PSC Bulletin, Fortnightly Publication of Kerala Public Service Commission

Vol. 24

Issue 7

Fortnightly

December 1, 2012

Page 24

`5

eIv-Nd (24 hn-j-b--fn- - tIm-tf-Pv- hn-Zym-`ym-kw-)Akn-kv- v- k-P-, {Um-^v-v-kv-am-,eIvNd C ]I-,eIvNd C kwlnX

XpSn- \n-ch[n- Xkv-Xn-IIfn- hn-Pv-Rm-]\wdmv enkvpI

tjmvv enkvpI

Ana Dc kqNnII-

Adn-bnp-I-

s]m-Xp-hn-Pv-Rm-\w-

C-hyq- t{]m-{Kmw- Un-kw-_- 2012

website:www.keralapsc.org

e-mail:kpsc@keralapsc.org

Call Centre: 0471-2554000

-]n-.-Fkv-.-kn-.- sb kw-_n-p- hn-hc- B[n-Im-cn-Ihp-wka{Khp-am-bn- Adn-bp-Xn-\v- ]n-.-Fkv-.-kn-. _p-n- hcn-m-cm-hp-I...--

t^mkv

Cy-bp-sS ]gq-S
kwm\fneqsS
B kn kptcjvIpam

tKmh

\n-e-hn-h-- kw-m-\w*- -C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- thm-n-Mv- sa-jo- D-]-tbm-Kn-v- ]qW-am-bpw- C-e-- \-S-n-b- B-Zy- C-y- kw-m\w- (tI-c-f-n-em-Wv- G-sX-n-ep-sam-cp- a-Wv-U-e-nB-Zy-am-bn- C.-hn.-Fw.- D-]-tbm-Kn--Xv-- 1982 - ]-d-hqD-]-Xn-c-s-Sp-n-)*- -C-y-bn-se- B-Zy-s- {]n- nw-Kv- {]-kv- m-]n--s-Xv--tKm-h-bn*- -C-y-bp-sS- B-Zy-s- A-m-n-Iv- F-Iv-kv-s]-Un-j-
]p-ds
- -X
- v- - tKm-hb
- n-\n-v- (1981.- A-m-n-b
- nF-n-b-Xv- 1982.- D-]-tbm-Kn-- hm-l-\w- Fw-hn- t]mf-m kn)

*
*
*
*

bm-b-Xv- X-an-gv-\m-n-se- Pm-\-Io- cm-a-N-{-\mWv)

tKm-hb
- p-sS- e-Pn-t-o-hv- X-e
- m- \w t]m-thm-dnwtKmhbpsS `cW Xem\w ]\mPn
tKmhbpsS hmWnPy Xem\w amKthm
tUm.-k-enw- A-en- ]-n- k-t-Xw- G-Xv- kw-m-

kqteohpI
* Cybnse Ghpw henb ]n tk Io{U
HmUv tKmh
* ZntWybnse Ghpw \ofw IqSnb sdbnth
Xpc-w Im_psU (6506 ao.). sIm sdbnthbn nXn sNp-p).

{][m\s hkvXpXI

{]tXyIXI
*- C
- - y- b n- s e- G- - h pw- hn- k v - X o- W w- Ip- d - - kwm- \ w*- -]p-cm-W--fn- tKm-a--Iw- F--dn-b-s-- {]-tZ-iw*- -tSm-f-an-bp-sS- ]p-kv-X-I-n- iu-_- F-v- tc-J-sSp-n-b- {]-tZ-iw*- -C-y-bn- G--hpw- Iq-Sp-X-Im-ew- sIm-tfm-Wn-b`-c-W-n-\p- hn-t[-b-am-b- {]-tZ-iw-(1510-1961,- G-ItZ-iw- 452 h-jw-)*- -G--hpw- Ip-d-v- I-S-o-c-ap-- kw-m-\w*- G
-
- h
- pw- Pn-I
- - Ip-dh
- p-- C-y- kw-m-\w-(tKmh-bn-se- Pn--I-- sX-- tKm-h-bpw- h-S-- tKmh-bpw-)*- a
- t- \m-lc
- a
- m-b- _o-p-I-v- {]-k
- a
- m-b- C-y- kwm-\w*- -C-y-bn-se- 25-a-s- kw-m-\w*- -P-\-kw-Jy-bn-epw- hn-kv-Xo-W-n-epw- G--hpw- sNdn-b- Z-n-tW-y- kw-m-\w- (2011 sk-k-kv{]-Im-cw- C-y-bn- G--hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Ip-d-hv- knn-an-em-Wv-)*- -In-g-n-s- ]-dp-Zo-k- F--dn-b-s-Sp-- C-y- kwm-\w*- -k-m- Hm-^o-kp-I-fn- C--sa-bn- kw-hn-[m-\wG-s-Sp-n-b- B-Zy- C-y- kw-m-\w-

BZysXv
*- -G-Io-Ir-X- kn-hn- tIm-Uv- \-S-m-n-b- B-Zy- Cy- kw-m-\w- (G-Io-Ir-X- kn-hn- tIm-Un-s\-n- ]-cm-a-in-p-- `-c-W-L-S-\m- A-\p-t-Zw- 44)*- -C-y-bn- B-Zy-am-bn- kv-ssI- _-kv- kw-hn-[m-\w-

* 1998 sa-bv- am-k-n- \m-j-W- sk-- t^m- Am-n-Iv- B-Uv- Hm-j- dn-k-v- F-hn-sS- m-]nXambn hmkvtIm U Kma (tKmhbnse Ghpw
henb \KcamWnXv)
* tKmhbnse HutZymKnI`mj sImWn (CXv
Ctm Bcy `mjmtKm{Xnse `mjbmWv. ap
Zn-tW-y kwm-\--fnse {][m-\-`m-j-I
{Zmhn-U-tKm-{X-n Ds-Sp-p.)
* tKmhbnse Ghpw \ofw IqSnb \Zn aWvtUmhn
* tKmhbnse {][m\ XpdapJw aatKmh

{][m\ hynI
* tKmh-sb- tam-Nn-n-m- 1961- ]-m-fw- \-S-n-b- Hm-td-j-s\- hn-ti-jn-n-m- A--s- {]-Xn-tcm-[-a{n- hn.-sI.- Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m- D-]-tbm-Kn-- ]-Zw
s]meokv B
* 1510- _o-Pm-q-cn-se- bq-k-^v- B-Zn-jm- kp-m\n-\n-v- tKm-h- ]n-Sn--S-m- A-_pns\
klmbn {]mtZinI t\Xmhv Xn
* hnip tkhydns Xncpicocw kqnncnp
t_mw Pokkv _ken FhnsSbmWv ]\mPn
(tKmhbn BZys {InkvXy tImf\n m]n
kv]m\njv Pkyqv anj\dnbmWv {^mknkvtIm
tkhy)

{][m\ e
* sFFFkv lk FhnsSbmWv [t_mfnw
* Cy Cnyqv Hm^v Hmjymt\m{K^n
FhnsSbmWv tKmh
* tKmhbnse hnam\mhfw [t_mfnw
* \mjW Cnyqv Hm^v Hmjymt\m{K^n
FhnsSbmWv ]\mPn

{][m\ kw`h
* tKmhsb t]mpKokv `cWn\npw tamNnn
hjw 1961 (Unkw_ 19)
* tKmh-sb- t]m-p-Ko-kv- `-c-W-n-\n-v- tam-Nn-n-m C-y-tk-\- \-S-n-b- Hm--td-j Hmtdj
hnPbv
* tKmhbnse Xtiobsc {Inkv X paXntev
]cnh\w sNnm {InkvXy anj\dnam
kzoIcn \S]Sn CIznknj

Ipgnp hkvXpXI
* 1973-79 Im-e-L--n- tKm-h-bp-sS- ap-Jy-a-{n-bm-bncp-- h-\nX iinIe ImtmZvI (Zn-tW-ybn- ap-Jy-a{- n-bm-b- B-Zy-h\
- n-Xb
- m-Wn-h.- A-v- tKmh- tI-{- `-c-W- {]-tZ-i-am-bn-cp-p.- F-m,- H-cp- Zn-tW-y- kw-m-\-v- B-Zy-am-bn- ap-Jy-a-{n-

12

]nFkvkn _pn

\--mWv tKmh (tKm-h-bn-se- sNm-cm-hv- Zzo-]n-emWn-Xv.- km-enw- A-en- \m-j-W- ]m-v- P-p- I-ivao-cn-em-Wv.- k-enw- A-en- kv-Iq- Hm-^v- C-tm-f-PnB- v- F-h-tbm--sa-- k-b-k-kv- ]p-Xp-tcn-bn-em-Wv.-tUm.-k-enw- A-en- (1896- 1 987)- P- \ n- Xv - apw- s s_- b n- e m- W v )

A]qh hkvXpXI
* AanXm`v _ A`n\bn BZy Nn{Xamb kmZv
lnpm\nbpsS {]tabw tKmh hnhw
* `Khm- a- l m- h o- \m- j - W - ]m- v - G- X v - kwm-\-mWv tKmh (ssP\aX m]I\mb
almhocs t]cnemWv CXv AdnbsSpXv )
* tKmhsb almcmjv{Sbn\nv thXncnp
\Zn sXtctJm
* [qXv kmK shmw GXv \ZnbnemWv
aWvtUmhn
* Cybnse Amcmjv{S ncw thZn tKmh
(BZy-t-Xv- 1952- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv- \-S--Xv.an-I-- Nn-{X-n-\v- \-Ip-- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-am-Wv- kph-W- a-b-qcw)
* aatKmh XpdapJw nXn sNp AgnapJw
kphmcn \Zn
* Cy- X-]m- h-Ip-v- C-y-v- sh-fn-bn- m]n-- B-Zy-s- t]m-tm-^o-kv- A-m-n--bnem-Wv.- C-Xv- tKm-h- t]m-- Un-hn-j-s- Io-gnem-Wv.

KpPdmv
{]tXyIXI
* -C-Xn-lm-k--fp-sS- \m-Sv- F--dn-b-s-Sp-- kwm-\w*- -C-y-bn- G--hpw- Iq-Sp-X- \n-e--S-e- D-]mZn-n-p-- kw-m-\w*- -G--hpw- Iq-Sp-X- I-S-o-c-ap-- kw-m-\w(1596 In.-ao.- )*- -D-n-s- D-]m-Z-\-n- H-mw-m-\-ap-- kwm-\w*- -cq-]w-sIm--\m- ap-X- a-Zy-\n-tcm-[-\w- \n-e-hnep-- kw-m-\w*- -C-y-bn- G--hpw- ]-Sn-m-dm-bn- n-Xn- sNp-- kw-m-\w*- -G--hpw- Iq-Sp-X- hn-am-\-m-h-f-- D-- kw-m\w

BZysXv
* Cybnse BZys XpdapJw tem
-(knp \ZoXS kwkvImcns `mKambncpp)

2012 \hw-_- 15

* Cybn kzambn tdUntbm tj

XpSnb BZys khIemime kZm
]t khIemime
* Cybnse BZys assd \mjW ]mv
]ntdm, KpPdmv
* Cybn ]mgvkn (skmcmjv{SaXm)
A`bmYnI BZysanb ew kPmw
-(]mgvknIfpsS DZv`hw Cdm\nemWv)
* {_no-jn-y-bn-se- G-Xv- \m-p-cm-Py-am-Wv- C-y-bnB- Z y- a m- b n- X- ] m- m- v - ]p- - n dnbXv
InbhmUv (BZy-am-bn- C-y-bn- m-n-d
- n-bXv- {_n-o-jp-Im-cm-Wv- - I-dm-n-bn-- 1852- -t]-cv- knv- [m-v.- F-v.F
- .-Xq-en-b- cq-]I
- -]\
- - sN-bX
v- p)
* Cy-bn-se- B-Zy-s- kq-- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- sslth AlZm_mZv htUmZc
* CybnemZyambn {]tXyI kmnI taJe
m]nXamb XpdapJw Imve
* KpP- d m- v- K- h - W - d m- b - B- Z y- a- e - b - m fn
sI.sI.hniz\mY
* Cybnse BZys kzImcy XpdapJw
]n]hmhv

kqteohpI
* Cybnse Ghpw henb kzImcy XpdapJw
ap{ (KpPdmnse Iv Pnbn AZm\n {Kqv
Bcw`n XpdapJw ]noSv Un.]n.thUv
GsSpp)
* KpPdmnse Ghpw henb XpdapJw Imve
-(Cym- hn-`-P-\-tm-sS- I-dm-n- Xp-d-ap-Jw- ]m-In-

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

im-eAlZm_mZv GXp \ZnbpsS Xocv k_aXn

I{Immd, DImbv ]XnI GXp \Znbn X]vXn
kZm ktcmh AWsv GXp\Znbn \aZ
samdmPn tZimbnbpsS Ayhn{ia ew
A`bvLv (AlZm_mZv)
KpPdmnse {]knamb h\yPohnktXw Kn
(It is the sole home of the pure Asiatic Lions)
\m-ktcm-h- XoSw GXp kwm\mWv
KpPdmv
KpPdmns sXp`mKp DS K^v
Hm^v Jw`mXv (Gulf of Khambhat)- K^v Hm^v
Imwt_ FmWv apv AdnbsncpXv
\n-e--S-e- K-th-j-W-tI-{w- F-hn-sS- n-Xn- sN-pp Pp\KVv (kz-X-{- C-y-tbm-Sv- H-Sp-hn- Iq-nt--s-- aq-v- \m-p- cm-Py--fm-Wv- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv,Pp-\-K-Vv,- I-iv-ao- F-nh).
Cybnse ssSU XpdapJw Imve
Aap FXns ]qWcq]w B\v anv
bqWnb enanUv
KpPdmnse Ghpw henb Pn Iv
ssa{XmIhwins Xem\w h`n
sFFFkv hmpc FhnsSbmWv Pmw\K
tkmfn hwins Xem\w Alnhmc
Nm-\n-]m-hK[v- B-n-tbm-fPn-- ]m-v GXp
kwm\mWv KpPdmv

{][m\ hynI
* Km-n-\-K- cq-]-I-ev-]-\- sN-b-vXXv se- tIm-_pkn-sb (Ct-l-am-Wv- N-Wv-Un-K-Un-s-bpw- tbm-P-\m\n-am-Xm-hv)
* Ulnbv p]pdv kwkv I cns BZys
Cy {][m\a{n samdmPn tZimbn
* samt[cbnse kqcyt{Xw (1026)]WnIgnnXv
tkmfn hwinse `oa Hma (Cybn-seG--hpw- {]-kn--am-b- kq-cy-t-{Xw- H-do-k-bn-se- sImWm-n- B-Wv-).* KpPdm-n-se- tem--en-se- D-Zv-J-\-\- {]-h--\-p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \-In-bXv Fkv B dmhp
* ]Xns\mmw iXIn tkma\mYt{Xw
B{Ian apnw B{IaWImcn aplZv Kkv\n
(FUn 1000 \pw 1026\pw CSbv v 17 {]mhiyw
CyB{IanbmfmWv aplZv Kkv\n).
* Cybnse [hf hn]vfhns ]nXmhv Fdn-

kv-Xm-\n-em-b-tm- B- Ip-d-hv- ]-cn-l-cn-m- \nan-- Xp-d-ap-J-am-b-Xn-\m- C-Xn-s\- hn-`-P-\-n-sk--Xn- F-p- hn-ti-jn-n-mdpv)

* Cy-bn Ghpw i-amb then-tbw A\p-`h-s-Sp ew HmJ
* Cy-bnep knp-\Z- o-XS-
- nse Ghpw henb
]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jW
- t- I-{w t[mf-hnc (I-nse
JmZn Zzo]n-em-Wn-Xv. 1967-68 PK-]Xn tPmjn
Isn)

AtlamWv . KpPdmnse \ZnbmZnemWv

P\\w)
* Pp\KVv inemteJhpambn _s cmPmhv
cp{ZZma
* Km-n-Pn-bp-sS- C-jv-S- {]m-Y-\m-Km-\-am-b- ssh-jvW-h- P-\-tXm- c-Nn-- Kp-P-dm-n- I-hn \cknwl
ta
* `m-cX
- o-b- hn-Zym-`h
- s
- - m-]I
-
- sI.-Fw.-ap-jn-

{][m\ e
* almmKmn P\n ew t]m_
* t]m_dns ]gbt]cv kpZmam]pcn ({io-Irjv-W-s- k-l-]m-Tn-bm-bn-cp-- kp-Zm-am-hn-s- (IptN-e-)- \m-Sm-Wv- k-pZmam]pcn).
* kqdv GXp \ZnbpsS Xocv X]vXn
* htUmZcbpsS ]gbt]cv _tdmU
* kmathZns {]NcWmYw icmNmcy
imcZmaTw m]n ew ZzmcI
* I{Immd AtmanIv ]h tj GXv
kwm\nemWv KpPdmv
* KpP-dm-nse Imwt_ Fn\mWp {]knw
s]t{Smfnbw J\\w
* KpPdmnse GI ln tj k]pXc

{][m\ kw`h
* _tZmfn kXym{Klw (1928)\bnXv kZm
]t (KmnPnbmWv kZm F t]cv
]ten\p \InbXv. tIcfnse ]qcmWv
cmw _tZmfn FdnbsXv. )
* KpPdmnse tKm{[ kw`hw \S hjw 2002
almmKm\v [ n ZWv U n amv Bcw`nXv
k_aXn B{iaw (1930 am-v- 12-\v- 78 A-\pbm-bn-I-fp-am-bn- B-cw-`n-- bm-{X- 240 ssa-(390 In.ao.-)- ]n-n-v- G-{]n- 5\v- e-y-kv-Ym-\-s-n.A-Sp-- Zn-h-kw- Km-n-Pn- D-p-\n-b-aw- {]-Xo-Im-I-am-bn- ew-Lnp)

A]c\ma

{][m\ m]\

* AlZm_mZns ]gbt]cv IWmhXn

* h{P \Kcw kqdv

* sk{S kmv B v assd sIan

dnkv Cnyqv FhnsSbmWv `mhv\K
* sFFFkv hmpc FhnsSbmWv Pmw\K
* \mjW Ubdn sUhe]v s a v t _mUns
Bm\w B\v (\mjW Ubdn dnkv
Cnyqv lcnbm\bnse IWmen BWv)

{][m\s hkvXpXI
* KpPdmv kwm\w ]ndhnsIm hjw 1960
(1956- kw-m-\- `m-jm-Sn-m-\-n- ]p-\-wL-S-\- \-S-n-b-ti-jw- cq-]w- sIm-- B-Zy- kwm-\-am-Wv- C-y-bn-se- 15a-s- kw-m-\-am-bKp-P-dm-v.- t_mw-s_- kw-m-\w- hn-`-Pn-m-Wv- adm-n- `m-j- kw-km-cn-p-- {]-tZ-i--tN-va-lm-cm-jv-{S-bpw- Kp-P-dm-n- {]-tZ-i--tN-v- KpP-dm-pw- cq-]-h-XvIcnXv)
* KpPdmns Xem\amb Bkq{XnX \Kcw
Kmn\K (cmjv-{S-]n-Xm-hn-s- t]-cn- A-dn-b-sSp-- G-I- kw-m-\- X-e-m-\w.- 1970 h-sc- A-l-Zm-_m-Zm-bn-cp-p- X-e-m\w)
* KpPdmv ssltmSXnbpsS Bm\w
AlZm_mZv
* KpPdmnse {]knamb \rcq]w Km_
* KpP-dm-n-se- {]-[m-\- hn-am-\
- m-hf
- w A-l
- Z- m_m-Zv- (CXv- k-Zm- ]-t-en-s- t]-cn- A-dn-b-sSp-p-)* sIm-bm-en- F-n-\p- {]-k-nw F-ip-o-I-c-W-

2012 \hw-_- 15

Ipgnp hkvXpXI
*
*
*
*

bsSpXv tUm.hKokv Ipcy

ssa{XmIhwins m]I `mcI
tkmfn hwins m]I apcmPv
AlZm_mZv \Kcns m]I AlZv
jm Hma
Cybnse ]mbv cmPv kwhn[m\ns
]nXmhv FdnbsSpXv _hv dmbv ta
(Ct-lw- 1965-se- C-tm--]m-Iv- bp--k-a-b-v- hn-am\-n- k--cn--sh- ]m-In-kv-Xm- \-S-n-b- B-{Ia-W-n- sIm--s-p.- i-{Xp-cm-Py-n-s- B-{I-a-Wn- sIm--s-- G-I- C-y- ap-Jy-a-{n-bm-Wtlw)
Cybnse BZys D]{][m\a{n kZm
]t (BZys tI{ B`yc a{nbpw

]nFkvkn _pn

* CwKvfojv Cunym\nbpsS BZy ^mIvSdn

m]nXamb -ew-- kq-d
- v- (1600- e-\
- n-emWv- Cw-Kf
v- o-jv- Cu-n-ym-
- \
- n- m-]n-s
- -Xv.- C-X-v tPm-- I-\
- n- F-pw- A-dn-bs
- -p.- A-tm{_n-
- - `-cn-n-cp-X
- v- I-\y-Im-dm-Wn- F-d
- n-bs
- -H-mw- F-en-k_
-
- v- cm-n.- A-I_
v- d
- m-bn-cp-p- Cy-bn-se- ap-K- N-{I-h-n.- F-m- kq-d
- n^m-ISv- d
- n- m-]n-t- m- P-lmw-Ko-dm-bn-cp-p- ap-KN-{I-h-n- )
* KpPdmnse Xm]\nebw [phc (BW-h-\ne-bw- I-{Im-]-d- F-- -e-v)

A]qh hkvXpXI
* {`w-iX
- m-gh
-v c
- b
- n-eq-sS- H-gp-Ip-- C-y- \-Zn-I \aZ,- X-]X
v- n- (Hgpv iambXn\m Cu \ZnIfpsS
]X\m\v sU cq]w sImpn).

13

* tem-I-n-se- G--hpw- h-en-b- I-- s]m-fn-p-- tI{-w AemMv (Iep-I-fp-sS- iv-a-im-\w- F--dn-b-sSp-p.- Jw-`m-Xv- D--S-en- n-Xn- sN-p-p-)* DUzmU GXp aXmcpsS Bcm[\mebp
{]knw ]mgvkn
* i{Xpb Ipnse ]menm\ GXp aXmcpsS
Bcm[\mebp {]knw ssP\
* ZzmcI\mYv t{Xnse Bcm[\maqn
IrjvW
* sskh kwkv I mcns `mKamb t[mfhnc
nXn sNp Zzo]v JmZn
* Cybn ImpIgpXIsf {]IrXym ImWsSp
Htcsbmcp ew dm Hm^v Iv
* cmw ssP\aX ktf\w \S ew he`n
* KmnPnbpsSbpw kZm ]tensbpw amXr`mj
KpPdmn
* ZWv U nbm{Xbn k`Samv Bthiw
]I cLp]Xn cmLh cmPmdmw F Km\n\p
kwKoXw ]IXv hnjvWp ZnKw_ ]epkvIm

lcnbm\
{]tXyIXI
* C
-
- y-bp-sS- ]m-sm-n- F-d
- n-bs
- -Sp-- kw-m-\w*- -]- n-Ih
- -K
- m- G-h
- pw- Ip-dh
- p-- C-y- kw-m-\w*- -D--tc-y-bn- B-Zy-am-bn- hn-f- C-jp-d-kv- G-sSp-n-b- kw-m-\w*- -F-m- {Km-a--fpw- ssh-Zyp-Xo-I-cn--s-- B-Zy- C-y kw-m-\w*- -C-y-bn- B-Zy-am-bn- en-^v-v- C-dn-tK-j- ]--Xn- \-Sm-n-b- kw-m-\w*- -C-y-bn- B-Zy-am-bn- aq-ey- h-[n-X- \n-Ip-Xn- (hm-eypB-U-Uv- Sm-Iv-kv-)- G-s-Sp-n-b- kw-m-\w*- -Sq-dn-v- tImw--Iv-kp-I-v- ]-n-I-fp-sS- t]-cv- \-Inbn-cn-p-- kw-m-\w*- -ssZ-h-n-s- hm-k--ew- F-v- t]-cn-\-Y-ap-- kwm-\w*- -F-m- thm--am-pw- Xn-cn--dn-b- Im-Uv- hn-X-c-WwsN-bv-X- B-Zy- kw-m-\w*- -C-y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- sam-ss_- \-- t]m--_n-en-n(tk-h-\-Zm-Xm-hn-s\- am-p--Xn-\p-- ku-I-cyw-)- kwhn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn-h-- kw-m-\w- (2010 \hw-_).

BZysXv
* Cybnse BZys Ctm Su ]m\nv
* Cybnse BZys tdmv KmU NWvVoKVv
(CXv cq]Iev]\ sNbvXXv t\Iv Nv)

I]\ Nuf (IWmenemWv P\nXv)

* HfnnIv k n hynKX kzWw t\Snb BZy
Cymc A`n\hv _n{
* Cybnse BZys h\nXm kv]o
jmt\mtZhn (1966 Unkw_ 6 apX 1967 amv 17
hsc)

{][m\ e
* lcnbm\bpsS Xem\amb Bkq{XnX \Kcw
NWvUoKVv (te- tIm-_p-kn-sb- B-Wv- tbm-P-\m\n-am-Xm-hv)
{][m\ kw`h
* ]m\np bp \S hj 1526, 1556, 1761
* Xmt\iz bp \S hj 1191, 1192

{][m\ m]\
* \mjW Ubdn dnkv Cnyqv FhnsSbmWv
IWm
* amcpXn DtZymKv enanUns ^mIvSdn FhnsSbmWv
KpKmhv (Gurgaon)

Ipgnp hkvXpXI
* Cybn Ghpw h\hnkvXrXn Ipd
F{Xmas kwm\amWv lcnbm\ cmas
(Ghpw Ipdhv ]m_n)
* Hmw- Xm-t\-iz- bp--n- (1191)-ap-l--Zv- tKm-dn-bpsS- Xp-n--S-sb- U-ln- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-b- ]r-Yzncm-Pv- Nu-lm- ]-cm-P-b-s-Sp-n.- c-mw- Xm-t\-izbp--n- (1192)-Nu-lm-s\- tKm-dn- ]-cm-P-b-s-Sp-pI-bpw- U-ln-bn- C-m-an-I- `-c-W-n-\v- A-Sn--dbn-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bvXp.
* Hmw ]m\np bpn (1526) _m_, C{_mlnw
tem[nsb tXm]np. cmw ]m\nv bpn
(1556) apK tk\sb AIv _ pthn \bn
ss_dmw Jm, BZnjmbpsS ]S\bn tlaphns\
tXm]np). aqmw ]m\npbpn AlZv
jm A_vZmenbpsS (AlZv jm Zpcm\n Fpw
Adnbsp) t\XrXzn A^v K m ssk\yw
kZminh dmhphns t\XrXznep admsc
tXm]np (1761).

A]qh hkvXpXI
* chn \Znbnse sXbn AWsns ]pXnb t]cv
cRvPnXv kmK (lcnbm\)
* lcnbm\bnse knk Bm\ambp Bob
kwLS\ tZcm km kuZ
* L \Zn HgpIp kwm\w lcnbm\
* Xmt\izcp\nv I\uPntev (D {]tZiv)
Xem\w amnb ]pjy`qXn hwinse cmPmhv
lj

A]c\ma
* lcnbm\ lcnt FdnbsSpXv I]ntZhv
* CybpsS _yqn^p knn FdnbsSpXv
NWvUnKVv
* s\bv pImcpsS \Kcw FdnbdnbsSpXv
]m\nv

{][m\s hkvXpXI
* kpm]q ]nktXw GXp kwkvYm\v
lcnbm\
* KpUvKmhv hyhkmb taJe GXp kwm\v
lcnbm\
* alm`mcX bpw \SXv Ipcpt{Xn (18
Znhkw \op\np)
* alm-`m-c-X-n-se- I-W- m-]n-p-sh-v- hn-iz-kn-s-Sp-- \Kcw IWm

{][m\ hynI

lnamN {]tZiv
{]tXyIXI
* Cybnse ]hX kwm\w (Mountain State of
India- knn-an-s\-bpw- C-{]-Im-cw hn-ti-jn-n-m-dp- v)
* Fm EXpfpsSbpw kwm\w (All Seasons State)
FdnbsSp kwm\w
* Cy-bp-sS- ]-g-q-S- (The Fruit Basket of India) Fdn-b-s-Sp-- kw-m-\w* Cy-bn- G--hpw- Iq-Sp-X- ]-g-- D-]m-Zn-n-p- kw-m-\w
* CybnemZyambn mnIv \ntcm[n kwm\w
* 1951 s]mXp XncsSpv \Stm Cybn
BZyw t]mfnwKv \S kwm\w
* Cybnse BZys Im_ {^o kwm\w

* _lncmImipt]mb BZy Cy hwiP

A]c\ma
* lnamebnse AP FdnbsSp ew
Smt_m
* enn emk [aime
* Cy- b nse Ipan \K- c w tkme (\m- j - W
sk t^m ajvdqw dnkv B v s{Sbn-\nwKv ChnsS-bm-Wv)

{][m\s hkvXpXI
* ]lm-cn- `m-j- G-Xp- kw-m-\-m-Wv- D-]-tbm-K-nep--Xv lnamN {]tZiv (lnamN {]tZinse
{][m\`mj lnnbmWv)
* Kn- c n- P- e - t k- N - \ - ]- - X n- G- X v - kw- m\v
lnamN {]tZiv
* t]mMv Umw GXv \ZnbnemWv _nbmkv (CXns
kw`cWn Ctm almdmWm {]Xm]v kmK
FdnbsSpp. lnamN {]tZinse Imw{K
PnbnemWnXv)
* {_nojv `cWImev th\me Xem\w
jnwe (ChnsS ssh-{ko-K- tem-Uv-Pv- ]-Wn-I-gn-n-p.-

kzm-X-{ym-\--cw- A-Xv- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- \n-hm-kv- B-bn.tUm.-cm-[m-Ir-jv-W- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-bn-cn-s- A-Xv- hnZym-`ym-k- h-Ip-n-\p- \-In.- C-y- C-n-yq-v- Hm^v- A-Uzm-kv-Uv- -Uo-kv- A-hn-sS- {]-h-n-p-p)
* Cybnse BZys \nbaZmXmhmb a\phns
t]cn AdnbsSp kpJhmk tI{w aWmen
(a\pkvarXn cNnXv a\phmWv)
* tcWp- I ,- N {Xm- Fo XoS GXp
kwm\mWv lnamN {]tZiv

{][m\ hynI
* ZsseemabpsS {]hmk Khsans Bm\w
[aime (Zsse-em-a- `-cn-n-cp-- Sn-_-n-s- X-e-m\-am-bn-cp-p- em-k.- A-hn-sS- Z-sse-em-a-bp-sS- hm-k-kvY-ew- s]m-m-e- ]m-e-kv)
* sshkvdoK temUvPv cq]Iev]\ sNbvX {_nojv
hmkvXpinev]n sldn Chn

{][m\ e
* Ipfp,- a-Wm-en,-U-lu-kn- F-o- kp-J-hm-k-tI-{- G-Xp- kw--m\mWv lnamN {]tZiv
(Ipfp XmgvhcbneqsS HgpIp \ZnbmWv _nbmkv)
* PzmemapJn GXv kwm\s XoYmS\
tI{amWv lnamN {]tZiv
* Imw{K Xmgv h c GXv kwm\v lnamN
{]tZiv (Zuem[ \ncbpsS XmgvhcbnemWv Imw{K)
* Pntbm sXa F\Pnp {]knamb ew
aWnInc
* lnUnw_mtZhn t{Xw aWmen

BZysXv

{][m\ kw`h

* Cybnse BZys HmtmamnIv sSet^m

FIvkvtNv m]nXamb ew jnwe (1913.
CybnemZyambn sSet^m XpSnbXv 188182
sImbnemWv)

* knwe Icm Cybpw ]mInkvXm\pw HpshXv

1972 Pqsse 2 (Cy {][m\a{n Cncm
Kmnbpw ]mInkv X m {]knU v kp^n
Aen `qtmbpamWv Icmdn HpshXv).
* kzmX{y kac Imev knwe tIm^dkv
\SXv 1945 emWv. thh {]`phmbncpp Atm
ssht{kmbn.

kqteohpI
* Cybnse `qanSnbnse Ghpw henb
PesshZypX ]Xn \mYv] Pvdn (kXvePn)
* Cybn Ghpw Dbcn nXn sNp
t]mtm^okv lnnw
* Cybn Ghpw Dbcn nXn sNp
kwm\ Xem\w jnwe (temIn Ghpw

14

Dbcn nXn sNp cmPy Xem\w sXt

Atacnbnse s_mfohnbbnse em]mkv BWv)

]nFkvkn _pn

{][m\ m]\
* Cy Cnyqv Hm^v AUzmkvUv Uokv
FhnsSbmWv jnwe
* tZiob Dcpfngv KthjW tI{w jnwe

2012 \hw-_- 15

Ipgnp hkvXpXI
* `{I AWsv GXv kwm\mWv lnamN
{]tZiv (Cybnse Ghpw Dbcw IqSnb cmas
AWsmWnXv. DcmJWvUense sXlvcnbmWv
Ghpw Dbcw IqSnb AWsv. a[y{]tZinse
Cncm kmK Ignm Cybnse Ghpw henb

I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-tb-bpw- P-p- Xm-hn-tb-bpw- (2011- Ak-an-se- Zn-{_p-KV

- n-s\-bpw- I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-sb-bpw- _-nn-p-sIm-v- hn-th-Iv- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- Hm-Sn-p-S-n-btXm-sS-bm-Wv- ln-a-km-K- c-mw- kv-Ym-\-t-v- ]n--s--Xv-)*- -C-y-bn-se- G--hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- -tKmUv-hn- Hm-n- A-Y-hm- sI-2 (8611 ao-- D-b-c-ap-C-Xv- ]m-Iv- A-[n-\n-th-i- I-iv-ao-cn-em-Wv.- I-iv-ao- ap-gph- C-y-bp-sS- A-hn-`m-Py- L-S-I-am-Wv- F-m-Wv- tI{- k-m-cn-- \n-e-]m-Sv-)*- -tem-I-n-e- G--hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- bp--`q-an-- kn-bmn- a-p-a-e*- -tem-I-n-se- G--hpw- X-Wp-v- Iq-Sn-b- bp--`q-an-- kn-

* Aa\mYv bm{X Bcw`np ew ]lKmw

* sshjvtWmtZhn t{Xw nXn sNp ew I{X

{][m\ kw`h
* Iiv-ao-cn-s\- C-y-tbm-Sv- tN-p-I-bm-Wv- F-v- l-cnknw-Kv- cm-Pm-hv- {]-Jym-]n-Xv 1947 HIvtSm_ 26
* Pp Iivaocn\v {]tXyI `cWLS\ \nehnhXv
1957 P\hcn 26
* ]mIn-kvX
- m-\n-\n-p-- \p-g
p-Ib
-
-
- m-sc- ]p-d
- mm- Im-Kn-en- 1999- \-S
- n-b- ssk\nI \S]Sn
Hmtdj hnPbv (1961- tKm-h-sb- t]m-p-Ko-kv`-c-W-n-\n-v- tam-Nn-n-m- \-S-n-b- \-S-]-Sn-pwC-tX- t]-cm-Wv)

Ipgnp hkvXpXI
* Cybnse Ghpw hnkvXoWw IqSnb temIvk`m
aWvUew eUmv (Ghpw IqSpX thmamcp
aWvUew D {]tZinse Dmhp BWv)
* Cybnse Ghpw hnkv X oWw IqSnb Pn
eUmv (Bm\wte. Iptjmv _mpf
dnwt]ms hnam\mhfw ChnsSbmWv)
dnkthmb CXntXmWv. AXv tKmhnv kmK
FdnbsSpp)
* `{I Umans \namW tat\mw hln A-ta-cn Fn-\o-b-dmWv lmhn tmw ( Harvey
Slocum).
* enn emk FdnbsSpXv [aime (PpI-iv-ao-cn-se- e-Um-m-Wv- en-n- Sn-_-v- F--dn-b-sSp--Xv-)-

A]qh hkvXpXI
* lnam-N- {]-tZ-in-se- kzn-v-k-e-Uv- F--dn-b-sS-pXv Jym (N PnbnemWnXv. (Cybnse
kznvkeUv FdnbsSpXv IivaocmWv)
* NmvhnIv shmw GXv kwm\v lnamN
{]tZiv

PpIivao
{]tXyIXI
* knnw, AcpWmN {]tZiv Fnhsbtmse
Ghpw IqSpX cmPyfpambn AXnn ]nSp
C-y- kw-m-\--fn-sem-v- (]m-In-kv-Xm-,- A-^vKm-\n-kv-X-,- ssN-\.- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm- b-Ym-Y-n]m-Iv- A-[n-\n-th-i- I-iv-ao-cp-am-bn-m-W- A-Xn-n- ]n-Sp--Xv-)*- -C-y- kw-kv-Ym-\--fn- kz-w- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-G-I- kw-m-\w-(- C-y- `-cW
- L
- S- \
- b
- p-sS- 370 a-sA-\p-t-Zw- C-tX-p-dn-v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-p-p-)*- -kz--am-bn- ]-Xm-I-bp-- G-I- C-y- kw-m-\w*- -cm-jv-{S- \-b- \n-t-i-I- X-z-- _m-[-I-a-m-- Cy- kw-m-\w*- -a-p- kw-m-\-m- `q-an- hm--cp-sX-v- hy-h--bp- kw-m-\w*- -C-y-bp-sS- G--hpw- h-S-t-b--p-- kw-m-\w*- -B-n-n- 360 {]-Im-c-ap-- km--n-I- A-Sn-b-cm-h-- _m-[-I-a-m-- C-y- kw-m-\w*- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- `-c-W-n-\p- ]-I-cw- K-h-W- `-c-Ww- Gs-Sp-m- hy-h--bp-- C-y- kw-m-\w*- -\n-b-a-k-`-bv-v- B-dp- h-jw- Im-em-h-[n-bp-- G-I- Cy- kw-m-\w*- -\n-b-a- k-`-bn-te-v- h-\n-X-I-sf- \m-a-\n-t-iw- sN-m hy-h--bp-- C-y- kw-m-\w*- -]m-e-sa- v- 2005- ]m-km-n-b- hn-h-cm-h-Im-i- \n-baw- \n-e-hn-h-cm-- C-y- kw-m-\w*- -c-p- X-e
- m-\
- f
- p-- G-I- C-y- kw-m-\w- ( th\-m-e- X-e
- m-\w- {io-\K
- ,- io-XI
- m-e- X-e
- m-\w- P-p)

kqteohpI
* G--hpw- Iq-Sp-X- \o-f-n- A-m-cm-jv-{S- A-Xn-nbp-- C-y- kw-m-\w- P-p- I-iv-ao*- -P-p--I-iv-ao-cn-se- G--hpw- h-en-b- X-Sm-Iw-- hp-fm- (CXn-eq-sS- I-S-p-t]m-Ip-- \-Zn- Q-ew-).*- -C-y-bn- G--hpw- Iq-Sp-X- Ip-p-aw- D-]m-Zn-n-p- kw-m-\w-- P-p--I-iv-ao- (C-y- hn-]-Wn-bnse- G--hpw- hn-e-]n-Sn-- kp-K-- hy-Rv-P-\-am-Wn-Xv-).*- -C-y-bn-se- G--hpw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b- c-m-a-s- sd-bndq-m-b- ln-a-km-K- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- _-n-n-p--Xv--

2012 \hw-_- 15

A]qh hkvXpXI
* Cybn t{_mUvtKPn \nannp GI au
sdbnth Iivao
* Pphns\ Iivao Xmgvhcbn\nv thXncnp
ae\nc ]n]RvP
* Tsomoriri XoSw Pp-I-ivao-cn-em-Wv.
bm-n- a-p-a-e*- -tem-I-n-se- G--hpw- D-b-c-n- F-kv.-Sn.-Un- kw-hn[m-\w- G-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-- -ew-- kn-bm-n-
t-kn-b*- -G--hpw- h-en-b- a-p-a-e- - kn-bm-n- (75.-6 In.-ao\o-fw,- 2.-8 Io.-ao.- ho-Xn-)*- -C-y-bn- G--hpw- D-b-c-n- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-p-- hnam-\-m-h-fw--te- (3256 ao.-)*- -C-y-bn-se- G--hpw- h-en-b- Kp-l- - A-a-\m-Yv*- -11430 ao-- \o-f-ap-- ]n- ]-Rv-P- Xp-c-w- C-y-bnse- G--hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- sd-bn-th- Xp-c--am-Wv.*- -tem-I-v- G--hpw- D-b-c-n- n-Xn- sN-p-- F.-Sn.Fw.- te- F-- -e-m-Wv.*- -Xn-cp--Xn- I-gn-m,- C-y-bn- G--hpw- Iq-Sp-Xk--iI
- - F-p-- B-cm-[\
- m- tI-{w-- ssh-jvt- WmtZ-hn- t-{Xw

PmJWvUv
{]tXyIXI
* Cybn GhpsamSphn cq]wsIm (2000
\hw_ 15) kwm\w (28mas)
* Cybnse Ghpw [mXpkamb kwm\w
* h\m Fpw Adnbsncp kwm\w

BZysXv

* enn- Sn- _ - v- F- - d n- b - s - S p- - X v eUmv

(_paXm [mcmfw DXn\m)
* CybpsS ]qtmw Iivao (CybpsS
]qtm\Kcw IWmSInse _mwq)

* Cy-bn-se- B-Zy-X-s- B-kq-{Xn-X--hy-h-km-b- \-Kc-w PwjUv]q (Cy- hy-h-km-b-n-s- ]n-Xmhm-b- Pw-j-Uv-Pn- Sm--bp-sS- t]-cn- A-dn-b-s-Sp-p-)* Hcp- tIm--td-v- m-]-\-m- (Sm--)- \n-b-{n--sSp-- C-y-bn-se- B-Zy-s \Kcw PwjUv]q
* PmJWvUns BZys apJya{n _m_pem
admn
* Cybnse BZys hfw \namWime kn{n
* Cybnse BZys sF.Fkv.H. 9005 knss^Uv
\Kcw PwjUv]q

{][m\s hkvXpXI

kqteohpI

* kem- P-e-ssh-Zyp-X- ]--Xn- G-Xp- kw-m-\-mW-v PpIivao

* aplZv \_nbptSXmsWv IcpXsSp apSn
kqnncnp Iivaocnse ]n l{kv_m
* eUm-n- G-h
- pw- Iq-Sp-Xe
- p-- a-Xh
- n-`m-Kw _p-a
- X
- w* Aa\mYnse Bcm[\maqn inh
* Aa\mYv Kpl Isnb apnw BnSb _pX
amenIv (Buta Malik)
* GXv XSmIn\cnInemWv l{kv_m ]n
Zm XSmIw
* Iivao Xmgvhcsb eUmpambn _nnp
Npcw tkmPne

* Cybn- G--hpw- Iq-Sp-X- ssa- -(58.-5 i-X-am-\w-),B-kv-s_-tm-kv- (53 i-X-am-\w-)- F-n-h- D-]m-Zn-np--Xv PmJWvUv
* PmJWvUnse Ghpw henb \Kcw PwjUv]q
(Xem\w dmnbmWv)
* Gjybnse Ghpw henb o m v s_mmtdm

A]c\ma

{][m\ hynI
* `qanbnse kzKw Fv Iivaocns\ hntijnn
apK N{Ihn PlmwKo (Iivaocn- jmenam
]qtmw CtlamWv ]WnIgnnXv)
* Iivao knwlw Fdnbs t\Xmhv
tjIv A_vZp
* Hcp- Ip-Spw-_-n-\n-v- aq-p- X-e-ap-d-bn-s--h- apJy-a-{n-am-cm-b- kw-m-\w PpIivao (sjbvJv
A_vZp, ^dqJv A_vZp, Ha A_vZp).
* Iivao eb\cmdn Hph cmPmhv lcnknwKv

(C-Xv- \n-an--Xv- tkm-hn-b-v- bq-Wn-b-s- k-l-I-c-Wtm-sS-bm-W-v)v

A]c\ma
{][m\ e
* Zm XSmIw GXp kwm\mWv Pp Iivao
* KpamKv kpJhmktI{w GXp kwm\mWv
Pp Iivao
* Aa\mYv XoYmS\tI{w GXp kwm\mWv
Pp Iivao

]nFkvkn _pn

* CybpsS Icn Xem\w FdnbsSpXv

[_mZv
* shmfpsS \Kcw FdnbsSpXv dmn
* CybpsS Dcpp\Kcw PwjUv]q

{][m\s hkvXpXI

15

* GXp- kw-m-\w- hn-`-Pn-m-Wv- Pm-J-Wv-Uv- cq-]-h-cn-Xv _olm (84 a-s- `-c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xnbn-eq-sS-)* lkmcn_mKvh\yPohnkwcWtI{wGXp
kwm\mWv PmJWvUv
* A{`J\nbmb sImSa GXp kwm\mWv
PmJWvU
* ]eamhp ssSK dnkhv GXp kwm\v
PmJWvUv
* PmJWvUnse sNv J\nI knMv`pw, KncnZnl
* ]eamhp ssSK dnkhv GXv kwm\mWv
PmJWvUv

{][m\ m]\
* sk{S ssa\nMv dnkv tj FhnsSbmWv
[_mZv

dian Banking) F-dn-b-s-Sp-Xv ZnW IU

Pn-bm-Wv.

{][m\s hkvXpXI
* IWmI kmcns Ghpw Db _lpaXn
IWmSI cXv\w
* IUbnse ]pXphjw DKmZn
* IWmSInse kzWJ\nI tImfm, lpn
* em _mKv FhnsSbmWv _mwq (s_fpcp)
* IWmSInse {][m\ XpdapJw awKem]pcw
* sPtkm shmw GXp \Znbn icmhXn
* kwm\s {][m\ Dhw Zkd
* ssakq kwm\ns t]cv IWmSIw
Fpamnb hjw 1973
* IWmSInse \rcq]w bKm\w (bKm-

Ipgnp hkvXpXI
* Cybnse BZys o m v Ab hv
I\n 1870 Ipnbn (_wKm) m]nXmWv.
Fm htXmXnep D]mZ\w Bcw`nXv Sm
Ab B v o I\n 1907 PwjUv]qcn
{]h\w XpSnbtXmsSbmWv
Pm-Zp-Kp-U- J-\n- G-Xp- [m-Xp-hn-\p- {]-kn-w- bp-td-\n-bwPwjUv]qcns bYmY t]cv kIvNn
_nkm ap hnam\mhfw dmn
Pcn-b J\nbn\np e`np [mXp Icn

IWmSIw
{]tXyIXI
* Cybn Ghpw IqSpX kzWw,kn,v N\w
Fn-h -D-]m-Zn-n-p-- kw-m-\w*- -]-n-a-L--n-s- G--hpw- Iq-Sp-X- `m-Kw- (G-tI-tZiw- 60%-)- n-Xn- sN-p-- kw-m-\w- (B-dp- kw-m\--fn-em-bn-m-Wv- ]-n-a-L-w- n-Xn- sN-p--Xv.- KpP-dm-v,- a-lm-cm-jv-{S,- tKm-h,- I-Wm-S-Iw,- X-an-gv-\m-Sv,tI-c-fw-)*- -F-m- Z-n-tW-y- kw-m-\--fp-am-bpw- A-Xnn- ]-n-Sp-- G-I- kw-m-\w*- -_n.-sP.-]n.-A-[n-Im-c-n-h-- B-Zy- Z-n-tW-y-
kw-m-\w- (sb-Zyp-c-- ap-Jy-a-{n-bm-bn-).*- -H-cp- kw-m-\w,- ]-e- tem-I-- F-- ]-c-ky-hm-Iywkzo-I-cn-- Sq-dn-kw- h-Ip-p- kwm\w

BZysXv
* bpn\v tdmp]tbmKn BZys Cy
`cWm[nImcn Snp (Snphns bYmY t]cv
^tlv Aen).
* CybnemZyambn \nba\namWk` Bcw`n \mp
cmPyw ssakq (1881)
* BZyambn sFFkvH kn^ntj e`n Cy
_mv I\d _mv
* Zn- t W- y- b nse BZys BUw- _ c Sqdnv
s{Sbn tKmU Nmcn-bv
* Cy-bnse BZys {]-hmkn kh-I-em-im-e
_mwq

kqteohpI
* Cybnse Ghpw Dbcw IqSnb shmw
sPtkm (CXn\v 253 ao AYh 829 ASn
Dbcapv)
* GXp- Z-n-tW-y- `m-j-bn-em-Wv- m-\-]o-Tw- G-hpw- Iq-Sp-X- {]m-h-iyw- e-`nnpXv
IS
* Cybnse Ghpw henb Ipw`tKm]pcamb
tKmKpw_mkv FhnsSbmWv _oPmq
* inhs 37 ao Db-c-ap {]Xna m]n-n-cn-p
awK-em-]p-c-n-\-Sp-p ew apcp-tZ-iz -(X-angv\m-nse Xncp-h-p-h {]Xn-a-bpsS Dbcw 95 ASn
AYhm 29 ao)

A]c\ma
* Cy- tlm-n-bp-sS- ]n--sm-n- F--dn-b-s-Sp- {]-tZiw IpSIv
* CybpsS KmU knn FdnbsSpXv
_eqcp (IivaocmWv KmU Hm^v Cy)
* B[p\nI ssakqdns ]nXmhv FdnbsXv
hntizizc
* Cy _mnwKns Ifnsmn (Cradle of In-

16

{][m\ m]\
* Ipt{ZapJv Ab Hm t{]mPIvSv nXnsNp
kwm\w IWmSIw
* sF.Fkv.B.H.(Indian
Space
Research
Organisation) bp- s S- B- m- \ - w _mwq
(s_fpcp) (Acov `h FmWv t]cv)
* kwm\v AtmanIv ]h m v nXnsNp
ew ssIK
* sdbn ho ^mIvSdn FhnsSbmWv sbel
* Cybnse GI AwKoIrX tZiob ]XmI
\namWime FhnsSbmWv lqn
* \mjW Av s a v B v A{IUntj
Iuknens (\mIv) Bm\w _mwq

Ipgnp hkvXpXI

A]qh hkvXpXI
*
*
*
*

* Fb sUm Fbthbv k ns Bm\w

_mwq (s_fpcp)
* thyma`ymkhnam\fpsS Iqamb kqcyInc
Soans Bm\w _nZm

\-s- ]p-\-cp--cn-- I--S- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\m-Wv- in-hcm-a- Im-c-v)

* IWmSInse {][m\\ZnI IrjvW, Imthcn
* IWmSInse \nbak`m aWvUe-- 224
* IWmSInse ePntohv Iukn AwK
75

{][m\ hynI
* Snp kpm h[ns hjw 1799 (\memw
ssakq bpw)
* Snpkpm h[nsSptm KhW
P\d shn {]`p
* aucy- km-{am-Py- m-]-I- N-{-Kp-]v-X-au-cy- A-cn-- -ew {imhW_etKmf
* irwtKcn aTw m]nXv icmNmcy
* Snphns ]nXmhv sslZcen (amXmhv ^mnam
_ohn)
* GXp bpnemWv Snp sImsXv \memw
ssakq bpw (1799) (Snp _w ]penbncp
{^v `cWm[nImcnbmWv s\tmfnb)
* BcpsS ihIpSocamWv tKmKpw_mkv aplZv
BZnjm
* 2005 \n-b-an-X-am-b- c-mw- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c- I-nj-s- A-[y--\m-bn-cp-Xv hocsambven

* hrmh KmU GXv AWsn\p kao]amWv

IrjvWcmPkmK (Imthcn \Znbn)
* em _mKv FhnsSbmWv _mwq
* Cy A-m-Z-an- Hm-^v- k-b-kv- ,- C-y- C-nyq-v- Hm-^v- k-b-kv- F-o- m-]-\-- n-Xn- sN-pXv _mwqcn
* sk{S Cnyqv Hm^v Cy emwtKzPkv
ssakqdnemWv. sk{S Cnyqv Hm^v t^mdn
emwtKzPkv sslZcm_mZnemWv.
* _mwqcnse Cy Ckvnyqv Hm^v kbkv
m]nXv PwjUvPn SmbmWv. _mwqcnse Cy
AmZan Hm^v kbkkv m]nXv kn.hn.cma
BWv.
A]qh hkvXpXI
* IWmSInse kwkvIrX {Kmaw amq
* sPtkm shmns asmcp t]cv tPmKv
shmw
* hnP-b-\-K-c- km-{am-Py-n-s- A-h-in-jv-S-- Im-Wm I-gn-bp-- ew lw]n (XpwK`{Zm \ZnbpsS
XocmWnXv . 1336- lcnlc\pw _p\pamWv
m]nXv . cmambWnse hm\c cmPyamb
InjvInbmWv lw]n Fp IcpXphcpapv)
* samd (aSntcn) GXv kwm\mWv
IWmSIw
* enwK\amn AWsv GXv \ZnbnemWv icmhXn
IqSpX amp t\Sm
* \mep- sh--m--- tN--Xm-Wv- tPm-Kv- sh--m-

{][m\ e
* tKm- a - t X- i z- c - {]- X n- a - n- X n- sN- pXv
{imhW_etKmf (CXv- ssP-\-a-X-hp-am-bn- _--s-Xm-Wv.- tKm-a-tX-iz-c-s- a-sm-cp- t]-cm-Wv- _m-lp-_en.- a-lm-a-kv-X-Im-`n-tj-I-am-Wv- C-hn-S-s- D--hw-)* Snp kpms Xem\ambncpXv
{iocwK]Ww
* NmeqIycpsS Xem\ambncpXv _Zman
(hmXm]n)
* shmUbm cmPhwins Xem\ambncpXv
ssakq
* _mwqcnse {]ikvXamb tUnbwNnkzman
tUnbw
* sIm sdbnth GsXmw enSbn
tdmlawKem]pcw (_mPv s ] hnam\mhfw
awKem]pcmWv)
* CybpsS knen hmen FdnbsSpXv
_mwq (s_fpcp)
* _mwqcn\pw GXp \Kcn\panSbvmWv hrmh
FIvkv{]kv HmSpXv sNss
* IWmSInse Ghpw henb \Kcw _mwq
(s_fpcp)
* aqImw_nIt{Xw FhnsSbmWv sImq
* InMv ^nj Fbthbvkns Bm\w _mwq
(s_fpcp)

]nFkvkn _pn

w.- A-h- G-sX-mw cmP, dmWn, tdmv, tdmd

* CybpsS CeIvt{SmWnIv knn FdnbsSpXv
_mwq (s_fpcp)
* I ]mv FhnsSbmWv _mwq (s_fpcp)
* ]Sbv anc GXv kwm\mWv
IWmSIw (NmeqIy hwins cmw
Xem\ambncpp ]Sbv)
* tIcftmSv tNs ZnW Im\d Pnbnse
Xmeqv ImktImSv (]naLn\pw
kap{Zn\pw CSbvp Xoc{]tZins
hSp`mKw sIm Fpw a[y`mKw Im\d Fpw
sX`mKw ae_m Fpw AdnbsSpp)
* sbel Uok \nebw IWmSInemWv.

2012 \hw-_- 15

tIcfnse
\thmm\
\mbI2

sXmqdmamv elf

B kn kptcjvIpam

A--m-fn- (1863-1941)\q-m-p-If- m-bn- A-hi- X- b- \- p-`h- n-p-sImn-cp-- A-[-:-n-X- hn-`m-K--fp-sS- kmaq-ln-tIm--a-\-n-\v- th-n- \-S-n-b- ka-c--p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \-In-b- A--mfn- a-lm-m-Km-n-bp-sS- {]-iw-k-bv-p- ]m{X-am-b- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I-m-hm-Wv.
tNmZyw: Amfn P\n ew
(F) sImq
(_n) Iqe
(kn) shm\q (Un) sNgn
Dcw : (kn)
1863 Hm-K-kv-Xv- 28\v- Xn-cp-h-\--]p-cw- Pn-bn-se- sh-m-\q-cn- P-\n-p.-A
- \
- pw- ame-bp-am-bn-cp-p- am-Xm-]n-Xm-.1905- A--m-fn- sh-m-\q-cn- Ah-ik
- a
- p-Zm-b
- -m-bn- H-cp- Ip-Sn-
- n-qSw- (\n-e-s-gp-p-]-n-)- m-]n-p.- Cuhn-`m-K--p-th-n- tI-c-f-n-ep-m-bB-Zy- hn-Zym-eb
- a
- m-WX
- v.- F-m,- Hm-eb
- pwap-f-bpw-sIm-v- \n-an-- ]-n-q-Sw- A-pcm-{Xn-X-s- k-h-W-ln-p-- Xo-h-p-\in-n-p.- \n-cm-i-cm-Im-sX- A--m-fn-bpwkw-L-hpw- a-sm-cp- ]p-c- A-tX- m-\-p\n-an-p.- 1914- km-[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\-kwL-n-\v- Cu- kv-Iq- A-\p-h-Zn-p-sIm-vk-m- D--c-hm-bn.- ]n-m-e-v- {ioA--m-fn- kv-am-c-I- ]p-Xp-h-hn-fm-Iw- kvIq- F-v- C-Xn-s\- ]p-\-\m-a-I-c-W-w
sNbvXp.
tNmZyw: km[pP\]cn]me\kwLw
m]nXamb hjw:
F) 1903
(_n)1914
(kn) 1908
(Un) 1907
Dcw : (Un)
Fkv-F-Un-]n- tbm-K-n-s- am-Xr-Ibn-em-Wv- Cu- {]-m-\w- B-cw-`n--Xv.- Xma-kn-bm-sX- kw-LS- \
- b
- v
- v- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn-ep-S\
- o-fw- im-JI
- f
- p-m-hp-Ib
- pw- A-Xv- lcn-Pt- \m-m-cW
- {- ]-h-\
-
- f
- n- k-Po-ha
- mbn- ]-s-Sp-p-Ib
- pw- sN-bvX
- p.- aq-p-h-jn-\p-n- sh-m-\q-cn- km-[p-P\
- ]
- c
- n]m-e\
- k
- w-Lw- kz-a
- m-bn- -ew- hm-n.F-kv-F-Un-]n- tbm-Kw-h-gn- Cu-g-ht\-Sn-sb-Sp-- hn-Zym-`ym-k- kzm-X{- yw- bmX-\-b-\p-`-hn-p-- k-ap-Zm-b--pw- t\Sn-sb-Sp-p--Xn-\m-bn-cp-p- kw-L-n-sB-Zy-{i-aw.- \n-th-Z-\--fn-eq-sS-bpw- k-hW-ka
- p-Zm-b
- f
- p-am-bp-m-b- kw-L-j
- -

2012 \hw-_- 15

fn-eq-sS-bpw- kw-Lw- e-yw- t\-Sn-sb-Spp.- B-Nm-c- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-p- asm-cp- e-yw.- Xm-gv-- Pm-Xn-m- k-ap-Zmbw- Xn-cn-d
- n-bp-X
- n-\m-bn- I-p-am-e- [-cn-W-sa-- B-Nm-cw- A-m-e
- p-m-bn-cp-p.am-dp-ad
-
- -v h-k{-v Xw- [-cn-m-\pw- A-h--v Ah-Im-ia- n-m-bn-cp-p.- I-p-am-e- D-t]-n-pI,- ]-cn-jv-Ir-X-co-Xn-bn- am-dp-a-d-bv-p-h-kv-{X-[m-c-Ww- sN-p-I- ap-X-em-b-h- t\Sn-sb-Sp-p--Xn-\m-bn- km-[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e\-kw-Lw- bm-X-\-b-\p-`-hn-p-- k-ap-Zmb--n-S-bn-ep-m-n-b- D-W-hv- sshIm-sX- sIm-n-bn-te-pw- hym-]n-p.Zfn-Xv- -k-ap-Zm-b-n-\v- A--m-fn- sNbv-X- a-l-m-b- tk-h-\w- ap-\n-n- Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq- k-m- A-t-l-s- {ioaq-ew- {]-Pm-k`
- b
- n- Aw-Ka
- m-n- (1910).- {]Pm-k`
- b
- n-epw- A-t-lw- A-hi
- P
- \
- X
- b
- v
- pth-n- s]m-cp-Xn.A--m-fn-bp-sS- {]-h--\-^-e-am-bnm-Wv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- s]m-Xp-\n-c-pI-fn-eq-sS- kz-X{- -am-bn- k-c
- n-m-\p-A-h-Im-iw- A-[x--n-X- hn-`m-K--pe-`-nXv.
tNmZyw :AmfnbpsS t\XrXzn
XncphnXmwIqdnse BZys kwLSnX
IjIkacw Bcw`n hjw:
(F) 1909
(_n)1911
(kn) 1912
(Un) 1913
Dcw: (F)
Ah-ih
- n-`m-K
- -v- kvI
- q- {]-th-i\w- A-\p-hZ- n-W
- s
- a-- A-t]-b
- p-am-bnXn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq- Zn-hm-s\- k-ao-]n-- A-m-fn-v,- 1907--s- k-m- A-s\-sbm-cp--c-hv- \-In-bn-p-s-- a-dp]-Sn- e-`n-p.- Cu- D--c-hv- ]q-gv-n-h-n-cnp-I-bm-sW-v- a-\-n-em-n-b- A--mfn-bpw- kw-Lh
- pw- kvI
- q- A-[n-Ir-Xs
- c- kao-]n-v- hn-Zym-e-b- {]-th-iw- B-h-iy-sp.- F-m,- I-j-I-sm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-bA-bn--Pm-Xn- Ip-n-I-sf- D-b-- k-ap-Zmb-n-se- Ip-n-I-sm-w- C-cp-n- ]-Tnn-m-\m-hn-- F-- \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv- kv-IqA-[n-Ir-X- F-Sp--Xv.- C-Xn- {]-Xn-tj[n-v,- X--fp-sS- Ip-p--sf- ]-n-qS-f
- n- {]-th-in-n-n-s-n- X-- ]mS-n-d-n- ]-Wn- sN-m-\pw- C-- F-v- A-m-fn- {]-Jym-]n-p.- I-j-I-sm-gn-emfn-I- H-s
- -m-bn- A-
- m-fn-p- ]n-nA-Wn-\n-c-p. P-n-am- a--\-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS- k-a-c-s- A-a-m- {i-an-p.- Fm,- k-a-cw- i--am-Ip-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. B-h-iy-- A-\p-h-Zn-p-In-m-sX- ka-c-n-\n-v- ]n-hm-n-- F-- \n-e]m-Sn- k-a-c-m- D-d-p-\n-p.- P-n-amh-g-n-bn-.- s\-ev-]m-S-- I-f- aq-Sn.- ]pc-bn-S--fn- Im-Sp-]n-Sn-p.- I-j-I-smgn-em-fn-If
- p-sS- sXm-gn-en-m-bva
- - ]-cn-lc
- n-p-Xn-\v- A--m-fn- hn-gn--s- a-ysm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-am-bn- _--s-p.- sXmgn-en-m-bva
- b
- v
- v- `m-Kn-I- ]-cn-lm-ca
- p-m-bn.Im-jn-Ic
- w-Ks
- - kvX
- w-`\
- m-h
- H-gn-hm-W-sa-v- B-h-iy-s-p-sIm-v- km-[pP-\-]-cn-]m-e-\-kw-Lw- Zn-hm-\v- \n-th-Z-\wk-a-n-p.- Xp-S-v- k-m- a-[y--Xbn- C-cp-hn-`m-K--fp-am-bn- \-S-- N-bp-sS- ^-e-am-bn- k-m-c- kzm-X-{yw,- kvIq- {]-th-iw,- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-v- Iq-SpX- Iq-en- F-n-h-bn- A-\p-Iq-e-am-b\n-e-]m-Sv- kzo-I-cn-m-sa-v- P-n-am- k-Xn-p.- A--s\- H-cp- sIm-w-\o-kacw Xop.

tNmZyw : s\SpamSv Nelf \S

hjw:
(F) 1910
(_n) 1912
(kn) 1913
(Un) 1916
Dcw: (_n)
Abn-- Pm-Xn-m-v- N--bn- {]th-i-\w- \n-tj-[n-n-cp--Xv- A--m-fn-bpwkw-L-hpw- tNm-Zyw-sN-bv-Xp.- Xp-S-v- I-Sp- kw-L--\w- \-S-p.- e-l-f-tbm-Sv-Iq-Sns\-Sp-a-m-Sv- N--bn- A-[-:-n-X-hn-`m-Km-pw- I-S-p-sN-m-\p-- km-l-N-cyap-m-bn.1913- km-[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\- kw-Ln-s- ap-J]
- {- X-am-bn- km-[p-P\
- ]
- c
- n-]m-en\n- B-cw-`n-p.- sN-p--d- Im-fn- tNm-Xnp-dp--\m-bn-cp-p- ]-{X-m[n].
tNmZyw : sXmqdmamv elf
FdnbsSpXv:
(F) s\SpamSv Nelf
(_n) Ducqew elf
(kn) s]cn\mSv elf
(Un) CsXmpa
Dcw:(_n)
sIm--h-jw- 1090- \-S--Xn-\m-emWv- sXm-q-dm-am-v- e-l-f- F--dn-b-s-Xv- (1915).A-
- m-fn-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-n- Ip-n-Isf- Du-cq---ew- kv-Iq-fn- tN-m- \-Sn-b- {i-a-s- D-b-- Pm-Xn-m- X-Sp.- A-p- cm-{Xn-X-s- kv-Iq- I-np-Ib
- pw- sN-bvX
- p.- C-Xm-Wv- e-lf
- b
- n- tev
\bnXv.
tNmZyw: s]cn\mSv elf \SXv GXv
PnbnemWv?
(F) Xncph\]pcw (_n) tImbw
(kn) sImw
(Un)CsXmpa
Dcw:(kn)
A-m-fn-bp-sS- B-lzm-\-a-\p-k-cn-v,bm-X-\-b-\p-`-hn-p-- k-ap-Zmw-K-- Ipw- am-e-bpw- s]m-n-s-dn-p.- C-Xv- kwL-j-n-\n-S-bm-n.- sIm--v- tKm-]m-eZm-kn-s- A-[y--X-bn- hn-fn-p-Iq-n-bkm-[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\- kw-L-n-s- tbmKw- B-{I-an--s-p.- Xp-S-v- Xn-cn--Sn-p.Xn-cn-sI- B-{I-a-Ww.- H-cm-gv-N-tbm-fw- \o-kw-L-jw. A-
- m-fn-bp-sS- {i-a^
- e
- a
- m-bn1915 Un-kw-_- ]-mw-Xo-b-Xn- s]-cn-\m-vk-hk
- a
- p-Zm-b- k-t-f\
- w- hn-fn-p-tN-p.A-[y-- N--\m-t-cn- ]-c-ta-iz-c- ]n.- B- k-t-f-\-n-h-v- B-bn-c--Wn-\v- kv-{Xo-I- I-pw- am-e-bpw- s]m-n-sdn-p.1936se- t-{X-{]-th-i\
- h
- n-fw-_c
- s
- p-S-v- 1937- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq- k-in-- a-lm-m-Km-n-sb- kzm-K-Xw- sN-m A--m-fn-bp-sS- P--tZ-i-am-b- sh-m\q-cn- h-p-Iq-Sn-b- k-t-f-\-n- A-m-fn-bp-sS- tk-h\
-
- s
- f- Km-n-Pn- {]-tXyIw- {]-Io-n-p-I-bp-m-bn.1941 Pq-- 18\v- A--m-fn- A--cn-p.Xn-cp-h-\--]p-c-v- sh--b--e-v- A-tl-n-s- {]-Xn-a- m-]n-n-p-v.- kw-m\- ]-n-I-Pm-Xn- hn-I-k-\- h-Ip-n-s- Bm-\w- sh--b--e-p-- A--m-fn`-h-\n-em-Wv.

tUm. ]ev]p (18631950)

tI

cf- \-thm-m-\- \m-b-I-cn- {]m-X-:kv-a-c-Wo-b-\m-Wv- tUm.-]-ev-]p.- F-kv.-F.-Un.-]n.- tbm-K-n-s- cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-

]nFkvkn _pn

n- \nWm-b-I- ]-p-h-ln-- A-t-lwX-s- _-lp-hn-[-am-b- I-a-ti-jn- k-aq-ln-s- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-b- ]p-\-w-hn-[m\-n-\p-th-n-bm-Wv- hn-\n-tbm-K-nXv.

tNmZyw: "Cybnse almamcmb
hnhImcnIfn A\izc\mb hyn'Fv tUm.]]phns\ hntijnnXmcv
(F) ktcmPn\n \mbnUp
(_n) almmKmn
(kn) kzman hnthIm\
(Un) Nn kzmanI
Dcw: (F)
kaql-n-se- D-\
- o-NX
- z--Im-cW
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17

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1891- {io-aq-ew- Xn-cp-\m- a-lm-cm-Pmhn-\v- k-a-n--s-- a-e-bm-fn- sa-tm-dnb-en- 10038 t]- H-n-p.- B-Zy- H-v- sI.]n.-i--c-ta-t\m-s-Xm-bn-cp-p.Cu-g-h- sa-tm-dn-b-en-s\-p-dn-v- ]-{X-fn-h-- te-J-\--fpw- kz-w- c-N-\I-fpw- l-Pn-I-fpw- D-s-Sp-n- k-a-c-n-

18

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tNmZyw: Ipamc-\m-im- F-kv-F-Un-]ntbm-Kw- sk-{I--dn-bm-b- h-jw-:(F) 1903

(_n) 1904
(kn) 1922
(Un) 1923
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F-- ]p-e-b-bp-hm-hn-s- Ip-Sn-en- A-`bw- tX-Sp-p.- C--t-v- Xn-cn-sI- a-S-msX- A-h- Nm--s\- th-p-p.1922- a-{Zm-kv- k-h-I-em-im-e- Bim-\v- a-lm-I-hn--w- \-In.
tNmZyw: Ipamc\mims Ahkm\s
{][m\ cN\:
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(_n) {Kmahrnse Ipbn
(kn) NnmhnjvSbmb koX
(Un) IcpW
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_p-a-Xm-Z-im-[n-jv-Tn-Xa
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2012 \hw-_- 15

A-dn-bs
- -Sm- t]m-Ip-X
- v- F-- hn-fw-_c
- am-Wv- B-im-s- {Km-ah
- r-
- n-se- Ip-bn(1918)- F-- I-hn-Xb
- p-sS- ]-m-e
- w.
]mc-X{- yw- am-\n-I-v- ar-Xn-sb-m`-bm-\-Iw- F-- h-cn- H-cp- D-Zv-t_m-[-\w- F- c-N-\-bn-emWv.
tNmZyw: Ipamc\mims\ hnhns
ip{I\{Xw Fv hntijnnXv:
(F) Xmbmv ic
(_n) tPmk^v aptcn
(kn) kpIpam AgotmSv
(Un) tUm.]]p
Dcw: (_n)
Bim-s\- \-thm-m-\
- n-s- I-hn- Fp- hn-ti-jn-n--Xv- Xm-bm-v- i--c-\m-Wv.Ip-am-c-\m-im-s\- Nn--kzm-an- F-p- hnfn-n-cp--Xv- tUm.-]-]p-hm-Wv- ({io-\m-cmb-W-Kp-cp-hm-bn-cp-p- s]-cn-b- kzm-an-).B-im-s- ko-Xm-Im-hyw- F-- ]p-kvX-Iw- c-Nn--Xv- kp-Ip-am- A-go-tm-Sv.
tNmZyw: Ipamc\mim Acn
hjw:
(F) 1925
(_n) 1928
(kn) 1922
(Un) 1924
Dcw: (Un)
sIm--p-\n-v- B-e-p-g-bv-v- t]m-IpI-bm-bn-cp-- sd-Uo-a- F-- t_m-v- ]-\-bm-n- a-dn-m-Wv- 1924 P-\p-hc
- n- 16\v(sIm-h
- -jw- 1099 a-Ic
- w- 3)- Ip-am-c\
- m-im ap-n-ac
- n-X
- v.- {X-bI
- h
- n-If
- n- B-Zyw- Ime-bh
- \
- n-Ib
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-v p-n- a-d
X
- -v B-im-\m-W.v ]--\-bn-em-Wv- Ip-am-c-\m-im- A-yhn-{i-aw- sIm-p--Xv- B-e-p-g- Pn--bn]-\
- b
- n-se- Ip-am-ct- Im-Sn-bn-em-Wv.- C-hn-sSbpw- Ip-am-c-\m-im-\v- kv-am-c-I-a-pv.
tNmZyw: Ipami\mim \mjW
Cnyqv Hm^v I FhnsSbmWv?
(F) ]mfbw
(_n) tXmbv
(kn) Imbnc
(Un) he
Dcw: (_n)
Xncp-h-\--]p-cw- Pn--bn-em-Wv- tXm-bv-.- 1958- A--s- hn-Zym-`ymk- a-{n- tPm-k-^v- ap--t-cn- ap-ssIsb-Sp-v- m-]n-- B-im- kv-am-c-I-amWv- (Ip-am-c-\m-im- sa-tm-dn-b-)- kmwkv-Im-cn-I- C-n-yq-m-bn- h-f--Xv.Ip-am-i-\m-im- \m-j-W- C-n-yqv- Hm-^v- I-d
- n-s- B-Zy- {]-kn-U
- v- B.i--dm-bn-cp-p.- Ip-am-c-\m-im-s- a-I- {]`m-I-c-\m-bn-cp-p- B-Zy- sk-{I--dn.Xn-cp-h\
-
- ]
- p-cw- \-Kc
-
- n- B-im-s{]-Xn-a- m-]n-n-cn-p-X
- v- ]m-fb
-
- v- tIc-f- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-n- B-m-\-n-\p- apn-se- Pw-Kv-j-\n-em-Wv.B-im-s- kv-a-c-Wm-Yw- G-s-Sp-nbn-cn-p-- ]p-ck
- vI
- m-ca
- m-Wv- B-im- thUv- ss{]-kv.- C-y- m-n- Nn-{Xo-Icn--s-- B-Zy- a-e-bm-f-I-hn- Ip-am-c-\mim-\mWv.

s]mbvIbn tbmlm
(18791939)
]

\w-Xn--bn-se- C-c-hn-t]-cp-cn- 1879

s^-{_p-h-cn- 17\v- s]m-bv-I-bn- tbm-l-m P-\n-p.
Ipacm- F-m-bn-cp-p- _m-ey-Im-e\
- maw.- {In-kv-Xp-a-X--\m-b- A-t-l-n-\vtbm-l-m- F-- t]-cp- e-`n-p.Z-fn-Xv- hn-`m-K-m- A-kv-]r-iy-cm-bn- IW-m-s
- -n-cp-- B- Im-eL
- -
- n- Ah-sc- kw-LS- n-n-p-X
- n-\m-bn- tbm-l
- m ap-ssI-sb-Sp-p.- A-Xn-\m-bn- amtm-a- N-n- tN-p.- F-m,- sa-s-- ]-cn-K-W-\-bv-m-bn- A-t-lw- {_-Z-d an-j-\n- tN-p.1909- tbm-l-m- {In-kv-Xp-a-Xw-hnv- kz--am-bn- Z-fn-Xv- hn-tam-N\
- - {]-m-\w-

B-cw-`n-p.- A-Xm-Wv- {]-Xy-- c-m- ssZh- k-`.- A-Xn-\p-ti-jw- A-t-lw- s]m-bvI

- bn- A-
-
- A-Yh
- m- Ip-am-cK
- p-cp-tZ-h
F-d
- n-bs
- -p.- ss{I-kv-X-h,- A-ss{I-kv-Xh- Z-fn-Xv- hn-`m-K
- -v- X-s- kw-LS- b
- nAw-K-Xz-n-\v- Ip-am-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h- A-h-kc-sam-cpn.
tNmZyw:{]Xy cm ssZh k`bpsS
Bm\w:
(F) s\mnIc(_n) DZnbIpfc
(kn) Cchnt]cq (Un) shm\q
Dcw: (kn)
Xncp-h--bv--Sp-p-- A-a-c-p-pws\-m-n-I-cb
-
v- S- p-p-- D-Zn-b
- Ip-f
- c-bpw- {]-Xy-- c-m- ssZ-h-k-`-bp-sS- D]-tI-{--fm-bn-cp-p.Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s- hn-hn-[- `m-K--fnem-bn- 125 G-t- dm-fw- `q-an- {]-Xy-- c-mssZ-h-k-`-bv-p-th-n- hm-n.- kv-Iq-fp-Ifpw- hy-hk
- m-b- ]-cn-io-e\
- - tI-{-f
- pw- Bcw-`n-m- A-t-lw- ap-ssI-sb-Sp-p.1921-epw- 1931-epw- s]m-bv-I-bn- A--s\- {io-aq-ew- {]-Pm-k-`-bn-te-v- \m-a-\nt-iw- sN-bv-Xp.A-[x-n-X-v- hn-Zym-`ym-k- s
- Xm-gnA-hk
- c
-
- -p-th-n- A-t-lw- {]-Pm-k`-bn- hm-Zn-p.- Z-fn-X-cp-sS- D--a-\-n-\mbn- \n-c-h-[n- F-bv-U-Uv- kv-Iq-fp-I-fpw- Xp-Sn.- 1939 Pq-- 29\v- s]m-bv-I-bn- A-- A--cn-p.

]WvUnv Idp (18851938)

hm-l-em- tIm-q- Ip-n-Ir-jv-W-]n,- tI-c-f- In-knw-P-- t_-_n- tPm-1931- I-dp-- sh-Wm-p-e- FUyp-t-js
- - kq-{]-m-bn- \n-ba
- n-X\
- m-bn.1935- a-lm-cm-Pm-kv- tIm-tf-Pn- A-[ym]-I-\m-bn.- C-m-e-b-f-hn- a-{Zm-kv- k-hI-em-im-e-bp-sS- t_m-Uv- Hm-^v- F-Iv-kman-t\-j-kv- sN-b-am-\m-bpw- F-d-Wm-Ipfw- ap-\n-kn-- Iu--kn- Aw-K-am-bpw{]-h-np.
tNmZyw : ]WvUnv Idp\v IhnXneI
_lpaXn\InbXmcv?
(F) tIcfha henb tImbnpcm
(_n) sImocmPmhv
(kn) XncphnXmwIq cmPmhv
(Un) kmaqXncn
Dcw: (_n)
tIcf-h-a- h-en-b- tIm-bn--p-cm-
hn-Zzm- _-lp-a-Xn- \-In.I-dp-
- A-[:-
n-Xc
- p-sS- t-a
- n-\mbn- {]-m-\-- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-p.- tX-hc-bn- hm-e-k-ap-Zm-b- ]-cn-jv-Im-cn-Wn-k-`bpw- sIm-Sp--q-cn-se- B-\m-p-g-bn- Ieym-W-Zm-bn-\n-k-`-bpw- ssh--v- hm-etk-hm-k-an-Xn-bpw- cq-]-h--cn-m- t\Xr-Xzw- \-In.-C-S-sm-n-bn- m-t\mZ-bw- k-`,- F--n-bq-cn- A-c-b-hw-timm-cW
- o- a-lm-k`
- ,- Ip-f
-
- v- k-m-K- {]Zo-]-{]-`,- ]-d-hq-cn- k-ap-Zm-b-tk-hn-\n- XpS-n-b-h-bpw- m-]n-m- I-dp-- apssI-sb-Sp-p.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-epw- sImn-bn-epw- a-e-_m-dn-epw- hn-hn-[- t]-cp-I-fnepw- cq-]
- n-epw- \-S
- n-bn-cp-- k-ap-Zm-tbmm-c-W- {]-h--\--v- G-Io-Ir-X- cq]-ap-m-m- b-Xv-\n-p-I-bpw- A-c-b-hwtim-m-c-Wn- F-- t]-cn-ep-- tI-{-kwL-S-\- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-p--Xn- ap-Jy-]-ph-ln-p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.sIm-n- ]p-e-b-a-lm-k-`-bp-sS- cq-]-hXv-I-c-W-n-\pw- I-dp-- am-K-\n-t-iw]-I-p.- sIm-n- ]p-e-b- a-lm-k-`- D-Zv-LmS-\w- sN--s--Xv- 1913 sa-bv- 25\m-Wv- .- Irjv-Wm-Xn- B-im- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- {]-knU-pw- ]n.-kn.-Nm-- sk-{I--dn-bp-am-bn.]p-e-b-cp-sS- hn-Zym-`ym-k- \n-e-hm-cw- D-bp-X
- n-\pw- A-\m-Nm-c
- - Xp-S
- p-\o-p-Xn-\pw- km--n-I- D--a-\w- ssI-h-cn-

gb sIm-o-cm-Py--v F-dW
- m-Ip-f
- -v tNcm-\
- q-cn- 1885 sa-bv- 24\v- I-dp-
- P-\np.- ]n-Xm-hv- ]m-p,- am-Xm-hv- sIm-p-s]-v.
Agn-- th-ep- ssh-Zy-s-bS- p-v- Hu]-Nm-cn-I- hn-Zy-`ym-kw- B-cw-`n-p.hn-Zym-tI-{-sa-- \n-e-bn- A-m-ev- {]-i-kv-X-am-bn-cp-- sIm-Sp--q-cn]-T-\w- \-S-n-b- Im-ew- ]-Wv-Un-v- I-dp-s- Po-hn-X-n-se- kp-{]-[m-\- L--am-Wv.\n-ch
- [
- n- hn-Zym-eb
-
- f
- n- A-t-lw- A[ym-]I
- \
- m-bn- tk-h\
- w- A-\p-jT
-v n-p.- 1925I-dp-s
- \- sIm-n- e-Pn-t-o-hv- Iu-k
- nen-te-v- \m-a\
- n-t-iw- sN-bvX
- p.- I-dp-s
- {i-a^
- e
- a
- m-bn- K-h
- s
- a- v- A-[:-
- n-Xc
- p-sSt-a
- n-\m-bn- ]p-Xn-b- h-Ip-n-\-v cq-]w- \In.- I-dp-
- B- h-Ip-n-s- A-kn-
- -v s{]m-IvS- d
- m-bn- \n-ba
- n-X\
- m-bn.A-kn-
- v- s{]m-I
- vS- - F-- \n-eb
- nI-dp-- \n-c-h-[n- ]-cn-jv-Im-c--v- Xp-Sw- Ip-dn-p.- A-[-:-n-X-n-S-bn-se- A-hn-izm-kw- Zp-co-I-cn-m- B-Nm-c-`q-jWw- F-- Ir-Xn- c-Nn-p.^n-jd
- o-kv- kvI
- q-fp-I- m-]n-m-\pwI-dp-- ap-ssI-sb-Sp-p.
tNmZyw : ]WvUnv Idps A]c\maw
(F) tIcf en
(_n) tIcf kp`mjv N{t_mkv
(kn) tIcf Phmlem
(Un) tIcf InknwP
Dcw: (F)
tIc-f- kp-`m-jv- N-{-t_m-kv- - ap-l-Zv- A-_v-Zp- d-m- km-ln-v,- tI-c-f- P-

]nFkvkn _pn

p--Xn-\pw- kw-L-S-\- Du-- \-In.q-dn-kn- F-- A-kp-Jw- Im-c-Ww- 1938

am-v- 23\v- I-dp-- A--cnp.
tNmZyw : kaImenI PmXn hyhsb
hnainpsImv ]Wv U nv Idp
cNn IrXn:
(F) DZym\hncpv (_n) PmXnIpn
(kn) _memIteiw
(Un) kam[n k]w
Dcw: (_n)
a{Zm-kv- K-h-W-dp-sS- _-lp-am-\m-YwsIm-o-cm-Pm-hv- kw-L-Sn-n-- D-Zym-\- hn-cpn- A-h-K-Wn--s--Xn- a-\w-s\m-vc-Nn--Xm-Wv- D-Zym-\-hn-cp-v.N-
- n-kzm-an-I- k-am-[n-bm-bt- m- A\p-tim-Nn-p-sIm-v- c-Nn--Xm-Wv- k-am-[nk--]w.

19

Cy- `cWLS\
{]Zo-]v-

1. tem-I-s- G--hpw- _r-l-m-b- `-cW-L-S-\-?-C-y- `-c-W-L-S-\2.- -`-c-W-L-S-\- F-gp-Xn,- X-m-dm-m- FSp-- k-a-bw-?-2 h-jw,- 11 am-kw,- 17 Zn-h-kw3.- -C-y- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- in-]n-?-tUm.- _n.-B- Aw-t_-Zv-I4.- -G-Xv- \n-b-a-am-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bv-v- ASn-kv-Ym-\-am-b-Xv-?-1935se- K-h--sa-dv- Hm-^v- C-y- BIv-Sv5.- -tIm--kv-n-yp-h-dv- A-kw-n- cq-]o-Icn--Xv-?1- 946 \-hw-_d
- n- (Im-_n-\
- v- an-j
- m\n-s\- Xp-S-v-)6.- -tIm--kv-n-yq-h-dv- A-kw-n-bn-seAw-K-kw-Jy-?-299 (Xp-S--n- 389)7.- -tIm--kv-n-yq-h-dv- A-kw-n-bn-seAw-K-kw-Jy- 389-\n-pw- 299 B-bnIp-d-bp-hm-\p-m-b- Im-c-Ww-?-C-ym--]m-Iv- hn-`-P-\-s- Xp-S-vsF-bp-Fw-F- Aw-K--sf- ]n-h-en-Xn-\m8.- t- Im-k
-
v- n-yq-h
- dv- A-kw-n-bp-sS- {]Y-a- k-t-f-\w- 1946 Un-kw-_- 9\v- \S--tm- A-[y-- B-cm-bn-cp-p-?-tUm.- k-n-Zm-\-- kn-l- (C-S-m-eA-y--)9.- t- Im-k
-
v- n-yq-h
- dv- A-kw-n-bp-sS- kvYn-cm-y--?t- Um.- cm-tP-{- {]-km-Zv- 1946 Un-kw-_11\v- sX-c-s-Sp-p-)10.- t- Im-k
- v
- n-yq-h
- dv- A-kw-n-bp-sS- D]m-y--?-s{]m-^.- l-co-{-Ip-am- ap-J-Pn11.- -`-c-W-L-S-\- \n-m-W-n-\m-bn- X-mdm-n-b- G-gw-K--fp-- ({Um-^v-nw-KvI-n-n- cq-]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv- F-v-?-1947 B-K-kv-v- 29\v12.- {Um-^v-nw-Kv- I-n-n-bp-sS- sN-b-am-?-tUm.- _n- B- Aw-t_-Zv-I13.- k
- z-X{- - C-y-bp-sS- B-Zy- \n-ba
- a
- {- n-?-tUm.- _n- B- Aw-t_-Zv-I- (cm-{w1990- A-t-l-n-\v- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w- a-cWm-\--c- _-lp-a-Xn-bm-bn- \-In- BZ-cn-p-).14.- tIm-k
-
v- n-yp-h
- kv- A-kw-n- B-sIF-{X-h-w- k-t-fn-p-?-11 X-h-W15.- `-c-W-L-S-\- kzo-I-cn--s-- h-jw-?-1949 \-hw-_- 26
16.- `-c-W-L-S-\- {]m-_-ey-n- h--Xv-?-1950 P-\p-h-cn- 26
17.- tIm--kv-n-yp-h-kv- A-kw-n-bp-sS\n-b-tam-]-tZ-m-hv- B-bn- \n-b-an--s-Xv- B-cv-?-

28

-{io.- _n.-F-.- dm-hp18.- tIm--kv-n-yp-h-kv- A-kw-n-bp-sS{Um-^v-nw-Kv- I-n-n-bp-sS- Aw-K--?-1.- tUm.- _n- B- Aw-t_-Zv-I2- .- {io.- F- tKm-]m-em-kzm-an- A-
- m-3.- {io.- A-m-Sn- Ir-jv-W-kzm-an- A--4.- {io.- sI.- Fw- ap-jn-5.- {io- k--Zv- ap-l--Zv- k-l-Zp--6.- {io.- _n.-F- an--m- (Replaced by
N. Madhav Rao
7. Un.-]n.- ssI-Xm- (A-t-lw- 1948A--cn-p.- ]-I-cw- {io.- Sn- Sn- Ir-jv-Wam-Nm-cn- \n-b-an-X-\m-bn.)-19.- {Xn-h-]
- X
- m-Is
- b- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-Ib
- mbn- tIm-k
- v
- n-yq-h
- dv- A-kw-n- AwKo-I-cn-- h-jw-?-1947 Pq-sse- 22
20.- "-"-P-\-K-W-a-\-'-'- tZ-io-b-Km-\-am-bn- AwKo-I-cn-- h-jw-?-1950 P-\p-h-cn- 24
21.- -`-c-W-L-S-\- kzo-I-cn--s--Xv-?-1949 \-hw-_- 26
22.- -`-c-W-L-S-\- {]m-_-ey-n- h--Xv-?-1950 P-\p-h-cn- 26
23.- "-"-P-\p-h-cn- 26'-'- `-c-W-L-S-\- {]m-_-ey-

W-L-S-\-bn-\n-pw- I-S-sa-Sp-- Bi-b--?-1.- i--am-b- tI-{-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- s^U-td-U-

-2.- kw-kv-Ym-\- K-h-W-am-sc- tI-{k-m- \n-b-an-p--Xv- kw-_-n-v28.- au-en-I- I-S-a-I- C-y- `-c-W-L-S-\G-Xp- cm-Py-n-sd- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn\n-pw- I-S-sa-Sp-p-?-d-jy-
29.- sF-dn-j-v `-cW
- L
- S- \
- b
- n-\n-pw- C-y-
`-cW
- L
- S- \
- - I-Ss
- a-Sp-- B-ib
-
- -?-1.- am--\n-t-i-I- X-z--2.- {]-kn-U-dn-sd- sX-c-s-Sp-v- {]{In-b-3.- cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-v- Aw-K--sf- sX-cs-Sp-p-- co-Xn30.- A-Sn-b-n-cm-h-kv-Y-bpw- {]-kv-Xp-X- Ime-b-f-hn- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-- a-chn-n-p--Xpw- kw-_-n-- B-i-bwG-Xp- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-\n-pw- I-S-saSp-p-?-P--
31.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-J-s- "-`-c-WL-S-\-bp-sS- Xm-tm-'-'- F-v- hn-tijn-n--Xm-cv-?-

n- h-cm-\m-bn- Xo-cp-am-\n-p-hm-\pm-b- Im-c-Ww-?-Un-kw-_- 31- B-cw-`n-- C-y- \mj-W- tIm--{K-kn-sd- em-tlmsk-j\

- n- P-\p-hc
- n- 26 1930 kzm-X{- yZn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-p--Xn-te-m-bn.-G-Xv- `-c-W- k-{-Zm-b-am-Wv- `-c-W-L-S\- Aw-Ko-I-cn-n-cn-p--Xv-?-{_n-o-jv- am-Xr-I-bn-se- Im-_n-\-v- k{-Zm-bw-{_n-- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-\n-pw- C-y `-c-W-L-S-\- I-S-sa-Sp-- B-i-b-?-]m-e-sa-d-dn- k-{-Zm-bw,- \n-b-a-\nm-W- \-S]
- S- n-{I-a
- ,- G-I- ]u-cX
- zw,d-n-v,- C.A.H bp-sS Hm-^o-kv- etc...........
A
- t- a-cn-
- `-cW
- L
- S- \
- b
- n-\n-pw- Cy- `-c-W-L-S-\- I-S-sa-Sp-- B-ib--?-1.- kz-X-{- \o-Xn-\ym-b- kw-hn-[m-\w-2.- Pp-Uo-jy- dn-hyp3- .- cm-{-n-sd-bpw- `-cW
- L
- S- \
- b
- p-sSbpw- X-e-h-\m-bn- {]-kn-U-dv-4.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-Jw-5.- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn,- ssl-tm-S-Xn- PUv-Pn-am-sc- \o-w-sN--6.- kz-X-{- \o-Xn-\ym-b- kw-hn-[m-\w-7.- au-en-Im-h-Im-i--8.- ssh-kv- {]-kn-U-dn-sd- A-[n-Imc-.C-y- `-c-W-L-S-\- I-t\-Un-b- `-c-

-G-W-kv-v- _m-32.- `-cW

- L
- S- \
- b
- p-sS- B-ap-Js
- "Political Horoscope'' Fv- hn-ti-jn-n-Xm-cv-?-sI.-Fw.- ap-jn33.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-J-s- "-"-`-c-WL-S\
- b
- p-sS- B-Xva
- m-hv'- '- - F-- hn-ti-jnn--Xm-cv-?-Xm-q-Zm-kv- `m--h.34.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-J-s- "-"-`-c-WL-S-\-bp-sS- Xn-cn--dn-b- Im-Uv-'-'- Fv- hn-ti-jn-n--Xm-cv-?-F-.-F- ]m-o-hm-e35.- `- c - W - L - S - \ - b p- s S- B- a p- J - n- s din-]n-?-]-n-v- P-h-l-em- s\-lv-dp36.- `- c
- W
- L
- S- \
- b
- p-sS- B-ap-Jw- tIm-k
- -v n-yqh-kv- A-kw-n- Aw-Ko-Ic
- n-- h-jw-?-1947 P-\p-h-cn- 22
37.- C-y- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-\n-pw- th-dnv- kz--am-bn- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-- C-ybn-se- G-I- kw-kv-Ym-\w-?-P-p- &- Im-iv-ao38.- -au-en-I- I-S-a-I- C-y- `-c-W-L-S\-bn- D-s-Sp-n-b-Xv- G-Xv- I-n-nbp-sS- \n-t-i-{]-Im-cw-?-kz-c--knw-Kv- I-n-n-bp-sS39.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- {]-[m-\- `m-K--?-B-ap-Jw,- 444 B-n-n-fp-I,- 12 sjUyq-fp-I,- 92 t`-Z-K-Xn-I,- A-\p-_w- F-n-h-

24.-

25.-

26.-

27.-

]nFkvkn _pn

40.- `-c-W-L-S-\- {]m-_-ey-n- h-- 1950

P-\p-h-cn- 26- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn- F-{X`m-K-- D-m-bn-cp-p-?-B-ap-Jw,- 395 B-n-n-fp-I,- 8 sjUyq-fp-I,- A-\p-_-w- F-n-h41.- "-"-I--I-d-dv- en-kv-v,- kzm-X-{y- hym]m-cw-'-'- F-o- B-i-b-- C-y- `c-W-L-S-\- G-Xv- cm-Py-n-\n-pw- IS-sa-Sp-p-?-B-kv-t{S-en-b42.- K-h
- s
- a-dv- Hm-^v- C-y- B-ISv- v- 1935\n-pw- G-sX-mw- B-i-b-- C-y `-c-W-L-S-\- kzo-I-cn-p-?1- .- s^-Ud
- - kw-hn-[m-\w- (bp.-sI-bpw-)-2.- K-h-W-dp-sS- Hm-^o-kv-3.- ]-n-Iv- k-o-kv- I-o-j
- F-n-h43.- tIm-k
-
v- n-yp-h
- dv- A-kw-n-bp-sS- Iogn- s e ''Union Powers Committee,
Union Constitution Committee'' Fnh-bp-sS- A-y-
- B-cm-bn-cp-p-?-]-n-v- P-h-l-em- s\-lv-dp44.- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-- G-sX-mw-?-1.- k-a-Xz-n-\p-- A-h-Im-iw- (Bn-n- 14-18)-2.- kzm-X-{y-n-\p-- A-h-Im-iw(B-n-n- 19-22)-3.- Nq-j-W-n-s\-Xn-cm-b- A-h-Im-iwA-h-Im-iw- (B-n-n- 23-24)-4.- a-X- kzm-X-{y-n-\p-- A-h-Im-iw(B-n-n- 29-30)5- .- kmw-kvI
- m-cn-Ih
- pw- hn-Zym-`ym-k]
- c
- h
- pam-b- A-h-Im-iw-6.- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- {]-Xn-hn-[n-Ip-- A-h-Im-iw- (B-n-n- 31-35)45.- kz-h
- I
- m-iw- au-en-Im-hI
- m-i
- f
- n\n-pw- F-Sp-p-am-n-b- `-c-W-L-S-\mt`-Z-K-Xn-?-44mw- t`-Z-K-Xn- (1978se-)46.- `-cW
- L
- S- \
- - A-bn-m-Nm-cW
- w- in-ml-am-n-bX
- v- G-Xv- h-Ip-v- {]-Im-cw-?-17mw- h-Ip-v47.- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-bn- C-y- bq-Wnb-sd- X-e-h-?-cm-{-]-Xn48.- a
- u-en-I- I-Sa
- I
- - `-cW
- L
- S- \
- b
- n- Ds-Sp-n-b-Xv- G-Xv- t`-Z-K-Xn- {]-Im-cw-?-1976se- 42mw- t`-Z-K-Xn-tbm-sS49.- `- c
- W
- L
- S- \
- b
- p-sS- k-b
- pw- km-ch
- p-sav- tUm-Iv-S- Aw-t_-Zv-I- hn-tj-inn-- h-Ip-v-?3- 2mw- h-Ip-v- (`-cW
- L
- S- \
- m-]c
- a
- m-b- {]Xn-hn-[n-I-p-- A-h-Im-iw50.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-b-p-sS Part III Fn-s\- {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-p-?-au-en-Im-h-Im-i-51.- {]m-b]q-n- thm-hIm-iw- \n-baambXv- GXv- `cWLS\ t`ZKXn-bn-eqsS?
1989se 61mw- `cWLS\m- t`ZKXnbn-eq-sS
52. `cWLS\bp-sS B-n-n-fp-I- 5 apX- 11 hsc Fn-s\ {]Xn-]m-Zn-pp?]u-cXz-s kw-_n-v53.- A\ym-bam-bn- XSp-hbm-sf tamNn-n-p-hm- ]p-dsSp-hn-p- dn-v?tl_n-bkv- tIm-kv54.- `cWLS\bp-sS GXv- hIp-v- {]Imcam-Wv- _m-ethe \n-tcm-[n-Xv?24mw- hIp-v-

2012 \hw-_- 15

First day (December 11, 1946) of the Constituent Assembly.From right: B. G. Kher and
Sardar Vallabhai Patel; K. M. Munshi is seated behind Patel

55.- hy-Iv-Xn-Isftbm- kv-Ym-]\sftbmkz-w- I-hyw- \n-ln-p-hmA\p-im-kn-p- dn-v?am-Um-akv56.- A-lXbn-m- DtZym-Kw- hln-pXn-\n-pw- XSbm-t\m- ]Zhn- Hgnp-In-Sp-Xm-bn- {]Jym-]n-m-t\mthn- ]p-dsSp-hn-p- dn-v?
tIz-m- hm-dt-dm57.- A[n-Im-cm-Xn-n-bp-am-bn- _s
hn-jbfn- Io-gvt- m-SXn-bn-\n-pwtIkv- ta-tIm-SXn-bn-tev- am-m{]Jym-]n-p- dn-v?sk-tjym-ddn58.- Io-gtv- m-SXn-I- A[n-Im-cm-Xn-n- ewLn-p-Xpw- \o-Xn- \n-ba-v- hncp-am-bn- {]h-n-p-Xpw XSbm]p-dsSp-hn-p- dn-v?
s{]m-ln-_n-j59.- dn-v ]p-dsSp-hn-m- A[n-Im-cw- Bsm-s?kp-{]ow-tIm-SXn-pw- ssltm-SXn-pw60.- `cWLS\m-]cam-bn- Cy- bq-Wnbs-d Xeh?cm-jv-{S]Xn61.- Cy {]Xn-tcm-[ tk\Ifp-sS ]cam[n-Im-cn?cm-jv-{S]Xn
62.- cm-jv-{S]Xnv- F{X Aw-Ksf cm-Pyk`bn-tev- \m-a\n-tiw- sNmw?12 Aw-Ksf
63.- cm-jv-{S]Xnbm-hm- F{X hbv- ]qn-bm-hWw?35 hbv64.- B-n-n- 54 Fn-s\ {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-p?cm-jv-{S]Xnbp-sS sXcsSp-v65.- cm-j{-v S]Xnsb sXcsSpp-Xv- Bcv?- ]m-esa-dn-sebpw- kw-kv-Ym-\ \nbak`Ifn- s ebpw Xn- c sSps Aw- K fSp- CeIv - S dtIm-tfPv66.- cm-j{v- S-]X
- n-sb- sX-cs
- -Sp-p-hm-\p-{]-{In-bb
- n- kw-kY
v- m-\- \n-ba
- - \n-mW- k-`I
- f
- n-se- Fw-F-Fa
- m-cp-sS- thm-nsd- aq-eyw- \n-iN
v- b
- n-p-X
- v- F-s
- \-?kw-kv-Ym-\s BsI P\kw-Jy- 1
x /100
kw-kv-Ym-\ \n-ba \n-m-W
k`Ifn-se- sXcsSps
Aw-Kfp-sS BsI Fw-

2012 \hw-_- 15

67.- cm-j{v- S]Xnsb sXcsSpp- {]{Inbbn ]m-esa-dw-Kfp-sS thm-ns-d aq-eyw- \nivN

- bn-p-Xv- Fs\?kw-kv-Ym-\ \n-ba \n-m-W k`Ifn-se
Fw-F-Fam-cp-sS BsI Fw-]m-esa-dw-Kfp-sS BsI Fw68.- cm-jv-{S]Xnbp-sS Xn-csSpn-\v- tat\m-w- hln-p-Xv- Bcv?sXcsSpv- Io-j69.- {][m-\a{n,- tI{a{n-am,- Atm-Wn- P\d,- kn-FPn,- kp-{]ow-tIm-SXnbn-sebpw- ssltm-SXn-bn-sebpw- PUvPn-am,- kw-kv-Ym-\ Kh--am,- bp]n-Fkv-kn- sNb-am,- ap-JysXcsSp- v - Io- j W,- Aw- _ mkU-am,- Bkq-{XW Io-j- D]my--,- Aw-K- Fn-hsc \n-banp-Xv- Bcv?
cm-jv-{S]Xn
70.-- cm-jv-{S]Xnbp-sS {]Xn-am-k thX\w?1,-50,-000 cq-]
71.-- cm-jv-{S]Xn,- D]cm-jv-{S]Xn, kp-{]owtIm- S Xn,- ssltm- S Xn PUv - P n- a m
Fn-hsc ]p-dm-m-\p- P\m-[n]Xy-am-Kw?Cw-]o-v-sa-dv72. B- n- n- 61 Fn- s \ {]Xn- ] m- Z np- p?Cw-]o-v-sa-dv- {]{In-b
73.- cm-Py-k`bp-sS Ay-?D]cm-jv-{S]Xn
74.- D]cm-jv-{S]Xn Bbn-cn-t Acn-
BZy- hy-Iv-Xn?{io.- Ir-jv-WIm-v75.- D]cm- j v - { S]Xn BIp- Xn- \ p- Ipd {]m-b]cn-[n?35 hbv76.- tem-Ik
v- `m- ktf\fp-sS By-whln-p-Xv- Bcv?kv-]o-77.- Cy ]m-esa-dn-se BZy- h\n-Xmkv-]o-?ao-cm-Ip-am78.- BZy tem-Iv-k`m kv-]o-?Pn- hn- am-hv-e79.- tI{a{nk`bn- F{X Xcw- a{n-amDv?aq-v- (Im-_n-\v,- kl,- D] a{n)80.- B-n-n- 148 Fn-s\ {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-p?-

Iw]v-t{Sm-f- B-dv- BUn-- P\d81.- B-n-n- 76 Fn-s\ {]Xn-]m-Zn-pp?Atm-Wn-- P\d82.- B-n-n- 124 147 Fn-s\ {]Xn]m-Zn-p-p?kp- { ]ow- t Im- S Xn- b p- s S A[n- I m- c w,LS\,- Dchm-Zn-83.- cm-Py-k`bp-sS BZy- sk{Idn- P\d?_n- F- Iu84.- tem- I v - k `bp- s S BZy- sk{IdnP\d?Sn- sI hn-iz-\m-Y85.- cm-Py-k`bp-sS BZy- sU]yq-n- sNbam?Fkv- hn- Ir-jv-Waq-n- dm-hp86.- Cy ]m-esa-dn-s-d At[m-k`
(Lower Home)- GXm-Wv-?tem-Iv-k`
87. \n-ba]cam-b Im-cy-fn- kw-kv-Ym-\
k-m-cn-\v- D]tZiw- \-Ip-Xm-cv?AUz-tv- P\d
88.- \n-ba \n-m-Wm-[n-Im-cfp-sS aq-pXcw- en-kv-p-I- GsXmw?kvtv- en-k
v- v,- bq-Wn-b-- en-k
v- v,- IId-dv- en-kv-v
89.- bq-Wn-bsdbpw- kw-kY
v- m-\fp-sSbpwA[n-Im-c]cn-[n-bn- hcp- - en-kv-v?I-Id-dv- en-kv-v
90.- Cy `cWLS\ {]Im-cw- F{Xhn[w- ASn-bcm-hkv-Y {]Jym-]n-mw?aq-p-Xcw91.- sshtZin- I tam- B`y- ctam- Bb
B{IaWfp- s S km- l Ncy- n{]Jym-]n-p-Xv- GXv- ASn-bcm-hkvYbm-Wv?bp-Im-e ASn-bcm-hkv-Y (352mwhIp-v)92.- GXv hIp-p-{]Im-cam-Wv- km-n-ImSn-bcm-hkv-Y {]Jym-]n-p-Xv-?360mw- hIp-v93.- kw-kv-Ym-\fn- ASn-bcm-hkv-Y
{]Jym-]n-p-Xv- GXv hIp-p-{]Im-camWv-?
356mw- hIp-v94.- ASn- b cm- h kv - Y {]Jym- ] \n- \ v {]m-_eyw- \-Ip-Xv- Bcm-Wv?]m-esa-dv95.- tIcfn- BZy-am-bn- ASn-bcm-

]nFkvkn _pn

hkv-Y {]Jym-]n-Xv?1959
96.- B-n-n- 356 {]Im-cw- BZy-am-bn- ]ncn-p-hn-Ss kw-kv-Ym-\w?tIcfw- (1957se C Fw- Fkv- k-mcn-s\)97.- B-n-n- 368 Fn-s\ {]Xn-]m-Zn-pp?`cWLS\ t`ZKXn-I98.- BZy-s `cWLS\m- t`ZKXn- {]m_ey-n- hXv?1951 Pq-Wn99.- `m-jm-Sn-kv-Ym-\n- kw-kv-Ym-\cq- ] o- I r- X am- b Xv - GXv - `cWLS\mt`ZKXn- {]Im-cam-Wv?1956se Ggmw- `cWLS\m- t`ZKXn{]Im-cw100.-au- e n- I m- h Im- i - ASap-
`cWLS\m- `m- K - t`ZKXn
sNm- ]m-esa-dn\v- A[n-Im-cw\-In-bXv- GXv- t`ZKXn- {]Im-cw-?1971se 24mw- t`ZKXn101.- kn-n-an-s\ Cy-bp-sS 22mw kw-kY
v- m\am-bn-- {]Jym-]nXv- GXv- t`ZKXn- {]Imcw-?1975se 36mw- t`ZKXn102.-Iq-dp-am-- \n-tcm-[\
- - \n-ba
- w- \n-eh
- n- h-Xv- G-Xv- `-cW
- L
- S- \
- m- t`-ZK
- X
- n- {]-Imcw-?1985se 52mw- t`ZKXn103.-`cWLS\bp-sS Bap-Jn- tkmjy- e n- k v - v , - skIyp- e dn- k v - v - Fo]Z- D- s Sp- n- b Xv- GXv`cWLS\m- t`ZKXn- {]Im-cw-?1976se 42mw- t`ZKXn- {]Im-cw
104.-1987se 56mw `cWLS\- t`ZKXnFn-s\ {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-p?tKm-hbv-v- kw-kv-Ym-\ ]Zhn- \-IpXv- kw-_n-v
105.-1993se 73mw- t`ZKXn- Fn-s\ {]Xn]m-Zn-p-p?]m-bo-cm-Pn-s\ kw-_n-v
106.-GXv- `cWLS\m- t`ZKXn- {]Im-camWv- U-ln-v- Xekv-Ym-\ {]tZiwF ]Zhn- \-In-bXv?1991se 69mw- t`ZKXn107.-93mw `cWLS\- t`ZKXn Fp-am-bn_sv?Bdv- ap-X- 14 hbv- hscbp- Ipn-I-v- ku-P\y-hpw- \n-_n-Xhpam-b hn-Zym-`ym-kw- e`n-p-Xv- kw_n-v108.-t_m-tUm,- km-en,- ssaYn-en,- tUm-{KnFo- `m-jI- Fmw- sjUyq-fn- Iqn- t N- sXv - GXv - `cWLS\mt`ZKXn- {]Im-cw-?100mw- `cWLS\m- t`ZKXn109.-B-n-n- 370 Fn-s\ {]Xn-]m-Zn-pp?Pp- Im-ivao-cn-\v- {]tXy-I ]Zhn110.- B-n-n- 360 Fn-s\ {]Xn-]m-Zn-pp?km-n-I A-Sn-bcm-hkv-Y
111.- B-n-n- 108 Fn-s\ {]Xn-]m-Znp-p?
]m-esa-dn-s-d kw-bp-Iv-X
ktf\w112.- B-n-n- 112 Fn-s\ {]Xn-]m-Zn-pp?
_Pv113.- Cy- b n- s e Ghpw- ]gtadn- b
ssltm-SXn- GXv?I- ssltm-SXn- (2 Pq-sse,1862)114.- B-n-n- 280 Fn-s\ {]Xn-]m-Znp-p?
^n-\m-kv- Io-j-

29