300
200
100
0
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
SBV
Critical
TTP Property
VNA Methods
Pedersen
LM
SC
Sutton
1000
LLS
Expt.
LLS
Expt.
800
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
SBV
VNA
Pedersen
LM
SC
Sutton
600
TTP
400
200
0
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
SBV Critical
TTP
Property
Methods
VNA
Pedersen
LM
SC
Sutton
Figure B.5: Critical pressure prediction for Gore Data (Mix 26-2.
120

400
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
VNA
SBV
Pedersen
LM
SC
Sutton
LLS
Expt.
Sutton
LLS
Expt.
Critical Temperature ( R)
300
TTP
200
100
0
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
SBV Critical
TTP
Property
Methods
VNA
Pedersen
LM
SC
1075
LLS
Expt.
LLS
Expt.
860
645
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
SBV
VNA
Pedersen
LM
SC
Sutton
SC
Sutton
TTP
430
215
0
Kay
Joffe
PG
LK
SBV Critical
TTP
Property
Methods
VNA
Pedersen
LM
121
APPENDIX C
SCALING FACTOR DEVELOPMENT
AND RESULTS
The following three forms of the scaling parameter were tested and the
exponential form was selected based on its prediction and matching capability:
[ (
Z SF = 1 + k 1 TR
)]
(3.18).
Z SF = TR
(3.19).
Z SF = aEXP(bTR )
(3.20).
The step-by-step procedure for obtaining the scaling factor is as follows:

z SK
zc
z Expt .
1.
z SF =
2.
Plot zSF vs. TR graph; obtain the best fit-curve and the corresponding equation in
the form of
z SF = a e bTR for each pure component. Obtain a and b for each
component.
3.
Plot a vs. Mw graph; obtain the best fit-curve and the corresponding equation of
the form a = coeff1 (M w ) coeff 2 .
4.
Plot b vs. graph; obtain the best fit-curve and the corresponding equation of the
form b = [A 2 + B + C]
where A, B, and C are constants.
5.
The scaling factor expressions for:

a. Pure Components
z SF = a exp(bTR )
where,
a = coeff1 (M w ) coeff 2
b = [A 2 + B + C]
b. Mixtures follow the following Mixing rule:
122
m = x i i0.5
i
n
[ M w ] = x i [ M w ]i0.5
i
where a, b, A, B, and C belong to the above described procedure only.
C.1 Scaled Z-Factor Results

Buxton & Campbell at 160 oF (Mix-4)
1.45
Expt.
SK
1.35
Scaled
Z-Factor
1.25
1.15
1.05
0.95
0.85
0.75
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Pressure (Psia)
Figure C.1: Scaled z-factor result for Buxton & Campbell Data at 160 oF (Mix-4).
123
Buxton & Campbell, Mix-4, T = 130 F, Quadratic

1.42
Exp
SK
1.32
Scaled
Z-Factor
1.22
1.12
1.02
0.92
0.82
0.72
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Pressure (psia)
Buxton & Campbell, Mix-3, T = 160 F
1.4
Exp
SK
Scaled
1.3
Z-Factor
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Pressure (psia)
124
Buxton & Campbell, Mix-3, T = 130 F

1.36
Exp
SK
1.26
Scaled
Z-Factor
1.16
1.06
0.96
0.86
0.76
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Pressure (psia)
Buxton & Campbell, Mix-3, T = 100 F, Quadratic
1.36
Exp
SK
Scaled
Z-Factor
1.21
1.06
0.91
0.76
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Pressure (psia)
125
Buxton & Campbell, Mix-2, T = 130 F,Quadratic

1.2
Exp
SK
Scaled
Z-Factor
1.1
0.9
0.8
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Pressure (psia)
Buxton and Campbell Data, Mix-1, Quadratic
o
160 F
1.35
Expt.
SK
1.25
Scaled
1.15
Z-Factor
1.05
0.95
0.85
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Pressure (Psia)
126
APPENDIX D
PREDICTION OF Z-FACTOR FOR PURE SUBSTANCES
D.1 Prediction Results by Equations of State Method

Z-Factor Comparison (Expt. Vs. vdW-EOS)
1.55
1.45
Z-Factor
1.35
1.25
1.15
VdW-EOS T=100 F
1.05
VdW-EOS T=220 F
0.95
220 F EXPT.
VdW-EOS T=460 F
100 F EXPT.
460 F EXPT.
0.85
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Pressure (psia)
Figure D.1: Z-Factor comparison for vdW-EOS for Nitrogen.

Z-Factor Comparison Graph (Exp. vs. RK-EOS)
1.37
1.29
Z-Factor
1.22
1.14
RK-EOS 560 R
1.07
RK-EOS 680 R
RK-EOS 920 R
0.99
Expt. T=560
Expt. T=680
0.92
Expt. T=920
0.84
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Pressure, P (Psia)
Figure D.2: Z-Factor comparison for RK-EOS for Methane.

127
9000
Z-Factor Comparison Graph (Expt. vs. RK-EOS)
1.13
0.98
Z-Factor
0.83
0.68
RK-EOS 560 R
RK-EOS 680 R
0.53
RK-EOS 920 R
Expt. T=560
Expt. T=680
0.38
Expt. T=920
0.23
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Pressure, P (Psia)
Figure D.3: Z-Factor comparison for RK-EOS for Carbon dioxide.

Z-Factor Comparison Graph (Expt. vs. RK-EOS)
1.43
1.36
Z-Factor
1.28
1.21
RK-EOS 560 R
RK-EOS 680 R
1.13
RK-EOS 920 R
Expt. T=560
Expt. T=680
1.06
Expt. T=920
0.98
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Pressure, P (Psia)
Figure D.4: Z-Factor comparison for RK-EOS for Nitrogen.
128
9000
1.5
SOAVE-REDLICH-KWONG(C1) vs. Experimental Z-Factor Plot
1.4
Z-Factor
1.3
1.2
1.1
T=100 F
T=220 F
T=460 F
100 F EXP
220 F EXP
460 F EXP
0.9
0.8
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Pressure(psia)
Figure D.5: Z-Factor comparison for SRK-EOS for Methane.

1.3
SOAVE-REDLICH-KWONG(CO2) vs. Experimental Z-Factor Comparison Plot
1.08
Z-Factor
0.86
0.64
T=100 F
T=220 F
T=460 F
100 F EXP
0.42
220 F EXP
460 F EXP
0.2
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Pressure(psia)
Figure D.6: Z-Factor comparison for SRK-EOS for Carbon dioxide.
129
10000
SOAVE-REDLICH-KWONG(N2) vs. Experimental Z-Factor Comparison Plot

1.55
1.45
Z-Factor
1.35
1.25
T=100 F
T=220 F
1.15
T=460 F
100 F EXP
220 F EXP
1.05
460 F EXP
0.95
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Pressure(psia)
Figure D.7: Z-Factor comparison for SRK-EOS for Nitrogen.

Z-Factor Comparison Graph (Expt. vs. PR-EOS)
1.25
1.20
1.15
Z-Factor
1.10
1.05
1.00
PR-EOS 560 R
PR-EOS 680 R
0.95
PR-EOS 920 R
Expt. T=560
0.90
Expt. T=680
Expt. T=920
0.85
0.80
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Pressure (Psia)
Figure D.8: Z-Factor comparison for PR-EOS for Methane.
130
9000
1.0
0.9
Z-Factor
0.8
0.7
0.6
T = 560 R
T = 680 R
0.5
T = 920 R
Expt. T=560
0.4
Expt. T=680
Expt. T=920
0.3
0.2
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Pressure, P (Psia)
Figure D.9: Z-Factor comparison for PR-EOS for Carbon dioxide.

1.4
1.3
1.3
Z-Factor
1.2
1.2
1.1
PR-EOS 560 R
PR-EOS 680 R
1.1
PR-EOS 920 R
Expt. T=560
Expt. T=680
1.0
Expt. T=920
1.0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Pressure (Psia)
Figure D.10: Z-Factor comparison for PR-EOS for Nitrogen.
131
9000
1.5
Z-Factor Comparison (Expt. Vs. SW-EOS)
1.4
Z-Factor
1.3
1.2
1.1
SW-EOS 100 F
SW-EOS 220 F
SW-EOS 460 F
100 F EXP
220 F EXP
0.9
460 F EXP
0.8
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
P (psia)
Figure D.11: Z-Factor comparison for SW-EOS for Methane.

1.2
1.1
1
0.9
Z-Factor
0.8
0.7
0.6
SW-EOS 100 F
0.5
SW-EOS 220 F
SW-EOS 460 F
0.4
100 F EXP
220 F EXP
0.3
460 F EXP
0.2
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Pressure (psia)
Figure D.12: Z-Factor comparison for SW-EOS for Carbon dioxide.
132
10000

1.55
1.45
1.25
SW-EOS 100 F
SW-EOS 220 F
1.15
SW-EOS 460 F
100 F EXP
1.05
220 F EXP
460 F EXP
0.95
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
P (psia)
Figure D.13: Z-Factor comparison for SW-EOS for Nitrogen.

Z-Factor Comparison Graph (Exp. vs. PT-EOS)
1.33
1.23
Z-Factor
Z-Factor
1.35
1.13
PT-EOS 560 R
1.03
PT-EOS 680 R
PT-EOS 920 R
Expt. T=560
0.93
Expt. T=680
Expt. T=920
0.83
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Pressure, P (Psia)
Figure D.14: Z-Factor comparison for PT-EOS for Methane.
133
9000
10000
Z-Factor Comparison Graph (Exp. vs. PT-EOS)
1.13
1.03
0.93
Z-Factor
0.83
0.73
PT-EOS 560 R
0.63
PT-EOS 680 R
0.53
PT-EOS 920 R
Expt. T=560
0.43
Expt. T=680
Expt. T=920
0.33
0.23
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Pressure, P (Psia)
Figure D.15: Z-Factor comparison for PT-EOS for Carbon dioxide.

Z-Factor Comparison Graph (Expt. vs. PT-EOS)
1.46
Z-Factor
1.36
1.26
PT-EOS 560 R
1.16
PT-EOS 680 R
PT-EOS 920 R
Expt. T=560
1.06
Expt. T=680
Expt. T=920
0.96
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Pressure, P (Psia)
Figure D.16: Z-Factor comparison for PT-EOS for Nitrogen.
134
9000
TB-EOS (METHANE)
1.35
1.25
Z-Factor
1.15
1.05
100 F
0.95
220 F
460 F
100 F EXP
0.85
220 F EXP
460 F EXP
0.75
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Pressure (psia)
Figure D.17: Z-Factor comparison for TB-EOS for Methane.

1.1
TB-EOS (CO2)
0.9
Z-Factor
0.8
0.7
0.6
T=100 F
T=160 F
0.5
T=220 F
100 F EXP
0.4
220 F EXP
460 F EXP
0.3
0.2
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
P(psia)
Figure D.18: Z-Factor comparison for TB-EOS for Carbon dioxide.
135
10000
1.5
TB-EOS (NITROGEN)
1.4
100 F
220 F
460 F
1.3
100 F EXP
Z-Factor
220 F EXP
460 F EXP
1.2
1.1
0.9
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Pressure (psia)
Figure D.19: Z-Factor comparison for TB-EOS for Nitrogen.
136
10000
APPENDIX E
EXPERIMENTAL Z-FACTOR FOR
MISCELLANEOUS GASES
Table E.1: UCalgary Z-Factor Data.

Thesi
s
Mcle
odMix-1
Thesi
s
Mcle
odMix-1
CO
nC
nC
T ( F)
Cmp
nt.
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
iC5
C7
+
40
P
(psia)
Mole
%
Zexpt
.
0.5
0
22.60
0.4
6
75.61
0.7
1
0.0
8
0.0
2
0.0
2
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
nC
nC
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
iC5
C7
+
0.5
0
22.60
0.4
6
75.61
0.7
1
0.0
8
0.0
2
0.0
2
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
600
0.847
1000
0.748
1500
0.639
2000
0.586
2500
0.595
3000
0.632
4000
0.732
5000
0.845
T ( F)
Com
pone
nt
100
P
(psia)
Mole
%
Zexpt
.
600
0.895
1000
0.836
1500
0.779
2000
0.731
2500
0.713
3000
0.722
4000
0.783
5000
0.876
nC
CO
nC
137
Table E.1 (Contd.)

Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-1
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-1
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-1
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-2
T (oF)
Cmpnt.
CO2
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
40
Mole %
0.50
22.60
0.46
75.61
0.71
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
22.60
0.46
75.61
0.71
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
22.60
0.46
75.61
0.71
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
14.38
0.46
84.14
0.59
0.08
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
14.38
0.46
84.14
0.59
0.08
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
600
0.847
1000
0.748
1500
0.639
2000
0.586
2500
0.595
3000
0.632
4000
0.732
5000
0.845
T (oF)
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
600
0.895
1000
0.836
1500
0.779
2000
0.731
2500
0.713
3000
0.722
4000
0.783
5000
0.876
T (oF)
Component CO2
175
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
600
0.933
1000
0.9
1500
0.865
2000
0.839
2500
0.826
3000
0.825
4000
0.856
5000
0.914
T (oF)
40
Mole %
Zexpt.
626
0.866
848
0.82
1022
0.787
1521
0.706
2021
0.662
2521
0.663
3021
0.69
4021
0.781
5021
0.887
T (oF)
Mcleod-Mix-2
65
0.50
Component CO2
P (psia)
Thesis
0.50
0.30
Component CO2
Mole %
0.30
138
Table E.1 (Contd.)
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-2
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-2
P (psia)
Zexpt.
624
0.889
823
0.859
1022
0.828
1521
0.763
2021
0.722
2522
0.716
3022
0.732
4022
0.807
5022
0.903
T (oF)
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
607
0.911
625
0.909
824
0.886
1023
0.864
1522
0.815
2021
0.783
2521
0.773
3021
0.781
3521
0.805
4021
0.837
4521
0.876
5021
0.919
T (oF)
135
Mole %
Zexpt.
Mcleod-Mix-2
0.911
1023
0.894
1522
0.858
2021
0.834
2521
0.826
3021
0.83
4021
0.873
5021
0.941
Component CO2
175
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
565
0.30
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
14.38
0.46
84.14
0.59
0.08
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
14.38
0.46
84.14
0.59
0.08
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.59
0.08
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.926
824
T (oF)
0.30
Component CO2
P (psia)
655
Thesis
Component CO2
0.30 14.38
0.46
0.946
823
0.93
1023
0.918
1522
0.891
2021
0.874
2521
0.867
3021
0.869
4021
0.903
5021
0.958
139
84.14
0.00
Table E.1 (Contd.)

Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-3
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-3
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-3
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-3
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-22
T (oF)
Component CO2
40
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
600
0.892
1000
0.819
1500
0.751
2000
0.711
2500
0.707
3000
0.73
4000
0.814
5000
0.918
T (oF)
Component CO2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.84
0.08
0.02
0.02
iC5
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
1.31
5.70
0.52
91.51
0.84
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Component CO2
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.84
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.84
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
nC5
nC6
C7+
6.64
2.67
1.07
0.91
0.00
0.19
0.10
Zexpt.
600
0.913
1000
0.883
1500
0.843
2000
0.816
2500
0.808
3000
0.815
4000
0.867
5000
0.945
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
600
0.913
1000
0.883
1500
0.843
2000
0.816
2500
0.808
3000
0.815
4000
0.867
5000
0.945
1.31
Component CO2
175
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
600
0.951
1000
0.929
1500
0.909
2000
0.896
2500
0.892
3000
0.897
4000
0.932
5000
0.986
1.31
Component CO2
88
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
500
91.51
C2
C1
Mole %
T (oF)
0.52
C1
N2
100
T (oF)
5.70
N2
H2S
P (psia)
T (oF)
1.31
H2S
1.80
5.70
H2S
5.70
H2S
0.00
0.52
N2
0.52
N2
0.81
0.902
140
91.51
C1
91.51
C1
84.99
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.82
Table E.1 (Contd.)
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-22
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-22
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-24
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-24
Thesis
1000
0.823
1500
0.756
2000
0.725
2500
0.728
3000
0.755
3500
0.787
T (oF)
Component CO2
113
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
500
0.925
1000
0.862
1500
0.811
2000
0.775
2500
0.772
3000
0.797
3500
0.821
T (oF)
Component CO2
200
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
500
0.96
1000
0.927
1500
0.9
2000
0.884
2500
0.882
3000
0.891
3500
0.91
T (oF)
81
Mole %
Zexpt.
500
0.918
1000
0.842
1500
0.777
2000
0.742
2500
0.739
3000
0.765
3500
0.802
0.61
Component CO2
152
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
500
0.947
1000
0.903
1500
0.868
2000
0.848
2500
0.843
3000
0.853
3500
0.877
T (oF)
1.80
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
1.80
0.61
Component CO2
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
N2
0.81
N2
0.81
N2
0.00
N2
0.00
N2
141
C1
84.99
C1
84.99
C1
85.00
C1
85.00
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
6.64
2.67
1.07
0.91
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
6.64
2.67
1.07
0.91
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
6.00
3.32
0.85
1.29
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
6.00
3.32
0.85
1.29
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
0.82
iC5
0.82
iC5
0.57
iC5
0.57
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.19
0.10
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.19
0.10
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.66
1.09
0.62
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.66
1.09
0.62
nC5
nC6
C7+
Table E.1 (Contd.)

Mcleod-Mix-24
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-25
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-25
Thesis
Mcleod-Mix-25
200
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
500
0.96
1000
0.929
1500
0.906
2000
0.892
2500
0.89
3000
0.889
3500
0.916
T (oF)
Component CO2
91
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
500
0.929
1000
0.875
T (oF)
110
Mole %
Zexpt.
500
0.939
1000
0.895
150
Mole %
Zexpt.
500
0.958
1000
0.925
Reservoir
T (oF)
S & B T4
160
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
600
0.955
0.929
1500
0.899
2000
0.879
3000
0.874
4000
0.911
5000
0.969
Reservoir
T (oF)
S & B T4
220
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
600
0.971
0.953
1500
0.937
2000
0.926
3000
0.924
4000
0.955
5000
1.002
280
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
H2S
0.00 10.00
Component CO2
Mole %
0.00
0.00 10.00
Component CO2
1000
T (oF)
0.40
Component CO2
1000
S & B T4
0.40
Component CO2
P (psia)
Reservoir
0.40
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
0.61
H2S
0.00 10.00
0.00
N2
0.00
N2
0.00
N2
0.00
N2
0.00
N2
0.00
N2
0.00
142
85.00
C1
94.32
C1
94.32
C1
94.32
C1
90.00
C1
90.00
C1
90.00
6.00
3.32
0.85
1.29
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
3.90
1.17
0.08
0.13
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
3.90
1.17
0.08
0.13
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
3.90
1.17
0.08
0.13
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.57
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
0.66
1.09
0.62
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
Table E.1 (Contd.)

P (psia)
Zexpt.
600
0.981
1000
0.972
1500
0.963
2000
0.957
3000
0.96
4000
0.989
5000
1.027
Reservoir
T (oF)
S & B T4
160
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
Component CO2
600
0.945
1000
0.909
1500
0.87
2000
0.842
3000
0.825
4000
0.863
5000
0.925
Reservoir
T (oF)
S & B T4
220
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
Component CO2
600
0.963
1000
0.941
1500
0.917
2000
0.899
3000
0.887
4000
0.912
5000
0.959
Reservoir
T (oF)
S & B T4
280
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
Reservoir
Mix-2-API-PRJ37
Reservoir
Mix-17-API-PRJ37
600
0.976
0.963
1500
0.948
2000
0.937
3000
0.931
4000
0.953
5000
0.99
T (oF)
157
Mole %
Zexpt.
H2S
0.00 20.00
Component CO2
P (psia)
H2S
0.00 20.00
Component CO2
1000
H2S
0.00 20.00
2.09
H2S
6.80
N2
0.00
N2
0.00
N2
0.00
N2
10.19
C1
80.00
C1
80.00
C1
80.00
C1
68.57
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
5.90
2.82
0.47
1.16
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.85
2115
0.829
MC7+
2347
0.823
SgC7+ 0.7500
T (oF)
Component CO2
189
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
4915
0.938
5065
0.95
H2S
6.16 10.78
N2
0.4
C1
74.14
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
3.27
1.21
0.22
0.61
MC7+
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.35
0.80
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.46
2.18
125
iC5
0.57
125
SgC7+ 0.7500
143
nC5
Table E.1 (Contd.)

Reservoir
Mix-25-API-PRJ37
T (oF)
Component CO2
191
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
4945
4.16
H2S
N2
9.13
C1
0
78.77
C2
C3
iC4
2.97
1.27
0.27
0.955
nC4
0.6
MC7+
iC5
0.43
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.43
1.97
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
1.03
4.31
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.37
1.59
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
2.68
8.17
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
1.13
6.18
nC5
nC6
C7+
1.15
7.82
125
SgC7+ 0.7500
Reservoir
Mix-2-API-PRJ37
Reservoir
Mix-402-APIPRJ-37
Reservoir
Mix-601-APIPRJ-37
Reservoir
Mix-705-APIPRJ-37
Reservoir
Mix-707-APIPRJ-37
T (oF)
Component CO2
216
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
8.66 18.26
N2
0.37
C1
C2
52.13 11.65
C3
iC4
nC4
1.42
0.39
0.83
iC5
0.95
4515
0.852
MC7+
5385
0.942
SgC7+ 0.7500
T (oF)
Component CO2
230
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
3000
0.903
3270
0.91
3400
0.914
3600
0.918
3800
0.925
4000
0.934
4200
0.946
4400
0.954
4600
0.97
4800
0.981
5130
1.006
T (oF)
276
Mole %
Zexpt.
4000
0.875
5000
0.98
190
Mole %
Zexpt.
4720
0.948
4743
0.95
4774
0.955
4815
0.959
4915
0.969
5015
0.981
5115
0.991
5315
1.014
5515
1.039
T (oF)
6.61
218
Mole %
Zexpt.
70.72
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
6.91
3.38
0.52
0.67
iC5
0.64
125
H2S
4.53
N2
15.58
C1
41.72
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
7.12
5.42
2.23
3.10
MC7+
iC5
2.85
125
SgC7+ 0.7500
4.24
H2S
2.90
N2
0.98
C1
70.90
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
7.34
2.84
0.66
1.40
MC7+
iC5
1.43
125
SgC7+ 0.7500
Component CO2
P (psia)
10.70
C1
MC7+
Component CO2
P (psia)
2.44
N2
SgC7+ 0.7500
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
2.06
H2S
125
3.17
H2S
18.5
N2
2.18
C1
56.22
C2
4.83
C3
2.5
iC4
nC4
0.56
1.49
iC5
1.48
125
4475
0.884
MC7+
4515
0.887
SgC7+ 0.7500
4565
0.893
144
Table E.1 (Contd.)

4615
Reservoir
Mix-722-APIPRJ-37
Reservoir
Mix-727-APIPRJ-37
Reservoir
Mix-729-APIPRJ-37
Reservoir
Mix-735-APIPRJ-37
0.899
4715
0.91
4915
0.933
5215
0.97
5515
1.006
6015
1.067
T (oF)
Component CO2
179
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
2.30 13.21
N2
8.71
C1
65.57
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
3.07
1.77
0.35
1.00
iC5
1.01
3025
0.812
MC7+
3115
0.814
SgC7+ 0.7500
3215
0.818
3315
0.824
3515
0.834
3815
0.853
4215
0.883
4615
0.916
5015
0.951
T (oF)
Component CO2
143
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
2.06
H2S
6.21
N2
10.15
C1
70.52
C2
5.38
C3
2.8
iC4
nC4
0.37
0.95
iC5
0.64
2399
0.831
MC7+
0.831
SgC7+ 0.7500
2515
0.832
2615
0.834
3015
0.844
3515
0.868
4015
0.903
4515
0.943
5015
0.986
Component CO2
181
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
5.11
H2S
6.56
N2
4.52
C1
77.85
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
2.50
0.77
0.12
0.45
iC5
0.42
0.859
MC7+
0.859
SgC7+ 0.7500
3215
0.861
3515
0.872
3586
0.875
4115
0.906
4415
0.927
4715
0.946
5015
0.968
206
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
5.05
H2S
2.05
N2
25.15
C1
49.35
C2
C3
iC4
6.49
3.22
1.05
nC4
1.7
iC5
1.59
125
4430
0.987
MC7+
4515
0.994
SgC7+ 0.7500
4715
1.011
145
0.00
0.78
2.23
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.3
0.62
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.31
1.39
nC5
nC6
C7+
1.18
3.17
125
3099
Component CO2
C7+
125
3115
T (oF)
nC6
125
2415
T (oF)
nC5
Table E.1 (Contd.)
Reservoir
Shell-Et.AlMarmattan-1033
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
4915
1.029
5215
1.056
5515
1.083
T (oF)
Component CO2
73
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
3.19 51.37
N2
2.58
C1
42.41
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.24
0.07
0.02
0.03
iC5
0.02
0.402
MC7+
0.438
SgC7+ 0.7500
3014
0.495
3514
0.553
4014
0.612
0.67
5014
0.728
T (oF)
Component CO2
84
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
3.19 51.37
N2
2.58
C1
42.41
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.24
0.07
0.02
0.03
iC5
0.02
0.426
MC7+
0.454
SgC7+ 0.7500
3014
0.507
3514
0.562
0.62
4514
0.677
5014
0.734
T (oF)
Component CO2
95
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
3.19 51.37
N2
2.58
C1
42.41
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.24
0.07
0.02
0.03
iC5
0.02
0.458
MC7+
0.478
SgC7+ 0.7500
3014
0.526
3514
0.578
4014
0.632
4514
0.685
5014
0.737
Component CO2
110
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
3.19 51.37
N2
2.58
C1
42.41
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.24
0.07
0.02
0.03
iC5
0.02
0.495
MC7+
0.485
SgC7+ 0.7500
3014
0.534
3514
0.586
4014
0.639
4514
0.693
5014
0.747
Component CO2
H2S
N2
146
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.02
0.04
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.01
0.02
0.04
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.01
0.02
0.04
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.01
0.02
0.04
nC5
nC6
C7+
120
2114
2514
T (oF)
0.01
120
2114
2514
T (oF)
C7+
120
2114
2514
4014
nC6
120
2114
2514
4514
nC5
iC5
Table E.1 (Contd.)

Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
147-Sutte-Plant
Reservoir
147-Waterton
147
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
2114
0.61
2514
0.568
3014
0.585
3514
0.619
4014
0.662
4514
0.707
5014
0.756
T (oF)
186
Mole %
Zexpt.
2114
0.69
2514
0.665
3014
0.651
3514
0.666
4014
0.696
4514
0.731
5014
0.77
230
Mole %
Zexpt.
42.41
0.24
0.07
0.02
0.03
MC7+
H2S
3.19 51.37
0.02
N2
2.58
C1
42.41
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.24
0.07
0.02
0.03
MC7+
iC5
0.02
H2S
3.19 51.37
N2
2.58
C1
42.41
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.24
0.07
0.02
0.03
iC5
0.02
MC7+
SgC7+ 0.7500
0.71
4014
0.73
4514
0.755
5014
0.786
T (oF)
Component CO2
198
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
4.2
H2S
3.32
N2
1.06
C1
77.91
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
7.74
2.99
0.58
1.45
iC5
0.25
0.991
MC7+
0.968
SgC7+ 0.7340
1000
0.924
1500
0.895
2000
0.878
2500
0.869
3000
0.876
3500
0.893
4000
0.918
4500
0.951
5000
0.988
Component CO2
156
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
nC6
C7+
0.01
0.02
0.04
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.01
0.02
0.04
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.23
0.16
0.11
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.23
0.45
2.57
125
200
500
T (oF)
nC5
120
0.749
0.722
0.711
0.04
120
2114
3514
0.02
120
2514
3014
0.01
SgC7+ 0.7500
Component CO2
P (psia)
2.58
SgC7+ 0.7500
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
3.19 51.37
H2S
8.03 29.66
N2
1.04
147
C1
52.75
C2
C3
iC4
3.48
0.82
0.15
nC4
0.6
iC5
0.22
Table E.1 (Contd.)
Reservoir
Gold Creek
Reservoir
HOME-ET.AL-68(L)
Reservoir
HOME-ET.AL-68(L)
Reservoir
HOME-ET.AL-68(L)
3914
0.749
MC7+
4014
0.757
SgC7+ 0.8340
4214
0.774
4414
0.792
4714
0.82
4914
0.839
5064
0.853
5114
0.858
5214
0.868
5414
0.888
5714
0.917
6014
0.948
T (oF)
Component CO2
210
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
3.18
H2S
7.04
N2
4.81
C1
70.69
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
3.83
2.09
0.57
1.09
130
iC5
0.60
4496
0.938
MC7+
4615
0.948
SgC7+ 0.7850
4815
0.966
5015
0.984
5215
1.003
5515
1.032
6015
1.061
T (oF)
Component CO2
77
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
3.08 49.35
N2
2.66
C1
44.47
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.23
0.06
0.02
0.03
iC5
0.02
0.667
MC7+
0.455
SgC7+ 0.7500
2014
0.421
2514
0.457
3014
0.408
3514
0.562
4014
0.618
4514
0.674
5014
0.73
120
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1014
0.75
1514
0.622
2014
0.537
2514
0.529
3014
0.557
3514
0.597
4014
0.643
4514
0.691
5014
0.74
T (oF)
3.08 49.35
144
Mole %
Zexpt.
N2
2.66
C1
44.47
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.23
0.06
0.02
0.03
MC7+
4.60
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.01
0.03
0.04
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.04
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.01
0.03
0.04
125
SgC7+ 0.7500
Component CO2
P (psia)
H2S
C7+
0.93
125
1014
Component CO2
nC6
0.57
131
1514
T (oF)
nC5
H2S
3.08 49.35
N2
2.66
148
C1
44.47
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.23
0.06
0.02
0.03
iC5
0.02
Table E.1 (Contd.)
Reservoir
HOME-ET.AL-68(L)
Reservoir
DICK-LAKE-A15(SMOOTHEDDATA)
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
RIMBEY-GASPLANT
1014
0.802
MC7+
1514
0.692
SgC7+ 0.7500
2014
0.612
2514
0.584
3014
0.596
3514
0.626
4014
0.665
4514
0.707
5014
0.752
T (oF)
Component CO2
230
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
3.08 49.35
N2
2.66
C1
44.47
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.23
0.06
0.02
0.03
iC5
0.02
1014
0.884
MC7+
1514
0.832
SgC7+ 0.7500
2014
0.786
2514
0.751
3014
0.739
3514
0.74
4014
0.757
4514
0.78
5014
0.809
T (oF)
Component CO2
93
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
615
0.882
715
0.872
815
0.861
915
0.849
T (oF)
105
Mole %
Zexpt.
615
0.888
715
0.878
815
0.868
915
0.858
T (oF)
1.23
Component CO2
120
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
615
0.896
715
0.888
815
0.879
915
0.87
T (oF)
1.23
Component CO2
P (psia)
84
H2S
125
1.23
Component CO2
Mole %
1.21
H2S
1.62
H2S
1.62
H2S
1.62
H2S
1.50
N2
2.52
N2
2.52
N2
2.52
N2
2.08
149
C1
C2
77.48 10.32
C1
C2
77.48 10.32
C1
C2
77.48 10.32
C1
C2
78.14 10.29
C3
iC4
nC4
3.94
0.54
1.30
C3
iC4
nC4
3.94
0.54
1.30
C3
iC4
nC4
3.94
0.54
1.30
C3
iC4
nC4
4.05
0.62
1.23
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.01
0.03
0.04
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.24
0.54
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.24
0.54
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.24
0.54
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.29
0.30
0.00
125
iC5
0.27
iC5
0.27
iC5
0.27
iC5
0.29
Table E.1 (Contd.)

P (psia)
500
Reservoir
RIMBEY-GASPLANT
Reservoir
Reservoir
HOMEGLENRIMBEY-A25(SMOOTHEDDATA)
Reservoir
Reservoir
0.926
750
0.885
1000
0.841
1250
0.805
1400
0.787
T (oF)
95
Component CO2
Mole %
P (psia)
500
Zexpt.
0.911
0.873
1250
0.842
1500
0.816
Component CO2
83
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
615
0.881
715
0.872
815
0.862
915
0.853
1015
0.844
100
Mole %
Zexpt.
615
0.892
715
0.883
815
0.874
915
0.865
1015
0.856
1.61
Component CO2
120
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
615
0.905
715
0.896
815
0.887
915
0.878
1015
0.869
T (oF)
1.61
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
2.28
C1
80.34
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
6.56
3.02
0.52
1.07
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
6.61
2.92
0.42
0.99
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
6.61
2.92
0.42
0.99
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
6.61
2.92
0.42
0.99
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
0.37
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.34
0.35
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.21
0.50
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.21
0.50
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.21
0.50
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.945
1000
T (oF)
3.29
N2
Zexpt.
750
T (oF)
1.86
H2S
1.61
Component CO2
H2S
3.26
H2S
3.26
H2S
3.26
H2S
N2
2.75
N2
2.75
N2
2.75
N2
150
C1
80.52
C1
80.52
C1
80.52
C1
iC5
0.21
iC5
0.21
iC5
0.21
iC5
Table E.1 (Contd.)

SHELL-LOWWATERTONNO.5-17
Reservoir
SHELL-NO.3BURNTTIMBER
Reservoir
SHELL-NO.4W.J.P.2-23
Reservoir
156
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
3.48 16.03
0.97
65.49
3.93
1.53
0.32
0.92
0.52
0.864
MC7+
4596
0.868
SgC7+ 0.9050
4650
0.874
4714
0.881
4814
0.892
4914
0.903
5114
0.926
5514
0.973
6014
1.03
Component CO2
196
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
5.78
H2S
6.42
N2
0.33
C1
81.87
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
3.64
0.74
0.22
0.19
iC5
0.10
936
0.935
MC7+
1058
0.929
SgC7+ 0.7580
1203
0.923
1363
0.915
1557
0.906
1733
0.899
1912
0.894
2275
0.886
2772
0.885
3199
0.893
3506
0.901
3781
0.912
3827
0.914
3851
0.915
4014
0.923
4514
0.95
5014
0.981
5514
1.014
6014
1.051
T (oF)
Component CO2
120
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
6.17
H2S
5.40
N2
0.49
C1
81.07
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
3.74
0.94
0.32
0.34
iC5
0.18
4279
0.882
MC7+
0.883
SgC7+ 0.8050
4314
0.885
4330
0.886
4346
0.887
4414
0.893
4514
0.902
5014
0.948
5514
0.995
6014
1.044
6514
1.094
Component CO2
H2S
N2
151
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
5.19
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.07
0.13
0.51
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.12
0.23
1.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
118
4295
T (oF)
1.12
140
4560
T (oF)
0.50
127
iC5
Table E.1 (Contd.)

WIMBORNENO.6-11(UPPER)
Reservoir
ROYALITEEDSON-6-4-5217
Reservoir
ROYALITEEDSON-6-4-5217
Reservoir
HB-UNIONKAYBOS-S-714
162
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
2.06 12.96
9.63
66.34
3.11
1.80
0.34
0.94
0.33
0.82
MC7+
2916
0.82
SgC7+ 0.7610
2945
0.821
2984
0.823
3014
0.823
3064
0.825
3114
0.827
3214
0.831
3314
0.836
3514
0.846
4014
0.878
4514
0.916
5014
0.958
5514
1.003
6014
1.048
Component CO2
160
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
4.34
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
1.04
0.17
90.31
2.70
0.66
0.16
0.18
0.09
0.07
0.11
0.17
125
514
0.959
MC7+
0.925
SgC7+ 0.7500
1514
0.898
0.88
2514
0.873
3014
0.878
3514
0.896
4014
0.918
T (oF)
Component CO2
220
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
4.34
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
1.04
0.17
90.31
2.70
0.66
0.16
0.18
0.09
0.07
0.11
0.17
125
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.63
1.10
3.42
514
0.975
MC7+
1014
0.955
SgC7+ 0.7500
1514
0.939
2014
0.929
2514
0.926
3014
0.931
3514
0.943
4014
0.961
T (oF)
Component CO2
250
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
3542
0.94
4014
0.971
4514
1.009
5014
1.051
1.48
H2S
1014
2014
0.56
115
2899
T (oF)
0.45
H2S
3.13 16.82
N2
1.12
C1
60.09
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
7.72
3.12
1.00
1.44
MC7+
iC5
0.41
124
SgC7+ 0.7940
152
Table E.1 (Contd.)
Reservoir
HB-UNIONKAYBOS-S-111
Reservoir
PANTHERRIVER-5-23
5514
1.096
6014
1.144
T (oF)
230
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
R&J-Mixture-17
R&J-Mixture-18
Reservoir
60.12
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
7.85
3.28
0.82
1.56
iC5
0.67
MC7+
SgC7+ 0.7950
4514
0.89
5014
0.936
5514
0.984
6014
1.033
6514
1.082
T (oF)
Component CO2
50
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
T (oF)
Component CO2
50
Mole %
Zexpt.
Mole %
Zexpt.
49.53
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.29
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
1.29
0.73
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
1.30
0.07
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.75
1.11
4.09
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N2
2.35
C1
46.98
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
10.77 30.28
N2
3.09
C1
55.80
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.778
Component CO2
200
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
1.18 20.27
N2
0.23
C1
76.30
iC5
0.00
0.979
363
0.97
532
0.956
776
0.938
1125
0.915
1623
0.846
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
252
0.967
369
0.952
536
0.931
772
0.902
1101
0.864
1556
0.821
T (oF)
H2S
12.01 38.37
Component CO2
50
T (oF)
1.54
C1
C7+
0.85
P (psia)
T (oF)
12.86 35.99
N2
nC6
0.851
P (psia)
T (oF)
H2S
nC5
125
0.821
246
Reservoir
1.01
C1
0.848
764
Reservoir
3.12 15.62
N2
3457
464
Reservoir
PANTHERRIVER-5-23
H2S
4014
434
Reservoir
PANTHERRIVER-5-23
Component CO2
7.44
Component CO2
H2S
7.35
H2S
N2
0.61
N2
153
C1
83.03
C1
iC5
0.00
iC5
Table E.1 (Contd.)

R&J-Mixture-19
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-20
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-20
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-11
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-12
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-13
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
15.55 14.91
0.41
67.92
1.11
0.10
0.00
0.00
194
0.968
MC7+
285
0.953
SgC7+
414
0.932
597
0.903
849
0.863
1188
0.812
1640
0.854
T (oF)
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
2.87 23.27
N2
3.04
C1
56.01
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
8.20
3.45
0.85
1.10
400
0.912
MC7+
600
0.867
SgC7+
800
0.82
1000
0.874
T (oF)
Component CO2
120
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
400
0.922
600
0.883
800
0.842
1000
0.902
T (oF)
150
Mole %
Zexpt.
250
0.975
360
0.964
538
0.949
783
0.927
1130
0.9
1622
0.869
T (oF)
22.30
Component CO2
200
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
233
0.962
344
0.974
505
0.963
739
0.947
1076
0.927
1559
0.903
T (oF)
2.87 23.27
Component CO2
P (psia)
28.14
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
231
0.972
339
0.959
H2S
0.08
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
4.09
N2
3.04
N2
0.50
N2
0.82
N2
0.96
154
C1
56.01
C1
75.59
C1
69.93
C1
89.26
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
8.20
3.45
0.85
1.10
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
1.40
0.21
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
1.06
0.05
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
1.54
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.71
0.28
0.22
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.71
0.28
0.22
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
Table E.1 (Contd.)

495
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-14
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-15
717
0.916
1029
0.883
1464
0.845
T (oF)
R&J-Mixture-16
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-5
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-6
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
258
0.962
377
0.945
547
0.921
785
0.889
1111
0.847
1558
0.798
T (oF)
100
Mole %
Zexpt.
0.95
418
0.927
600
0.894
848
0.851
1178
0.794
1609
0.829
150
Mole %
Zexpt.
255
0.972
375
0.959
547
0.941
791
0.916
1135
0.884
1617
0.846
100
Mole %
Zexpt.
248
0.965
363
0.949
526
0.926
754
0.895
1074
0.854
1511
0.808
100
Mole %
Zexpt.
352
0.964
515
0.948
749
0.926
H2S
10.18 10.33
Component CO2
P (psia)
H2S
1.27 18.99
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
2.10 26.96
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
H2S
N2
0.77
N2
0.68
C1
79.48
C1
68.68
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
1.53
0.48
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
1.15
0.43
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
1.32
0.39
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
9.55 10.22
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
1.53
0.00
0.00
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.965
288
T (oF)
H2S
1.44 16.30
Component CO2
P (psia)
197
Reservoir
0.941
0.04
H2S
0.00
N2
0.77
N2
10.66
N2
0.95
155
C1
77.26
C1
49.06
C1
97.48
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
Table E.1 (Contd.)
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-7
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-8
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-9
Reservoir
R&J-Mixture-10
Reservoir
B&C-Mixture-1
1000
0.898
1550
0.867
T (oF)
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
342
0.963
500
0.946
726
0.924
1049
0.894
1496
0.86
T (oF)
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
256
0.97
376
0.956
548
0.937
792
0.911
1134
0.877
1614
0.84
T (oF)
100
Mole %
Zexpt.
254
0.967
371
0.952
540
0.931
779
0.902
1111
0.865
1570
0.822
19.72
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
154
0.97
225
0.956
328
0.935
473
0.907
672
0.866
937
0.811
1275
0.843
1703
0.867
T (oF)
11.46
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
5.36
54.46
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.861
1526
0.844
2026
0.816
2526
0.811
3026
0.822
5.06
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
N2
0.84
N2
0.68
N2
0.55
N2
0.26
N2
0.53
156
C1
92.22
C1
86.16
C1
78.30
C1
44.60
C1
89.77
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
1.49
0.09
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
1.46
0.04
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
1.39
0.04
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.68
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.64
0.00
0.00
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
Table E.1 (Contd.)
Reservoir
B&C-Mixture-1
Reservoir
B&C-Mixture-1
Reservoir
B&C-Mixture-2
Reservoir
3526
0.846
4026
0.878
4526
0.917
5026
0.959
6026
1.05
7026
1.146
T (oF)
Component CO2
130
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.904
1526
0.875
2026
0.855
2526
0.851
3026
0.857
3526
0.877
4026
0.904
4526
0.937
5026
0.974
6026
1.056
7026
1.143
T (oF)
Component CO2
160
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.925
1526
0.899
2026
0.885
2526
0.874
3026
0.905
3526
0.901
4026
0.923
4526
0.954
5026
1.009
6026
1.064
7026
1.143
T (oF)
5.06
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.881
1526
0.838
2026
0.812
2526
0.864
3026
0.875
3526
0.908
4026
0.921
4526
0.96
5026
1.002
6026
1.095
7026
1.19
T (oF)
5.06
10.13
Component CO2
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
N2
0.53
N2
0.53
N2
0.57
N2
157
C1
89.77
C1
89.77
C1
85.20
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.64
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.64
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
Table E.1 (Contd.)

B&C-Mixture-2
Reservoir
B&C-Mixture-2
Reservoir
B&C-Mixture-3
Reservoir
B&C-Mixture-3
130
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.904
1526
0.872
2026
0.85
2526
0.844
3026
0.851
3526
0.879
4026
0.897
4526
0.93
5026
0.969
6026
1.052
7026
1.139
T (oF)
Component CO2
160
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.923
1526
0.899
2026
0.882
2526
0.877
3026
0.883
3526
0.899
4026
0.921
4526
0.949
5026
0.983
6026
1.058
7026
1.139
T (oF)
10.13
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.865
1526
0.814
2026
0.878
2526
0.862
3026
0.878
3526
0.904
4026
0.938
4526
0.979
5026
0.923
6026
1.114
7026
1.214
T (oF)
10.13
20.16
Component CO2
130
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.889
1526
0.852
2026
0.925
2526
0.914
3026
0.92
20.16
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
0.57
N2
0.57
N2
0.52
N2
0.52
158
85.20
C1
85.20
C1
74.58
C1
74.58
4.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
Table E.1 (Contd.)
Reservoir
B&C-Mixture-3
Reservoir
B&C-Mixture-4
3526
0.939
4026
0.967
4526
1.002
5026
1.041
6026
1.126
7026
1.214
T (oF)
160
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.91
1526
0.882
2026
0.86
2526
0.95
3026
0.955
3526
0.97
4026
0.993
4526
1.024
5026
1.056
6026
1.134
7026
1.215
T (oF)
100
Mole %
Zexpt.
B&C-Mixture-4
Reservoir
0.85
2026
0.814
2526
0.814
3026
0.837
3526
0.875
4026
0.821
4526
0.971
5026
1.023
6026
1.131
7026
1.241
Component CO2
130
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.951
1526
0.899
2026
0.87
2526
0.863
3026
0.878
3526
0.906
4026
0.945
4526
0.989
5026
1.036
6026
1.035
7026
1.136
T (oF)
10.91
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
N2
0.52
N2
0.00
C1
74.58
C1
75.93
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.00 13.16
0.00
0.00
C2
iC4
nC4
0.00 13.16
0.00
0.00
C2
iC4
nC4
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.913
1526
T (oF)
20.16
Component CO2
P (psia)
1026
Reservoir
Component CO2
10.91
Component CO2
H2S
0.00
H2S
N2
0.00
N2
159
C1
75.93
C1
C3
C3
iC5
0.00
iC5
Table E.1 (Contd.)

B&C-Mixture-4
Reservoir
B&C-Mixture-5
Reservoir
B&C-Mixture-5
Reservoir
B&C-Mixture-5
160
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.974
1526
0.934
2026
0.91
2526
0.904
3026
0.913
3526
0.936
4026
0.967
4526
1.003
5026
1.045
6026
1.136
7026
1.228
T (oF)
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.893
1526
0.815
2026
0.776
2526
0.778
3026
0.808
3526
0.851
4026
0.901
4526
0.955
5026
1.01
6026
1.124
7026
1.138
T (oF)
12.92
Component CO2
130
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.93
1526
0.872
2026
0.836
2526
0.83
3026
0.848
3526
0.882
4026
0.924
4526
0.971
5026
1.021
6026
1.125
7026
1.231
T (oF)
10.91
12.92
Component CO2
160
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1026
0.961
1526
0.913
2026
0.883
2526
0.875
3026
0.886
12.92
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
H2S
0.00
0.00
N2
0.00
N2
0.00
N2
0.00
160
75.93
C1
0.00 13.16
0.00
0.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.00
0.00
0.00
C3
iC4
nC4
0.00
0.00
0.00
C3
iC4
nC4
0.00
0.00
0.00
58.41 28.67
C1
C2
58.41 28.67
C1
C2
58.41 28.67
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
iC5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.00
0.00
0.00
Table E.1 (Contd.)
Reservoir
FINA-ET.ALCreek-10-7
Reservoir
FINAWINDFALL-T-3
Reservoir
FINAWINDFALLPILOT-PLANTINJECTIONGAS-T-3
Reservoir
3526
0.911
4026
0.947
4526
0.989
5026
1.033
6026
1.129
7026
1.227
T (oF)
Component CO2
236
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
3514
0.914
4014
0.955
4514
0.999
5014
1.042
5514
1.092
6014
1.142
6514
1.193
T (oF)
3.4
Component CO2
219
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
16
H2S
7.74 11.83
N2
1.15
N2
1.62
C1
59.09
C1
63.00
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
7.59
3.09
0.78
1.69
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.20
2.69
0.69
1.80
iC5
0.67
iC5
0.70
3814
0.843
MC7+
3854
0.845
SgC7+ 0.7880
3914
0.849
4014
0.857
4514
0.901
5014
0.946
T (oF)
Component CO2
150
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
5.13 15.67
N2
2.68
C1
66.84
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.55
3.01
0.47
0.83
iC5
0.22
MC7+
0.787
SgC7+ 0.7500
0.82
0.859
5014
0.901
T (oF)
Component CO2
200
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
5.13 15.67
N2
2.68
C1
66.84
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.55
3.01
0.47
0.83
iC5
0.22
125.0
3014
0.824
MC7+
3514
0.839
SgC7+ 0.7500
4014
0.864
4514
0.894
5014
0.928
161
1.2
C7+
4.56
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.79
0.92
4.02
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.23
0.15
0.22
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.23
0.15
0.22
125.0
0.764
3514
4514
0.78
nC6
139.0
3014
4014
nC5
Table E.1 (Contd.)

Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
FINAWINDFALLPROCESSINGPLANTINJECTIONGAS-T-3
Reservoir
Reservoir
T (oF)
Component CO2
250
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
5.13 15.67
N2
2.68
C1
66.84
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.55
3.01
0.47
0.83
iC5
0.22
0.877
MC7+
3514
0.888
SgC7+ 0.7500
4014
0.907
4514
0.931
5014
0.96
Component CO2
300
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
5.13 15.67
N2
2.68
C1
66.84
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
4.55
3.01
0.47
0.83
iC5
0.22
0.912
MC7+
3514
0.922
SgC7+ 0.7500
4014
0.939
0.96
5014
0.985
T (oF)
Component CO2
50
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1014
0.714
2014
0.63
2514
0.655
3014
0.7
4014
0.715
5014
0.834
T (oF)
4.51 27.30
100
Mole %
Zexpt.
N2
0.61
C1
64.59
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.84
0.93
0.27
0.20
MC7+
iC5
0.20
0.15
0.22
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.23
0.15
0.22
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.11
0.12
0.32
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.11
0.12
0.32
nC5
nC6
C7+
103.0
H2S
4.51 27.30
N2
0.61
C1
64.59
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.84
0.93
0.27
0.20
iC5
0.20
103.0
1014
0.816
MC7+
2014
0.764
SgC7+ 0.7000
2514
0.752
3014
0.769
4014
0.748
5014
0.846
T (oF)
0.23
SgC7+ 0.7000
Component CO2
P (psia)
H2S
C7+
125.0
3014
4514
nC6
125.0
3014
T (oF)
nC5
Component CO2
H2S
N2
162
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
Table E.1 (Contd.)

Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
125
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
4.51 27.30
0.61
64.59
0.84
0.93
0.27
0.20
0.20
0.847
MC7+
2014
0.722
SgC7+ 0.7000
2514
0.703
3014
0.708
4014
0.771
5014
0.857
Component CO2
150
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
4.51 27.30
N2
0.61
C1
64.59
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.84
0.93
0.27
0.20
iC5
0.20
0.871
MC7+
2014
0.768
SgC7+ 0.7000
2514
0.747
3014
0.747
4014
0.795
5014
0.869
Component CO2
175
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
4.51 27.30
N2
0.61
C1
64.59
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.84
0.93
0.27
0.20
iC5
0.20
0.895
MC7+
2014
0.809
SgC7+ 0.7000
2514
0.788
3014
0.784
4014
0.819
5014
0.885
Component CO2
200
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
4.51 27.30
N2
0.61
C1
64.59
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.84
0.93
0.27
0.20
iC5
0.20
103.0
1014
0.913
MC7+
2014
0.842
SgC7+ 0.7000
2514
0.824
3014
0.818
4014
0.844
5014
0.902
163
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.11
0.12
0.32
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.11
0.12
0.32
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.11
0.12
0.32
103.0
1014
T (oF)
0.32
103.0
1014
T (oF)
0.12
103.0
1014
T (oF)
0.11
Table E.1 (Contd.)

Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
CHEVRONCLARK-LAKE11-33
Reservoir
NEVIS-NO.11030
T (oF)
Component CO2
225
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
4.51 27.30
N2
0.61
C1
64.59
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.84
0.93
0.27
0.20
iC5
0.20
0.925
MC7+
2014
0.865
SgC7+ 0.7000
2514
0.848 0.748
3014
0.841 0.741
4014
0.864 0.764
5014
0.914 0.814
Component CO2
250
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
H2S
4.51 27.30
N2
0.61
C1
64.59
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
0.84
0.93
0.27
0.20
iC5
0.20
0.944
MC7+
2014
0.894
SgC7+ 0.7000
0.88
3014
0.873
4014
0.889
5014
0.931
T (oF)
Component CO2
228
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
3366
0.79
3414
0.793
3469
0.797
3514
0.8
3814
0.822
4214
0.857
4514
0.883
4672
0.899
4714
0.902
4814
0.912
5014
0.931
5514
0.982
6014
1.034
6514
1.086
7014
1.139
T (oF)
143
Mole %
Zexpt.
17.6
N2
1.02
C1
57.41
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
7.55
3.24
0.87
1.63
MC7+
0.11
0.12
0.32
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.11
0.12
0.32
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
0.63
0.79
1.31
4.51
nC5
nC6
C7+
150.0
SgC7+ 0.8000
Component CO2
P (psia)
2354
3.44
H2S
C7+
103.0
1014
2514
nC6
103.0
1014
T (oF)
nC5
2.06
H2S
6.21
N2
10.15
0.832
C1
70.52
C2
5.38
C3
2.8
iC4
nC4
0.37
0.95
MC7+
164
iC5
0.29
125.0
0.35
0.3
0.62
Table E.1 (Contd.)
Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Panther River523
2404
0.832
2414
0.832
2514
0.832
2614
0.834
3014
0.844
3514
0.869
4014
0.903
4514
0.944
5014
0.987
T (oF)
Component CO2
50
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
864
0.759
T (oF)
50
Mole %
Zexpt.
1114
0.702
50
Mole %
Zexpt.
1189
0.674
T (oF)
100
Mole %
Zexpt.
664
0.779
100
Mole %
Zexpt.
984
0.7
100
Mole %
Zexpt.
1014
0.697
T (oF)
100
Mole %
Zexpt.
1344
0.613
T (oF)
100
Mole %
Zexpt.
1454
0.589
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
3.37
54.78
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
27.72
4.34
58.21
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
26.77
4.63
59.24
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
1.09
23.90
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
1.98
36.86
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
1.80
37.18
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
2.56
41.64
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
2.75
42.26
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
H2S
H2S
10.22 45.47
Component CO2
P (psia)
C2
11.10 49.80
Component CO2
P (psia)
C1
10.53 50.44
Component CO2
P (psia)
N2
11.27 63.57
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
9.29
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
9.67
Component CO2
P (psia)
H2S
10.67 31.08
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
SgC7+ 0.7500
H2S
10.13 44.74
165
Table E.1 (Contd.)

Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Panther River523
Reservoir
Jeff Lake Et.Al
Cross 11-25-2529 W4M
(Smoothed
Data)
Reservoir
T (oF)
Component CO2
150
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
714
0.758
T (oF)
Component CO2
150
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
1064
0.635
T (oF)
150
Mole %
Zexpt.
1374
0.543
150
Mole %
Zexpt.
1414
0.518
150
Mole %
Zexpt.
1594
0.452
175
Mole %
Zexpt.
664
0.829
1014
0.726
1364
0.606
8.65
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
200
0.958
600
0.871
1000
0.786
1500
0.681
2000
0.611
2500
0.598
3000
0.619
3500
0.656
4000
0.7
T (oF)
9.14
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
9.12
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
9.14
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
8.74
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
7.96
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
73.85
0.75
17.27
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
69.95
0.89
20.27
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
67.16
1.04
22.53
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
66.84
1.06
22.85
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
65.87
1.08
23.73
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
70.03
0.92
20.24
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
2.16
53.41
1.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
10.16 33.16
Component CO2
H2S
166
Table E.1 (Contd.)

Jeff Lake Et.Al
Cross 11-25-2529 W4M
(Smoothed
Data)
Reservoir
Jeff Lake Et.Al
Cross 6-32-2528 W4M
(Smoothed
Data)
Reservoir
Jeff Lake Et.Al
Cross 6-32-2528 W4M
(Smoothed
Data)
Reservoir
176
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
200
0.972
600
0.92
1000
0.873
1500
0.816
2000
0.77
2500
0.744
3000
0.74
3500
0.752
4000
0.776
T (oF)
Component CO2
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
200
0.956
600
0.876
1000
0.804
1500
0.719
2000
0.66
2500
0.645
3000
0.66
3500
0.695
4000
0.735
T (oF)
9.23
Component CO2
176
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
200
0.972
600
0.924
1000
0.883
1500
0.837
2000
0.801
2500
0.78
3000
0.78
3500
0.795
4000
0.816
T (oF)
10.16 33.16
9.23
Component CO2
2.16
53.41
1.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
26.59
2.64
59.57
1.97
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
26.59
2.64
59.57
1.97
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
167
Table E.1 (Contd.)

Jeff Lake Et.Al
Cross 11-3-2528 W4M
(Smoothed
Data)
Reservoir
Jeff Lake Et.Al
Cross 11-3-2528 W4M
(Smoothed
Data)
Reservoir
Imperial FINA
Wildcat Hills 635-27-6 W5M
(Smoothed
Data)
Reservoir
100
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
200
0.963
600
0.902
1000
0.851
1500
0.795
2000
0.755
2500
0.74
3000
0.749
3500
0.775
4000
0.809
T (oF)
Component CO2
176
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
200
0.976
600
0.942
1000
0.915
1500
0.884
2000
0.86
2500
0.846
3000
0.849
3500
0.863
4000
0.884
T (oF)
75
Mole %
Zexpt.
513
0.913
1013
0.835
1513
0.772
2013
0.736
2513
0.73
3013
0.748
3513
0.781
4013
0.825
3.00
70.69
2.46
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
3.00
70.69
2.46
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
3.95
0.68
83.74
2.86
0.75
0.25
0.23
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.72
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
H2S
13.47 10.38
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
13.47 10.38
6.60
7+ Fraction Mole Wt. 139
Component CO2
Sp. Gr. 0.7860
H2S
N2
168
Table E.1 (Contd.)

Imperial FINA
(Smoothed
Data)
Reservoir
Imperial FINA
(Smoothed
Data)
Reservoir
Imperial FINA
(Smoothed
Data)
Reservoir
Imperial Mobil
Brazeau River
6-11
(Smoothed
Data)
99
Mole %
P (psia)
Zexpt.
513
0.928
1013
0.863
1513
0.808
2013
0.773
2513
0.762
3013
0.774
3513
0.801
4013
0.837
T (oF)
132
Mole %
Zexpt.
513
0.934
1013
0.882
1513
0.845
2013
0.82
2513
0.812
3013
0.821
3513
0.842
4013
0.872
189
Mole %
Zexpt.
513
0.949
1013
0.912
1513
0.889
2013
0.878
2513
0.874
3013
0.876
3513
0.89
4013
0.914
T (oF)
6.60
210
Mole %
Zexpt.
83.74
2.86
0.75
0.25
0.23
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.72
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
3.95
0.68
83.74
2.86
0.75
0.25
0.23
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.72

Sp. Gr. 0.7860
6.60
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
3.95
0.68
83.74
2.86
0.75
0.25
0.23
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.72

Sp. Gr. 0.7860
Component CO2
P (psia)
0.68
Sp. Gr. 0.7860
Component CO2
P (psia)
3.95
Component CO2
P (psia)
T (oF)
6.60
3.66
H2S
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
nC6
C7+
2.16
0.00
89.34
3.52
0.50
0.21
0.23
0.10
0.08
0.20
0.00
169
Table E.1 (Contd.)

813
0.948
1063
0.934
1516
0.913
2085
0.904
2513
0.898
2828
0.9
3013
0.901
3429
0.906
3743
0.919
4013
0.935

Sp. Gr. 0.7860
170
APPENDIX F
PREDICTION OF Z-FACTOR FROM LLS EOS
Methane Z-Factor (LLS EOS)

1.088
1.033
400 Expt.
0.978
Z-Factor
LLS 400 psia

1500 Expt.
LLS 1500 psia
0.923
2000 Expt
LLS 2000 psia
3000 Expt
0.868
LLS 3000 psia

4000 Expt
LLS 4000 Psia
0.813
0.758
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.7
Reduced Temperature
Figure F.1: Z-factor for pure substances (Methane).

n-Decane Z- Factor (LLS EOS)
2.5
2.0
400 Expt.
LLS 400 psia
1.5
Z-Factor
1500 Expt.
LLS 1500 psia
2000 Expt
LLS 2000 psia
1.0
3000 Expt
LLS 3000 psia
4000 Expt
LLS 4000 Psia
0.5
0.0
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
Reduced Temperature
Figure F.2: Z-factor for pure substances (n-Decane).
171
0.85
Carbon Dioxide Z-Factor (LLS EOS)

1
0.8
400 Expt.
Z-Factor
LLS 400 psia
1500 Expt.
LLS 1500 psia
0.6
2000 Expt
LLS 2000 psia
3000 Expt
LLS 3000 psia
4000 Expt
0.4
LLS 4000 Psia
0.2
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
Reduced Temperature
Figure F.3: Z-factor for pure substances (Carbon Dioxide).

Hydrogen Sulfide Z-Factor (LLS EOS)
0.9375
0.75
Z-Factor
400 Expt.
LLS 400 psia
0.5625
1500 Expt.
LLS 1500 psia
2000 Expt
LLS 2000 psia
0.375
3000 Expt
LLS 3000 psia
4000 Expt
LLS 4000 Psia
0.1875
0
0.74
0.83
0.92
1.01
1.10
1.19
Reduced Temperature
Figure F.4: Z-factor for pure substances (Hydrogen Sulfide).
172
Nitrogen Z-Factor (LLS EOS)

1.145
1.11
400 Expt.
Z-Factor
LLS 400 psia

1500 Expt.
1.075
LLS 1500 psia

2000 Expt
LLS 2000 psia
1.04
3000 Expt
LLS 3000 psia
4000 Expt
LLS 4000 Psia
1.005
0.97
2.40
3.00
3.60
4.20
Reduced Temperature
Figure F.5: Z-factor for pure substances (Nitrogen).
173
4.80
APPENDIX G
FORTRAN PROGRAMS
Z-FACTOR PROGRAM BY LLS EOS METHOD FOR MIXTURES

DIMENSION root(3),coeff(4),XC(20),P(30), ac(20), bc(20), zc(20), omgw(20)
Dimension PPR(40),TTR(20),PP(30),Zexpt(30,30),Corr(20),BWR(20),XCMP(20),BIJA(15,15),&
BIJB(15,15),BIJC(15,15),BIJD(15,15)
Dimension Alp(20), Bet(20), AF(20), wm(20), tc(20), pc(20),APDB(5),ZZV(5,30)
Data PPR/0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0,1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5,1.6,1.7,1.8,1.9,2.0&
,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5,5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0,8.5,9.0,9.5,10,15,20,25,30/
Data TTR/0.1,0.5,1,1.5,2,3,4,5/
OPEN (UNIT=5,FILE='Input_SageLaceyC1-C2_ZFactData.TXT',STATUS='old')
OPEN (UNIT=6,FILE='OUTPUT_SageLaceyC1-C2_ZFactData.TXT',STATUS='unknown')
WRITE (6,*) 'LLS-MIXTURE-Sage and LaceyC1-C2_ZFactData'

Read (5,*)NData
do 20 I = 1,2
Read (5,*)wm(I),zc(I),AF(I),omgw(I),pc(I),tc(I)
20
Continue
R = 10.73
!
BIJA = Average Acentric Factor
!
BIJB = Average Molecular Weight
!
BIJC = Average of Acentric Factor X Molecular Weight
!
BIJD = Average of Tc / Sqrt(Pc)
Do 100 K=1,NData
Read (5,*)Ncomp,TT,NDataP
Read (5,*) (XCMP(J),J=1,9)
Do 220 I=1,2
!
Write (6,*)wm(I),zc(I),AF(I),omgw(I),pc(I),tc(I)
Call Para(AF(I),zc(I),wm(I),tc(I),pc(I),R,TT,Alp(I),Bet(I),ac(I),bc(I))
! write(6,*)I,TT,AF(I),zc(I),wm(I),tc(I),pc(I),Alp(I),Bet(I),ac(I),bc(I)
!
write(6,*)I,TT,PP,Alp(I),Bet(I),ac(I),bc(I)
220 continue
!
Computation of Binary Interaction Parameter
Call BinIJ(Ncomp,AF,wm,tc,pc, BIJA,BIJB,BIJC,BIJD)
!
If( K .GT. 1) GO TO 122
Do 121 I=1,Ncomp
Do 121 J=1,Ncomp
write(6,*) BIJA(I,J),BIJB(I,J),BIJC(I,J),BIJD(I,J)
121 Continue
122 Continue
Do 120 J=1,NDataP
Read (5,*)PP(J),(Zexpt(J,I),I=1,9)
!
Write (6,*) TT,PP(J),(Zexpt(J,I),I=1,9)
120
Continue
Do 160 J=1,9
AAPD=0.0
IT=0
XC(1)=XCMP(J)
XC(2)=1.0-XC(1)
Write (6,125)
Write (6,*)' C1 Mole Fraction = ',XC(1),' C2 Mole Fraction = ',XC(2)
125 Format(/)
Do 145 IB=1,4
IT=0
AAPD=0.0
Do 140 I=1,NDataP
174
If(IB .EQ. 1)Call Mixrule(Ncomp, XC, ac, bc,tc,pc, Alp, Bet, AF, wm,BIJA, am, bm, Alpm, Betm,wmix,AFmix)
If(IB .EQ. 2)Call Mixrule(Ncomp, XC, ac, bc,tc,pc, Alp, Bet, AF, wm,BIJB, am, bm, Alpm, Betm,wmix,AFmix)
If(IB .EQ. 3)Call Mixrule(Ncomp, XC, ac, bc,tc,pc, Alp, Bet, AF, wm,BIJC, am, bm, Alpm, Betm,wmix,AFmix)
If(IB .EQ. 4)Call Mixrule(Ncomp, XC, ac, bc,tc,pc, Alp, Bet, AF, wm,BIJD, am, bm, Alpm, Betm,wmix,AFmix)
call Zfactr (Alpm, Betm, am, bm, PP(I), TT, R, ZV, ZL)
call TcPcMix(am,bm,Alpm,Betm,R,Tcm,Pcm)
DenV=PP(I)*wmix/(ZV*R*TT)
APD=((ZV-Zexpt(I,J))/Zexpt(I,J))*100.0
AAPD=AAPD+ABS(APD)
!
!
write (6,*)
write (6,15) TT,PP(I),ZV,ZL,Zexpt(I,J),APD
ZZV(IB,I)=ZV
15
Format(2F8.1,5F8.4)
140
Continue
DatP=NDataP
AAPD=AAPD/DatP
APDB(IB)=AAPD
!
write(6,*)'End of Data = ',K
!
write(6,*)'Average Absolute Percent Deviation = ',AAPD
145 Continue
Do 146 I=1,NDataP
write (6,15) TT,PP(I),(ZZV(N1,I),N1=1,4),Zexpt(I,J)
146 Continue
write(6,51)(APDB(N1),N1=1,4)
51 Format(16X,5F8.2)
write(6,25)
160 Continue
25
Format(/)
100 Continue
close(5)
close(6)
STOP
END
Subroutine Zfactr (Alp, Bet, AT, BC, P, T, R, ZV, ZL)
Dimension Coef(4),RT(3)
AA = AT*P/(R**2*T**2)
BB = BC*P/(R*T)
Coef(1) = 1.
Coef(2) = -(1.+(1-Alp)*BB)
Coef(3) = AA-(Alp*BB)-(Bet+Alp)*BB**2
Coef(4) = -(AA*BB-Bet*(BB**2+BB**3))
Call Cubic (MTYPE, Coef, RT)
! write(6,*) 'Root=',RT
Rmin
= 1.E+10
Rmax
= 1.E-10
Do 70 I=1,3
if (RT(I).LE. 0.0) Go to 70
if (RT(I).LT. BB) Go to 70
if (RT(I).GT. Rmax) Rmax = RT(I)
if (RT(I).LT. Rmin) Rmin = RT(I)
70 Continue
ZV=Rmax
ZL=Rmin
Return
End
Subroutine ZRedMix (Alp, Bet,AF,wm, Zc,Pr,tr, ZV, ZL)
w=AF
theta = 0.309833 + 1.763758*w + 0.720661*w*w - 1.363589*w**3 - 4.005783*w/(sqrt(wm))
tmp = tr ** (-theta/2.0)
omgW=0.361/(1.0+0.0274*w)
omga=(1.0+(omgW-1.0)*Zc)**3
omgb = omgW*Zc
175
Coef(1) = 1.0
Coef(2) = -(1.0/Zc+(1.0-Alp)*omgb*Pr/(Zc*tr))
Coef(3) = omga*Pr/(Zc**2*tr**(2+theta))-Alp*omgb*Pr/(Zc**2*tr)-(Alp+Bet)*(omgb*Pr/(Zc*tr))**2
Coef(4) = -(omga*omgb*Pr**2/(Zc**3*tr**(3+theta))-Bet*(1.0/Zc*(omgb*Pr/(Zc*tr))**2+(omgb*Pr/(Zc*tr))**3))
Rmin
= 1.E+10
Rmax
= 1.E-10
Do 70 I=1,3
70 Continue
ZV=Rmax*Zc
ZL=Rmin*Zc
Return
End
70
70
Subroutine Zcfactr (Alp, Bet, Zc, RT)

Coef(1) = Alp**3 + 6*Alp**2+ 12*Alp + 8.
Coef(2) = -(12*Alp**2+12 *Alp + 9*Bet- 9*Alp*Bet+ 3.)
Coef(3) = 6*Alp**2 + 3*Alp + 6*Bet - 6*Alp*Bet
Coef(4) = -(Alp**2+Bet-Alp*Bet)
Rmin
= 1.E+10
Rmax
= 1.E-10
Do 70 I=1,3
Continue
ZV=Rmax
ZL=Rmin
Zc = Rmax
Return
End
Subroutine Bcfact (Alp, Bet, Bc,RT)
Coef(1) = Alp**3 + 6*Alp**2+ 12*Alp + 8.
Coef(2) = -(3*Alp**2-15 *Alp+27*Bet-15.)
Coef(3) = 3*Alp+6.
Coef(4) = -1.
Rmin
= 1.E+10
Rmax
= 1.E-10
Do 70 I=1,3
Continue
ZV = Rmax
ZL = Rmin
Bc = Rmax
Return
End
Subroutine TcPcMix(am,bm,alpm,betm,R,Tcm,Pcm)
Dimension RTB(3), RTZ(3)
call Bcfact (alpm, betm, Bc,RTB)
call Zcfactr (alpm, betm, Zc, RTZ)
denom = 3*zc**2+(alpm+betm)*Bc**2+alpm*Bc
176
Pcm = (am*Bc**2)/(bm**2*denom)
Tcm = (am*Bc)/(bm*R*denom)
return
End
!
!
Subroutine Para(AF,zc,wm,tc,pc,R,TT,Alp,Bet,ac,bc)
omgww = 0.361/(1.0+0.0274*AF)
Alp = (1.0+omgww*zc-3.0*zc)/(omgww*zc)
Bet = (zc*zc*(omgww-1.0)**3.0+(2.0*zc*omgww**2)+&
omgww*(1.0-3.0*zc))/(omgww**2*zc)
omga = (1.0+(omgww-1.0)*zc)**3.0
omgb = omgww*zc
tr = TT/tc
theta = 0.309833 + 1.763758*AF + 0.720661*AF*AF - 1.363589*AF**3 - 4.005783*AF/sqrt(wm)
theta = 0.19708+0.08627*AF+0.35714*AF**2+3.59015E-03*AF*wm
tmp = tr**(-theta)
CB = omgb*R*tc/pc
CA = omga*R**2*tc**2/pc
ac = CA*tmp
bc = CB
Return
End
Subroutine Mixrule(Ncomp, x, ac, bc,tc,pc, Alp, Bet, AF, wm,BIN, Sumam,bmLLS, SumAlpm, SumBetm,wmmix,AFmix)
Dimension x(20), ac(20), bc(20), Alp(20), Bet(20), AF(20), wm(20),tc(20),pc(20),BIN(15,15)
Sumam = 0.0
SumbmLLS = 0.0
SumAlpm = 0.0
SumBetm = 0.0
wmmix = 0.0
AFmix = 0.0
Do 10 I = 1,Ncomp
Sumbm = Sumbm + x(I)*bc(I)
AFmix=AFmix+x(I)*sqrt(AF(I))
wmmix=wmmix+x(I)*sqrt(wm(I))
SumbmLLS = SumbmLLS + x(I)*bc(I)**(1.0/3.0)
Do 10 J = 1,Ncomp
Sumam = Sumam + x(I)*x(J)*sqrt(ac(I))*sqrt(ac(J))*BIN(I,J)
SumAlpm = SumAlpm + x(I)*x(J)*sqrt(Alp(I))*sqrt(Alp(J))*BIN(I,J)
SumBetm = SumBetm + x(I)*x(J)*sqrt(Bet(I))*sqrt(Bet(J))*BIN(I,J)
10
Continue
bmLLS = (SumbmLLS)**3.0
AFmix=AFmix**2
wmmix=wmmix**2
Return
End
Subroutine BinIJ(Ncomp,AF,wm,tc,pc, BIJA,BIJB,BIJC,BIJD)
Dimension AF(20),wm(20),tc(20),pc(20)
Dimension BIJA(15,15),BIJB(15,15),BIJC(15,15),BIJD(15,15)
Do 10 I = 1,Ncomp
Do 10 J = 1,Ncomp
AFI=AF(I)
AFJ=AF(J)
WMI=wm(I)
WMJ=wm(J)
AFWI=wm(I)*AF(I)
AFWJ=wm(J)*AF(J)
TPCI=tc(I)/sqrt(pc(I))
TPCJ=tc(J)/sqrt(pc(J))
!
If(AFI.LE.AFJ) BIJA(I,J) = (AFI/AFJ)**0.5
If(AFI.GT.AFJ) BIJA(I,J)= (AFJ/AFI)**0.5
!
177
If(WMI.LE.WMJ) BIJB(I,J) = (WMI/WMJ)**0.5

If(WMI.GT.WMJ) BIJB(I,J) = (WMJ/WMI)**0.5
!
If(AFWI.LE.AFWJ) BIJC(I,J) = (AFWI/AFWJ)**0.5
If(AFWI.GT.AFWJ) BIJC(I,J) = (AFWJ/AFWI)**0.5
!
If(TPCI.LE.TPCJ) BIJD(I,J) = (TPCI/TPCJ)**0.5
If(TPCI.GT.TPCJ) BIJD(I,J) = (TPCJ/TPCI)**0.5
10
Continue
Return
End
Subroutine Cubic(MTYPE,A,Z)
DIMENSION B(3), A(4), Z(3)
10
!
20
30
40
!
50
60
70
80
90
!
100
110
120
B(1)=A(2)/A(1)
B10V3=B(1)/3.0
B(2)=A(3)/A(1)
B(3)=A(4)/A(1)
ALF=B(2)-B(1)*B10V3
BBT=2.0*B10V3**3-B(2)*B10V3+B(3)
BETOV=BBT/2.0
ALFOV=ALF/3.0
CUAOV=ALFOV**3
SQBOV=BETOV**2
DEL=SQBOV+CUAOV
IF (DEL) 90,10,40
MTYPE = 0
Three Equal Roots
GAM=SQRT(-ALFOV)
IF (BBT) 30,30,20
Z(1) = -2.0*GAM-B10V3
Z(2) = GAM-B10V3
Z(3) = Z(2)
GO TO 130
Z(1) = 2.0*GAM-B10V3
Z(2) = -GAM-B10V3
Z(3) = Z(2)
GO TO 130
MTYPE = 1
One Real Root & 2 Imaginary Conjugate Roots
EPS=SQRT(DEL)
TAU=-BETOV
RCU=TAU+EPS
SCU=TAU-EPS
SIR=1.0
SIS=1.0
IF (RCU) 50,60,60
SIR=-1.0
IF (SCU) 70,80,80
SIS=-1.0
R=SIR*(SIR*RCU)**0.3333333333
S=SIS*(SIS*SCU)**0.3333333333
Z(1)=R+S-B10V3
Z(2)=-(R+S)/2.0-B10V3
Z(3)=0.86602540*(R-S)
GO TO 130
MTYPE = -1
Three Dissimilar and Real Roots
QUOT=SQBOV/CUAOV
RCOT=SQRT(-QUOT)
IF (BBT) 110,100,100
PEI=(1.5707963+ATAN(RCOT/SQRT(1.0-RCOT**2)))/3.0
GO TO 120
PEI=ATAN(SQRT(1.0-RCOT**2)/RCOT)/3.0
FACT=2.0*SQRT(-ALFOV)
Z(1)=FACT*COS(PEI)-B10V3
178
130
PEI=PEI+2.0943951
PEI=PEI+2.0943951
CONTINUE
IF (MTYPE .EQ. 1) Z(2) = -99.99
IF (MTYPE .EQ. 1) Z(3) = -99.99
RETURN
END
Z-FACTOR PROGRAM BY LLS EOS METHOD FOR MIXTURES

DIMENSION root(3),coeff(4),XC(20),P(20), ac(20), bc(20), zc(20), omgw(20)
Dimension PPR(40),TTR(20),Zexpt(20),BIJA(15,15),BIJB(15,15),BIJC(15,15),BIJD(15,15)
Dimension APDB(5,20),ZZV(5,30),DEV(5),TT(30),PP(30)
Dimension Alp(20), Bet(20), AF(20), wm(20), tc(20), pc(20)
Data PPR/0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0,1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5,1.6,1.7,1.8,1.9,2.0&
,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5,5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0,8.5,9.0,9.5,10,15,20,25,30/
Data TTR/0.1,0.5,1,1.5,2,3,4,5/
OPEN (UNIT=5,FILE='Input-Elsh_SPE74369.TXT',STATUS='old')
OPEN (UNIT=6,FILE='OUTPUT-LLS-Elsh-SPE74369.TXT',STATUS='unknown')
WRITE (6,*) 'LLS-Elsh-SPE74369'
Read (5,*)NData
Read (5,*)(Zexpt(I),I=1,NData)
R = 10.73
AAPD=0.0
!
BIJA = Average Acentric Factor
!
BIJB = Average Molecular Weight
!
BIJC = Average of Acentric Factor X Molecular Weight
!
BIJD = Average of Tc / Sqrt(Pc)
IT=1
Do 100 K=1,NData
Read (5,*)Ncomp,PP(K),TT(K)
!
Write (6,*) Ncomp,TT(K),PP(K)
do 20 I = 1,Ncomp
Read (5,*)XC(I),wm(I),zc(I),AF(I),omgw(I),pc(I),tc(I)
!
Write (6,*)XC(I),wm(I),zc(I),AF(I),omgw(I),pc(I),tc(I)
Call Para(AF(I),zc(I),wm(I),tc(I),pc(I),R,TT,Alp(I),Bet(I),ac(I),bc(I))
! write(6,*)I,TT(K),AF(I),zc(I),wm(I),tc(I),pc(I),Alp(I),Bet(I),ac(I),bc(I)
!
write(6,*)I,TT(K),PP(K),Alp(I),Bet(I),ac(I),bc(I)
20 continue
!
Computation of Binary Interaction Parameter
Call BinIJ(Ncomp,AF,wm,tc,pc, BIJA,BIJB,BIJC,BIJD)
!
If(IT .GT. 1) GO TO 122
Do 121 II=1,Ncomp
121
write(6,126) (BIJA(II,JJ),JJ=II,Ncomp)
write(6,127)
Do 123 II=1,Ncomp
123
write(6,126) (BIJB(II,JJ),JJ=II,Ncomp)
write(6,127)
Do 124 II=1,Ncomp
124
write(6,126) (BIJC(II,JJ),JJ=II,Ncomp)
write(6,127)
Do 125 II=1,Ncomp
125
write(6,126) (BIJD(II,JJ),JJ=II,Ncomp)
write(6,127)
126 Format(12F6.3)
127 Format(/)
IT=IT+1
122 Continue
!
write(6,*)'End of Data = ',K
Do 145 IB=1,4
AAPD=0.0
179
If(IB .EQ. 1)Call Mixrule(Ncomp, XC, ac, bc,tc,pc, Alp, Bet, AF, wm,BIJA, am, bm, Alpm, Betm,wmix,AFmix)
If(IB .EQ. 2)Call Mixrule(Ncomp, XC, ac, bc,tc,pc, Alp, Bet, AF, wm,BIJB, am, bm, Alpm, Betm,wmix,AFmix)
If(IB .EQ. 3)Call Mixrule(Ncomp, XC, ac, bc,tc,pc, Alp, Bet, AF, wm,BIJC, am, bm, Alpm, Betm,wmix,AFmix)
If(IB .EQ. 4)Call Mixrule(Ncomp, XC, ac, bc,tc,pc, Alp, Bet, AF, wm,BIJD, am, bm, Alpm, Betm,wmix,AFmix)
! call Mixrule(Ncomp, XC, ac, bc,tc,pc,Alp, Bet, AF, wm, am, bm, Alpm, Betm,wmix,AFmix)
call Zfactr (Alpm, Betm, am, bm, PP(K), TT(K), R, ZV, ZL)
call TcPcMix(am,bm,Alpm,Betm,R,Tcm,Pcm)
!
DenV=PP*wmix/(ZV*R*TT(K))
APD=((ZV-Zexpt(K))/Zexpt(K))*100.0
AAPD=AAPD+ABS(APD)
APDB(IB,K)=AAPD
!
write (6,*);write (6,*)
!
write (6,15) TT(K),PP(K),ZV,ZL,Zexpt(K),APD
ZZV(IB,K)=ZV
15
Format(2F8.1,5F8.4)
145 Continue
100 continue
Dat=NData
AAPD=AAPD/Dat
!
write(6,*)'Average Absolute Percent Deviation = ',AAPD
Do 146 I=1,NData
write (6,15) TT(I),PP(I),(ZZV(N1,I),N1=1,4),Zexpt(I)
146 Continue
APDA2=0.0
APDB2=0.0
APDC2=0.0
APDD2=0.0
Do 147 I=1,NData
APDA2=APDA2+APDB(1,I)
APDB2=APDB2+APDB(2,I)
APDC2=APDC2+APDB(3,I)
APDD2=APDD2+APDB(4,I)
147 Continue
DEV(1)=APDA2/Dat
DEV(2)=APDB2/Dat
DEV(3)=APDC2/Dat
DEV(4)=APDD2/Dat
write(6,51)(DEV(N1),N1=1,4)
51 Format(16X,5F8.2)
close(5)
close(6)
STOP
END
Subroutine Zfactr (Alp, Bet, AT, BC, P, T, R, ZV, ZL)
AA = AT*P/(R**2*T**2)
BB = BC*P/(R*T)
Coef(1) = 1.
Coef(2) = -(1.+(1-Alp)*BB)
Coef(3) = AA-(Alp*BB)-(Bet+Alp)*BB**2
Coef(4) = -(AA*BB-Bet*(BB**2+BB**3))
Rmin
= 1.E+10
Rmax
= 1.E-10
Do 70 I=1,3
70 Continue
ZV=Rmax
ZL=Rmin
Return
End
180
Subroutine ZRedMix (Alp, Bet,AF,wm, Zc,Pr,tr, ZV, ZL)

w=AF
theta = 0.309833 + 1.763758*w + 0.720661*w*w - 1.363589*w**3 - 4.005783*w/(sqrt(wm))
omgW=0.361/(1.0+0.0274*w)
omga=(1.0+(omgW-1.0)*Zc)**3
omgb = omgW*Zc
Coef(1) = 1.0
Coef(2) = -(1.0/Zc+(1.0-Alp)*omgb*Pr/(Zc*tr))
Coef(3) = omga*Pr/(Zc**2*tr**(2+theta))-Alp*omgb*Pr/(Zc**2*tr)-(Alp+Bet)*(omgb*Pr/(Zc*tr))**2
Coef(4) = -(omga*omgb*Pr**2/(Zc**3*tr**(3+theta))-Bet*(1.0/Zc*(omgb*Pr/(Zc*tr))**2+(omgb*Pr/(Zc*tr))**3))
Rmin
= 1.E+10
Rmax
= 1.E-10
Do 70 I=1,3
70 Continue
ZV=Rmax*Zc
ZL=Rmin*Zc
Return
End
70
70
Subroutine Zcfactr (Alp, Bet, Zc, RT)

Coef(1) = Alp**3 + 6*Alp**2+ 12*Alp + 8.
Coef(2) = -(12*Alp**2+12 *Alp + 9*Bet- 9*Alp*Bet+ 3.)
Coef(3) = 6*Alp**2 + 3*Alp + 6*Bet - 6*Alp*Bet
Coef(4) = -(Alp**2+Bet-Alp*Bet)
Rmin
= 1.E+10
Rmax
= 1.E-10
Do 70 I=1,3
Continue
ZV=Rmax
ZL=Rmin
Zc = Rmax
Return
End
Subroutine Bcfact (Alp, Bet, Bc,RT)
Coef(1) = Alp**3 + 6*Alp**2+ 12*Alp + 8.
Coef(2) = -(3*Alp**2-15 *Alp+27*Bet-15.)
Coef(3) = 3*Alp+6.
Coef(4) = -1.
Rmin
= 1.E+10
Rmax
= 1.E-10
Do 70 I=1,3
Continue
ZV = Rmax
ZL = Rmin
Bc = Rmax
181
Return
End
Subroutine TcPcMix(am,bm,alpm,betm,R,Tcm,Pcm)
Dimension RTB(3), RTZ(3)
call Bcfact (alpm, betm, Bc,RTB)
call Zcfactr (alpm, betm, Zc, RTZ)
denom = 3*zc**2+(alpm+betm)*Bc**2+alpm*Bc
Pcm = (am*Bc**2)/(bm**2*denom)
Tcm = (am*Bc)/(bm*R*denom)
return
End
!
!
Subroutine Para(AF,zc,wm,tc,pc,R,TT,Alp,Bet,ac,bc)
omgww = 0.361/(1.0+0.0274*AF)
Alp = (1.0+omgww*zc-3.0*zc)/(omgww*zc)
Bet = (zc*zc*(omgww-1.0)**3.0+(2.0*zc*omgww**2)+&
omgww*(1.0-3.0*zc))/(omgww**2*zc)
omga = (1.0+(omgww-1.0)*zc)**3.0
omgb = omgww*zc
tr = TT/tc
theta = 0.309833 + 1.763758*AF + 0.720661*AF*AF - 1.363589*AF**3 - 4.005783*AF/sqrt(wm)
theta = 0.19708+0.08627*AF+0.35714*AF**2+3.59015E-03*AF*wm
tmp = tr**(-theta)
CB = omgb*R*tc/pc
CA = omga*R**2*tc**2/pc
ac = CA*tmp
bc = CB
Return
End
Subroutine Mixrule(Ncomp, x, ac, bc,tc,pc, Alp, Bet, AF, wm,BIN, Sumam,bmLLS, SumAlpm, SumBetm,wmmix,AFmix)
Dimension x(20), ac(20), bc(20), Alp(20), Bet(20), AF(20), wm(20),&
tc(20),pc(20),BIN(15,15)
Sumam = 0.0
SumbmLLS = 0.0
SumAlpm = 0.0
SumBetm = 0.0
wmmix = 0.0
AFmix = 0.0
Do 10 I = 1,Ncomp
Sumbm = Sumbm + x(I)*bc(I)
AFmix=AFmix+x(I)*sqrt(AF(I))
wmmix=wmmix+x(I)*sqrt(wm(I))
SumbmLLS = SumbmLLS + x(I)*bc(I)**(1.0/3.0)
Do 10 J = 1,Ncomp
Sumam = Sumam + x(I)*x(J)*sqrt(ac(I))*sqrt(ac(J))*BIN(I,J)
SumAlpm = SumAlpm + x(I)*x(J)*sqrt(Alp(I))*sqrt(Alp(J))*BIN(I,J)
SumBetm = SumBetm + x(I)*x(J)*sqrt(Bet(I))*sqrt(Bet(J))*BIN(I,J)
10
Continue
bmLLS = (SumbmLLS)**3.0
AFmix=AFmix**2
wmmix=wmmix**2
Return
End
Subroutine BinIJ(Ncomp,AF,wm,tc,pc, BIJA,BIJB,BIJC,BIJD)
Dimension AF(20),wm(20),tc(20),pc(20)
Dimension BIJA(15,15),BIJB(15,15),BIJC(15,15),BIJD(15,15)
Do 10 I = 1,Ncomp
Do 10 J = 1,Ncomp
AFI=AF(I)
AFJ=AF(J)
WMI=wm(I)
182
WMJ=wm(J)
AFWI=wm(I)*AF(I)
AFWJ=wm(J)*AF(J)
TPCI=tc(I)/sqrt(pc(I))
TPCJ=tc(J)/sqrt(pc(J))
!
If(AFI.LE.AFJ) BIJA(I,J) = (AFI/AFJ)**0.5
If(AFI.GT.AFJ) BIJA(I,J)= (AFJ/AFI)**0.5
!
If(WMI.LE.WMJ) BIJB(I,J) = (WMI/WMJ)**0.5
If(WMI.GT.WMJ) BIJB(I,J) = (WMJ/WMI)**0.5
!
If(AFWI.LE.AFWJ) BIJC(I,J) = (AFWI/AFWJ)**0.5
If(AFWI.GT.AFWJ) BIJC(I,J) = (AFWJ/AFWI)**0.5
!
If(TPCI.LE.TPCJ) BIJD(I,J) = (TPCI/TPCJ)**0.5
If(TPCI.GT.TPCJ) BIJD(I,J) = (TPCJ/TPCI)**0.5
10
Continue
Return
End
Subroutine Cubic(MTYPE,A,Z)
DIMENSION B(3), A(4), Z(3)
10
!
20
30
40
!
50
60
70
80
90
B(1)=A(2)/A(1)
B10V3=B(1)/3.0
B(2)=A(3)/A(1)
B(3)=A(4)/A(1)
ALF=B(2)-B(1)*B10V3
BBT=2.0*B10V3**3-B(2)*B10V3+B(3)
BETOV=BBT/2.0
ALFOV=ALF/3.0
CUAOV=ALFOV**3
SQBOV=BETOV**2
DEL=SQBOV+CUAOV
IF (DEL) 90,10,40
MTYPE = 0
Three Equal Roots
GAM=SQRT(-ALFOV)
IF (BBT) 30,30,20
Z(1) = -2.0*GAM-B10V3
Z(2) = GAM-B10V3
Z(3) = Z(2)
GO TO 130
Z(1) = 2.0*GAM-B10V3
Z(2) = -GAM-B10V3
Z(3) = Z(2)
GO TO 130
MTYPE = 1
One Real Root & 2 Imaginary Conjugate Roots
EPS=SQRT(DEL)
TAU=-BETOV
RCU=TAU+EPS
SCU=TAU-EPS
SIR=1.0
SIS=1.0
IF (RCU) 50,60,60
SIR=-1.0
IF (SCU) 70,80,80
SIS=-1.0
R=SIR*(SIR*RCU)**0.3333333333
S=SIS*(SIS*SCU)**0.3333333333
Z(1)=R+S-B10V3
Z(2)=-(R+S)/2.0-B10V3
Z(3)=0.86602540*(R-S)
GO TO 130
MTYPE = -1
183
100
110
120
130
Three Dissimilar and Real Roots

QUOT=SQBOV/CUAOV
RCOT=SQRT(-QUOT)
IF (BBT) 110,100,100
PEI=(1.5707963+ATAN(RCOT/SQRT(1.0-RCOT**2)))/3.0
GO TO 120
PEI=ATAN(SQRT(1.0-RCOT**2)/RCOT)/3.0
FACT=2.0*SQRT(-ALFOV)
PEI=PEI+2.0943951
PEI=PEI+2.0943951
CONTINUE
IF (MTYPE .EQ. 1) Z(2) = -99.99
IF (MTYPE .EQ. 1) Z(3) = -99.99
RETURN
END
184
PERMISSION TO COPY
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a masters

degree at Texas Tech University or Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, I
agree that the Library and my major department shall make it freely available for
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COMPRESSIBILITY FACTORS FOR NATURAL AND SOUR

RESERVOIR GASES BY CORRELATIONS AND

Use of Compressibility Factors in Engineering Analysis

Z-Factor for Sour and Acid Gases

Z-Factor for Geologic CO2 Storage

Significance of the Project

Objective of the Project

2. COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR PREDICTION TECHNIQUES

Theoretical Analysis of Gas Law-Based Z-Factors

Experimental Method for Compressibility Factors

Empirical Correlation Methods

Standing-Katz Compressibility Factor Chart

Hall-Yarborough Z-Factor Correlation

Wichert -Aziz Z-Factor Correlation

Dranchuk-Abou-Kassem Z-Factor Correlation

Beggs-Brill Equation for SK Z-Factor Chart

Amoco Company Equation for SK Z-Factor Chart

Gopal Best-Fit Equation for SK Z-Factor Chart

Shell Oil Company Equation for SK Z-Factor Chart

Physical Properties of C7+ Fractions Correlations

Corresponding State Prediction Methods

Equations of State Prediction Methods

3. STANDING-KATZ Z-FACTOR CORRELATION

3.1 Standing-Katz Representation of Z-Factor Chart

3.2 Best-Fit Equations for SK Z-Factor Chart

3.3 Mixture Critical Property Prediction Methods

Heptane-Plus Fraction Correlation Methods

Pseudocritical Mixing Parameter Methods

Pseudocritical Gas Gravity Correlation Methods

van der Waals Theory of Pseudocritical Methods

Improved Theory for Pseudocritical Mixture Parameter

3.4 Designed Scaling Parameter for Standing-Katz Z-Factor Chart

Design Procedure for Scaling Parameter

3.5 Designed PR/Z Versus Z-Factor Chart

3.6 Prediction Results for Z-Factor of Natural Gases

3.7 Prediction Results for Z-Factor of Reservoir Gases

4. Z-FACTOR PREDICTIONS FROM CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE

4.1 Selection of Cubic Equations-of-State

4.2 Lawal-Lake-Silberberg Equation of State

4.3 van der Waals Equation of State

4.4 Redlich-Kwong Equation of State

4.5 Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation of State

4.6 Peng-Robinson Equation of State

4.7 Schmidt-Wenzel Equation of State

4.8 Patel-Teja Equation of State

4.9 Trebble-Bishnoi Equation of State

4.10 Transformed Cubic Equations to the LLS EOS Form

4.11 Generalized Reduced State of Cubic Equations-of-State

4.12 Prediction Results for Z-Factor of Pure Substances

4.13 Development of Binary Interaction Parameters

4.14 Prediction Results of Z-Factor of Mixtures

4.15 Prediction Results for Z-Factor of Natural Gases

Results for Excelsior Laboratory Data

Results for TTU Laboratory Data

Results for UCalgary Data

Results for Elsharkawy Gas Data

Results for Elsharkawy Miscellaneous Data

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. REDUCED FORM OF CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE

B. PREDICTION RESULTS FOR PSEUDOCRITICAL PARAMETERS

C. SCALING FACTOR DEVELOPMENT AND RESULTS

D. PREDICTION OF Z-FACTOR FOR PURE SUBSTANCES

E. EXPERIMENTAL Z-FACTOR FOR MISCELLANEOUS GASES