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Pid Pave Design 2004 PDF
Pid Pave Design 2004 PDF
Dr Bryan Pidwerbesky
Group Technical Manager
Fulton Hogan Ltd
www.fh.co.nz
Load, W
P0
P0
Pavement
P1
P1
Subgrade
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Load, W
Pavement
Subgrade
Compression
Tension
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Pavement Strategies
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Really semi-empirical
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Stress ()
Elastic strain
100% rebound after load is removed
Modulus
stress / strain
Elastic modulus
Flexural modulus
Resilient modulus
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Direction of Travel
1
2
1 = Permanent strain
2 = Resilient strain
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Combined effect
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Direction of Travel
Tandem
3
4
Combined effect
3 = Permanent strain
4= Resilient strain
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Actual
axle
load
Number of standard axles to
cause same damage =
Reference axle load
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Traffic Loading
For seal design: use equivalent light vehicles convert heavy vehicles to elv
For highway pavement design: ignore light
vehicles, use only HCVs, converted to Equivalent
Standard Axles (esa)
For ports & log handling yards, DONT use esa
or 4th power rule for converting loads!
For airports, special loading formula
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Pavement Model
ESA loading
layers defined by E, , h
anisotropic (value depends on
direction)
subgrade
unbound
ESA Load
E1, 1, h1
E2, 2, h2
E3, 3, h3
En, n, hn
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Modulus (MPa)
Poissons Ratio
1500 4500
0.40
depends on mix
properties & vehicle
speed
Unbound Base
200 450(!)
0.35
Unbound Subbase
150 300
0.35
Subgrade
10 250
0.45
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Sub-layering
Asphalt Modulus = 3200 MPa
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20
Thickness
(mm)
T/5
T/5
T/5
T/5
T/5
Modulus
(MPa)
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2000
3000
4000
5000
350
350
320
280
250
220
180
150
350
330
280
240
200
160
150
150
350
310
260
210
160
150
150
150
350
290
240
190
150
150
150
150
350
280
220
170
150
150
150
150
22
E
subgrade
R = (150/30)1/5
= 1.38
Sublayer
Thickness
Modulus
(mm)
(MPa)
1
60
150
2
60
109
3
60
79
4
60
57
5
60
41
Subgrade modulus = 30 www.fh.co.nz
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24
Freeway
95-97.5
90-97.5
85-95
85-95
80-90
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26
Cemented materials
Characterisation for Pavement Design
isotropic (Ev=Eh)
elastic modulus
Poissons ratio 0.2
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E= 2,000 MPa
E= 3,500 MPa
E= 5,000 MPa
E= 7,000 MPa
E=10,000 MPa
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113,000 / E
N = RF
0.804
+ 191
12
85%
90%
95%
97.5%
4.7
3.3
2.0
1.0
0.5
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Asphalt
Characterisation for Pavement Design
isotropic (Ev=Eh)
elastic modulus
Poissons ratio 0.4
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6918(0.856 VB + 1.08)
N = RF
0.36
Smix
e
D e s ir e d P r o je c t R e lia b ility
I n t l
80%
85%
90%
95%
9 7 .5 %
5 to 1 0
2 .5
2 .0
1 .5
1 .0
0 .6 7
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Mix Stiffness
Resilient modulus is a measure of stiffness
As stiffness increases, load is spread over a
wider area
Smix (t, T) /
Smix (t, T) = mix stiffness at a particular rate
of loading (t) and temperature (T)
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Gyratory
Compaction
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Advantages of Gyratory
Compaction
Better replication of
mixes laid in the field
Opportunity to vary
compaction conditions
Gives information on
mix compactibility
Rational
Affordable
Safe
Allows fuller
characterisation of
mixes at design stage:
air voids at several
compaction levels
compaction to refusal
density (250 cycles)
assessment of mix
compactability
Allows optimisation of
aggregate blend
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35
MATTA
IPC Universal Materials
Testing Apparatus
Indirect tensile test setup,
for measuring stiffness
modulus
Normally measured at 25
C, but different
temperatures can be
specified depending on
field conditions.
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FH MATTA Results
Mix
Bitumen
14-16 mm 14-16 mm
B60
B80
20 mm
B80
40 mm
B80
Modulus
Bitumen
Location
Modulus
Bitumen
Location
37
Coarser gradation
Increasing compactive effort (to a critical limit for
some mixes)
Reducing temperature
Aging (generally increases modulus)
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120 Gyratory
compaction cycles
80/100 pen bitumen
Auckland basalt
Air voids:
Modulus (MPa)
Mix10
6000
Mix16
Mix20
4000
2000
0
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (C)
50
60
Mix 10 = 4.8%
Mix 16 = 4.8%
Mix 20 = 4.6%
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Minature LVDT
LVDT clamp screwed to target
glued on test specimen
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Modulus (MPa)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Non-linear
Non-linear
Linear
Applied Pressure (kPa)
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Asphalt
Cemented Material
Crushed Rock
3
1
2
3
Subgrade
43
Critical Strains
Critical strains
subgrade
cemented layers
asphalt
Asphalt
Cemented
Subgrade
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CIRCLY
Accumulates damage contributed by each axle
load in the traffic spectrum at each analysis point
Cumulative Damage Factor (CDF) is the sum of
damage factors over all the loadings
Pavement reaches its design life when CDF = 1.0
If CDF < 1.0, then pavement has excess capacity, &
CDF gives proportion of life consumed
If CDF > 1.0, then pavement could fail early!
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Asphalt
Layer
Thickness
& Strains
Tension
50 mm
75 mm
46
Environment
issues
dominate
Thickness AC
Structural
issues
dominate
Tensile strain
25
50
75
100
Asphalt
layer
thickness
Granular layers
Compressive
strain
Subgrade
Typical Multi-layer Flexible Pavement Design Parameters
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Environment
issues
dominate
Thickness AC
Structural
issues
dominate
Tensile strain
25
50
75
100
Asphalt
layer
thickness
Granular layers
Compressive
strain
Subgrade
Typical Multi-layer Flexible Pavement Design Parameters
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EB 200 MPa
EB 400 MPa
Thickness AC
Tensile strain
25
50
75
100
Asphalt
layer
thickness
Granular layers
Compressive
strain
Subgrade
Typical Multi-layer Flexible Pavement Design Parameters
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Performance Criteria
8511
N=
7 .14
9300
N=
Subgrade
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10000
(6)
(1)
Pidwerbe
sk
(3)
(7)
(2)
(5)
(2' )
1000
Shell, 1978
NZ Secondary, 1983
AUSTROADS 2001
NZ Primary, 1983
AUSTROADS, 1992
100
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
52
Performance Criteria
12
Cemented
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Modified Materials
Small proportion of binder ( < 2% )
Improved properties
PI, workability, reduced water susceptibility
54
Cemented Materials
55
< 80 kPa
> 80 kPa
Tensile Strength
Dunlop (1978)
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Performance Criteria
7 .14
8511
N=
7
9300
N=
Modified Subgrade
Sub-layering
Subgrade
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Performance Criteria
5
6918 (0.856 V + 108
. )
B
N=
0 .36
S Mix
Asphalt
5
6918 (0.856 V + 108
. )
B
N = RF
0 .36
S Mix
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60
Not OK
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Not OK
62
Subgrade Evaluation
One strategy is to compact subgrade at a
Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)
Number of methods to establish design subgrade
strength
e.g measure on nearby pavement with similar materials &
conditions
vertical modulus = 10xCBR & horiz modulus = 5xCBR
poissons ratio = 0.45
63
64
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Durability of Asphalt
Reduce air voids
Softer binders
Increase binder film thickness
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Workability of Asphalt
Increase VMA
Higher binder content
Softer binders
Reduce filler
Rounded aggregate
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Radius of stress
about 300 mm
Pressure 10 psi
Granular layer(s)
Radius of stress
about 500 mm
Pressure 4 psi
Subgrade
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Pavement saturation
Aggregate particles
71
Heave
Rut
Subgrade
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Subgrade
shear failure
72
due to saturation
300 m
m
rain i
days! n 3
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Load
Load
74
Laboratory tests
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77
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Prima 100
Portable
FWD Device
TYPICAL PLOT PRIMA LOAD & DEFLECTION v LOAD DURATION
150
Force (kPa)
D(1) (m)
Force (kPa)
D(1) (m)
Force (kPa)
D(1) (m)
AC; Run 1 Ch 10 Pt 37
100
50
Time (ms)
10
15
20
25
30
-50
-100
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1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-3
0
Deflection (mm)
80
81
CD or CC = + f x
f is selected based on reliability required
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30
25
Percentage (%)
Statistical measure of
consistent quality of
construction
Std dev of values divided by
average value x 100%
20
15
10
5
0
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5
Deflections (mm)
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Coefficient of Variation
Previous distribution:
This distribution:
Average = 1.0 mm
Std. Dev. = 0.2 mm
CoV = 20%
Greater variation!
25
Percentage (%)
Average = 1.0 mm
Std. Dev. = 0.1 mm
CoV = 10%
30
20
15
10
5
0
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5
Deflections (mm)
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1 and 6
2.00
% of all deflection
measurements which will
be covered by the
Characteristic Deflection*
97.5
2, 7, 8 and 9
1.65
95
3, 4 and 5
1.30
90
CD or CC = + f x
* after identifying areas to be patched/reconstructed
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Example Calculation of
Characteristic Deflection (CD)
Sub-section: Average Deflection D = 1.0 mm
Standard Deviation D = 0.1 mm
Require 95% confidence, for f
CD = D + f x D
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