Useful Constants

NOTE: For each physical quantity, the one-standard deviation uncertainty is given in parentheses.
NA = Avogadro constant = 6.02214199 (47) 1023 mol-1
e = charge on electron = 1.602176487 (40) 10-19 C
R = gas constant = NAk = 8.314472 (15) J K-1 mol-1
= 8.314472 (15) 10-2 L bar K-1 mol-1
= 8.20574 10-2 L atm K-1 mol-1
k = Boltzmann constant = 1.3806504 (24) 10-23 J K-1
c = speed of light = 2.99792458 108 m s-1
F = Faraday constant = NAe = 9.64853415 (39) 104 C mol-1
0 = vacuum permittivity = 8.854187817 10-12 J-1 C2 m-1
0 = vacuum permeability = 4 10-7 J s2 C-2 m-1
me = mass of electron = 9.10938215 (45) 10-31 kg
mp = mass of proton = 1.672621637 (83) 10-27 kg
mn = mass of neutron = 1.674927211 (84) 10-27 kg
h = Planck constant = 6.62606896 (33) 10-34 J s
= h/2 = 1.054571628 (53) 10-34 J s
u = atomic mass unit = 1.660538782 (83) 10-27 kg
a0 = Bohr radius = 5.2917720859 (36) 10-11 m
G = gravitational constant = 6.67428 (67) 10-11 N m2 kg-2
g = gravitational acceleration = 9.80665 m s-2

Useful Conversion Factors

1 atm = 1.01325 bar

1 cal = 4.184 J

= 760 torr

1 cm-1 = 1.9864 10-23 J

= 101.325 kPa

1 D = 3.33564 10-30 C m

1 bar = 105 Pa
1 eV = 1.60218 10-19 J
= 86.485 kJ mol-1
= 8065.5 cm-1

1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2
1 = 10-10 m
1 L-bar = 100 J

Page 2

Useful Equations

pV = nRT

Z=

n 2
nRT
p=
a
V
V nb

pVm
RT

Mgz
mgz
p = p0 exp
= p0 exp

RT
kT

2 =

3RT
=
M

3kT
m

M
f (v) = 4

RT

w = pext V

CV ,m =

T2

T1

3
R
2

CV ,m / R

CV ,m =

dU = CV dT = nCV ,m dT

H r = H f H f
prod

pA = x A ptot

dw = pext dV

p
w = nRT ln 2
p1

C p,m = CV ,m + R

V
= 1
V2

p1V1 = p2V2

5
R
2

2RT
2kT
=
M
m

mv 2
m 3 / 2 2
f (v) = 4
v exp

2kT
2kT

Mv
v 2 exp

2RT

CV ,m = 3R

dH = C p dT = nC p,m dT

H = U + PV

react

vmp =

H
C p =
T p

C
= p,m
CV ,m

3/2

V
w = nRT ln 2
V1

U
CV =
T V

U = q + w

dU = dq + dw

8RT
8kT
=
M
m

F
= gh
A

ptot = pA + pB + pC + ...

3
k = kT
2

p=

H = U + ( pV )

H r (T2 ) = H r (T1 ) +

rC p =

C
prod

p,m

C p,m
react

V
S = nRln 2
V1

x
dx =
,
n + 1
except for n = -1
n +1

Strans =

f f x
=
z y x y z y

H trans
Ttrans

b
1
dx = ln
a
x

dSsystem =

y x z
1 =
x z z y y x

dqrev
T

dx n
= nx n1
dx

G = H TS

f
f
df = dx + dy
x y
y x

f f f y
= +
x z x y y x x z

C dT

T1

T2

G = H TS
Gr =

G G
prod

A = U TS

A = U TS

G f = G of + nRT ln p

o
Grxn = Grxn
+ RT lnQ

react

Grxn


H
T = 2rxn
T
T

T V
=
p S S p

dU = TdS - pdV

dH = TdS + Vdp

dp Strans
=
dT Vtrans

ln p =

H vap / subl
+ constant
RT

G
A =

n A T , p,n B ,nC ,...

o
lnK eq
H rxn

=
RT 2
T p

T
p
=
V S
S V

S
p
=
V T T V

S
V
=
T p
p T

dA = -SdT - pdV

dG = -SdT + Vdp

dG = -SdT + Vdp + i dn i
i

Smix = nR x i ln x i
i

pA = K A x A

pA = p*A x A

p = p*A + x B ( p*B p*A )

n
z yA
= A

n
x A zA

dp H vap
=
p
dT
RT 2

Gmix = nRT x i ln x i

F =2+CP

o
K (T )
H rxn
1 1
ln eq 2 =

R T2 T1
K eq (T1 )

H fusion T2
p2 p1 =
ln
V fusion T1

H vap / subl 1 1
p
ln 2 =

p1
R
T2 T1

A = *A + RT ln( pA / p*A )

o
Grxn
= RT lnK eq

1
1
Rln x A
= *
T Tfus,A H m, fus,A

p*A p*B
p= *
pA y A ( p*A p*B )

Useful Data

Substance
Al(s)
Br(g)
Br2(g)
Br2(l)
HBr(g)
HBr(aq)
Ca(s)
Ca2+(aq)
C(graphite)
C(diamond)
CO2(g)
CO(g)
CH4(g)
C2H4(g)
C2H6(g)
C6H6(g)
CH3OH(l)
CH3OH(g)
C2H5OH(l)
C2H5OH(g)
HCl(g)
HCl(aq)
Cl(g)
Cl2(g)
F(g)
F2(g)

fH o
kJ mol-1
0
+111.888
+30.907
0
-36.40
-121.55
0
-542.83
0
+1.895
-393.51
-110.53
-74.81
52.26
-84.68
+82.93
-238.66
-200.66
-277.69
-235.10
-92.31
-167.16
+121.68
0
+78.99
0

fG o
kJ mol-1
0
+82.396
+3.110
0
-53.45
-103.96
0
-553.58
0
+2.900
-394.36
-137.17
-50.72
68.15
-32.82
+129.72
-166.27
-161.96
-174.78
-168.49
-95.30
-131.23
+105.68
0
+61.91
0

S mo
J K-1 mol-1
28.33
175.02
245.46
152.23
198.70
+82.4
41.42
-53.1
5.740
2.377
213.74
197.67
186.26
219.56
229.60
269.31
126.8
239.81
160.7
282.70
186.91
56.5
165.20
223.07
158.75
202.78

Cp,mo
J K-1 mol-1
24.35
20.786
36.02
75.689
29.142
-141.8
25.31
----8.527
6.113
37.11
29.14
35.31
43.56
52.63
81.67
81.6
43.89
111.46
65.44
29.12
-136.40
21.840
33.91
22.74
31.30

All values in the table are for T = 298.15 K.

Other data: H vap

(H 2O) = 40.656 kJ/mol

Substance
HF(g)
HF(aq)
H(g)
H2(g)
D2(g)
H2O(g)
H2O(l)
D2O(g)
D2O(l)
H2O2(l)
I(g)
I2(s)
I2(g)
HI(g)
HI(aq)
N(g)
N2(g)
NO(g)
N2O(g)
NO2(g)
N2O4(g)
NH3(g)
O(g)
O2(g)
O3(g)
OH-(aq)

fH o
kJ mol-1
-271.1
-332.63
+217.97
0
0
-241.82
-285.83
-249.20
-294.60
-187.78
+106.84
0
+62.44
+26.48
-55.19
+472.70
0
+90.25
+82.05
+33.18
+9.16
-46.11
+249.17
0
+142.7
-229.99

fG o
kJ mol-1
-273.2
-278.79
+203.25
0
0
-228.57
-237.13
-234.54
-243.44
-120.35
+70.25
0
+19.33
+1.70
-51.57
+455.56
0
+86.55
+104.20
+51.31
+97.89
-16.45
+231.73
0
+163.2
-157.24

S mo
J K-1 mol-1
173.78
-13.8
114.71
130.684
144.96
188.83
69.91
198.34
75.94
109.6
180.79
116.135
260.69
206.59
+111.3
153.30
191.61
210.76
219.85
240.06
304.29
192.45
161.06
205.138
238.93
-10.75

Cp,mo
J K-1 mol-1
29.13
-106.7
20.784
28.824
29.20
33.58
75.291
34.27
84.35
89.1
20.786
54.44
36.90
29.158
-142.3
20.786
29.125
29.844
38.45
37.20
77.28
35.06
21.912
29.355
39.20
-148.5