CIRCLY 7.0 Workshop - Australia - May 2021 - Two Slides Per Page

CIRCLY Workshop
Rev. May 2021
Course Outline
Session 4 Session 1
Hands On and more Mechanistic Design
• Airport and • Review of
Heavy Duty Mechanistic
Applications Pavement
• Haul Roads Design Theory
• Workshop • Overview of
exercises capabilities
Session 3 Session 2
Hands On and more CIRCLY 7 Overview
• Powerful CIRCLY • User Interface

Features • Job assembly
• Advanced • modify
Austroads topics databases
• Workshop • Workshop
exercises exercises
13
Page 1
Review of Pavement Design using
Mechanistic Analysis
16
Oldest surviving paved road connected black basalt quarry 12 km to a

quay & Nile - Egypt Old Kingdom (4th – 5th Dynasty c. 2543 – 2306 BC)
2.1 m (4 cubits) wide roadway constructed from irregular pieces of
basalt & silicified (petrified) wood, & slabs of limestone & sandstone
Khufu
Pyramid
road
Quarry
Segment made with pieces of

silicified (petrified) wood
17
Page 2
Black basalt used for pyramid complexes mortuary temple floors &
walls to symbolize kmt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 (kemet ‘the black land’ name of Ancient
Egypt that referenced Nile floodplains black earth)
Traffic : Black basalt blocks on sleds
kmt (kemet):
‘the black land’
Mortuary Temple basalt floor - front

Khufu ‘Great Pyramid’ Giza ∼ 2500 BC
18
AASHO Road Test (1956 – 1961)
Six by two-lane Test Loops Cost about USD$650M (2018)
18hr/day for a million load applications 468 Asphalt Sections
19
Page 3
AASHO Road Test introduced
Empirical Load-Damage Relationship
‘The Fourth Power Law’
Note exponent of 4
Overall Pavement Damage (traffic loading)4
The Overall Pavement Damage caused by a particular load

is approximately related to the load by a power of four
21
Australian Standard Axle
Single Axle with Dual Tyres (SADT) with load of 80 kN (8.2 tonnes)
80 kN
22
Page 4
Equivalent Standard Axles (ESAs)
 Using 4th power relationship:

 Convert mix of vehicle axle loads to ESAs
 ESAs are input to (Empirical) Design chart:
23
Empirical Design:
Granular Pavements With Thin Bituminous Surfacing
Figure 8.4 Design chart for granular pavements with thin bituminous surfacing
0
M inim um thickness of base m aterial
100
CIRCLY CBR
solutions >30
200
20
top granular 300
15
Ev = 350 MPa
400 10
Thickness
of 7
500
G ranular
M aterial
(m m ) 600 5
4
700
800 3
2
t = [ 219 - 211(logC B R ) + 58(logC B R ) ]log(D ES A/120)
900
2
Urban Major Highway
1000
10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 Log scale
D esign Traffic (ES As)
Thickness Calculator on pavement-science.com.au (just search for ‘calculator’) (AGPT02-17)
26
Page 5
Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF)
ALF full-scale pavement test system (ARRB):

Enables the assessment of road pavement
zperformance within a short time scale
The ALF multiple-axle assembly
27
Empirical Design:
Granular Pavements With Thin Bituminous Surfacing
Only applicable to pavements comprising:
 unbound layers of granular material
 surfaced with either:

a bituminous seal or
Asphalt < 40mm asphalt < 40 mm thick
Unbound Granular
Subgrade
29
Page 6
Limitations of Empirical Design
Cannot provide designs for pavement structures involving:
 Asphalt > 40 mm
 Cement and other Stabilized layers:
as limitation of empirical database (no data)
Motivation for Mechanistic Design

30
Thin Bituminous Surfacings with CIRCLY
Asphalt < 40mm
Warning
If sprayed seal or asphalt surface layer < 40 mm thick
 inadequate for the impact of traffic loads on thin surfacings
 cannot use in mechanistic model
refer Austroads 2017 Guide AGPT02-17, Section 8.2.7:

Design of Granular Pavements with Thin Bituminous Surfacings
32
Page 7
CIRCLY Design Method Choices
 Austroads Pavement Design (2017) – TLD required
 General Design: define own wheel loadings, traffic mix &

calculate CDFs (Cumulative Damage Factors) - TLD not required
 General Analysis: define wheel loadings, calculate & plot selected

results (displacements, stresses & strains) at selected depths (Z’s)
 Haul Road Design: mine haul road design

34
Austroads Pavement Design (AGPT02-17)
Located also at back of Workshop Folder
https://austroads.com.au/publications/pavement/agpt02
35
Page 8
Mechanistic Pavement Design
 Reference:
 Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology Part 2: Pavement Structural Design
Austroads Publication No. AGPT02-17 (Edition 4.3 Published November 2019)
36
2017 Guide to Pavement Technology

Part 2: Pavement Structural Design
 Most significant update to pavement design processes in a decade
 Major design changes for heavy-duty flexible pavements include:
Axle-strain approach:
total damage is the sum of damage contribution from each axle
in the Traffic Load Distribution (TLD - axle group types / loads)
Standard Axle Repetitions (SAR) abolished
 Design Traffic:
Bound materials performance (asphalt, cemented materials &
lean-mix concrete) characterised by the cumulative Heavy Vehicle
Axle Groups - HVAG and the Traffic Load Distribution - TLD
Rutting & surface shape loss assessment still Equivalent
Standard Axles - ESA
38
Page 9
Effect of 2017 changes for bound materials
Cemented materials: Similar thickness
Lean-mix concrete: Similar thickness
Asphalt: Reduced thickness for

heavy-duty structures
Ref. Moffatt, M. (2017). Vehicle mass data for pavement design and asset management.
Weigh-ln-Motion Forum, September 2017.
42
Design using Austroads 2004-12
Asphalt Design Total Asphalt
Thickness comparison = 320 mm
10% Less Asphalt
Design using Design using

Austroads 2004-12 Austroads 2017
Ref. Dr M. Moffatt (2017)
43
Page 10
Thickness reduction at higher traffic loads
? mm
after webinar presented on 9 March 2018 by Dr. Michael Moffatt (ARRB)
Reduced asphalt thickness designed with CIRCLY 7.0 (Austroads 2017 Method) vs
CIRCLY 6.0 (Austroads 2004-12 Method) leads to lower material/construction costs
44
Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology Part 5:

Pavement Evaluation and Treatment Design (AGPT05-19)
 Covers pavement investigation, testing and

evaluation; identifies causes and modes of
distress; and describes treatment options:
Design structural overlays and stabilisation
treatments: Foamed Bitumen, Lime etc)
 Edition 4.1 (Nov 2019) aligns structural

design of rehabilitation treatments with
Part 2 Pavement Structural Design Guide
 Webinar: Guide to Pavement Technology Part 5:

Pavement Evaluation and Treatment Design
WEB-AGPT05-19 - 22 Aug 2019: Presented by
Geoff Jameson and Dr Michael Moffatt.
 http://podcasts.austroads.com.au/e/guide-to-
pavement-technology-part-5-pavement-
evaluation-and-treatment-design/
45
Page 11
Deflection measuring devices used for
AGPT05-19 thickness design methods
Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD)
• 7 laser sensors measure deflection velocities

• Deflections estimated from vertical and horizontal velocities
Improved Methods of Using Pavement Deflection Data in the Design of

Rehabilitation Treatments AP-T350-19 11 Oct 2019
Assess TSD deflection use for design of pavement structural treatments
Formalise the pavement layer moduli back-calculation algorithm
AustBack for use in mechanistic-empirical pavement treatment design
46
State Government Supplements to the Austroads Guide
• Australia is a large continent with a wide range of climates

• each State Road Authority has a Pavement Design Supplement
1based on the Austroads Guide AGPT02-17
• they are tailored to local climates, materials, performance, loadings
1and specifications
• the SRAs also have additional state specific Technical Notes
47
Page 12
Knowledge required to use CIRCLY
Austroads
Guide
CIRCLY
State
Supplements
State
Technical
Notes
Council
& Shire Industry
Guides Groups,
etc
48
State Government Supplements to the Austroads Guide
 SRAs Supplement to the Austroads Guide:

 NSW Roads and Maritime Services – August 2018
(Google: “Supplements to Austroads Guides”)
 Queensland Pavement Design Supplement – July 2018

(Google: “Queensland Pavement design supplement”)
 VicRoads (Roads Corporation of Victoria) Code of Practice No. RC500.22.

Dec. 2018. Code of Practice for Selection and design of pavements and surfacings
(Google: “RC 500.22”) Note also used by Tasmania Department of State Growth
 South Australia – Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure
RD-PV-D1 Pavement Design (Austroads Supplement) - 19 Sept 2019
(Google: “DPTI Earthworks & Pavements”)
 Western Australia - Main Roads Western Australia

Engineering Road Note 9 - May 2018* (new version due)
(Google: “Engineering Road Note 9 May 2013”)
 New Zealand - NZ Transport Agency

New Zealand guide to pavement structural design - V1.2 April 2018
(Google: “New Zealand guide to pavement structural design”)
50
Page 13
Engineering Road Note 9 (2018)
Western Australian Supplement to Austroads Guide to Pavement
Technology Part 2: Pavement Structural Design – AGPT02 (2017)
WARRIP research collaboration with ARRB produced a summary of changes to

ERN9: Presented to West Australian Pavements Group meeting on 1 May 2019.
https://www.warrip.com.au/projects/ - scroll down to ERN9.
Engineering Road Note 9 (ERN9) (2018):

• takes precedence over AGPT02 (2017)
• address industry comments previously received on ERN9 (2013)
• intended as a stand-alone guide for empirical design and does not
repeat information already supplied in AGPT02 (2017)
• Section numbers align with the section numbers in AGPT02 (2017)
• contains additional clauses over and above AGPT02 (2017), which are identified
as e.g. “3.17 [MRWA] Pavement Joints
• sourcing axle group data from all WIM sites caused delay but preparing typical
urban and rural TLD data is completed and it is likely to be published this year
51
Roads Corporation of Victoria - VicRoads
Download – Google: RC 500.22
53
Page 14
Department of Transport and Main Roads (Queensland)
Google: Queensland pavement design supplement
• Note the spreadsheet that can also be downloaded
• 81 pages
57
TMR
Pavement Rehabilitation Manual
February 2020
A supplement to Part 5: Pavement Evaluation and Treatment Design of the

Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology (AGPT05) and has precedence for
departmental projects and roads controlled by TMR
Combined with AGPT05 and the Pavement Design Supplement provides an

evaluation procedure of existing pavements and a range of appropriate design
methods for the effective rehabilitation treatments (‘pavement rehabilitation’ is ‘any
activity that improves the functional or structural condition of a pavement while
using some or all of its existing structure’)
The types of pavements covered include:

• granular pavements surfaced with bituminous chip seals or asphalt
• full-depth or deep-strength asphalt pavements
• pavements with modified or stabilised layers
60
Page 15
NSW Roads and Maritime Services
• Version3.0 – August 2018

• 43 pages
• Google: Supplements to Austroads Guides
63
South Australia: Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure

68
Page 16
Some points from the Guide and SRA Supplements:
The mechanistic-empirical modelling not validated for asphalt surface layers < 40 mm thick
Do not include thin interlayers & surfacing, such as sprayed seals, SAMIs and geosynthetics
as they make no structural contribution
Design layer thicknesses should be rounded up to the nearest 5 mm
Note construction specifications commonly include min & max layer thicknesses for
compaction according to material size - such limits need to be considered in selecting trial
pavement configurations
A construction tolerance is typically added to the design thickness of the critical pavement
layer that governs the overall allowable loading or total thickness (after modelling)
- 20 mm for unbound granular, modified granular and lightly bound pavements (Qld)
- 10 mm full depth asphalt; deep strength asphalt; flexible composite; asphalt over granular
aaaaaaand asphalt over cementitiously stabilised granular pavements (Qld)
- 15 mm is typically added to the thickness of the foamed bitumen stabilised material (Qld)
- 15 mm to thickness of the intermediate asphalt layer, or for pavement compositions
aaaaaawithout an intermediate asphalt layer to the total asphalt thickness (Vic)
- 10 mm tolerance for granular base, asphalt, lean-mixed concrete, bound material and
aaaaaaconcrete base based on the use of automated level control (NSW)
- 10 mm additional where non-automated level control systems used for construction (NSW)
69
Pavement Design System
DESIGN
TRAFFIC
SUBGRADE
EVALUATION
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
2. RIGID PAVEMENTS
3. OVERLAYS
PAVEMENT
MATERIALS
Austroads AGPT02-17
Ref. Austroads Pavement – Figure
Design Manual, P. 2.1 2.1
70
Page 17
Mechanistic-Empirical Design method: Austroads
The procedure consists of:

• evaluating input parameters (materials, traffic, environment etc.)
• selecting a trial pavement
• analysing the pavement under truck axle loads determining allowable traffic
• comparing this with the predicted design traffic over the design period
• finishing by accepting or rejecting the trial pavement
The appropriate design inputs are:
• desired project reliability (Chapter 2)
• construction & maintenance policy influences (Chapter 3)
• environment (Chapter 4)
• subgrade (Chapter 5)
• materials & performance criteria (Chapter 6)
• design traffic loading (Chapter 7)
Design of Flexible Pavements (Chapter 8)
Austroads AGPT02-17
72
Pavement Design Process
Model CIRCLY
Design Traffic (TLD & NDT) Inputs
Critical Strains Calculated

Pavement Structure Performance Criteria Applied
CDF Calculated
Not suitable
Modify
73
Page 18
Mechanistic-Empirical Design Method: Austroads
Bound Materials
 Design Traffic for fatigue damage of bound materials described by:

HVAG & TLD (cumulative Heavy Vehicle Axle Groups & Traffic Load
Distribution)
Model candidate pavement with axle types/loads in TLD, &
Total damage = sum of damage calculated from strains* caused by
e..each axle in the TLD and want the Cumulative Damage Factor < 1
*horizontal strain bottom of layers: asphalt 1 & cemented materials 2
Design relates performance to strains
Unbound Granular Materials

not considered
Austroads AGPT02-17
76
Mechanistic-Empirical Design method: Austroads

Subgrade, Selected & Lime-Stabilised Subgrade
 Design Traffic for permanent deformation of subgrade,

selected subgrade & lime-stabilised subgrade in ESA
rutting & loss of surface shape - vertical strain at top of subgrade: 3
Design relates performance to strains

not considered
Austroads AGPT02-17
77
Page 19
How Traffic is characterized:
Austroads Vehicle Classes
X X Light Vehicles: Class 1 & 2 not used
Class 3 to 12 Heavy Vehicles:

used for pavement Design Traffic
Austroads AGPT02-17 – Figure 7.1

78
Austroads Axle Group Types*

*Axle group: ‘A set of closely spaced axles acting as a unit’
 Single Axle with Single Tyres (SAST)

 Single Axle with Dual Tyres (SADT)
 Tandem Axle with Single Tyres (TAST)
 Tandem Axle with Dual Tyres (TADT)
 TRiaxle with Dual Tyres (TRDT)
 Quad-Axle with Dual Tyres (QADT)
Single Tyre Dual Tyres
Austroads AGPT02-17
79
Page 20
6 Axle Semitrailer
80
TRDT TADT SAST
Number of Heavy Vehicle Axle Groups HVAG = 3
Now this truck

HVAG = 9
83
Page 21
Austroads Vehicle Classification System
X X
Heavy 2 2 Class 2 to 7 Number of Heavy

Vehicles Vehicle Axle Groups - HVAG
3 NHVAG -
2
average number of HVAGs per
Heavy Vehicle for all HVs in
the traffic stream
3 3 = Total HVAG / Total HV
If the traffic comprises only

these 10 Heavy Vehicles:
3 4
NHVAG = 34 / 10 = 3.4
5 7
> NHVAG = ‘heavier’ traffic
Austroads AGPT02-17 – Figure 2.1

84
Weigh-in-Motion (WIM)
 E.g. ARRB TR’s “CULWAY” system
Utilises sensors installed in an under-road culvert
Strain Signal ISWIM

International Society
for Weigh-In-Motion Strain gauges
86
Page 22
WIM network
Queensland
WiM systems & their use in Qld
WiM - Forum Sept 2017
Geoff Smith Qld TMR
TMR MRTS203: Provision of
Weigh-in-Motion System 7/2019
National Strategic
Weigh-in-motion Network
Austroads AP-R535-16
88
WIM network Queensland
TLD in different Databases
PRIORITY WIM SITE ID: 159532

Capricorn Highway (Duaringa - Emerald)
Austroads AGPT02-17
TLD in CIRCLY
National Strategic Weigh-in-motion Network Austroads AP-R535-16
TMR Class-Specific Traffic Load Distributions (CTLD) Spreadsheet
89
Page 23
Distribution of Axle Group Loads:
Example Traffic Load Distribution (TLD): AGPT02-17 - App. G
QADT
% Distribution %
Σ each axle group

aa= 100%
Σ Proportions
=1
91

Sample Traffic Load Distribution (TLD)
35
30
Alternative Axle Groups

25
% of Axle Group Type
SAST
20
SADT
TAST
15 TADT
TRDT
10
TRDT
5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Axle Group Load (kN)
Austroads AGPT02-17
92
Page 24
Table B5.04 & B5.05 - Traffic Load Distribution (TADT only)
Rural Arterial - Highways & Other Arterial Roads
0.04
NHVAG = 2.8 for both!

0.035 ESA/HV = 1.3 TADT Table B5.04
0.03 ESA/HV = 1.9

TADT Table B5.05
(heavier)
0.025
Proportion
0.02
0.015
0.01
Heavier loads move right
0.005 > ESA/HV ratio: 1.3 to 1.9
more damage!
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240
Axle Group Load kN Vicroads 2018
96
Traffic Load Distribution (TLD)
TLDs for WIM sites across Australia & New Zealand provided on Austroads website.
Recommended that pavement designer use all available information (project-specific,

local, regional, etc.) before an appropriate TLD is selected from Austroads list*
*State road agencies also provide presumptive distributions within their jurisdictional
supplements to Part 2 of the Austroads Guide
Decreasing accuracy
QLD TMR 2018
97
Page 25
For Methods 2 and 3 – use appendix spread sheet: Class-Specific Traffic Load Distributions
100
Equivalent Standard Axles: ESAs*
 Full details in Austroads AGPT02-17, Section 7.6.2
*ESAs used in evaluating Subgrade rutting and surface shape loss
 Uses empirical “4th Power Law” (from AASHO Road Test)

(damage related to the 4th power of the pavement deflection)
 Overall pavement damage (traffic loading)4
80 kN Load = unit of damage, 10% increase to 88 kN so (88/80)4 = 1.14 = 1.46 x damage

& increased to 160 kN = 24 = 16 x damage = 16 passes & 94% reduction in service life
102
Page 26
Bus vs Semitrailer
 Buses lighter than Class 9 semi but usually 2 vs 6 axles:
Bus Semitrailer
(so HVAG of 2 vs 3) vs
 2 Axle Bus (16.5t) = 4.4 ESA (ESA/HVAG = 2.2
 6 Axle Semitrailer (42.5t) = 4.9 ESA (ESA/HVAG = 1.63)
 Bus higher damage ratio: 2.2 vs 1.63 heavier in loading terms
(but not volume)
 Buses in urban areas
provide a significant
loading contribution on on
residential pavements:
generally > ESA/HVAG
= more damage Note ESA/HVAG difference
107
Appendix E - Characteristics of Traffic at Selected WIM Sites
LHS RHS (next page)
Austroads AGPT02-17
110
Page 27
Appendix E - Characteristics of Traffic at Selected WIM Sites
Circly calculates
automatically
> more damage:

greater by weight
(not volume)
Design number of ESA of traffic loading (DESA) = ESA/HVAG x NDT

Austroads AGPT02-17
111
Traffic Load Distributions (TLDs)
 > 200 TLDs defined in the Austroads AGPT02-17 Guide

 All pre-loaded into CIRCLY 7.0
 Aust. States specific TLDs also added to CIRCLY 7.0
 CIRCLY 7.0 can import user defined TLDs (see later)
- CIRCLY 7.0 is not a closed system
 TLDs give:
 - HVAG proportions
 - The proportion of various load levels for each HVAG type
- (SAST, etc)
112
Page 28
CIRCLY: Traffic Load Distribution (TLD) Screen
Note State combo is ‘QLD’
ESA/HVAG ratio calculated automatically
Highlighted entry
used in analysis
Proportions shown
as a check
(not editable)
114
“Design Traffic” - NDT
ESA/HVAG ratio calculated

automatically from the TLD
NDT - cumulative number of

Heavy Vehicle Axle Groups
(HVAG) over design period,
for example, 5E7 (5 x 107)
116
Page 29
How Traffic Load Distribution (TLD) is Modelled
CIRCLY 5.x / 6.0 CIRCLY 7.0

(Austroads 2004-2012) (Austroads 2017: AGPT02-17)
Traffic
Volume of traffic
Multipliers
DESA = ESA/HVAG x NDT = 0.7 x 107 ESAs
Design number of Equivalent Standard Axles
of traffic loading
Note DESA still used for subgrade permanent
surface deformation/rutting
117
Austroads 2017: AGPT02-17

Loads for Modelling
Bound: Asphalt & Cemented Materials
 6 axle group types modelled by 2 axles: SAST & SADT
Single tyre groups by SAST & Dual groups by SADT
SAST SADT
Subgrade: 6 axle group modelled only by 1 axle: SADT

124
Page 30
Austroads Assumed Elastic Properties
Material Type Elastic Model

Asphalt Isotropic
Cement Treated Isotropic
Unbound Granular Anisotropic
Subgrade Anisotropic
Austroads AGPT02-17
127
Anisotropic vs Isotropic Elastic Properties

 Anisotropy provides closer fit to observed surface deflection bowls:
narrower, deeper & increase in compressive εv at top of subgrade
Radius = 102.4 mm
Contact Stress = 0.80 MPa

Displacement (mm)
E = 500MPa: No Sublayers
Granular course behaviour
CIRCLY
128
Page 31
Assumed Anisotropic Elastic Properties
Anisotropic material is defined by 5 elastic constants:

Young’s moduli: Ev , Eh
Poisson’s ratios: νh , νvh
Shear modulus: f
Austroads AGPT02-17 Guide assumes following simplifications:

Eh = 0.5 x Ev
ν = νh = νvh
f = Ev / (1 + ν )
129
Assumed Subgrade Elastic Properties
Vertical Modulus Ev:

Laboratory testing of conditioned specimens, or
Empirical relationship: Ev (MPa) = 10 × CBR (for CBR ≤ 15)
Maximum normally = 150 MPa
Poisson’s Ratio ν:
0.45 for cohesive materials, &
0.35 for non-cohesive materials
Austroads AGPT02-17
130
Page 32
Alternative damage indicators
Subgrade
Asphalt
Base Course/
Subbase Course
Compressive vertical strain
at top of subgrade, Subgrade
selected subgrade &
lime-stabilised subgrade
material
133
Rutting
Permanent deformation (rutting) results from nonrecoverable deformation

of the pavement along the wheel path
134
Page 33
Alternative damage indicators
Bound
Asphalt
Tensile strain at
base of asphalt Unbound granular material
Tensile strain at Cemented granular material

base of cemented
Subgrade
material
135
Longitudinal crack
Allows moisture infiltration
136
Page 34
137
Fatigue Criteria: Asphalt
Allowable
Number of
repetitions ‘SF/RF’ adjusted
to failure “Shell equation”
where με = maximum tensile strain in microstrain:
note microstrain (με) = 106 x unitless strain (ε)
E = asphalt modulus (MPa)
Vb = volume of binder in asphalt mix (%)
Unitless horizontal strain

at underside of layer
CIRCLY version with the asphalt fatigue constant (k)

Austroads AGPT02-17
141
Page 35
Aggregate
Voids filled
with binder
Vba
Air
Water Void
Permeable
Void Vfa
Shell Bitumen Handbook
Vfa - volume of effective binder (voids filled with binder)

Vba - volume of absorbed binder (binder absorbed into the aggregate particles)
“Shell Equation” Vb volume of binder in asphalt mix (%) = Vfa + Vba
142

Shift Factor: accounts for difference between
in-service fatigue life & laboratory fatigue life k depends on
(presumptive value = 6) stiffness etc.
repetitions to failure ε unitless horizontal tensile

strain at underside of layer
Reliability Factor (see later)

Austroads AGPT02-17
145
Page 36
Calculator for asphalt fatigue constant ‘k’
‘k’ is not calculated when VB = 0.0

(use for known ‘k’ values)
Inputs
Inputs ‘k’ is calculated when VB =/ 0
‘k’ Calculator also on Website

146
Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation:

can be modelled in CIRCLY*
Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation Design Example Resilient to flooding
(Appendix N - AGPT05-19)
*CIRCLY Exercise in Session 3
Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation Do’s and Don’ts - Damian Volker,

QTMR Pavement Rehabilitation Unit Northern Roads Symposium, Cairns June 2019
154
Page 37
Fatigue Criteria: Cement-Treated
 The damage model is of the form:
k depends on modulus etc

Reliability Factor
 k  12.0
N = RF
 ε
repetitions to failure
ε horizontal tensile strain at
underside of layer
Austroads AGPT02-17
160

• Generally bound materials have a binder content of 3% or more by mass
Some SRA’s divide into lightly bound and heavily bound materials
• Lightly bound have binder content of 3% to 4%
• Heavily bound have > 4% binder content (typically 6% max)
• All behave as an unbound material once cracked (see later)
• Cement modified (binder content 1% to 2%) treated as unbound granular:

iiimproves E but not fatigue properties
(Austroads AGPT02-17, AGPT04D-19)
162
Page 38
Table 6.9: Presumptive fatigue constants K (use with Equation 15: Note RF = 1)
Property Base quality Subbase quality Subbase quality
granular material crushed rock natural gravel
4-5% cement 3-4% cement 4-5% cement
Typical modulus E (MPa) 5000* 4000 3000
Typical flexural strength (MPa) 1.4 1.2 1
In-service fatigue constant K 235 (0.000235)* 233 (0.000233)* 261 (0.000261)*
Note: Use Eq 10 TMR Pavement Design Supplement, July 2018, E = 5000 MPa and
K = 263 (0.000263)* for heavily bound stabilised materials - RMS 11.050 Vs.3.0, Aug 2018
Table 6.19: Presumptive fatigue constants for lean-mix concrete (subbase) Eq 27

Property Lean rolled Lean screeded
concrete concrete
Typical modulus (MPa) 7000 10000
In-service fatigue
constant K 242 (0.000242)* 223 (0.000223)* *CIRCLY input
(Austroads AGPT02-17 )
163

Table 6.4.8 – Presumptive fatigue constant K for standard heavily bound
(cemented) materials. Pavement Design Supplement TMR Qld July 2018
Property Category 1 Category 2
Material Material
Presumptive design modulus (MPa) 4,000 3,000
Presumptive flexural strength (MPa) 1.2 1
Presumptive In-service fatigue constant K 233 (0.000233)* 261 (0.000261)*
Presumptive fatigue constant K for use with Equation 10 in AGPT02 (instead of
Equation 15 in AGPT02) and reliability factors in Table 6.8 of AGPT02.
NSW RMS: K = 263 (0.000263)* for heavily bound stabilised materials in Equation 10
with maximum presumptive pre-cracking E of 5000 MPa
VICROADS: Determination of in-service fatigue characteristics using presumptive

values is not permitted.
*CIRCLY
164
Page 39
Limiting Subgrade Strain Criterion
 The damage model is:
 0.00915  7
N =
 ε
repetitions to ‘failure’
ε vertical strain at top
(unacceptable level of pavement surface
of subgrade (unitless)
deformation: rutting requiring rehabilitation)
Austroads AGPT02-17
166
Calibration
Link between Empirical and Mechanistic Model
CIRCLY
Feedback Loop CIRCLY

Figure 8.4: Design chart for granular
pavements with thin bituminous surfacing
Subgrade Damage
167
Page 40
Project Reliability - Definition
The Project Reliability is the probability that the pavement,

when constructed to the chosen design, will outlast its
Design Traffic before major rehabilitation is required.
Section 2.3.1 Austroads AGPT02-17

168
Project Reliability – Distribution illustration

Project Reliability = 90%
0.08
20 Years
0.07
0.06
10% chance of < 20 years 90% chance of > 20 years

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Design Life (Years)

170
Page 41
Project Reliability
Table 2.1: Typical project reliability levels
Road Class Project Reliability (%)

6 discrete levels minimum risk
Freeway 95–97.5
Highway: lane AADT>2000 90–97.5
Highway: lane AADT<2000 85–95
Main Road: lane AADT>500 85–95
Other Roads: lane AADT<500 80–90
Also a 50% Reliability maximum risk
Annual Average Daily Traffic (typical 24 hr traffic count)
Austroads AGPT02-17
171
Queensland typical project reliability levels
The project reliability levels typically adopted by TMR (Table 2.3.1.)
Pavement Design Supplement TMR Qld July 2018
172
Page 42
Minimum project reliability levels
for various NSW RMS roads
173
Minimum project reliability levels for

Vicroads roads
174
Page 43
Design Period and Project Reliability
Factors by state for similar road types
Table2.5: Comparison of design periods and reliability levels by state
Selected Review of Pavement Thickness Design Procedures used by Main Roads WA

PRP16013 - August 2018
175
Reliability (Asphalt)
Suggested Reliability Factors (RF)
RF =
Built into CIRCLY Austroads AGPT02-17

176
Page 44
Reliability (Cemented Materials)
12.0
k 
N = RF 
ε 
Suggested Reliability Factors (RF)
RF =
Built into CIRCLY Austroads AGPT02-17

177
Asphalt Properties - Vicroads
178
Page 45
Modulus
 Asphalt (6.5.3*) & Cemented (6.4.1*): Flexural Modulus

 direct from four-point bending tests:
Asphalt: AGPT-T274-16
Cemented Materials: AGPT-T600-18
 or estimation/interpolation approaches
 Granular (6.2.3*): Resilient Modulus (Vertical)

 direct from repeated triaxial tests or simplified
test procedure: AGPT-T053-07
 or assign presumptive values
* Austroads AGPT02-17
181
Pavers
G. White
Austroads AGPT02-17:
For the purpose of the base design thickness, wearing surface layers
of asphalt or concrete segmental pavers are deemed not to contribute
to the strength of the pavement
Airports - FAA: (stronger pavers)

Structural design: treat 80 mm thick concrete block pavers & 20 mm
thick bedding sand (& possible geotextile) as a single 100 mm thick
layer of asphalt P- 401 asphalt (E = 1380 MPa) .
Each paver has a higher E than asphalt but the articulated nature of
the jointed block surface reduces the effective modulus to a level
similar to an asphalt surface - “spacer concept w/o a fatigue criteria”
184
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Geosynthetics: AGPT02-17 - geogrid
reinforced subbase use not included
 Austroads member agencies not able to provide additional guidance for
considering geogrids in pavement design
 Research work being conducted under Queensland TMR and ARRB NACoE
(National Asset Centre of Excellence) research program (P49: Quantifying the
Benefits of Geosynthetics for the Mechanical Stabilisation of Subgrade Soils) may
lead to improved means of incorporating geogrids into pavement structural design
 TMR Pavement Rehabilitation Manual: Section 4.4.7 'Geogrids in asphalt’

 Pavement Design - Guide to Pavement Technology Parts 2 and 4C | March 2018 Webinar Q&As
Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD)
research and Geogrid at NACoE
186
Geosynthetics: AASHTO -
Geosynthetics in pavements:
 Recognised benefits:
 Improve pavement life
 Reduce granular layer thickness
 Benefits cannot be derived theoretically AASHTO R50-09
 Designs not easily translated to other geosynthetics
 Test sections are necessary to obtain benefit quantification
 Users encouraged to affirm their designs with field verification
 Enhancing initial Ev and/or Eh of aggregate, as well as pavement Life
Shift factors is the current approach
 More research needed… “insurance policy…”
The FAA also currently does not consider any reductions in pavement
structure for the use of any geosynthetics (AC 150/5320-6G 2020)
187
Page 47
New Zealand
Basecourse and Subbase Granular Strain Criterion:
The quality & rutting resistance of unbound/modified granular

basecourse & subbase layers derived from RLT (Repeat Load
Triaxial) tests
Derived Vertical Strain Criterion: N = (k / εv)b
k and exponent b determined from RLT test
εv vertical strain located 80 mm depth or on top of subbase
 NZ Transport Agency (2018): NZ guide to pavement structural

design, V 1.1
 NZ Transport Agency (2018): NZ guide to pavement evaluation and

treatment design, V 1.2
192
New Zealand
Alternative
damage indicators
εv 80 mm below surface
(no surfacing) εv Base unbound
granular material
RLT derived
εv maximum strain top of Vertical Strain Criterion
subbase granular material εv N = (k/εv)^b
Subbase unbound (k & b from RLT tests)
granular material
εv at top of subgrade
εv AGPT02-17 Austroads
Strain Criterion
Subgrade
N = (9150/εv)^7
193
Page 48
Cumulative Damage Factor
 The Cumulative Damage Factor is defined as:

n
CDF =
N
 n is the number of repetitions of the load, &
N is the ‘allowable’ repetitions of the response
aaaparameter that would cause failure.
n
N
195
 If CDF = 1.0 (allowable = actual)

the system has reached its design life
If CDF < 1.0
system has excess capacity and the CDF represents

proportion of life consumed (0.5 = ½ life)
If CDF > 1.0
system ‘fails’ before all design traffic has been applied
197
Page 49
Total Damage Factor
(for a mix of load cases)
 The Total Damage Factor is defined by:
LoadCases
CDFTotal =  CDF
i =1
i
 i is summed over mix of loads,

e.g. different axle group types and loads
damage factor
calculated for
every cell
198
TLD versus CDF

CDF calculated from TLD:
i.e. 10kn Load for SAST axle group of 0.001102 gives a CDF of 1.72E-07
TLD CDF
Sect. 8.2.4 AGPT02-17

Procedure for Determining Critical
Strains for Asphalt, Cemented
Material and Lean-mix Concrete
CDF total = Sum of all Axle Groups cells CDF for TAST axle group
203
Page 50
Mechanistic-Empirical Design Method
Mechanistic: DesignTraffic Empirical:

Structural Model Performance
Relationships
TLD & NDT (cumulative Heavy

Vehicle Axle Groups design period)
n Cumulative Damage Factor
210
8.2 t
Design Traffic:
n repetitions
Standard Axle
Asphalt
critical strain ε
Base Course/ Layered
Subbase Course
System
Subgrade
Allowable
Performance N= C  ε k b
Relationship:  
Damage Factor =
n
N
211
Page 51
Design Traffic:
repetitions n
SAST (53 kN) Mechanistic Design – Bound:
SADT (80 kN)
Asphalt & Cemented materials
Asphalt Note values calculated for each particular
individual load and axle group
ε
Cement Stabilised
Subbase Course
critical strain
Performance Constant k
Subgrade
Reliability, SF
Damage Exponent b
= 5 for Asphalt
Performance
Relationship: N= C  ε k b = 12 for Cemented
  Design Traffic
Allowable Traffic
repetitions to failure CDF =
n
N
Cumulative Damage Factor (want < 1)
212
80 kN
Design Traffic:
repetitions n
Mechanistic Design - Subgrade

Standard Axle
SADT
Asphalt Layered
Base Course/ System
Subbase Course Performance Constant
critical strain ε* k = 0.00915 for Subgrade
Subgrade
*unitless strain
Damage Exponent
Performance
N= k b b = 7 for Subgrade
Relationship
ε Design Traffic
Allowable Traffic
repetitions to failure (ESAs) CDF =
n
Cumulative Damage Factor (want < 1)
N
213
Page 52
Thickness Design Iteration
 Increase/Decrease pavement thickness until
Max. (of all materials*) CDF = 1.0
Every damage indicator is used to find Max. CDF:
Asphalt tensile strain(s)
Cemented Granular tensile strain
Subgrade compressive strain
Note no CDF Granular Material
 Life is determined by weakest link (highest CDF)

*note no CDF for unbound materials
216
Pavement Design Process
Model CIRCLY
Design Traffic (TLD & NDT) Inputs
Critical Strains Calculated

Pavement Structure Performance Criteria Applied
CDF Calculated
Not suitable
Modify
217
Page 53
Variation in foundation support
& Summary of design pavement
configuration changes
Start End Base Upper Lower Design
chainage chainage thickness subbase subbase subgrade
(m) (m) (mm) thickness thickness strength
(mm) (mm) (% CBR)
575 1465 220 150 - 10
1465 1608 220 150 - 10
CBR 5% 1608 1692 220 150 140 5
1692 1855 220 150 - 10
1855 1995 220 150 140 5
1995 2307 220 150 - 10
2307 2905 220 150 - 10
2905 3005 220 150 - 10
3005 4155 220 150 - 10
4155 4405 220 150 140 5
4405 4580 220 150 - 10
4580 4680 220 150 140 5
4680 4880 220 150 - 10
4880 4955 220 150 100 7
4955 4975 220 150 - 10
4975 5155 220 150 - 10
NACoE P15: Qld Trial of High Standard Granular Base TrackStar Alliance Project Years (Year 4 - 2016/17) 09/02/2018
218

 Granular materials are not linear elastic (ε stiffening)
 Moduli are dependent on:

 Stress level (highest at pavement surface and decreases with depth)
 Stiffness of adjacent layers
4% at
475 mm
475
Vertical Stress (% of applied) MPa
221
Page 54
Carpet Plot for 47.5 mm depth

Vertical Stress Szz (MPa)
3D Plots created in CIRCLY

225
Unbound Granular Materials:

Austroads Sub-layer generation
 Austroads method: Example L.1 from 2017 Design Guide:

Sprayed seal surfaced unbound granular pavement 475 mm thick
Thickness Modulus, Ev Poisson's

(mm) (MPa) Ratio
Unbound Granular Course 500 (top)

(High standard crushed rock) 475 0.35
Sublayers ?
Subgrade Infinite 50 0.45
CBR = 5
(? – variable as sub-layers)
227
Page 55
Austroads Sub-layering*, or no Sub-layers
 Granular materials placed on subgrade, selected subgrade material or
in situ lime-stabilised subgrade, sublayering as follows:
 Divide total thickness unbound granular materials into 5 equal sublayers*
 Top sublayer EV is minimum of the presumptive value in Table 6.4 or
Table 6.5, or determined using Equation 41:
EV top granular sublayer = EV underlying material × 2(total granular thickness /125)
The granular materials are sub-layered with:
Ratio of modulus between successive sub-layers:
1
 E top granular sublayer 5
R =  
 E subgrade 
*CIRCLY does sublayers automatically Section 8.2.3 AGPT02-17
228
1
 E top granular sublayer 5
95 mm R = 
E subgrade
 R = (500/50)1/5 = 1.585 EV 500
 
95 mm 315 (500/1.585)
95 mm 199 (315/1.585)
95 mm 126 (199/1.585)
Unbound Granular
79 (126/1.585)
95 mm Course of 475 mm
Subgrade
50 (CBR5%) 50 MPa < 500 MPa granular top layer
so granular sublayered
0 100 200 300 400 500
Vertical Modulus
*CIRCLY does sublayers automatically Austroads AGPT02-17
229
Page 56
Austroads Sub-layering*, or no Sub-layers
Granular layer is not sublayered & assigned a single modulus

for the entire thickness, if:
 its modulus is < the modulus of the underlying subgrade,

selected subgrade material or stabilised subgrade, OR
 placed directly on a bound cemented material or lean-mix

concrete subbase
230

Table 6.4 Suggested Vertical Modulus of Top Sublayer of Normal Standard Base Material
Higher Ev shields granular layer via less load transfer.
Select input
thicker reduces applied loading
1. Cover material is either asphalt or cemented material or a combination of these materials
Note CIRCLY does not implement Table 6.4 Austroads AGPT02-17

232
Page 57
Table 6.5 Suggested Ev (MPa) of Top Sublayer of High Standard Base Material
Higher Ev shields granular layer via less load transfer.
Select input
thicker reduces applied loading
1. Cover material is either asphalt or cemented material or a combination of these materials
Note CIRCLY does not implement Table 6.5 Austroads AGPT02-17

233
High Standard Base crushed rocks: Table 6.5

 made from sound / durable igneous and metamorphic rock
 high durability, strength and shear strength and specified in a way that
includes clay type and quantity, permeability, modulus and performance
under repeated loading with the in-service moisture content
 manufactured to tight tolerances with respect to durability, hardness,
grading, Atterberg limits etc.
 placed to very high standards with respect to density, degree of saturation,
level, thickness, shape, rideability etc. i.e. insitu density a minimum of 100%
characteristic (modified compaction).
 *very high level of quality control using on-site testing facilities and quality
assurance based on lot testing of stockpiled materials.
 part of overall design that addresses essential issues:
 protection from infiltration of water from all sources (side, below & surface),
 the construction platform, and
 the surface course
Austroads AGPT02-17, Section 6.2.3 Determination of Modulus of Unbound Granular Materials
234
Page 58
EV Table 6.5 High standard crushed rock / EV subgrade = 500 / 50 = 10
t = 475
EV minimum 500 < 696

App L.1 Sprayed Seal…
Use EV = 500 MPa in pavement
*EV top granular sublayer = EV underlying material× 2(total granular thickness: 475 / 125) = 696 MPa
Ev (top granular sublayer) 696 / 50 (EV subgrade) = 13.92*
EV top granular sublayer cannot be in this zone
*Note automatically calculated in CIRCLY: Eq. 41 Section 8.2.3 AGPT02-17

237

Selected Material Subgrade (fill)
& Stabilised Subgrade*
 Usual subgrade performance criterion used c.f. 125 mm for Unbound
Granular Base/Subbase
 Top sublayer of selected subgrade modulus = minimum of:
 EV top sublayer= EV underlying material × 2(thickness each selected or stabilised subgrade/150)
(Eq. 39 - Section 8.2.2 - support provided by underlying material)
 EV top of base = 10 x Design CBR of Selected Fill
 150 MPa (CBR15%)

 If the pavement includes > one type of selected subgrade material:
each selected subgrade/ lime-stabilised subgrade material layer is sublayered
(Note thickness in Eq. 39 is not the total of all materials)
Austroads AGPT02-17
 Note automatically calculated in CIRCLY
 *Note Qld TMR approach: Pavement Rehabilitation Manual, Feb. 2020 & Structural
design procedure of pavements on lime stabilised subgrades Guideline, April
2019 – Note requires manual CIRCLY setup (see later)
239
Page 59
Unbound Granular Materials &
Selected Material Subgrade (fill)
& Lime Stabilised Subgrade*
Eq. 39 Sect. 8.2.2: Selected Material & Lime-stabilised Subgrades
EV top sublayer = EV underlying mat.× 2(thickness each select. or stab. layer /150)
EV top sublayer cannot be in these zones
Eq. 41 Sect. 8.2.3: Unbound Granular Materials

EV top sublayer = EV underlying material × 2(total granular thickness /125)
*Note automatically calculated in CIRCLY AGPT02-17

242
Minimum Subbase Thickness Requirements

- Full Depth Asphalt Pavements
A granular subbase below Full Depth Asphalt (FDA) pavements is common

Pavement performance and construction benefits include:
▪functions as a structural layer in the pavement configuration
▪provides a trafficable working platform for asphalt plant to run on
▪provides a stiff, uniform layer to compact the asphalt against (an ‘anvil’)
▪promotes drainage of moisture away from the base of the asphalt, when higher
permeability materials are used
Selected Review of Pavement Thickness

Design Procedures used by Main Roads
WA: PRP16013 – Aug. 2018
244
Page 60
Using CIRCLY:
 CIRCLY automates many Austroads AGPT02-17 requirements

to reduce analysis setup time and input errors
 CIRCLY does not automatically satisfy all requirements and
recommendations of Austroads AGPT02-17
e.g. unbound granular layers* not automatically combined as may conflict
with some SRA's where different rules can apply in specific cases
*AGPT02-17 Sect 8.2.3 Part 2a: 'Divide the total thickness of
unbound granular materials into five equi-thick sublayers’
(see exercise: Modified Granular Base Design Example)
 Your responsibility is to select input parameters and use

CIRCLY in accordance with the recommendations contained in
Austroads AGPT02-17 and the relevant State Supplements
245
CIRCLY 7.0 Overview
• Introduction to User Interface

• Job assembly from existing components
• How to modify databases
248
Page 61
CIRCLY 7.0: Austroads AGPT02-17
 The exercises use CIRCLY’s automated functions & other

features that reduce input errors & analysis setup time
 These include:
 Automatic thickness determination: determine optimum thickness of a given layer
 Cost Analysis feature for layer thickness fine tuning to minimize costs
 Assessment of pavements via CDF
 Pavement & loading databases eliminate need to constantly re-key information
 Easy pavement layer modification
 Easy thickness alteration
 Asphalt k calculation
 Top sublayer Ev calculation for granular & selected (fill) & stabilised subgrades
 Automatic sublayer generation:granular & selected(fill) & stabilised subgrades
 Graphing options of various analysis results
249
CIRCLY 7 Worked Examples
Guide to Pavement Technology Part 2: Pavement Structural Design

Appendix L: Examples of Use of the Mechanistic-Empirical Procedure for Flexible Pavements
L.1 Sprayed Seal Surfaced Unbound Granular Pavement
L.2 Full Depth Asphalt Pavement
L.3 Asphalt Pavement Containing Cemented Material Subbase: Pre- & Post-cracking phases
Appendix J: Procedures for Evaluation of Pavement Damage Due to Specialised Vehicles
Example vehicle: a six-axle mobile crane
Guide to Pavement Technology Part 5: Pavement Evaluation and Treatment Design

Appendix K: Cement-stabilised Base Design Example
Appendix L: Example of Granular Overlay Thickness Design Considering Lime Stabilisation of Subgrade
Appendix M: Modified Granular Base Design Example
Appendix N: Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation Design Example
250
Page 62
CIRCLY 7.0 Overview
CIRCLY DEMO: Full depth asphalt pavement design
Click link below to view the Video Demonstration
https://pavement-science.com.au/softover/circly/circly5demos-2
252
CIRCLY Units
Quantity
Length, Displacement mm
Modulus, Pressure MPa
Strain m/m
Force kN
254
Page 63
Global Coordinate System
Direction of Travel
X
Wheels on axle
Z-axis is vertically downwards

with Z = 0 on the pavement surface
(+ve down)
255
Results along line

Y
Direction of Travel
X
0
Xmin Xdel Xmax
Results points
256
Page 64
Results on a grid
Ymax Y
Ydel
Ymin
X
0
Xmin Xdel Xmax
Direction of Travel Results points
259
CIRCLY: Alternative graphics options
Damage (CDF) plot
Austroads Pavement Design (2017) - Cost optimisation

General Design - CDF’s
General Analysis - displacements, stresses & strains at
selected depths
Haul Road Design - CDF’s
260
Page 65
Plot of surface displacements:
Vertical component UZ (Vertical Displacement)

263
Three-dimensional plots:
Strain pulse under dual wheels
εZZ Vertical strain
264
Page 66
Three-dimensional plots:
Strain pulse under dual wheels
- Right mouse click to give Graph menu

- Wheel rotates plot
Vertical strain εZZ
265
Introduction to CIRCLY 7.0 User Interface

CIRCLY 7.0 Toolbar
There are 4 icons to setup Austroads Designs:
6 or more icons used for other Design Methods:
267
Page 67
Design Method Choices
 Austroads Pavement Design (2017) – TLD required
 General Design: define own wheel loadings, traffic mix &

calculate CDFs (Cumulative Damage Factors) - TLD not required
 General Analysis: define wheel loadings, calculate & plot selected

results (displacements, stresses & strains) at selected depths (Z’s)
 Haul Road Design: mine haul road design

268
Pavement Design System
 Can create a CIRCLY job by selecting icons in any order
 Layers & Materials databases used in all Design Methods
269
Page 68
To start a new job – select ‘New’
Enter job name
270
To open an existing job – select Open
List of existing jobs
271
Page 69
To open Recent job – use menu File | Recent Files
272
Demonstration of job assembly

from existing components
NDT “Design Traffic”
NDT = cumulative number of Heavy

Vehicle Axle Groups (HVAG) over
design period
NDT for example, 5E7 (5 x 107)
AGPT02-17 Section 7.4

Procedure for Determining Total
Heavy Vehicle Axle Groups
274
Page 70
How to use Project Reliability
Click to select
Project Reliability
Vicroads Code of Practice No. RC500.22. - May 2018
Queensland Pavement Design Supplement May 2017
NSW Roads and Maritime Services – August 2018
278
Traffic Load Distribution (TLD) Screen
Filter by State
279
Page 71
Traffic Load Distribution (TLD) Screen
Note State combo is ‘QLD’
*** Sort Columns by

clicking on Heading
280
Layered Systems Screen
CIRCLY automatically
sublayers Granular
Layer No. 1: Gran_500
Layers contained in Aust2017-1
0 = Infinite
281
Page 72
Results:
 With all data defined, run the analysis by clicking
No Damage Factor for Granular
CDF Subgrade Perm. Def. = design traffic n / allowable loading N
= ESA/HVAG x NDT / = 0.651
ε = vertical strain CIRCLY result = 0.0009056

282
View Result Files

Select ‘Print’
Job Summary File is opened
Note slider to view file
284
Page 73
View Result Files
Bottom of Job Summary File
Note slider to view file
Vertical Strain result = 0.0009056 (905.6με)
CDF = ESA/HVAG x NDT /

= 0.7 x 1.0E7 / (0.00915/0.0009056)7
= 0.651
285
View Result Files
Bottom of Job Summary File
Cement3000 CDF
SAST
SADT
TAST
TADT
TRDT
QADT
Export and Plot in Excel

Each Axle Group CDF
for Cement3000
286
Page 74
Select ‘Print’
Select .CLO File (printable' results)
Scroll past the input

‘Details of layered System’
to the 2nd set of data (as above)
which includes the automatic
5 granular sublayer details
287
Automatic Thickness Design
Cumulative Damage Factors
You can edit any Thickness here

CDF shown in red as design loading exceeds allowable
loading as Total Damage for cemented material > 1
288
Page 75
Exercise 1:
Job assembly from existing components
 Select ICONS in any order to assemble CIRCLY job
 Exercises include colour coded operations:

ICON to select; TASK to be completed; ACTION required
ICON TASK: ACTION

 Job Name: Exercise 1
290
Exercise 1:
Job assembly from existing components
ICON TASK: ACTION
 Layered System:
Aust2017-3 Austroads 2017- Example 3- Asphalt Pavement containing Cemented Layer
(Not Aust2017-3P ‘Post Cracked’)
 Traffic Load Distribution:

 State: Example
 ID: _Example
 Traffic (NDT): 1E7 ( 107)
 Project Reliability: 95% Austroads AGPT02-17 App L.3

Asphalt Pavement Containing
 Run Analysis Cemented Material Subbase
291
Page 76
Exercise 1: - Answers
CDF red as > 1
Click link for video of exercise steps

https://pavement-science.com.au/softover/circly/circly5demos-2/
292
How to create a Layered System
Thickness Modulus, Ev Poisson's

(mm) (MPa) Ratio
Unbound Granular Course 500 (top layer) +

Layer No. 1 475 0.35
(Austroads sublayering) variable as sublayered*
Layer No. 2
Subgrade Infinite 50 0.45
CBR = 5%
*CIRCLY automatically sublayers

Unbound Granular Layer No. 1
293
Page 77
1
294
Maximum 20 characters
Maximum 72 characters
295
Page 78
Selected Layered System is highlighted
Initially start with no Layers
296
Click New to add each Layer -

start with top layer
Layers numbered
1 from top
Build pavement
top down
297
Page 79
1 Select Unbound Granular Material type from list
3
Start from Top
2 Select Granular
4 Add thickness
298

2 Select Subgrade from Material type from list
4
3 Select Subgrade
299
Page 80
Set Thickness = 0 for infinite depth subgrade
301
How to change a Layer’s Material
Click anywhere on the Material ID or Title
302
Page 81
How to change a Layer’s Material
Select new Material and click OK
303
Exercise 2:
Creation of a new Layered System
 Layered System (use existing materials):

 Create new Layered System, using ID = Ex2, Title = Exercise 2
 Asphalt: Material Type = Asphalt  just select this in Material Type combo box!
 ID = AC20, Thickness = 220 mm (E = 2500MPa, v=0.4)
 Subgrade: Material Type = Subgrade (Austroads 2017)  select via combo box!
 ID = Sub_CBR5, Thickness = 0 (CBR = 5, Ev = 50MPa, v = 0.45)

 State: Example
 ID: _Example
 Traffic (NDT): 1E7
 Project Reliability: 95%
 Run Analysis
304
Page 82
Exercise 2:
Creation of a new Layered System (cont.)
Correct answers:

305
How to modify CIRCLY 7.0 databases:

Material Properties database
Select Material Type
306
Page 83
Material Type:
Use with Austroads 2017
Note Unbound Granular

Austroads 2004 sub-layering
same as Austroads 2017
307

Asphalt
Elastic Volume of
Properties Binder
309
Page 84
Asphalt
Performance / Fatigue Shift

Properties Factor
310

Asphalt
Performance /
𝑆𝐹 𝑘 Fatigue Properties
𝑁 =
horizontal tensile strain 𝑅𝐹 
at underside of layer
311
Page 85
Subgrade
Austroads Subgrade always has

same Performance relationship
312

Unit Costs
313
Page 86
Adding New Material Data
1
2 Choose
Material Type
3
Click New
button
314
Enter Material ID (<=20 chars.)

Enter Title (<=72 chars.)
315
Page 87
Enter Young’s Modulus

Enter Poisson’s Ratio
316
Exercise 3:
Creation of new material properties
 Job Name:
Exercise 3 - Unbound Granular on CBR=2.5
 Create new subgrade elastic material:
 Material Type = Subgrade (Austroads 2017)  select this via combo box!
 ID = Sub_CBR2.5
 Title = Subgrade, CBR2.5, Aniso
 Elastic properties: Anisotropic, Ev = 25 MPa, Poisson’s Ratio = 0.45
317
Page 88
Exercise 3:
Creation of new material properties (cont.)
 Create New Layered System (use existing materials):
 use ID = Ex3, Title = Exercise 3
 Unbound Granular:
 Material Type = Unbound Granular (Austroads 2004 sub-layering)
 ID = Gran_500 (therefore max. Ev = 500 MPa at top)
 Thickness = 450 mm
 Subgrade:
 Material Type= Subgrade (Austroads 2017)
 ID = Sub_CBR2.5
 Thickness = 0
 State: Example
 ID: _Example
 Run Analysis
318
Exercise 3:
Creation of new material properties (cont.)
Correct answer = 107

319
Page 89
Exercise 3a:
Design iteration
 Using Job Exercise 3 with the Layered System Ex3
 Your goal is to determine the thickness of the granular layer to nearest 10 mm
so that Subgrade CDF is just less than 1.0
 Try different granular layer thicknesses (each one a multiple of 10 mm)
 Add an entry to this table for each configuration that you analyse:
Granular layer Subgrade
Thickness (mm) CDF
450 107
500 ?
Change thickness here &
500.00
320
Exercise 4:
Creation of new Asphalt Properties
 Job Name: Exercise 4 - Full depth asphalt pavement
 Create a new Asphalt as follows:

 Material Type = Asphalt  select this via combo box!
 ID = Asph2200
 Title = Asphalt, E = 2200 MPa, VB = 10%
 Young’s Modulus = 2200
 Poisson’s ratio, v = 0.4
 VB (Volume of Binder) = 10
 Exponent (b) = 5.0
Performance Constant (k) automatically calculated = 0.004176
 Shift Factor = 6.0
323
Page 90
Exercise 4:
Full depth asphalt pavement
 New Layered System (use existing materials):
 use ID= Ex4, Title = Exercise 4
 Material Type = Asphalt

ID = Asph2200, Thickness = 240 mm
(E = 2200 MPa, v = 0.4)
 Material Type = Subgrade (Austroads 2017)

ID=Sub_CBR5, Thickness = 0
(Ev = 50MPa, v = 0.45)

 State: Example
 ID: _Example

 Run Analysis
324
Exercise 4:
Full depth asphalt pavement (cont.)
Correct answers:

325
Page 91
How to use Automatic Thickness Design
Open existing Job:

Austroads 2017 - Example 2 – Full Depth Asphalt Pavement
1 Tick box
2 Click on row to highlight layer

that you want to design
AC20 is the weakest link

3. Click Analyse
(highest CDF)
(App. L.2 AGPT02-17)

328
New thickness = 188.72 with CDF = 1.0

RF = 97.5% Note seed value determines answer
329
Page 92
Exercise 5: – Project Reliability
 Examine influence of Project Reliability on design thickness
 Open the existing job:
“Austroads 2017 - Example 2 - Full Depth Asphalt Pavement”
 Use Automatic Thickness Design to determine 2nd Asphalt Layer
thickness for the following alternative Project Reliabilities:
Project Reliability Design Thickness of 2nd

Asphalt Layer
(mm)
50%
80%
85%
90%
95%
97.5% 188.7
330
Exercise 5a: – “Design Traffic” - NDT

Examine influence of NDT on design thickness
 Open the existing job:
“Austroads 2017 - Example 2 - Full Depth Asphalt Pavement”
 Use Automatic Thickness Design to determine 2nd Asphalt Layer
thickness for the following alternative NDT & Project Reliability = 97.5%
NDT Design Thickness of

Cumulative number of Heavy Vehicle 2nd Asphalt Layer
Axle Groups (HVAG) over design period
(mm)
1.0E+7 188.7
5.0E+6 ?
1.0E+6
2.0E+7
5.0E+7
334
Page 93
Exercise 5a: – “Design Traffic” - NDT
Design thickness of 2nd Asphalt Layer vs NDT
Design Thickness 2nd Asphalt (mm) 300
250
200
y = 30.501Ln(x) - 299.95
150
100
50
0
1.00E+06 1.00E+07 1.00E+08
NDT (HVAG)
Log scale shows a constant rate (slope) of change

336
Exercise 5b: - Varying the TLD
Trial QLD most extreme and median ESA/HVAG TLDs:

ID of TLD Name ESA/HVAG %HVs
30042 - West Gore Highway - South... 0.436 18.0
83159 - West 83159 - Peak Downs… 1.285 19.4
110051 - South Kennedy Highway - ... 2.139 8.0
also ‘_Example’ from Examples (Austroads Guide, Appendix G)
_Example Example traffic load… 0.7
Pavement structure:
Austroads 2017 - Example 2 - Full Depth Asphalt Pavement
(App. L.2 AGPT02-17)
337
Page 94
Open existing Job: Austroads 2017 - Example 2 – Full Depth Asphalt Pavement
check
check AC20 is the weakest link
Change TLD: 1 State combo is ‘QLD’ 2 Click Heading to Sort Column
3 Select
338
Varying the TLD –

Automatic Thickness Design
1 Tick box
2 Click row 2 to highlight layer

to design
3 Click Analyse
New thickness = 169.0 (seed value determines answer)
339
Page 95
Varying the TLD – Change TLD
1 State combo is ‘QLD’ 2 Click Heading to Sort Column
3 Select
New thickness = 238.91 cf 169.0 (seed value determines answer)
340
Exercise 5b: - Varying the TLD

Complete table with AC20 thickness (Layer 2) for remaining TLDs
ID of TLD Name ESA/HVAG mm

30042 - West Gore Highway - South... 0.436 169.0
110051 - South Kennedy Highway - ... 2.139 238.9
83159 - West 83159 - Peak Downs… 1.285
_Example Example traffic load… 0.7
 State: Qld
 ID: 83159 - West
 Run Analysis
?? mm
 State: Example
 ID: _Example
 Run Analysis
?? mm
341
Page 96
Exercise 5b: - Varying the TLD:
TADT Average Load vs TLD (ESA/HVAG)
ESA/HVAG
TADT 210 kN proportion
TADT Standard Axle Load 135 kN
343
TLDs with same ESA/HVAG:

ESA/HVAG = 1 (WA: Kunu & VIC: Wan)
CDF bound materials (Asphalt & Cemented) different as calculated for

each particular individual load & axle group (every cell in the TLD)
***Note traffic mix impacts the results despite both ESA/HVAG = 1
CDF Subgrade (Perm. Def. - rutting) same as both ESA/HVAG = 1 (same DESA )
345
Page 97
TLDs with same ESA/HVAG
Both WA: Kunu & VIC: Wan = 1.0
Traffic mix impacts results - Note both ESA/HVAG = 1

AC20
Kunu CDF:
1.30
Wan 1.14
ESA/HV
Heavier loads Kunu : Wan
4.04 : 3.32
348
CIRCLY 7.0 Hands On and more
• Powerful CIRCLY 7 Features

• Workshop exercises
367
Page 98
Powerful CIRCLY 7.0 features
Cost Calculation
+
Automatic Parametric Analysis
=
A Powerful Tool for
Pavement Cost Optimization
368
Background Cost Calculation
Open the existing job: “Example - Cost Optimization”
Total Cost
369
Page 99
Cost Calculation
Costs tab Entry of Unit Material Costs
Geosynthetics, etc
density
370
Unit cost rates:

Material Code Unit Cost $
Size 10 mm OGA , 30 mm thickness OGA m2 14.28
Size 14 mm dense graded asphalt. 40 mm thick (intersection mixes) C320 binder DGA14(C320) m2 19.04
Size 14 mm dense graded asphalt, 40 mm thick, intersection mix with A15E binder DGA14(A15E) m2 21.71
Size 14 mm dense graded asphalt, 40 mm thick, intersection mix with A35P binder DGA14(A35P) m2 21.71
Size 14 mm dense graded asphalt, 50 mm thick (intersection mixes) C320 binder DGA14(C320)50 m2 23.80
Size 14 mm dense graded asphalt, 50 mm thick, intersection mix with A15E binder DGA14(A15E)50 m2 27.14
Size 14 mm dense graded asphalt, 50 mm thick, intersection mix with A35P binder DGA14(A35P)50 m2 27.14
2 coat emulsion seal EmulsionSeal m2 7.63
Tack coat Tack m2 1.13
Size 14 mm dense graded asphalt C320 binder, intermediate DGA14(m3) m3 476.05
Size 20 mm dense graded asphalt C320 binder, intermediate DGA20(m3) m3 476.05
Crushed rock base CRB m3 103.72
HCTCRB HCTCRB m3 158.00
Crushed limestone subbase Limestone m3 98.62
Gravel subbase Gravel m3 44.69
2% cement treated crushed rock subbase CTCR m3 166.50
Lean concrete subbase (screened wet), inc. bitumen emulsion seal for curing/bonding LCS m3 531.54 |
Perth region for large scale works: Jameson, G, et. Al. 2013, ‘Whole-of-life-cycle costing of road pavement
configurations’, WA Pavement Asset Research Centre WAPARC 2011/02, ARRB Group, Vermont Sth, Vic.
Material Code Unit Cost (ex-GST)
Dense Graded Asphalt – supply & place DGA tonne 210.00
FBS Insitu Stabilisation - 250 mm depth with nominally 3% bitumen FBS m2 60.00
Cement treated crushed rock - supply & place Cement - CR tonne 65.00
Type A Select Fill - supply & place Fill - A tonne 40.00
Size 10 mm Emulsion primer seal SEAL -10 m2 15.00
Size 10 SAMI seal SAMI - 10 m2 12.00
A few typical construction rates – Victoria 2020
372
Page 100
Automatic Parametric Analysis
 Automatically loop through one or two thickness ranges
e.g. from 150 mm to 300 mm in steps of 10 mm
Loop
Thickness
t
Auto Design
Thickness
375
Cost Optimization Case Study
Thickness Unit Cost

T1 = 40 mm Asphalt: Size 14, (AC14) $287.5 / m3
Fixed Thickness
Asphalt: Size 20, (AC20)

T2 = ? Unknown $287.5 / m3
Loop Thickness
T3 = ? Unknown Crushed Rock: 20 mm, Class 4

Design Thickness $47 / m3
Subgrade, CBR = 3
376
Page 101
Summary of Results
Layer 1 t = 40 mm
Loop Design
Thickness Thickness
Layer 2 Layer 3 Max. CDF
Thickness Thickness
10mm increments
150 1332 1.0

160 798 1.0 Many thickness
170 526 1.0 combinations are
180 330 1.0 valid designs
190 225 1.0
200 100 (min.) 0.94
Minimum thickness constraint as unconstructable < 100 mm

(unbound granular pavements with asphalt surfacings < 100 mm use min. 100 mm of crushed rock base)
377

Summary of Results – add Total Cost
Loop Design
Thickness Thickness
Layer 2 Layer 3 Max. CDF Total Cost
Thickness Thickness ($/m2)
150 1332 1.0 117.7
160 798 1.0 95.0
170 526 1.0 85.1
180 330 1.0 78.7
190 225 1.0 76.7
200 100 (min.) 0.94 73.7
Parametric part
Minimum Cost $
378
Page 102
Summary of Results
 Many thickness combinations are valid designs
 Unit Material Costs are the missing dimension…..
Layer 2 Thickness
Layer 3 Thickness
Total Cost ($/m2) 40 mm
Minimum Cost $
1 2 3 4 5 6
All valid designs
379
CIRCLY 7.0 Cost Optimization:

How it works…. Steps for Exercise 6 (to do later)
 Let Layer 2 thickness T2 vary 160 mm to 240 mm in 10 mm steps
 Auto. Design Layer 3 thickness T3 for each Layer 2 thickness

Unit Cost
Thickness $287.5 / m3
T1 = 40 mm Asphalt: Size 14, (AC14)
(Fixed)
Asphalt: Size 20, (AC20) $287.5 / m3
T2 = 160 to 240mm
(10 mm steps)
T3 = ? Crushed Rock: 20 mm , Class 4

(Auto. Design) $47 / m3
Subgrade, CBR = 3
381
Page 103
Cost Optimization – Set up Parametric Analysis
6 Run Analysis 5 Make sure Calculate Cost is ticked
4 Tick Design thickness.. & Layer 3
1 Tick Use Parametric

3 Enter 100 Minimum Thickness
2 Specify the range of thicknesses to be used for Layer 2:

Make Layer 2 thickness vary from 160 mm to 240 mm in 10 mm steps
Enter the values: Minimum: 160, Maximum: 240, Step: 10
Loop Thickness
382

How it works….
Automatically generated plot:

Total Cost vs Layer 2 Thickness
Minimum Total $ Cost
383
Page 104
How it works….
 Automatically generated plot: Max. CDF vs. Layer 2 Thickness
Damage Factor = 1.0
384
Exercise 6: Cost Optimization

Thickness
(mm)
New Material
Asphalt: Vicroads Mix Type: SG, Size: 20,
100 to add
Binder Class: Multigrade, Speed: 80 km/h
200 Crushed Rock: Vicroads Class 4, 20 mm ID = Gran_150

(in database)
Subgrade: CBR = 3% ID = Sub_CBR3

(in database)
385
Page 105
Exercise 6:
Job Name, Traffic, Project Reliability

 Traffic
Traffic Load Distribution:
State: VIC
ID: gis
Name: gis - Calder Freeway - Macedon Ranges – N
Traffic (NDT): 6.0E7
 Project Reliability: 97.5%
386
Exercise 6:
Creation of new Asphalt
 Create a new Asphalt as follows:
 Asphalt: Material Type = Asphalt  select in Material Type combo box!
 ID = VicSG20S80
 Title = Vicroads Mix Type SG, Size 20, Binder Class Multigrade,
Speed 80 km/h
Properties
 Modulus = 3900.0
 VB(%) = 0.0 (so need to manually input ‘k’ value)
 Performance Exponent (b) = 5.0
 Performance Constant (k) = 0.00352
387
Page 106
Exercise 6:
 Create New Layered System
 use ID = Ex6, Title = Exercise 6
Asphalt:
 Material Type = Asphalt
 ID = VicSG20S80
 ID = Gran_150
 Subgrade:
 Material Type= Subgrade (Austroads 2017)
 ID = Sub_CBR3
 Thickness = 0
389
Exercise 6:
Results
Make sure ‘Design thickness of ..’ is unticked
390
Page 107
Exercise 6: Part B
Tick ‘Design thickness of ..’ & Layer 2
 Change Asphalt Layer 1 thickness from 100 to 250 mm

 Automatic Thickness Design feature to design thickness of
Granular Layer 2
391
Exercise 6: Part B
Results
392
Page 108
Exercise 6: Part C
Cost Optimization
Thickness (mm) Unit Cost

Add cost
T1 = 200 to 400mm Asphalt: Vicroads Mix Type: SG, Size: 20,
(25 mm steps) Binder Class: Multigrade, Speed: 80 km/h $125 / tonne
Crushed Rock: Vicroads Class 4, 20 mm

T2 = ? (Auto Design) (Unbound Granular, ID = Gran_150) $47 / m3
Subgrade: CBR = 3
393
Exercise 6: Part C
Cost Optimization - Unit Costs
 Asphalt: add cost to database
 ID: VicSG20S80
 Title: Vicroads Mix Type SG, Size 20,
Binder Class Multigrade, Speed 80 km/h
 Price per tonne: 125
enter these properties
 Weight/volume: 2.5
 Crushed Rock:
 This material is already in Unbound Granular (Austroads 2004 sub-layering)
database with ID = Gran_150
 Price/Volume: $47 (check already set)
394
Page 109
Exercise 6: Part C
Cost Optimization – Set up Parametric Analysis
7 Run Analysis 6 Make sure Calculate Cost is ticked
1 Tick Use Parametric 3 Enter 100 4 Enter 100
2 Specify range of thicknesses to be used for Layer 1:

Layer 1 thickness vary 200 mm to 400 mm in 25 mm steps
Enter values: Minimum: 200, Maximum: 400, Step: 25
*final Layer 1 Maximum iteration shown with t = 400 mm
395
Graph: Total Cost vs Asphalt VicSG20S80 Thickness

Select “Total Cost”
Minimum Total $ Cost:

Layer 1 thickness resolved to 25 mm

396
Page 110
Graph: CDF (Asphalt) vs. Asphalt Thickness
Select CDF (Select Layer =>) Select Vicroads Mix Type SG …. (Layer No. 1)
Damage factor for asphalt layer
1
Fatigue in asphalt with granular
default max = 5000 mm thick
2
Max. Damage
Factor = 1.0
Due to min granular
thickness = 100 mm
397
Graph:
Granular Layer Thickness vs. Asphalt Thickness
Select “Thickness (Layer used for Thickness Design)” (Layer No. 2)
granular default max = 5000 mm thick

Thickness Design Layer Number 2
Due to set min granular

thickness = 100 mm
398
Page 111
Graph Tips and Tricks:
Hover mouse over data point
hover mouse over a data point
hand icon appears
Numerical values
displayed here:
399

Customizing the Y-axis to log scale
1 Right mouse click

to give Graph menu
2 Click Customization Dialog
400
Page 112
3 Click on Axis
401

4 Click on (*) Log
5 Click on OK
402
Page 113
Layer 2 granular
thickness = 100 mm
403

Exporting data
1 Right mouse click

to give Graph menu
2 Click Export Dialog
404
Page 114
Exporting data
1 Click Text/Data
2 Click Export
405

Exporting data
1 Click Maximum Precision
2 Click Export
406
Page 115
Graph:
Exporting data
The data is now on the Clipboard in this format:

Point no. X Y
1 200 297.5 Can paste into
2 225 305.3125 Excel, Word etc.
3 250 163.7447
4 275 121.5994
5 300 106.1746
6 325 106.2625
7 350 114.075
8 375 121.8875
9 400 129.7
407
Post-Cracking Phase in
Cemented Materials
Pre-Cracking Phase Post-Cracking Phase

Asphalt
Unbound granular material Unbound granular material
Cemented granular material

Broken into blocks
with no remaining
Subgrade tensile capacity
Subgrade
Other layers extend fatigue life
Austroads AGPT02-17 Section 8.2.6

410
Page 116
Post - Cracking Phase in
Cemented Materials
Assumptions: to reduce risk of reflective cracking to the
surface the pavement should provide a minimum cover:
 thickness of asphalt on cemented material is >= 175 mm, or
 (0.75 x thickness of granular material cover) + (thickness of
asphalt cover) >= 175 mm
 assumed post-fatigue phase cemented material properties:

Cross-Anisotropic, (Ev/Eh degree of anisotropy of 2)
Vertical modulus = 500 MPa
Poisson's Ratio = 0.35
layer is not sub-layered
Austroads AGPT02-17
411
Cement-Treated Base (CTB) Pavements

8.2.6: Consideration of Post-cracking Phase in
Cemented Material & Lean-mix Concrete
State What the supplement says

NSW Excludes post-cracking phase of cemented material in the subbase layer in the
design life of heavy-duty pavements: DESA >= 107 ESA & 20/40 year service life
Design cemented material in the subbase layer to not fatigue during design period
Acceptable for post-cracking phase in lighter traffic roads: DESA < 107 ESA
Queensland Accepted
SA No allowance for the post-cracking phase of design life for heavy-duty pavements
incorporating cemented materials. Acceptable to include the post-cracking phase of
cemented materials, if agreed by the project manager, for other road pavements
where the design traffic is < 107 ESA
Victoria Accepted
WA Engineering Road Note 9 (ERN9 2018) – due out
AGPT02 (2017) Cemented materials - Added to ERN9 (2018) with WA context ?
414
Page 117
Total allowable loading (ESA) 1st (pre-) and 2nd (post-) Phase life:
Asphalt
Fatigue:
Subgrade
Permanent
Deformation:
Nc = allowable load repetitions cemented material fatigue 1st life

(assumption is cemented layer fails first)
Note: all the N parameters are expressed in ESA Austroads AGPT02-17
416
Pre- and Post-Cracking Phase in

Cemented Materials
Pre-cracking Post-cracking Total Allowable
(ESAs) (ESAs) Loading (ESAs)
Cemented 2.22 × 106 n/a n/a
Weakest link
(0.222/1.53 x 20)
= 2.9 years
Asphalt 1.78 × 1011 1.31 × 107 1.53 × 107
(2nd layer) 2nd Weakest link (assume = 20 years)
(1.31/1.53 x 20) and no traffic growth
= 17.1 years
Subgrade 2.88 × 1011 4.21×109 4.21 x 109
Perm.
Deform.
Design ESA Loading, DESA = 0.7 × 107
Austroads 2017, Example L.3: Asphalt Pavement Containing Cemented Material Subbase
= CIRCLY 7.0 Example 3
417
Page 118
Traffic Load Distributions:
Importing your own
 Traffic Load Distribution (TLD) import is via a .csv

(Comma Separated Values) data file
 The .csv file contains TLD by Proportion of axle groups

of each type and load (not Percentages)
 Spreadsheet programs can be used to create the .csv

file from TLD data if expressed as Percentages
(convert from Percentages to Proportion)
419
TLD as % versus TLD as Proportions

Load distribution by proportion of each axle group type and load calculated
from TLD as %: i.e. 0.2804 /100* x 0.393 = 0.001102 (*100 as %)
Note need a QADT column
Data format for Importing TLD

must be fully populated
Check Sum of each column = Proportion Sum of all cells = 1.0

Sum of each column = 100%
420
Page 119
How to create TLD data for import
The first row must be:

Load SAST SADT TAST TADT TRDT QADT
Proportion Data imported to a new

Worksheet for saving as a .CSV file
Sum of all cells = 1.0 (checked by CIRCLY)
Note data to be exported stops at last load
421
Add New TLD data from existing .csv file
1 Make sure State combo is set correctly – here ‘Example’

2 Click Import to create a new TLD
3 Input a unique ID and Name (description) for the new TLD
422
Page 120
Add New TLD data from existing .csv file
4 Click OK to select .csv file
5 Note path to .csv file
6 Select Austroads 2017 Table I.csv file

7 Click OK to import .csv file
423
Add New TLD data

Note State combo is set to ‘Example’
.csv ESA/HVAG calculated
Note: the .csv file MUST include QADT

424
Page 121
Add New TLD data
Note State combo is set to ‘Vic’
Values imported and used Values for information only

in CIRCLY calculations and not used in calculations
425
Exercise: Add New TLD data
Appendix O: TLDs for Lightly-Trafficked Roads

Table O 6: Example traffic load distribution – minor road
Axle Group Axle Group Type

Load SAST SADT TADT
(kN) % % %
44.1 85.8000 0.0000 0.0000
52.9 14.2000 0.0000 0.0000
53.9 0.0000 80.1120 0.0000
83.1 0.0000 19.8880 0.0000
91.1 0.0000 0.0000 100.0000 Measure Value
Total 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 Nhvag 2.00
Proportion of ESA/HVAG 0.45
each axle group 0.5 0.357 0.143 ESA/HV 0.89
Austroads AGPT02-17
426
Page 122
 Add New Traffic Load Distribution (TLD):
 Select: Import
 State = _Lightly-Trafficked Roads
 ID: = LTR – O6
 Name: = Lightly-Trafficked Roads – O6 – minor road
2 1
 Select Qld TN167 AppE.csv file

3 Input ID and Name
4 Click OK to select .csv file
427
5 Note path to .csv file
6 Select Lightly-Trafficked Roads – O6 – minor road.csv file

7 Click Open to import .csv file
428
Page 123
LTR – O6 added
ESA/HVAG = 0.447 calculated
429
Design of Lightly-Trafficked Pavements
Ch 12. Design of Lightly-Trafficked Pavements ( < 105 ESA ) AGPT02-17

Table 12.2 gives indicative Heavy Vehicle Axle Group volumes for
lightly-trafficked urban streets (note Direction Factor = 0.5 except Minor
Street with single lane DF = 1.0)
Traffic Load Distributions (TLDs) for Lightly Trafficked Roads are defined in
Appendix O – these are available in CIRCLY 7.0
430
Page 124
Design of Lightly-Trafficked Pavements:
Table 12.2: Indicative Heavy Vehicle Axle Group
volumes for lightly-trafficked urban streets
Use Table 12.2 - when no HV traffic count data: NDT & DESA based on street type
& with HV traffic count data: calc. NDT via NHVAG (Eq.35) & calc. DESA (Eq.37)
Figure 12.1: Lightly-trafficked street categories
NHVAG NDT DESA
DESA < 105

Use Fig 12.2 Chart
DESA > 105

Use Mechanistic Design (CIRCLY)
AGPT02-17
433
Design of Lightly-Trafficked Pavements:

Table 12.2: Indicative Heavy Vehicle Axle Group
volumes for lightly-trafficked urban streets
NDT DESA
Collector with
no buses
AGPT02-17
434
Page 125
Design of Lightly-Trafficked Pavements
Traffic Load Distributions (TLDs) for Lightly Trafficked Roads

defined in Appendix O – these are available in CIRCLY 7.0:
Collector with no buses

AGPT02-17
435
AGPT02-17
436
Page 126
Pavement
Rehabilitation
Exercises
Sprayed seal overlying granular pavements >90% Aust/NZ sealed roads
Many under duress with increased traffic and some have non-standard
material layers that are no longer fit-for-purpose
Improving pavement structure by introducing high quality crushed rock

is often not cost effective in rural areas…
…consequently increasing use of bituminous and cementitious binder

treatments to enhance existing materials properties…
…and has added benefit of recycling scarce resources

References:
AGPT05-19 Part 5: Pavement Evaluation and Treatment Design

AGPT-T600-18: Flexural beam test methods for cemented materials
441
Pavement Rehabilitation Case Study

Exercise: Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation (FBS)
Background: Fatigue Criteria
Small quantity of cold water
injected into hot bitumen
AGPT05-19
2.5 to 3.5% bitumen by mass
commonly used with
1-2% hydrated lime as a
secondary binder
coats finer particles
- stiffen the bitumen binder

- assist in bitumen dispersion
- improve the initial modulus
- improve early life rut resistance Technical Report AP-T336-18
- reduce moisture sensitivity
- an anti-stripping agent (lime only)
442
Page 127
Northern Symposium – June 2019
Fatigue Criteria: FBS

The FBS fatigue calculation equation is based on the asphalt fatigue relationship of
Austroads (AGPT05-19) Note no current procedure to design to a given Project
Reliability level in mechanistic analysis
Allowable Number of repetitions

of load-induced tensile strain
where με = load-induced maximum tensile strain at FBS base:

note microstrain (με) = 106 x unitless strain (ε)
Vb = volume of binder in FBS material (%), commonly 7%
E = FBS design modulus (MPa)
In CIRCLY use the asphalt fatigue relationship with appropriate inputs:
CIRCLY version with asphalt

fatigue constant (k) and SF/RF x (require SF/RF = 1 so adjust
inputs accordingly – see later)
.
443
Fatigue Criteria: Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation (FBS)
 Presumptive values for FBS preliminary thickness design:

NSW RMS Technical Direction Pavements - PTD 2015/001 - Foamed Bitumen
Stabilisation - Table 1
 Note Vb = % by volume of residual bitumen in foamed bitumen layer & not by mass
 Vb for FBS 'normally between 6% & 8%’ with 7% typically assumed
444
Page 128
Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation (FBS)
Queensland Pavement Design Supplement - July 2018
Section 6.7 Foamed bitumen stabilised materials
Guidance on material requirements, material characterisation (for pavement design)

and mix design of foamed bitumen stabilised materials is provided in:
1) Pavement Rehabilitation Manual, TMR Feb 2020, The Materials Testing Manual
(MTM) Part 2, Application, Section 3: Testing of materials for insitu foamed bitumen
stabilisation & Section 4: Testing of materials for plant-mixed foamed bitumen
stabilisation
2) Part 5: Pavement Evaluation and Treatment Design of the Austroads Guide to
Pavement Technology (Austroads, 2011) and relevant technical specifications
AGPT05-19 (Edition 4.0 published July 2019)
Design Modulus determination:
The full thickness assigned design modulus according to 1) & 2):

design modulus is mix-dependent between 1800 MPa & 2500 MPa at 25ºC prior to
temperature correction when the overlying asphalt thickness < 100 mm
445

Sprayed Seal Sprayed Seal
Granular
base
Foamed
bitumen
base
Granular
subbase
Granular
subbase
Subgrade Subgrade
Rehabilitation of an unbound granular pavement by strengthening

via foamed bitumen stabilisation of the existing granular material:
Appendix N - Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation Design Example
Pavement Evaluation and Treatment Design AGPT05-19
447
Page 129
Sprayed Seal Sprayed Seal Thickness Modulus Ev
Granular 300 mm 2200 MPa

base
Foamed FB Asphalt FBS2200*
bitumen (Vb=7% k=0.003064)
‘Foamed Bitumen’
base
Granular
subbase
Granular 100 mm 87 MPa
subbase Unbound Granular Gran_87*
0 mm 50 MPa (CBR 5%)
Subgrade Subgrade
Semi-infinite
Existing Pavement Trial Pavement
*New Materials to add

448
NDT = 107 cumulative HVAG (20 year design period)
TLD is Appendix G (AGPT02-17) = ID: _Example

Foamed bitumen stabilised (FBS) material assigned:
E = 2200MPa, ν = 0.4 with Vb = 7% and k = 0.003064
**Note for the FBS fatigue calculation using Eq 19 (AGPT05-19) there
currently is no procedure to design to a given Project Reliability level
x CIRCLY version with asphalt

fatigue constant (k) and SF/RF
(In CIRCLY, want SF/RF = 1 so adjust inputs accordingly)
449
Page 130
 Job Name: FBS Example

 State: Example
 ID: _Example
Reliability Factors (RF) =

(Asphalt)
450
 Create a new Foamed Bitumen Asphalt:

 Material Type = Foamed Bitumen  select in Material Type combo box!
 ID = FBS2200 Title = FBS E=2200MPa, Vb=7%
Properties
 Modulus = 2200.0
 VB (%) = 7.0
 Performance Constant (k) = 0.003064 (calculated automatically)
RF 95% = 6 so make SF = 6 gives SF/RF = 1
451
Page 131
 Ev Unbound Granular (Austroads 2004 sub-layering)

Note Ev top sublayer from Eq. 41 Section 8.2.3, Austroads AGPT02-17:
EV top granular sublayer = EV underlying material × 2(total granular thickness /125)
= 50 x 2(100/125) = 87 MPa (automatically calculated by CIRCLY*)
* Note could use any granular > 87 MPa as

11input and let CIRCLY calculate via Eq. 41
453
EV top granular sublayer = EV underlying material × 2(total granular thickness /125)

100 mm
Ev top granular sublayer = 50 × 1.7411 = 87 MPa

(*reduced from any > E)
*Note automatically calculated in CIRCLY AGPT02-17: Section 8.2.3

454
Page 132
Create new Unbound Granular material*:

select this in Material Type combo box
 ID = Gran_87
 Title = Granular, E=87MPa
 Elastic properties: Ev = 87 MPa, Poisson’s Ratio = 0.35
*instead of adding Gran_87, could use any

Granular input with E > 87 MPa already in
the database & CIRCLY will automatically
calculate 87 MPa via Eq.41
457
 Create new Layered System using:

 ID = FBS Example
 Title = FBS Example
 Asphalt: Material Type = Foamed Bitumen  select Material Type combo box
 ID = FBS2200, Thickness = 300 mm (E = 2200MPa, v=0.4)
 Material Type = Unbound Granular (Austroads 2004 sub-layering) 
 ID = Gran_87 (or could use any Gran. with an E > 87MPa i.e. Gran_100)
 Subgrade:
 Material Type= Subgrade (Austroads 2017) 
 ID = Sub_CBR5 (E = 50MPa)
 Thickness = 0
 Run Analysis
458
Page 133
CDF FBS
Reliability = 95% CDF Subgrade

Design Traffic NDT = 1 x 107 HVAG (Heavy Vehicle Axle Groups)
459
so So 6/6 = 1 so OK
The FBS fatigue damage resulting

from each axle group type = sum
The
of theFBS fatigue
damage damage
caused resulting
by each
fromlevel
load eachfor
axle
thegroup
group. type is the
sum of the damage caused by
each
The load level
damage fromforeach
the group.
axle group
The is
type damage
shownfrombelow.each axle group
type is
Total CDF = 0.8975 < 1 OK.
460
Page 134
Total FBS fatigue damage of 0.898 is close to 1 so limited potential to lower FBS
thickness. Can check with Automatic Thickness Design.
3 Analyse 1 Tick box
2 Click on FBS2200 layer to design
Optimum thickness 296mm & CDF = 0.99
462

Exercise: Lime Stabilisation of Subgrade
A sprayed seal 300 mm unbound granular

pavement of low strength as excessive Sprayed Seal
moisture in the clay subgrade with a New Granular
3% design CBR overlay
Removed and
replaced existing
Sprayed Seal
unbound Granular
material
Granular
Lime-stabilized
material
Subgrade CBR=10%
Subgrade CBR=3% Subgrade CBR=3%
Existing Trial Pavement
Granular overlay thickness design considering lime stabilisation of subgrade

Appendix L - Pavement Evaluation and Treatment Design AGPT05-19
463
Page 135
NDT = 2 x 107 cumulative HVAG (20 year design period)

TLD is Appendix G (AGPT02-17) = ID: _Example & ESA/HVAG of 0.7
Note: Design number of ESA of traffic loading (DESA) =
ESA/HVAG x NDT = 0.7 x 2 x107 = 1.4 x 107 ESAs
A treatment option identified for evaluation was to:
• remove the existing granular materials
• lime stabilise the subgrade to a depth of 250 mm
• replace the existing granular materials
• place a granular overlay over the entire project
• sprayed seal surfacing.
Laboratory testing indicated the addition of 5% lime to the clay subgrade was the
minimum content required to achieve long-term changes in material properties:
The design CBR of the lime-stabilised layer is 10%
Method B: Selecting the Lime Content for Long-term Property Changes Sect. 4.8: AGPT04D-19
464
EV top sub-layer Lime-stabilised Subgrade:

Thickness
Sprayed Seal (mm) EV top sub-layer is minimum:
150 MPa (CBR 15% - maximum normally adopted), or

Granular 10 x Design CBR% (10% from lab. Testing) = 100 MPa, or
400
material
Eq. 39 (Section 8.2.2):
Lime-stabilized EV underlying material × 2(thickness stabilised subgrade layer/150)

250
Subgrade CBR = 10%
Subgrade 0 = 30 × 2(250/150) = 95 MPa so use 95 MPa as minimum
CBR=3% 30 MPa
(support of underlying material)
Trial Pavement
Sects. 5.3.8 & 8.2.2 - AGPT02-17

467
Page 136
EV top sub-layer Lime-stabilised Subgrade

EV top sublayer = EV underlying mat.× 2(thickness each select. or stab. layer /150)
250 mm
EV lime stab.= 30× 3.1747 = 95.24 MPa
(100 MPa* reduced also any > E )
*Note automatically calculated in CIRCLY AGPT02-17: Section 8.2.2

468
EV top sub-layer Granular:

Thickness
Sprayed Seal (mm)
EV top granular sub-layer is minimum:
Table 6.3 (Section 6.2.3) normal standard crushed rock

Granular – under sprayed seal
400
material = 350 MPa or
Ev
Lime-stabilized Eq. 41 (Section 8.2.3):
250
Subgrade EV=95MPa
0 EV top stabilised sublayer × 2(thickness granular layer/125)
Subgrade
CBR=3% 30 MPa
= 95 × 2(400/125) = 873 MPa
Trial Pavement
350 MPa is minimum so use for Granular
AGPT02-17
469
Page 137
Table 6.3
EV top sub-layer Granular
EV top layer normal standard crushed rock

EV top layer Lime-stabilized Subgrade
= 350 / 95 = 3.6842
470
Calculated
by CIRCLY
automatically
EV subgrade× 2(top granular thickness /150) = 30 × 2(250/150) = 95.24 MPa
472
Page 138
 Job Name: Lime Stabilisation of Subgrade

 State: Example
 ID: _Example
473

 ID = Lime Stab Subgrade
 Title = Lime Stabilisation of Subgrade
 Material Type = Unbound Granular (Austroads 2004 sub-layering)  select
 ID = Gran_350 (therefore max. E = 350MPa at top layer)
 Subgrade Selected Material (Lime stabilised subgrade):
 Material Type = Subgrade Selected Material (Austroads 2017)
 ID = subsltCB10 (Select fill, CBR = 10% & Ev top layer calculated by CIRCLY)
 Subgrade:
 Thickness = 0
 Run Analysis
474
Page 139
CDF top of lime

Reliability = 95% stabilised subgrade CDF top of Subgrade
475
Lime-stabilised Subgrade materials:

QLD TMR Method A Design Procedure
Guideline: Structural design procedure of

pavements on lime stabilised subgrades – 2019
Should be read in conjunction with the following related documents:
Specifications for in situ stabilisation using lime:
• TMR Technical Specification MRTS07A:
Insitu stabilised subgrades using quicklime or hydrated lime
• TMR Technical Specification Annexure MRTS07A.1:
• TMR Specification Measurement MRS07A:
• TMR Pavement Design Supplement to Part 2:
Pavement Structural Design of the Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology
• TMR Pavement Rehabilitation Manual
477
Page 140
Ev from TMR Guideline: Structural design procedure of pavements on lime stabilised

subgrades & Technical Specification MRTS07A (Method A ‘UCS’ : see AGPT04D-19)
Elastic Properties: • cross-anisotropic Eh = 0.5 Ev ; • poisson’s ratio ν = 0.45

• 5 sub-layers with ratio R of modulus between successive sub-layers:
R = (Etop of stabilised subgrade layer / Etop of unstabilised subgrade layer)1/5
Note no additional steps (Eq 39, etc Section 8.2.2 AGPT02-17)

Setup in CIRCLY via 5 individual layers (see later)
• maximum E of 200 MPa for top sub-layer of the lime stabilised subgrade
• Additional requirement: Minimum thickness of above unbound granular pavement
Minimum thickness of unbound granular pavement above lime stabilised subgrade
Average daily ESA in design year of opening Minimum unbound granular thickness
above lime stabilised subgrade (mm)
< 100 150
100 - 1000 200
> 1000 250
478

Thickness For EV top sub-layer Granular: AGPT02-17

Sprayed Seal (mm)
EV top granular sub-layer is minimum:
Unbound Granular
Material Type 2.1 200 Table 6.3 (Section 6.2.3) normal standard crushed rock
– under sprayed seal
Emax = 350 MPa
Lime-stabilized = 350 MPa, or
Ev
Subgrade Eq. 41 (Section 8.2.3):
EVtop = 200 MPa 300
(max. presumptive) EV top stabilised sublayer × 2(thickness granular layer/125)*
Subgrade 0
CBR=3% 30 MPa = 200 × 2(200/125) = 606 MPa
Trial Pavement
*Note automatically calculated in CIRCLY
479
Page 141
* Note - setup 5 sublayers manually as do

not want Eq. 39 (Section 8.2.2) used in
CIRCLY with Subgrade (Selected Material)
(Austroads 2017)
In CIRCLY:
Layer 1: Subgrade (Austroads 2017)
(produces a CDF at top of subgrade)
Layers 2 – 5: (setup individually!)

Unbound Granular (No sub-layering)
(no CDF calculated)
482

Exercise: Cement - Stabilised Base Design
(Heavily Bound Cemented (HBC)
Cemented base
Granular
base
Granular
subbase
Subgrade Subgrade
Rehabilitation of an unbound granular pavement by treating by

cementitious stabilisation of the existing granular material:
Appendix K – Cement-stabilised Base Design Example
487
Page 142

‘Pavement with sprayed bituminous seal-surfaced on 450 mm of unbound granular
material over a subgrade with a design CBR 7% has rutting primarily caused by the
non-standard granular base’
A treatment option identified for evaluation was to:

• cementitious stabilisation of existing granular material to depth of 350 mm by
aaaddition of 5% cementitious binder to produce a heavily cemented base (HBC)
• sprayed bituminous seal surfacing
Cemented base has design E = 5000 MPa, flexural strength of 1.4 MPa and
in-service fatigue constant (K) = 235 Note: k in CIRCLY = 0.000235
The post-cracking life of the cemented base is not considered in this analysis as
the cement material base will be surfaced with a sprayed seal
489
Cemented base E = 5000 MPa & t = 350 mm
Thickness
Sprayed Seal (mm)
350
Cemented Base Top granular sub-layer EV
(E = 5000 MPa)
EV top layer is minimum of 150 MPa (Table 6.4), or
Equation 41 (Section 8.2.3):
Granular 100
subbase EV subgrade×2(top granular thickness/125) = 70×2(100/125) = 122 MPa
Subgrade
CBR=7% 0 70 MPa (CBR 7%)
Trial Pavement
*CIRCLY would reduce to 122 MPa via Eq.41 any Granular input E > 122 MPa
AGPT02-17
490
Page 143
Sprayed Seal Thickness Modulus Ev
350 mm 5000 MPa Cement5000
Cemented base
Granular 100 mm 122 MPa Gran_122*

subbase
0 mm 70 MPa Sub_CBR7*
Subgrade CBR 7%
Semi-infinite

491
 Job Name: Cement-stabilised Base Design

 State: Example
 ID: _Example
492
Page 144
 Create a new Cement Stabilised material:

 ID = Cement5000 FS=1.4MPa
 Title = Cemented, E=5000 MPa, FS=1.4 MPa, k=235
Properties
 Modulus = 5000.0
 Performance Exponent (k) = 0.000235
Note the post-cracking phase is not analysed as when the cemented base
fatigue cracks it will readily propagate through the sprayed seal surface
493

 ID = Gran_122
 Title = Granular, E=122 MPa
 Material Type = Subgrade (Austroads 2017)

 ID = Sub_CBR7
 Title = Subgrade, CBR7, Aniso
494
Page 145

 ID = Cement-Stab Example
 Title = Cement-Stab Example
 Cement Stabilised :
 Material Type = Cement Stabilised  select in Material Type combo box
 ID = Cement5000 FS=1.4MPa
 Thickness = 350 mm (E = 5000 MPa, v=0.2)
 ID = Gran_122 (therefore max. E = 122 MPa at base top)
 Subgrade:
 Thickness = 0
 Run Analysis
495
CDF bottom of cemented material

Reliability = 95%
CDF top of Subgrade
496
Page 146
SADT Critical strains:

• top of subgrade: maximum vertical compressive strain is 155 με
• bottom of cemented material: maximum horizontal tensile strain of 62.6 με
SAST Critical strain:

• bottom of cemented material: maximum horizontal tensile strain of 45.3 με
Unitless strains
CDF bottom Cemented material
CDF top of Subgrade
497

Exercise: Modified Granular Base* Design
*Lightly Bound Cemented (LBC)
Modified Granular
Base
Unbound Granular
Base
Unbound Granular
Subbase
Subgrade Subgrade
Rehabilitation by modifying the top 150 mm granular base with

addition of 1% cementitious material to increase the rut-resistance
Appendix M: Modified Granular Base Design Example
498
Page 147
Exercise: Modified Granular Base Design
Sprayed seal unbound granular pavement had rutting primarily occurring in the
non-standard granular base
A treatment option evaluated was to modify the top 150 mm granular base by the
addition of 1% cementitious material to increase the rut-resistance of the base*
*previously Cement Modified Base (CMB) – now ‘Lightly Bound Cemented’: LBC
Repeated load triaxial testing showed increased maximum possible modulus from
250 MPa to 700 MPa with significant improvement in the permanent deformation
characteristics of the base material
Testing of the treated material gave a UCS = 0.9 MPa
(as < 1 MPa categorised as a modified material - AGPT04D-19)
Modified materials are not susceptible to fatigue cracking
500
Total thickness unbound granular layers into five sublayers -

Thickness
Modified Granular Base behaves as unbound granular material
Sprayed Seal (mm)
Top granular sub-layer EV
Modified Granular
EV top layer is minimum of 700 MPa (Lab. RLT), or
Base
150 Equation 41 (Section 8.2.3)
Total thickness of granular materials*
Unbound Granular (150 + 250) = 400
Subbase 250
EV subgrade×2(top granular thickness/125) = 50×2(400/125) = 459.5 MPa
Subgrade
CBR=5% 0 50 MPa (CBR 5%)
Trial Pavement
EV top layer minimum = 495.5 MPa
*CIRCLY does not automatically combine granular layers AGPT02-17

501
Page 148
 Job Name: Modified Granular Base Design

 State: Example
 ID: _Example
502
 ID = Modified-Granular Ex
 Title = Modified Granular Base Design Example
 ID = Gran_500 (Note: CIRCLY automatically will use Ev = 459.5 MPa Eq.41)
 Subgrade:
 Thickness = 0
 Run Analysis
504
Page 149
EV subgrade× 2(top granular thickness /150) = 50 × 2(400/150) = 459.5 MPa
Calculated
by CIRCLY
automatically
505
CDF Top of Subgrade < 1: Pavement OK

Reliability = 95%
506
Page 150
Modified Granular Base materials:
QLD TMR Design Procedure
Cement & cementitious stabilising agents used to produce a ‘modified’ material with
a 7-day curing UCS of 1 - 2 MPa with a target of 1.5 MPa
(LBC - Lightly Bound Cemented Materials)
References:
TMR Pavement Rehabilitation Manual - February 2020

Details are in Section 4.9.6.5:
Requirements for modified materials, including testing and design methodology
Design example in Section 4.9.6.5.3 (see for details of the following example)
Also see: Specification (Measurement) MRS07B Insitu Stabilised Pavements using

Cement or Cementitious Blends & Technical Specification MRTS07B Insitu Stabilised
Pavements using Cement or Cementitious Blends
AGPT04D-19 provides further guidance about selection of materials and mix design
**Future: AP-R640-20 – Development of Design Procedures for Lightly Bound
Cemented Materials in Flexible Pavements: Published 13 November 2020
508

Modified and Unbound Granular layers modelled separately
Thickness
Sprayed Seal (mm)
*Note do not
Modified want Eq.41 to
Granular base reduce Ev
Eᵥ top sublayer
600 MPa 250
Unbound Granular
Subbase
150 MPa* 150
Subgrade
CBR=7% 70 MPa 0
*From Table 4.9.6.5.3(b)
a& < Eq. 41 AGPT02-17
*Note automatically calculated in CIRCLY

for Unbound Granular (2004 sublayers)
512
Page 151
OK in this case as Eq 41 = 600 MPa = Ev mod.

Need to specify individual layers if assumed
Ev modified > 600 MPa as would be dropped
to 600 MPa via Eq 41 for this t & granular Ev
514
Pavement Structural Condition Evaluation -

Remaining Life Assessment
Theoretical:
simplified relative damage (CDF, etc) & ignores future traffic growth, etc
In situ pavement:
complex & evaluate via geotechnical investigation:
visual inspection, boreholes, GPR and etc; also surface deflections
(Falling Weight Deflectometer)
See:
Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology Part 5: Pavement Evaluation and
Treatment Design (AGPT05-19)
Pavement Rehabilitation Manual, Transport and Main Roads, February 2020
515
Page 152
The End
516
CIRCLY Workshop – Session 4
517
Page 153
CIRCLY 7.0 Hands On and more
• Airport and Heavy Duty Applications

• Haul Roads
• Workshop exercises
518
Wheel Loading Comparison*

Not to Scale!
100 Tonnes
100 Tonnes
30 Tonnes
30 Tonnes
2 Tonnes
ROAD PAVEMENTS: AIRCRAFT / HAUL TRUCKS

AUSTROADS HEAVY INDUSTRIAL
*Note Different Performance Criteria used for Each Load Range

519
Page 154
Overview of Airport and Heavy Duty
Applications: Higher Wheel Loads
520
Boeing 747- 400
• Max takeoff weight: 413 tonnes
• wheel load B747 = 24.5 t vs SADT = 2 t (1/12th)
521
Page 155
Vehicle Wander
0.0005
0.0004
Taxiway
0.0003 (SD = 800 mm)
0.0002
Runway
(SD = 1600 mm)
0.0001
0
-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
X (mm) Centreline
Normal Distributions defined by a SD: Standard Deviation
522
Effect of Wander -
shallow pavement (500 mm)
1.0
0.8
No wander
Damage
0.6
Taxiway
0.4
Runway
0.2
0.0
-4000 -2000 0 2000 4000
X (mm)
523
Page 156
Effect of Wander -
deep pavement (1500 mm)
1.0
No wander
0.8
Damage
Taxiway
0.6
Runway
0.4
0.2
0.0
-4000 -2000 0 2000 4000
X (mm)
Thicker less effect
524
APSDS:
Airport Pavement Structural Design System
525
Page 157
Sample Cumulative Damage Plot
Spread is due to wander
L
C
526
Sample Cumulative Damage Plot
L
C
527
Page 158
Vertical strain contour plot B747- 400
L
C
Carpet Plot
528
Vertical strain contour plot B777- 300
L
C
Carpet Plot
529
Page 159
APSDS 5.0 Calibration (2010)
 Wardle and Rodway (2010). Advanced Design of Flexible

Aircraft Pavements. 24th ARRB Conference, Melbourne.
 Download from: https://pavement-science.com.au/apsdspap
 Performance parameters depend on number of wheels on gear
530
APSDS 5 vs FAARFIELD 1.42 / 2.0.0.e

A380-800 comparison
2250
A380-800
2000
100,000 departures
1750
Total Thickness (mm)
APSDS 5.0
1500
FAARFIELD 1.42
FAARFIELD 2.0.0.e
1250
1000
750
500
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
CBR Subgrade
533
Page 160
APSDS 5 vs FAARFIELD 1.42
Comparison of Range of Aircraft
APSDS 5.0 vs FAARFIELD 1.42
(CBR5,6,8,10,12 & 15)
1750
1500
B737-800
B777-300ER
1250
B747-400
FARRFIELD 1.42
A330-300
1000
A380
750
500
250
0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
APSDS 5.0
534
5th runway design at

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol -
on very weak soils & 4.5 m
below sea level
Pavement construction 5th Runway
Design and Construction of Fifth Runway

at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
A.R. Nataraj & J.F.A. Koning Netherlands
Airport Consultants B.V., The Hague, The
Netherlands M.J. Voorwinde Amsterdam
Airport Schiphol, The Netherlands
539
Page 161
Container Terminal Projects
540
541
Page 162
Comprehensive range of vehicle types
Forklift, Mast Lift Tractor-Trailers, Trucks
Straddle Carriers
Reach Stackers Rubber Tyred Gantry

542
Lateral Vehicle Wander
 A critical design parameter

 A normal distribution is assumed
 Standard Deviation of wander distribution
acan vary with vehicle type
543
Page 163
Axle Load vs. Container Mass
Container Weight (tonnes)

Unladen
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
90
80
y = 1.5066x + 31.78
70
Front axle
Axle Load (tonnes)
60
50
40
30
Rear axle
20
10
y = -0.47x + 22.15
0
Kalmar Forklift DCD370-12

546
HIPAVE: Axle Load vs. Container Mass
C o n ta in e r W e ig h t (to n n e s )
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
90
80
y = 1 .5 0 6 6 x + 3 1 .7 8
70
F ro n t a x le
Axle Load (tonnes)
60
50
40
30
R e a r a x le
20
10
y = -0 .4 7 x + 2 2 .1 5
0
547
Page 164
HIPAVE:
Sample Damage Factor vs. Container Mass
551
HIPAVE:
Sample Damage Factor vs. Distance
L
C
552
Page 165
Important Warning-
Heavy Duty Pavements
• Performance data developed for

highway pavements (e.g. Austroads)
is not generally appropriate for
heavy loadings such as
airports & container terminals
• Use of such models can lead to

grossly under-designed pavements
that fail prematurely
555
Heavy Duty Industrial

Pavement Design Guide
Collaborative effort:
 Leigh Wardle - Mincad Systems
 Ian Rickards - Pioneer Road Services
Pty Ltd (Melbourne, Australia)
 John Lancaster – VicRoads
(Melbourne, Australia)
 Dr. Susan Tighe
(Dept. Civil Engineering, University of
Waterloo, Canada).
561
Page 166
Haul Road Design
Liebherr T 282 C
Used at Peak Downs open cut
coking coal mine Qld, etc
563
Haul Road Design Liebherr T282

Figure 1.2 Trend in truck payload capacity for selected rear dump
truck models from 1920s onwards
Mining Haul Roads – Theory & Practice Thompson et. al. 1st Ed. 2018
564
Page 167
Haul Road Design
Total Weight (loaded): (237 + 363) tonnes = 600 tonnes on 6 wheels
100t Load per wheel
Liebherr T 282 C
565
Antonov An-225 (Mriya = Dream) - 1988

Heaviest aircraft
• Empty weight: 285 tonnes (no fuel)

• Payload: 190 tonnes
• Max takeoff weight: 640 tonnes
• wheel load = 22 tonnes vs
aT 282 C Haul Truck = 100 tonnes
566
Page 168
Haul Road Design
Design Method:
 Austroads Guide is not valid – loads are too large
 State of the art: “South African” design method -
Thompson and Visser
 'Mining Haul Roads - Theory and Practice’
Thompson, Peroni, Visser. 1st Edition, 2018.
Taylor & Francis (CRCPress)
 Google “Haul circly” for more info

 CIRCLY 7.0 automates this approach
567
Haul Road
Design
Liebherr T282
The adjacent rear wheels combine to give the critical design loading -
although each wheel of the haul truck carries about the same load
569
Page 169
Critical design loading: adjacent rear wheels
Rear 2 Wheels
modelled
571
Typical haul road design considerations for a dual-carriage road (Caterpillar)
573
Page 170
Special Inputs: Vertical Strain Criterion
Usually εv compressive upper limit 2000με = 0.002 (unitless strain)
 If > values of maximum vertical strain for any given horizon:
 cause rutting and general loss of shape of the road surface, &
 ride quality deteriorates reducing serviceability with often increasing
road rolling resistance directly impacting haulage efficiency
574
Assumed Material Properties
Material Thickness Modulus Poisson’s

(MPa) Ratio
Wearing 150 350 0.35
Course
Basecourse 700 3000 0.35
Subgrade Semi-infinite 50 0.35
Isotropic values used due to difficulty in

obtaining haul road input parameters
selected blasted
(hard) waste rock
575
Page 171
To open an existing Haul Road Design job
 Open:
 Example - Haul Road
To start a new Haul Road Design job
Select Haul Road Design Method

576
Haul Truck database

Choose the Manufacturer in the combo box
Choose the Design Truck by clicking on a row
width
577
Page 172
Haul Truck database*
Click New to add a new Model
Click Duplicate to clone a Model
* Note models can have different values (GVM, etc.) depending on supplied
Aoptions - check specifications with actual used/proposed at site
578
Materials
579
Page 173
Layered System
iso 350MPa 150mm
iso 3000MPa 750mm
iso 50MPa
580
Haul Road Design Damage Factor (CDF)
Damage Factor: CDF = Ezz max / Vertical Strain Criterion
Ezz max is the maximum vertical strain for any given horizon
Rutting - maintenance (grading) / life indicator
581
Page 174
Results
Highest value in Blue

Ezz Vertical Strain Criterion and Red if CDF > 1.0
Default = 0.002 (= 2000 microstrain)
582
1 Tick box
2 Click on row to highlight layer
that you want to design
3 Click ‘Analyse’ icon
Optimum value
583
Page 175
Graphs Choose iso, E=350MPa (Bottom) in the Layer combo box (150 mm)
L
C
584
Haul Road Design Process
585
Page 176
Refinement of Vertical Strain Criterion
life < 6 months
life < 5 years
life > 5 years
Thompson (2015)
Notes: Based on acceptable structural performance of road and maximum deflection underfully-laden rear dual, where Performance
Index(PI) varies from:
.Adequate but fairly maintenance intensive,
.Good with normal maintenance interventions,
.Outstanding with low maintenance requirements.
For Tannant & Regensburg models, design life based on 220 tonne payload truck load cycles determined using two axles and Performance
Index of 2 used.
589
Refinement of Vertical Strain Criterion

* kt = kiloton
Range of Maximum Recommended

Vertical Elastic Strains μϵ (microstrain)
Haul Road Typical Description Traffic Volumes Traffic Volumes
Category *
>100kt/day <100kt/day
Category I Permanent high volume main hauling
roads and ramps, in and ex-pit. 900 1500
Operating life > 5 years
Semi-permanent high volume roads in-
Category II and ex-pit, dump access roads. 1500 2000
Operating life < 5 years
Short-term roads, goodbye ramps and
Category III dump finger roads. 2000 2500
Operating life < 6 months
Pavement layer limiting vertical compressive strain criteria: tailored to

traffic volume, type & life of mine road (ramp, pit or main haul)
Typical subgrade strain values from various sources – Thompson, et al (2018)
590
Page 177
Comparison of Vertical Strain Criterion
Note change in the thickness of Layer 2 in each case
Permanent roads
life > 5 years

Cat. I
Permanent
Semi-permanent roads
life < 5 years

Cat. II
Semi-
Permanent
Short-term roads
life < 6 mnths

Cat. III
Short Term
Selected blasted dump rock layer for Category I, II & III - Thompson et al (2018)
592
Haul Road Design:

Further reading
 ‘Fundamentals of Mine Haul Road Design’ (2015)

Dr Roger Thompson (Western Australia School of Mines)
Google: “Fundamentals Thompson September 2015”
 'Mining Haul Roads - Theory and Practice’

Thompson, Peroni, Visser. 1st Edition, 2018
Taylor & Francis (CRCPress)
594
Page 178
Exercise 7:
Trial Pavement: Asphalt - Cemented - Granular
mm MPa
Surfacing 14H-80* Asphalt 40 3600
Intermediate 20SS-80* Asphalt 120 5000
Base 20SF-80* Asphalt 75 3800
Cem500A Cement Treated 180 500 (post-cracked)
Gran_150 Granular 150 150
(CBR 6%) SF-CBR6* Select Fill 200 60

(CBR 2%) Sub_CBR2 Subgrade 0.0 20
*4 New Materials to add

598
Exercise 7:
 Traffic Load Distribution

 State: Vic
 ID: kyn (kyn - Calder Freeway - Macedon Ranges – S)
 Traffic (NDT): 1.0E+8 (HVAG)
599
Page 179
Asphalt Properties
Can use VB (%) with E in CIRCLY

built-in ‘k’ calculator
K*
*Divide Table ‘K’

values by 106 for
CIRCLY asphalt
fatigue constant ‘k’
i.e. 3650*= 3650/106 *

k = 0.00365
600
Exercise 7:
Create new material properties
 Create 3 new Asphalt elastic materials:

 Material Type = Asphalt  select this via combo box
 ID = 14H-80
k* CIRCLY Calculated
 Title = 14H 80km/h Vb=10.5%
 Properties: E = 3600 MPa, ν = 0.4, VB = 10.5, b = 5, k*=0.003653, SF = 6
 ID = 20SF-80
 Title = 20SF 80km/h Vb=12.8%
 ID = 20SS-80
 Title = 20SS 80km/h Vb=10.4%
601
Page 180
Exercise 7:
Post-cracking phase of cemented material
Asphalt(s) thickness on the cemented material is 235 mm >= 175 mm*

post-cracking phase of the cemented material life may be considered:
Sect. 8.2.6: AGPT02-19 (*reduces risk of reflective cracking)
Post-cracking cemented material phase: CIRCLY Material Type

Cement Stabilised (post-cracking): Cem500A
Anisotropic
(degree of anisotropy = 2)
𝐸𝑉 = 500 MPa 𝜈𝑉 = 𝜈𝐻 = 0.35
No sublayering
602
Exercise 7:
Create new material properties
 Create new subgrade elastic material: Select via combo box
 Material Type = Subgrade (Selected Material) (Austroads 2017)

ID = SF-CBR6
Title = Select fill, CBR=6
Elastic properties: Ev = 60 MPa, Poisson’s Ratio = 0.45
603
Page 181
Exercise 7: Create the Layered System
(7 layers using the 4 new and 3 existing materials):
New Layered System, ID = Exercise 7, Title = Asphalt - Cracked Cement treated - Granular
Add 1st layer

Asphalt: Material Type = Asphalt  select in Material Properties combo box
Select ID = 14H-80 and add Thickness = 40 mm
604
Create the Layered System

(top down)
Create 1st Layer 14H-80 if not done yet
 Asphalt: Material Type = Asphalt 

 ID = 14H-80, Thickness = 40 mm

 ID = 20SS-80, Thickness = 120 mm
 = select via Material Type combo box
 ID = 20SF-80, Thickness = 75 mm
 Cement Treated (post-cracking): Material Type = Cement Stabilised (post-cracking) 

 ID = Cem500A, Thickness = 180 mm
 Granular: Material Type = Unbound Granular (Austroads 2004 sub-layering) 

 ID = Gran_150, Thickness = 150 mm
 Select Fill: Material Type = Subgrade (Selected Material) (Austroads 2017) 

 ID = SF-CBR6, Thickness = 200 mm
 Subgrade: Material Type = Subgrade (Austroads 2017) 

 ID = Sub_CBR2, Thickness = 0
605
Page 182
Exercise 7:
Final Layered System
606
Exercise 7: Results
Excludes construction tolerance of 10 mm

as layer controls the design life
Reliability = 97.5% CDF = 0.926
Design Traffic NDT = 1.0 x 108 HVAG (Heavy Vehicle Axle Groups)
607
Page 183
3 Analyse 1 Tick box
2 Click on row to highlight layer that you want to design
608
Optimum thickness 70.94 mm (c.f. 75mm)
CDF
609
Page 184
How to use Automatic Thickness Design:
Case 2: Change of Design Traffic NDT to 1.5E+8
3 Analyse
Thickness increases to 90.18 mm

CDF
Change Design Traffic NDT to 1.5E+8 HVAG (Heavy Vehicle Axle Groups)
610
How to Create a Layered System via Duplicate

(instead of building the system from scratch)
Duplicate Aust2017-3P and edit to create a new Layered System
1 Select Aust17-3P 2 Click Duplicate button
3
ID = Exercise 7A &
Title = Asphalt - Cracked Cement treated - Granular
4 Click OK to save
611
Page 185
1 Select AC14 to open Asphalt Material Properties
3 Click OK to update
2 Select 14H-80 to replace AC14 Asphalt in the Layered System
612
Create the Layered System: add a layer
2 Select Asphalt Material Properties
1 Click New to add a layer
3 Select 20SF-80 to insert into the Layered System

4 Click OK
613
Page 186
Click to sort column
(4)
(5)
(7)
(6)
Edit (type in 3 over 6) so 20SF-80 becomes Layer No. 3 in the pavement

& update the remaining layer numbers to correct the order:
layers (4 for 3); (5 for 4); (7 for 5) & (6 for 7)
Enter the correct

Thickness for each layer
Correct order for the Layered System
614
Pre-Cracking Phase in Cemented Materials: Change

Cem500A to Cement Stabilised Cement3000
1 Select Layers & Exercise 7A
3 Select Cement Stabilised

5
4 Select Cement3000
2 Select Layer 4: Cem500A
Cem500A replaced with Cement3000
615
Page 187
CRA Exercise
Crumb Rubber Asphalt - CRA vs Binder Rich
Structural Fatigue asphalt -Type SF
as a base layer in a thick heavy duty pavement* Tyre Stewardship
‘CRA paved roads exhibit improved fatigue & rutting resistance, reduced road noise
generation & improved braking distances and are expected to have a longer life-cycle,
require less maintenance and potentially require a thinner pavement’ Tyrecycle
ARRB undertaking research on using crumb rubber (tyre) for pavement on behalf of
Qld TMR, VicRoads, Main Roads WA, Tyre Stewardship Australia as well as numerous
state EPAs and state departments responsible for sustainability and environment
Crumb rubber from shredded tyres - 56 M discarded annually

Export banned 2021 tyrestewardship.org.au
617
CRA Exercise
Crumb Rubber Asphalt - CRA vs Binder Rich
Structural Fatigue asphalt -Type SF
as a base layer in a thick heavy duty pavement* Tyre Stewardship
Compare:
 Pavement Thickness: reduced with higher fatigue performance
CRA (Vb = 15.4%) vs Type SF (lower Vb = 12.8%)?
 Cost: is replacing base layer Type SF with CRA economical?
 CRA Modulus range: what affect?
 *Inputs taken from:

 POTENTIAL USE OF CRUMB RUBBER ASPHALT
FOR STRUCTURAL LAYERS: INITIAL PAVEMENT
DESIGN ANALYSIS D. Bodin et. al.
28th ARRB Int. Conference, Brisbane, Qld 2018*
*Note exact CRA properties unknown so includes an analytical study assuming
realistic parameters and varying design moduli for evaluation.
 Google “POTENTIAL USE OF CRUMB RUBBER ASPHALT FOR STRUCTURAL LAYERS:
INITIAL PAVEMENT DESIGN ANALYSIS”
618
Page 188
CRA Exercise
Thickness Modulus, Ev
(mm) (MPa)
Wearing course 14H-60* Asphalt 40 3200
Asphalt
Intermediate 1 & 2 20SS-60* 115 (55 + 60) 4500
Asphalt
Base Course 20SF-60* or CRA3000* Asphalt 75 3400 or 3000
Cement treated subbase Cem500A Cement Treated 180 500 (post-cracked)
Class 4 crushed rock Gran_150 150 150

Granular
Subgrade CBR 2.5% Sub_CBR2.5 0 25

Subgrade (Infinite)

Design Speed V (km/h) = 60
619
CRA Exercise
 Job Name: CRA Exercise
 Traffic Load Distribution

 State: Example
 ID: _Example
 Traffic (NDT): 9.9E+7 (HVAG)
 Parametric Analysis: un-tick
620
Page 189
Asphalt Properties
CIRCLY ‘k’ calculator uses VB (%) & E (Internet connection required)
*Divide Table ‘K’

values by 106 for
CIRCLY asphalt
fatigue constant ‘k’ *
i.e. 3810*= 3810/106
k = 0.00381
621
CRA Exercise
Create 3 new Asphalt elastic materials:

 ID = 14H-60
 Title = Size 14 Type H C320 60km/h (note Vb=10.5%)
 Properties: E = 3200 MPa, ν = 0.4, VB = 0.0, b = 5, k = 0.00381, SF = 6
 ID = 20SS-60
 Title = Size 20 Type SS C600 60 km/h (note Vb=10.4%)
 ID = 20SF-60
 Title = Size 20 Type SF C320 60km/h (note Vb=12.8%)
622
Page 190
CRA Exercise
Create new CRA3000 Asphalt material:
 Create a new CRA material as follows:

 ID = CRA3000
 Title = CRA E = 3000MPa
 Young’s Modulus = 3000
 VB (Volume of Binder) = 15.4
 Exponent (b) = 5.0
Performance Constant (k) automatically calculated = 0.005526
623
CRA Exercise
Post-cracking phase of cemented material
Asphalt thickness on the cemented material is 230mm >= 175 mm:

post -cracking phase of the cemented material life may be considered
Note Already in Database
Material Type = Cement Stabilised (post-cracking) ID = Cem500A

Properties: Anisotropic (Ev/Eh degree of anisotropy of 2) 𝐸𝑉 = 500MPa, 𝜈𝑉 = 𝜈𝐻 = 0.35
aaaaaaaaaaand No sublayering
624
Page 191
CRA Exercise: Create the Layered System
(6 layers using the 4 new and 2 existing materials):
New Layered System, ID = CRA Exercise, Title = CRA Exercise
Add 1st layer

Asphalt: Material Type = Asphalt  select in Material Properties combo box
Select ID = 14H-60 and add Thickness = 40 mm
625

New Layered System, ID = CRA Exercise, Title = CRA Exercise
 Asphalt: Material Type = Asphalt  Create 1st Layer 14H-60 (if not done yet)
 ID = 14H-60, Thickness = 40 mm
 = select via Material Type combo box
 ID = 20SS-60, Thickness = 115 mm (note intermediate courses 1 and 2 combined)

 ID = 20SF-60, Thickness = 75 mm
 Cement Treated (post-cracking): Material Type = Cement Stabilised (post-cracking) 

 ID = Cem500A, Thickness = 180 mm


 ID = Sub_CBR2.5, Thickness = 0
626
Page 192
CRA Exercise
627
CRA Exercise: Results
Make sure not ticked
Reliability = 97.5% CDF Total Damage = 1
Design Traffic NDT = 9.9 x 107 HVAG (Heavy Vehicle Axle Groups)
628
Page 193
Now Replace 20SF-60 with CRA3000
1 Select Layer No. 3. 20SF-60
2 Replace 20SF-60 with CRA3000
3 Click OK
629
Use Automatic Thickness Design
1 Select Automatic Design Thickness
2 Select Layer No.2 to determine design thickness
3 Select Analyse
630
Page 194
Now Replace 20SF-60 with CRA3000
Optimum Thickness* = 85 mm
(rounded to the nearest 5 mm)
*Optimum Thickness and CDF can vary CDF*

slightly depending on ‘seed’ (starting) value
Layer 2 20SS-60 T = 85 mm with CRA3000 (rounded to nearest 5 mm)

c.f. T = 115 mm with 20SF-60 so 30 mm reduction using CRA3000
631
Exercise: Specialised Vehicle -

Six Axle Mobile Crane*
*Details in: Appendix J - AGPT02-17
Use: General Design & General Analysis Methods

Calculate critical strains under each axle (assume no interaction*)
& determine the number of repetitions of a Standard Axle
that causes the same damage
Total damage in single crane pass = sum of damage due to each axle
Crane operated over 10 years with one crane load repetition per day
Each axle 2 x 20.5R25 tyres at 551kPa pressure and 2640mm c-to-c
AGPT02-17
645
Page 195
Set up Axle 1
Axle Axle load Tyre load Tyre radius Contact stress
(kN) (kN) (mm) (kPa)
Axle 1 116.7 58.35 149.9 826
Axle 2* 119.2 59.58 151.0 832
Axle 3 117.7 58.84 150.4 829
Axle 4* 119.2 59.58 151.0 832
Axle 5 120.1 60.07 151.4 834
Axle 6 121.1 60.56 151.8 837
0 2640 mm
Y
Direction
of Axle 1
Travel X
Plan View
646

Set up Axle 1
Axle Axle load Tyre load Tyre radius Contact stress
(kN) (kN) (mm) (kPa)
Axle 1 116.7 58.35 149.9 826
Axle 2* 119.2 59.58 151.0 832
Axle 3 117.7 58.84 150.4 829
Axle 4* 119.2 59.58 151.0 832
Axle 5 120.1 60.07 151.4 834
Axle 6 121.1 60.56 151.8 837
0 2640 mm
Y
Direction
of Axle 1
Travel X
Plan View
647
Page 196
Asphalt
Can use CIRCLY to check interaction with
crane minimum 1850 mm axle separation:
(little interaction found for this pavement)
Subgrade
Subgrade
2640 mm wheel separation
1850 mm axle separation
648

Six Axle Mobile Crane
Asphalt AC3000* Asphalt 80 mm 3000 MPa

Vb=11% k=0.004067
Unbound Granular Gran_330* Granular 450 mm 330 MPa
Subgrade 0 mm 50 MPa
Subgrade (CBR 5%) Sub_CBR5 Semi-infinite

AGPT02-17
649
Page 197
 Job Name: App J Crane
Set Design Method: General Design
650

ICON TASK: ACTION

Create 2 new materials:
 ID = AC3000
 Title = AC3000, Vb=11%
 Elastic properties: E = 3000 MPa, ν = 0.4, VB = 11, b = 5, k = 0.004067, SF = 6
 Material Type = Unbound Granular (Austroads 2004 sub-layering)  select via combo box
 ID = Gran_330
 Title = Granular, E=330MPa
 Elastic properties: E = 330 MPa, Poisson’s Ratio = 0.35
651
Page 198
New Layered System, ID = App J Crane, Title = Austroads App J Crane
 Asphalt: Material Type = Asphalt  = select via Material Properties combo box
 ID = AC3000, Thickness = 80 mm


 ID = Sub_CBR5, Thickness = 0
652
Create new Load Group ‘AppJ Axle 1’

ID = AppJ Axle 1, Title = App J Axle 1, Plot Label = AppJ 1,
Radius = 149.9, Contact Stress= 0.826
mm MPa
Create new Traffic ‘App J’

ID = App J, Title = App J, add the new Load Groups
AppJ 1, and add Movements =1
653
Page 199
Results along a line: critical strain locations
Y
Direction of Travel
X
0
Xmin Xdel Xmax
Results points
654
ε H tensile = 443με
ε V compressive = 976με
655
Page 200
Use General Analysis to Graphically show strains:
Set Design Method: General Analysis
656
Results along a line: critical strain locations

Y
Direction of Travel
Base of Asphalt
X
0
Top of
Subgrade Xmin Xdel Xmax
Results points
657
Page 201
General Analysis Graph
Ezz (vertical) at Z=530mm
(Top of Subgrade - Vertical
compressive strain) App J result
Right mouse click

for value
530mm (Top of Subgrade)
Ezz = 976 με
658
General Analysis Graph

Exx at Z=80mm
(Asphalt Base –
horizontal tensile strain) App J result
80mm (Base of Asphalt)
Right mouse click

for value
One wheel
Exx = Eyy = 443 με (microstrain)
659
Page 202
Next calculate the critical strains under Standard Axle (SADT)
Create new Traffic ‘App J SADT’
ID = App J SADT, Title = App J SADT, add Load Group
ESA75-Full, and add Movements = 1
Load Group ‘ESA75-Full’ already in database
ε H tensile = 325με
ε V compressive = 604με
660
Exx at Z=80mm
(Asphalt Base)
App J result
80mm (Base of Asphalt)
Right mouse click

for value
Eyy = 325 με
661
Page 203
Ezz (vertical) at Z=530mm
(Top of Subgrade)
App J result
Right mouse click

for value
530mm (Top of Subgrade)
Ezz = 604 με
662
Calculate Relative Damage by the Crane Axle
 ε under Crane Axle* m

RDm =
ε under Standard Axle 
m = 4 permanent deformation
Relative Damage: = 5 asphalt fatigue
pass of Crane Axle vs Standard Axle
with load damage exponent m
* Repeat for all crane axles in a full analysis
AGPT02-17
663
Page 204
Crane axle Relative Damage Relative Damage

Asphalt m = 5 Permanent deformation m = 4
1 (443/324)5= 4.77 (976/604)4= 6.82
2 to 6
Total 6 Axles 30 44
For Crane Axle 1:

Asphalt fatigue - same damage as 4.8 passes Standard Axle
Permanent Deformation - same damage as 6.8 passes Standard Axle
The Relative Damage for each axle are combined* providing the overall
damage caused by a single pass of the crane for both distress modes
*See App J for the full analysis details
AGPT02-17
664
Damage for a single pass of the 6 axle mobile crane:

Total (All Axles) 30 44
Damage for single pass of crane for:
Asphalt fatigue = 30 passes of the Standard Axle
Permanent deformation = 44 passes of the Standard Axle
Crane load repetitions over 10-year period = 10 x 365 = 3650

Damage due to the crane over a 10-year period for:
(Design Traffic repetitions n )
Asphalt Fatigue = 3650 x 30 = 1.1 × 105 repetitions of the Standard Axle
Permanent Deformation = 3650 x 44 = 1.6 × 105 repetitions of the Standard Axle
AGPT02-17
665
Page 205
Asphalt fatigue:
N = Allowable Number of Repetitions of Standard Axle
due to all traffic during the design period:
 
k 5 6 0.004067
SF
5
 
N =
RF 𝜇𝜀
=
 
6 0.000325 
= 3.1 x 105

ε H tensile = 325με (from SADT analysis)
Permanent deformation: N = allowable number of Standard Axle repetitions:
 0.00915  7  0.00915 
7
N =
 𝜇𝜀  =  0.000604 = 1.8 x 10 ε V compressive = 604με
8
AGPT02-17
666
Calculate relative damage by the Crane Axle
Crane loading compared to allowable loadings for each distress mode
N n
Distress mode Allowable repetitions Design traffic due to the % of life consumed by
of the Standard Axle crane over 10 years crane over 10 years
Asphalt fatigue 3.1 * 105 1.1 x 105 (1.1/3.1) = 0.36 = 36%
Permanent 1.8 * 108 1.6 x105 < 1%
deformation
Overall pavement life:

Governed by the allowable loading in terms of asphalt fatigue
Conclusion:
The crane will consume about 36% of the pavement life
over its 10-year service life AGPT02-17
667
Page 206
Simplify: average axle x 6 instead of individually -
possible as loads similar
Set up Axle 2 or 4 as same
& about average of all axles
Create Load Group App J Axle 2 & 4

ID = App J Axle 2 & 4 Title = App J Axle 2 & 4
Plot Label = App J 2 & 4 Radius = 151, Contact Stress= 0.832
Tyre radius Contact stress

(mm) (kPa)
151.0 832
Create new Traffic ‘App J’

ID = App J Axle 2 & 4, Title = App J Axle 2 & 4, add the new
Load Groups AppJ Axle 2 & 4, and add Movements =1
668
ε H tensile
= 448με
ε V compressive
= 997με
669
Page 207
Simplify by using average axle x 6
Damage for a single pass of the 6 axle mobile crane:
Load damage exponent

2 & 4 (average) (448/325*)5= 5 (997/604*)4= 7.4 *from SADT
analysis
X 6 = Total (6 x 5) = 30 (6 x 7.4) = 44
Same damage for: asphalt fatigue = 30 passes of the Standard Axle

permanent deformation = 44 passes of the Standard Axle
Crane load repetitions over 10-year period = 10 x 365 = 3650
Damage due to the crane over a 10-year period for:
(Design Traffic repetitions n )
Asphalt Fatigue = 3650 x 30 = 1.1 × 105 repetitions of the Standard Axle
Permanent Deformation = 3650 x 44 = 1.6 × 105 repetitions of the Standard Axle
AGPT02-17
670
For movements (Design Traffic repetitions n ) use:

1.1 × 105 only for AC3000 CDF & 1.6 × 105 only for Sub_CBR5 CDF
Use for AC3000 Asphalt Fatigue only
CDF = 0.36
(36% - 3.6yrs
used)
(Asphalt AC3000 weakest link)
Use for Sub_CBR5 only
CDF = 0.0009
671
Page 208
AC3000 CDF
CDF = 0.36
672
Sub_CBR5 CDF
CDF = 8.7E-4
673
Page 209
Downloads:
https://pavement-science.com.au/downloads




Contact us by email: info@pavement-science.com.au
674
Licence Options: CIRCLY 7.0 & 6.0
 Standard Annual Licence (Single User)

 USB Hardware Lock (Dongle) that you can
move from PC to PC as required
 Floating Annual Licence (Multiple Users)
 any number of users can share a pool of
Floating Licences
 more flexible - Hardware Lock not required

 special software not needed on User’s
PCs or Servers
 can be accessed anytime worldwide
677
Page 210
Licence Options
CIRCLY Floating Licence
CIRCLY
License
Server
678
Licence Options
Evaluation Mode (= Demo Mode)
 CIRCLY/APSDS/HIPAVE operates in Evaluation Mode unless

you have an Annual Licence (typically using a Hardware Lock)
 Evaluation Mode has the following restriction:
You must use the Standard Material Properties provided

with the Example Jobs or Workshop Exercises
679
Page 211
CIRCLY 7.0 Evaluation Mode restriction:
(Limited to the Standard Material Properties used in the
Example Jobs and Workshop exercises)
Standard Materials Properties Description
Asphalt
AC14 Size 14 - WMAPT 28⁰ C - 60 km/h
AC20 Size 20 - WMAPT 28⁰ C - 60 km/h
Unbound Granular (Austroads 2004 sub-

layering)
Gran_150 Granular. E=150 MPa
Cement Stabilised
Cement3000 Cemented. E=3000 MPa
Cement Stabilised (post-cracking)

Cem500A Cemented Granular-E=500 MPa anisotropic, cracked
Subgrade (Austroads 2017)

Sub_CBR2.5 Subgrade. CBR=2.5,Anisotropic
Sub_CBR3 Subgrade. CBR=3,Anisotropic
Sub_CBR5 Subgrade. CBR=5,Anisotropic
Haul Roads (isotropic)

iso 50 iso. E=50 MPa
680
CIRCLY 7.0 Online Tutorials
https://pavement-science.com.au/softover/circly/circly-7-0-tutorials/
681
Page 212
The End
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CIRCLY Workshop

Rev. May 2021

• Powerful CIRCLY • User Interface

Oldest surviving paved road connected black basalt quarry 12 km to a

Segment made with pieces of

Traffic : Black basalt blocks on sleds

Mortuary Temple basalt floor - front

AASHO Road Test (1956 – 1961)

Six by two-lane Test Loops Cost about USD$650M (2018)

18hr/day for a million load applications 468 Asphalt Sections

‘The Fourth Power Law’

Overall Pavement Damage (traffic loading)4

The Overall Pavement Damage caused by a particular load

Australian Standard Axle

 Using 4th power relationship:

ALF full-scale pavement test system (ARRB):

The ALF multiple-axle assembly

Only applicable to pavements comprising:

 unbound layers of granular material

 surfaced with either:

Motivation for Mechanistic Design

Thin Bituminous Surfacings with CIRCLY

Asphalt < 40mm

If sprayed seal or asphalt surface layer < 40 mm thick

 inadequate for the impact of traffic loads on thin surfacings

 cannot use in mechanistic model

refer Austroads 2017 Guide AGPT02-17, Section 8.2.7:

 Austroads Pavement Design (2017) – TLD required

 General Design: define own wheel loadings, traffic mix &

 General Analysis: define wheel loadings, calculate & plot selected

 Haul Road Design: mine haul road design

Austroads Pavement Design (AGPT02-17)

Located also at back of Workshop Folder

2017 Guide to Pavement Technology

Cemented materials: Similar thickness

Lean-mix concrete: Similar thickness

Asphalt: Reduced thickness for

Design using Austroads 2004-12

Asphalt Design Total Asphalt

Thickness comparison = 320 mm

10% Less Asphalt

Design using Design using

Ref. Dr M. Moffatt (2017)

after webinar presented on 9 March 2018 by Dr. Michael Moffatt (ARRB)

Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology Part 5:

 Covers pavement investigation, testing and

 Edition 4.1 (Nov 2019) aligns structural

 Webinar: Guide to Pavement Technology Part 5:

Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD)

• 7 laser sensors measure deflection velocities

Improved Methods of Using Pavement Deflection Data in the Design of

State Government Supplements to the Austroads Guide

• Australia is a large continent with a wide range of climates

State Government Supplements to the Austroads Guide

 SRAs Supplement to the Austroads Guide:

 Queensland Pavement Design Supplement – July 2018

 VicRoads (Roads Corporation of Victoria) Code of Practice No. RC500.22.

 Western Australia - Main Roads Western Australia

 New Zealand - NZ Transport Agency

WARRIP research collaboration with ARRB produced a summary of changes to

Engineering Road Note 9 (ERN9) (2018):

Roads Corporation of Victoria - VicRoads

Download – Google: RC 500.22

• Note the spreadsheet that can also be downloaded