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MMA R

S A N S KR IT G R A

FO R

E G INN E R S

IN

D E V A N AG A R i A N D R OMA N LE TTE R S THR OUG HOU T,

BY

M A X M UL L E R
R
MEM E R
RE

FO

SECON D

E IG N

OF T H E

L O N G M A N S,

D O

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A CCEN TUA TED

EEN

1870

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Rul e s r efe r r in g to th e l an gu ag e o f th e V eda s h a ve bee n e nt ir el y
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di a l e ct shou l d be appr o a ch ed by any o n e w h o h as n o t ful ly m as te r ed
t h e gr a mm ar o f th e o r din ar y Sa n skr it s u ch as i t w as x ed by Pan in i
A l l al l u s i o ns to co gn ate fo r m s i n G r eek La t in
a nd hi s s u cc e s s o r s
o r G oth i c h ave l i k e w i s e bee n s u pp r e s s ed be c au s e h o w e v e r i n te r
es ting an d u s efu l t o th e a dvan c ed s tu den t th ey ar e ap t to dep r ive
t h e beg i n n e r o f th at c l e a r a n d r m gr as p o f th e gr a m m a t i c a l sy s te m
pe cu l i ar to th e l ang u ag e o f an c ie nt Indi a w hi ch al on e can fo r m a
s ol id fo u n d a t i o n f o r th e s tu dy b oth o f S an s kr i t an d o f C o m p ar ative
Ph i l o l o g y
T h e t wo p r in c ip al obj e cts w h i ch I h ave kep t i n view w h il e co m
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hope w i thou t p r e s u m pti o n to h a ve s im pl ied a fe w o f th e intr i ca c ie s
of S ans kr it gr am m ar w h i ch w er e bu t p ar ti all y cl ear ed up by Bopp
B enf e y Fl ecch i a an d oth e r s I ca n h ar d l y a tte r m y s el f to h ave
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coll e cted i n th e g r a mm ar o f Pan ini and i n l at er w or k s s u ch as th e
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dh av i y a d h atu vr i t ti I h a ve a b sta i ned a s m u ch as p o s
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i s e s s ent i a l i n S an s k r i t g r a m m ar a n d w h at i s n o t I m us t l e ave
to th e j u dg m e nt o f tho s e w h o e nj oy t h e g oo d for t u ne o f bei ng
e ng a g ed i n th e p r act ic a l t e a chi ng o f a l ang u ag e th e s tu de nt s
o f w h ich m ay be cou nted n o l o ng e r by t e n s b u t by h un d r ed s
I o nl y w i sh it to be u n de r s too d th at w h e r e I h a ve l eft o u t r ul es
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t h e G r e ek I m p e fe ct I m p er fe c t ; t h t c o r es p o n di ng t o t h e P e fec t R ed p l i ca t ed P er fect ;
t h t co r e s p o n d i ng t t h e A o r i s t A o i s t ; a n d t h e m o o d c o es p o n d i ng t o t h e Op t at i ve
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b ei ng a s e co nd a y an d co m p o u nd t h e l at t er a p i m ar y an d s i m pl e t e nse B ut F i r s t
an d S e co n d A o i s t s h ave b eco m e al m o s t p r o p er n am es an d w i l l n o t eas i l y yi el d t h e i r
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e xc ep ti o n s co nta i n ed i n oth e r g r am m ar s wh e th e r native o r

E u r o pe a n I h a ve d o ne s o a ft e r m at u r e co ns ide r at i o n de l ibe r a te l y
p r efe r r i ng th e l e ss co m pl e t e t o th e m or e co m p l e te bu t a t t h e sa me
t im e m o r e be w il de r i ng s ta te m e nt o f t h e a no m a l ie s o f t h e S ans k r i t
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l an gu a g e
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l eft o u t th e r ul e th at b as e s e n di ng i n m tho u g h th e m be pr e c eded
by oth e r v o w el s th a n a a l w ays take va t i ns te a d o f m a t I did s o
p ar tl y b e cau s e th er e ar e ve r y fe w b as e s e ndi ng i n m p a r t ly be ca us e
if a w o r d l ike ki m vd n s ho u l d occ u r i t w o u l d be ea sy t o dis co ve r
th e r e as o n w hy h e r e too 1) w as pr efer r ed t o m v i z i n o r de r to a v oid
th e cl as hi ng o f t w o m s A g a in w h e n g ivi ng th e r ul es o n th e
fo r m ati on o f de nom i na t ive s
I p as s ed o ve r fo r ver y m u ch
th e s a m e r eas on th e p r oh ibit i on g ive n i n Pan I I I I 8 3 vi z th at
b a s e s e n ding i n m ar e n o t all o w ed t o for m de no mi n at ive s I t is
tr u e n o d o u b t th at th e o m is si on o f s u ch r u l e s o r exc ep t i o ns m ay
be s a id t o i nv o l ve a n a ctu al m i s r ep r e s e ntati o n an d th a t a p u pi l
m ig ht be m i s l ed to fo r m s u ch w o r d s a s ki m m d n a nd [r i m ya m
B u t th i s c a n not be av o ided i n an el e m e n tar y gr a m m ar ; an d
th e s tu dent w h o i s l ike l y t o com e i n co ntact w i th s u ch r e con
dit e for m s w i ll n o d o u b t be s u fc ien tl y a dv anc ed t o be a bl e to
con s ul t f o r hi m s el f th e r u l e s o f Pan i ni and th e e x pl anat ions o f h i s
com m en t ato r s
M y o w n fear i s th at i n w r i t i ng an el e m en t ar y g r am m ar I h ave
er r ed r a th er i n g iving too m u ch th an i n g ivi ng too l ittl e I h ave
th e r efor e i n t h e t ab l e o f cont e nts m a r ke d w i th an a st er i sk all
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be c ar efu l l y co m m itt ed to m e m o r y
H er e a n d th e r e as fo r i ns ta nc e
in
10 3
Pan in i s im p l y i n
a few e xt r a cts ar e i nt r o d uc ed fr o m
or de r t o g ive th e stu de nt a fo r e t as t e o f w h at h e m ay e xpect in
t h e el ab or at e w or k s o f n at ive g r a m m a r i ans w hil e l i sts o f ve r b s
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p ar adi g m s o f th i s cl as s been cor r e ct l y g iven p ar t l y be c au s e i t
w a s i m p o s s ibl e t o br i ng o u t c l e ar l y th e p r i nc ip l e o n w h i ch th e
pe cu l i ar i t ie s an d app ar en t ir r e gu l ar it ie s o f th e s e n ou ns ar e b a s e d
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B u t w h i l e a c kn o wl ed gin g m y o bl i g a ti o n s to th e g r e at g r a m
m ar i an s o f I n di a
i t w o u l d b e u ng r at eful w er e I no t to
a ckn o w l ed e a s fu l l y t h e a s s i s t a n c e w h i ch I h a ve de r ived fr o m
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e l e m ent s o f S anskr i t w as ga in ed fr o m Bo pp s g r am m ar Tho s e
onl y w h o k n o w th e w or k s o f h i s p r ede c e ss or s o f C ol ebr oo ke
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A m ong th es e fo u r s chol ar s W i l ki ns s ee m s to h a ve b e e n th e r s t
t o co m p o s e a S an s kr it g r a mm ar f o r h e i n fo r m s u s th at th e r s t
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t h e n ew and ver y u s e ul edi t i o n o f t h e S i d d h ant a-Kau m u d i by S r i Tar anat h a t ar k ava
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ho w eve r w as n o t pu b l is h ed t ill 1 80 8 In th e
m e a n t i m e Fo r s t e r h ad ni sh ed h i s gr a m m a r a nd h a d actu a l l y
del ive r ed hi s M S to th e C o u nc il o f t h e C o l l eg e o f For t Willi am
i n 1 80 4
T h e r s t par t o f
B ut it w a s n o t p ub l i s h ed ti l l 1 8 1 0
C o l ebr o o ke s gr am m a r w a s p u bl i sh ed i n 1 80 5 and th e r efo r e s ta nds
r s t i n p o i n t o f t im e o f p u bl i ca t i o n
U n fo r t u na te l y i t w as no t
ni s h ed be c au s e t h e g r a mm ar s o f Fo r s te r a nd C ar ey w e r e th e n
i n co u r s e o f p u bl i ca t i o n a nd w o u l d as C o l ebr ooke i m ag i ned s u pp l y
th e dec ien t p ar t o f h i s o w n C ar ey s g r am m ar w as p u bl is h ed i n
1 80 6
A m o ng t h e se fo u r p u b l i cati o n s w hi ch as r s t a tt e m p ts at
m a ki ng th e an c ie nt l a ng u ag e o f I n di a acc e s sibl e t o E u r o pe a n
s chol ar s
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m any u s efu l hi nt s fr o m oth e r g r am m ar s a l s o
T h e r e ar e s o m e p o r
ti on s o f W il s on s g r a m m ar w hi ch sh o w th at h e consu l te d n ati ve
r a mm ar i an s a nd th e fa ct th a t h e p o s s e s s ed th e r e m a in in
p
o
r tion
g
g
o f C o l ebr o o ke s MS g ive s to h i s li s t o f ver b s w i th th e e xc ep ti on
o f th e B h c l a ss w h i ch w a s p u bl i s h ed by C ol ebr ooke a pe cul i ar
int e r e st Pr o fe s s or B e nfey i n h i s l ar g e g r a m m ar per for m ed a m o s t
n tl y t h e m at e r i al s s u pp l ied by
i
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u s eful t as k i n w o r ki n
u
n
n
g p
Pani n i a nd B h attoj i di ks h i t a and hi s s m all e r g r am m ar s too p u b
l i s h e d b oth i n Ger m a n a nd i n E ng l is h ha ve r e n de r ed g oo d s e r vi ce
to th e c au s e o f s ou n d s chol ar s h ip T h er e ar e be s ides th e gr amm a r s
o f Boll er i n Ger m an o f O pp er t i n Fr e nch o f W es t er g aa r d i n D an is h
o f Fl ecchi a i n I t al ian e ach s u ppl yi ng s o m e th i ng t hat coul d n o t be
fo u nd el s ew h er e an d conta in ing s u gg es ti o n s m an y o f w hi ch have
pr o ved u s eful to th e w r it e r o f th e p r e s ent g r a m m ar
B u t w h i l e th u s r e n de r in g fu ll j u s ti c e t o th e ho n e s t l a bo u r s o f
m y p r ede c e ss or s I a m b o u n d to s ay a t th e sa m e t i m e th at w i th
,

S ee W i l s o n

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lv

P R E FA C E T O T H E

viii

eg ar d to d o u bt fu l o r di fc ul t fo r m s o f w hi ch th e r e ar e m any i n
th e gr am m ar o f th e S an s kr it l an g u ag e n o t o n e o f th e m can b e
appe a l ed to a s a n u l t i m a t e a u tho r i ty
E ve r y g r am m ar co n t a in s
a s i s w e l l k n o w n a nu m be r o f fo r m s w h i ch occ u r bu t r ar e l y if eve r
i n th e li t er ar y l a n g u ag e
I t i s n e c e s s ar y ho w eve r f o r th e sa ke o f
s y s t e m a t i c co m p l e t e n e ss to
s e fo r m s
an d if th ey a r e to be
ive
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m i ght be s u pp o s ed th at a m e r e r e fe r e n c e to a ny o f th e n u m e r o u s
r a m m ar s al r e a dy p u b l is h ed w o u l d b e s u fc ie n t f o r th i s p u r p o s e
g
a n d th a t th e l i s t s o f ir r e u l ar o r u n u s ual fo r m s m i ht s afel y b e
g
g
copied fr om th eir p a g es B u t th i s i s by n o m e ans th e cas e E ve n
w i t h r e g ar d to r e g u l ar fo r m s w ho eve r s ho u l d tr u s t i m pl i c i tl y i n t h e
cor r e ctn es s o f a ny o f t h e g r a m m ar s h i th er to pu b l i sh ed w o u l d n ever
be c er ta in o f h avi ng t h e r i ght fo r m
I d o n o t s ay th is l i ghtl y o r
w i thou t bei n g a b l e to p r o du c e p r oo fs
W h en I beg a n to r evi s e m y
m anu s c r ip t g r a m m ar w hi ch I h a d co m p o s ed f o r m y o w n u s e m a ny
e
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a n d w h e n o n p o i nts o n w h i ch I fe l t d o u b t fu l
o
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r a mm a r s I s oo n di sc o ve r ed ei th e r th at w ith a s tr a n e
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ki nd o f s equ ac i ty th e y al l r epe ated t h e s am e m i stake o r th at th ey
v ar ied w ide l y fr om e ach oth er w ithou t ass i gn i ng any r e as on o r
I n eed no t s ay tha t t h e gr am m ar s w h ich w e p o s s e s s
a u tho r i ty
d iffe r ve r y m u ch i n th e de g r ee o f th ei r tr u s t w o r th in e s s ; bu t w ith
th e e xc ep t i o n o f t h e r s t v o l u m e o f C o l eb r ooke a nd o f P r o fe ss or
B e n f ey s l ar g e r Sa n s k r i t g r a m m ar i t w o ul d be i m p o s s ib l e to a ppe al
to any o f m y p r ede c e s s or s as an au tho r ity o n d ou b tfu l p o i nt s
For st e r an d C ar ey w h o evide ntl y d epe n d al m o s t e nt ir e l y o n
m at e r i als s u pp l ied to t h e m by n at ive a s s i s tan ts give fr eq u e n t l y
th e m o st difcu l t for m s w i t h pe r fe ct accu r acy w h il e th ey go w i l d l y
w r o ng i m m edi a t el y a ft e r w i tho u t i t w o u l d s ee m a ny p ow e r o f
con tr ol l i ng th eir au thor itie s T h e fr equ e n t i naccu r a c ie s i n th e
nt ed
o ut
n
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o
f
i
ki
a ve
bee
p
o
i
b
y
n s a n d W il s o n
l
r amm ar s
W
g
oth e r s ; a nd how eve r u s efu l t h e s e w o r ks m ay h ave b e e n fo r
p r a cti c al pu r p o s es th ey w e r e n ev er i n t en ded a s a u tho r it ie s o n
co nt e st e d p o i n ts o f S an s k r i t gr am m ar
N oth in g r e m a in ed i n fa ct i n o r de r to a r r ive a t any s at i s f acto r y
w ith r e g ar d n o t
r e s u l t bu t to col l at e t h e w ho l e o f m y g r am m ar
onl y to t h e i r r eg u l ar bu t l ike w i s e t o t h e r eg u l ar fo r m s w i th Pan i n i
an d oth e r n a t i v e gr am m ar i an s a n d to s u pp l y f o r e a ch d o u b t fu l c a se
r

F IR S T E D I T IO N
d fo r

r ul

th a t m i g ht

ix

to di ffer fr o m thos e o f any o f my

p r ede c es s o r s a r efer e nc e to Pan in i o r to oth er na tive au t ho r ities
T h i s I h a ve d on e and i n s o d o ing I h ad to r e w r i te n e ar ly t h e
w ho l e o f m y g r a m m ar
bu t tho ug h th e t i m e and t r o ub l e e x pe nded
o n t h is w o r k h a ve bee n co ns ide r a bl e I be l ieve th at th ey ha ve no t
b e en be sto w ed in vai n I o nl y r e gr et th at I di d no t g i ve th e se
*
au tho ri ta t ive r efe r e nc e s th r o u ho u t th e w ho l e o f m
o
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rk
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a
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s
e
g
y
even w h er e th er e c a nn ot be any differ en ce o f o pini o n s o m e o f m y
r e ade r s m i ht thu s h ave b e e n s aved th e t i m e and tr o u bl e o f
g
l oo kin g th r o u g h Panin i to n d th e S utr as tha t be ar o n eve r y
for m o f th e San s k r it l ang u ag e
By th is pr oc e s s w h i ch I h ave a d op t ed I b e li e ve tha t o n m any
p o int s a m or e se tt l ed a n d au thor i tat ive ch ar a ct e r h as been im p ar ted
to th e gr am m ar o f S an sk r it th an it p os s e s s ed befo r e ; bu t I d o by
n o m e an s p r e t e n d to h a ve ar r ived o n al l p o i nts a t a c l ear an d
deni te v i ew o f th e m e anin g o f Pani ni an d hi s su cc e s s o r s Th e
r amm a ti c al sy s t e m o f Hi n du
r a mm ar i a n s i s s o pe c ul i a r
a t r ul es
th
g
g
w h i ch w e s ho u l d g r o u p to g e th er ar e s c atte r ed ab o u t i n di ff er en t
p ar ts o f th ei r m anu al s W e m ay h ave th e g en er a l r ul e i n th e l as t
and t h e e xc ep ti on s i n th e r s t b oo k and e v e n t h en w e ar e b y n o
m e ans c e r tain th a t e xc ep ti o ns t o t h e s e e xc ep t i o n s m ay n o t occu r
s o m e w h e r e el s e
I s h al l g ive b u t o n e i n s tan c e
T h er e i s a r oo t
m j dg r i w h i ch fo r m s i t s A o r i s t by a ddin g {i i sh a m i 3
Her e th e s i m p l es t r ul e w o u l d b e th at na l 1 5 {
s
MI befor e {i t 73
T h i s how eve r i s p r eve nted by anoth er
be com es g 7 ( Pan V I 1
{sh a m
r ul e w h i ch r equi r e s th a t nal a: fr i s ho u l d ta ke G u na befo r e
ut
B
r
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h
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w
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no w com e s a n oth er
e
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ch
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n e r al r ul e ( Pa
V
n
)
g
a d d sha m
Vridd hi o f nal v o w el s befor e {i i sh a m i e W
j g
V II 3
A g ai ns t thi s ch a ng e ho w ever a n e w r u l e i s c it ed
an d th i s s e cu r e s f o r 31 1 1
r z a s pe c i al e xc ep t i o n fr o m Vr idd h i an d
d
1j g
l e ave s i t s b as e ag a i n as mu j dg a r
A s s oo n as th e b as e h as be en
a nd
ch ang ed to s nug j dg a r it fall s u n der a n e w r u l e ( Pan v1 1 2
i s fo r c ed t o ta ke Vr iddh i u nt il th i s r u l e i s ag a in nu ll ied by Pan V II
2 4 w h i ch d o e s n o t al l o w Vr iddhi i n an A o r is t th a t ta kes i nt e r m e
T h er e i s an e xc ep ti on how ev er
di a t e i li ke m mfni aj dg a r i sh a m
an

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P R E FA C E

TH E

TO

to th is r ul e al s o f o r b as e s w i th s hor t a a be g in nin g an d endin g

w i th a co n s o n ant m ay o p ti o n all y take Vr idd h i ( Pan V II 2
T h is
beg inni ng
O p t i o n i s a ft e r w ar d s r e s tr i cted a n d r oot s w ith s ho r t 3 0
w i th a co ns o n an t an d en din g i n g r l ike m j dg a r h av e n o o p t i o n
Ho w eve r
l eft bu t ar e r e str i ct ed a fr e s h t o Vr idd h i ( Pan V I I 2
even this i s n o t y e t th e n al r e s ul t O u r b a s e mrgj dg a r i s afte r
all n o t to t ake V id dh i a n d h e n c e a n e w s pe c i al r u l e Pa
n
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5)
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s ettl e s th e
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to
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Vr iddh i an d th e r eby e s tab l is h i ng i t s Gu n a N o w o n der th at th e s e
m an ifo l d ch a ng e s an d ch a nc e s i n th e fo r m a t i o n o f th e F ir s t A o r i s t o f
311
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Gu n a Vri ddh i G u n a Vr iddh i p r oh ibi ti on o pti on aga i n Vriddh i

an d th e n e xc ep t i o n th e s e w i t h th e ch a n e o f T i i n t o a s e m iv o w el
g

i n th e r s t i n s ta n c e ar e th e n i n e r e s ul t s
A n oth e r di fc u l ty co n s i s ts i n th e w an t o f cr i ti c al accu r acy i n
th e edi ti ons w h i ch w e p o s s e ss o f Pani ni t h e S iddh anta Kau m u di
t h e L ag hu K a u m u d i th e S ar as v ati an d V o a d ev a
ar be i t fr o m
F
p
m e to w i sh to de tr a ct fr o m th e m er i t s o f n at ive edito r s l ike
D h ar an i dh ar a Kasi n at h a Tar an at h a stil l l e s s fr o m t ho s e o f
Pr o fe s s or B o eh t l i ng k w h o p ubl i s h ed h i s te xt an d n ot e s n ear l y
t h i r ty y e ar s a g o w h e n f e w o f u s w e r e ab l e to r e a d a s i n g l e l in e o f
P an in i B u t d ur i ng tho s e th ir ty y e ar s con s ider ab l e p r o g r e s s h as
b e en m a de i n u nr a vell in g t h e m y s t e r ie s o f t h e g r am m at i c a l l i t e r atur e
o f India T h e co m m entar y o f S ay an a t o th e R i g veda h as s how n u s
h o w p r act i c al l y t o a pp l y th e r u l e s o f Pani ni a nd t h e tr a n s l a t i o n o f
t h e L ag h u K a u m u d i b y th e l at e D r B al l a n tyn e h a s e n a b l ed e v e n
beg inn e r s to nd th ei r w ay thr o u g h th e l abyr i nth o f n at ive gr a m m ar
T h e t i m e h as com e I be l ieve f o r n ew an d c r itical edit i on s o f Panin i
a n d h i s co m m e n t ato r s
A f e w i ns t anc e s m ay s u f c e t o s ho w th e
i ns e cu r ity o f o u r or din ar y edit i on s T h e com m en t ar y to Pan V II
a s w e l l as t h e Sa
r as va t f
l 1 1 2 5 I g i v e s th e B e n edi ct ive A t m ane p ad a
H m wa r ts h i s h t a an d W
T? s ta r ts hi sh ta ; y e t a r efer enc e t o Pan V I I
2
a
n
d 4 0 s ho w s t h a t t h e s e fo r m s a r e i m p o ss ibl e
A g a i n if
39
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,

F IR S T E DITIO N

xi

i g m z f a g r a g d m i ni w i th a de nt al n i n t h e l as t syll ab l e
it i s c l e ar th at h e e xt e n ds t h e p r oh ibit i on give n i n V I II 4 34
I t i s u s el e ss t o
w i th r e ga r d to U p as ar g as to o t h e r co m p o u n d s
inqu ir e w h e th e r i n d o i ng s o h e w as r i ght o r wr o ng fo r i t i s a n ar t i cl e
o f faith w i t h eve r y Hin d u gr am m ar ian th a t w h ateve r w o r d i s us ed
by Pani n i i n his S utr as i s co ip s o cor r e ct O th e r w is e t h e r u l e s
affe cti ng co m p o u n d s w i th Up a s ar g a s a r e by n o m e ans ide n ti ca l w i th
tho se th at a ffe ct o r din ar y co m p o u nd s ; and thou g h it m ay be ri g ht to
r a d m i ni t o W
r a d m i ni i t
a
F
H
ar u e onf o r t i e m fr o m W ITF
W
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r a d na
w ou l d n o t b e r i g ht to ar g u e fr o m W
g y
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B u t as s u m i ng w mfwf a a g r a
t h i s bei ng n e c e s sa r i l y mump r a yd na
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h a r i /c i m ezz a g ive n i n t h e c o m m e n t ar y to V I I I 4 1 3 a r e al l

a kd m i n a u ,

w r on g ,

thou gh m o st o f t h e m occu r n o t onl y in th e p r in t ed edi ti o n s

o f Pan i n i and th e S iddh an ta K a u m udi b u t m ay be t r ac ed back to
t h e M SS o f th e Pr ak r iy a Kau m u d i th e s ou r c e tho u gh by n o m e ans
I w a s gl ad to l e ar n fr om
t h e m o de l o f th e S iddh ant a K au m u d i
my fr ien d Pr o fe s s o r G o l d s t uck er w h o i s p r ep ar i n g an e di ti o n o f t h e
K asika V r i t t i a n d w hom I co n s ul t ed o n t h es e for m s th at th e M SS
o f vam an a w h i ch h e p o s s e s s e s c ar efu ll y a v o id th e s e fau l ty e x am p l e s
to Pan V I I I 4 1 3
A fter th e s e e x p l an ati o ns I n eed h ar dl y ad d th at I am n o t s o san
u in e as to su pp o s e th at I co ul d h ave e s c a ped s cot fr ee w h er e s o m an y
g
m en o f su per i or kn o w l edg e an d ta l en t h ave fail ed to d o s o
A l l I can
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th e tr o u b l e to p o i nt o u t a ny m i stake s in to w h ich I m ay h ave fall e n ;
and I ho pe th at I s h al l n eve r s o f a r fo r e t t h e r e a r d d u e to t r u th
g
g
a s t o a tt e m p t t o r ep r e s ent s i m p l e co r r e cti o n s to u ch in
l
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o f n ou ns o r th e conj u g at i o n o f ver b s as m att er s o f o pini on o r s o far
l o w e r th e ch ar a ct er o f tr u e s cho l a r s hi p a s to appe al o n s u ch m atter s
fr om t h e ver di ct o f th e fe w to t h e o pin i on o f th e m an y
He ar in g fr o m m y fr ie n d Pr o fe s s or B uhl e r th a t h e h a d n i s h ed
a S an s kr i t Syn t ax b a s ed o n th e w o r k s o f Pa
n in i a n d oth e r n ative
at
r am m ar i an s w hi ch w i l l s oo n be p u b l i s h ed
m
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g
g
p or t i on of m y g r am m ar T h e r u l e s 3 n th e der iv a t i on o f n ou n s by
m eans o f Kr i t Hu adi an d Ta d d h i t a s u fxe s d o n o t p r o p e r l y b el o n g
to t h e s ph er e o f an e l em ent ar y g r am m ar I f t i m e and h eal th p er m i t
-

P R E FA C E TO TH E F I R S T ED ITI O N

x ii

ep ar a t e tr eat is e t h e ch ap te r o f
th e Pr akri ya Kau m u d i be ar ing o n th i s s ubj e ct
In th e li s t o f ver b s w h i ch I h ave g iven as an A ppen di x

pp 2 4 4 2 8 5 I h ave ch iey foll o w ed th e Pr akr i ya Kau m u di and

th e Sar as vati Th es e gr a m m ar s d o n o t conj u g at e ever y ver b t h at
occu r s i n t h e D hat u p at h a bu t tho s e o n l y th a t s e r v e to il l u s tr at e
c er ta i n g r amm at i c al r ul es N o r d o th ey a d op t l ike th e Siddhanta
K au m u di th e o r de r o f t h e ver b s as gi v e n i n Pan ini s D h at u p at h a
bu t th ey g r o u p th e v er b s o f e ach cl as s acco r di ng to th ei r v o i c e s
tr eatin g tog eth er tho s e th at take th e te r m i n at i ons o f th e Pa r as m ai
p ada tho s e th at take th e t er m ina t i ons o f th e A t m an ep ad a an d
l as tl y tho s e th at a d m i t o f b o t h v o i ce s
In e a ch o f t h e s e s u bdi
vi s i on s ag a in th e s ingl e ver b s ar e s o ar r a ng ed as be st to i l l u str a te
c e r ta in gr am m at ica l r u l es In m aki ng a new s el e cti on a m ong
t h e ve r b s s el e cted by Ram ach an d r a an d A n u bh t i s v ar p ac h ar a
y
I h ave g ive n a p r efe r e nc e t o t h o s e w h i ch occu r m o r e fr equ e ntl y
i n S ans kr i t l iter a tu r e a nd t o t h o s e w h i ch ill u str a te s o m e p o ints
o f gr am m ar o f pe cu l i ar inter e s t t o t h e s tu de nt In thi s m a nn er
I h o p e th a t th e A ppe nd i x w ill s e r ve t w o pu r p o s es : i t w il l n o t
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C H A P TE R XV III C A U S ATI V E V E R S
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X TE R N A L S A ND H I

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XTE R N AL

73

sA N D H I

73

Fi nal i n b efor e i ni ti al ai lc lth an d qp r p h rem ai n s u n ch ang ed

Fi nal 71; n b efore ach a ch h r e qu i re s t h e i n t erce s s i o n o f
Fi nal i n b efore z \t ( l h re qu i res t h e i nt erc es si o n o f \s h
F i nal i n b ef ore 11 15 u t h re qu i re s t h e i n t e rc es s i o n o f { 8 ( Pan

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e
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the

trea te d a s a Pada ) S ee 5 3 5 5
i
m
a
n
u
n
h
n
b
f
o
r
e
m
u
s
t
r
e
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a
ed
6
A

n
a
l
e
1
7
g
{

s a r i ta h
or
: s ha l
a fa r:
1
m
?
a
I
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I
P
V
r i t a h s i x ri v e r s
2
n
; 3
4
4
(

77 {
.

in i ti al
E

v o we l
Fi

f th e lo c

am

p l ur

o ng

is

an

d i m ay b e i nse r t e d
f

s h a s ar

i tah

o r s ha

t
s
a
g

if fo ll o we d by

an

nus var a

a nd

f w or d s

r e m a i ns

end

th e

at

su

hi nt s u ,

or

h i ns a

su

before

h i nt s ,

l d nts a ha te,

o r

Few;

: 1

e ne m ie s .

o r

th em

h e h ea r s

X TE R N AL

F i na l

111

ch anged

un

l wa ki m

B efore co n s o nant s

Fani a ki ma tr a , W h a t i s t h e r e

a tm

i t m ay, wi t h o u t

x c e p t io n

ch ang ed t o An u s v ara ( Pan

be

V I I I 3,
.

i s t h e g ene r al

Th i s

vi z

ru l e

Th e

x c ep t i o ns

s im

ar e

pl y o p t io n al ( Pan

VIII

B efore 35 h 13 kh 1 1 9 agh n th e nal ( m or A nu s v ara m ay be

ch ang ed i n t o i t
B ef ore s h ch h : U Jj h a n t o i n
i h u n to
B efore a; t s ( h
l
{
r
n
B efore
th { d \ d h
n to
i
1
(
i
B efore qp mp h 1 6 1 6h 31 m t o R m
B efore qy PEI {I} t o i f]
6
6
S ee
5
H en c e i t f oll o ws t h a t nal ( m may b e c h ang ed i n to A nu sv ar a b ef ore all
co ns o nan t s an d mus t b e s o ch anged o nl y b efore 3 1 s i t s h as g h an d gr
i e t h e ve co n s o n an t s wh i ch h av e no corr e s p o ndi ng nas al c l as s l e t t e r
It wo l d b m o t d ir bl if ch ol
f t h opti o n l
wo l d n v r v i l t h m l v
mb r
ch g f n l A n var i nto $3 a a i n Km W h o l d th n b p red
f c o m po n d l tt r wh i ch
tro bl om both i n writ i g nd pri ti ng ; d w h o l d
void th mb ig ity t t h orig i l n t r f th cl n l wh f oll ow d by
on t p l t l l i g l nd d nt l Th if f3 t amj y t i h c o q r h i
wri tt n W
i l l td j y ti i t m y b t k
f

TI s urfs td j y ti h c o nq r th m
wh i ch
cc ordi ng t 6 3 m t b ch g d i to ma a tah j y ti In t h m m n
tan d m y ti h
t m th m
if
m td d m y ti m y b ith r
!
M t im d m y ti h t m h A l l th i nc rt i nty i t o c r mov d if l { m i
l w y ch
l
l
w
f
t
h
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I
r i n Ica r o s h i
E X fam + m
h
a r as h i
or
or
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m
h
i W
(
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ki n
W h a t d o e s t th o u
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a
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t
a
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h
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or
s
a
a
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t
+
a
(
?
(
W
,

'

'

e a

an

e o

es

us

an

us

n,

es

es

a,

er

an

e e

es e

en

s u

a e

s a

n an

n e
o

e n em y .

an

ue s

es

er

ner

or

na

ue s

e sa

"

k il l t h e

ja hi )

a nu

e s

en

as a s

or

a ss -

es

se

e s

us

a u e o

a s

us

na

u a s,
a

ar s

ar e

as

e s

a a a s,

an

3O

X TE R N AL SA ND H I

8
7

n
a
d
i
or
m
t
a
r
a
t
i

(
(
na d i n t a r a ti ) h e cro s s e s t h e r i v e r
7
u
r um
or
n
a
m
a
i
t
ur
u
n
m
a
a
l
i
+
m
5

(
g
g
3 1 n
n
n
a ma l i
h
s al u t e s t h e t e a c h e r
or
ur
u
e
( g
)
hi m p h a l a m ( or hi m
hi m + p h a l a m
i 1 1533 ( o r

+ was
q
h
i
l
a
a
m
W
h
t
s
t
h
u
s
e
a
e
p
)
t h i s ?! o r
d
s

t
r
a
i
m
m
m
d
7
n
s
a
t
e
+W
+
s
a
m
(
W
sds tr a m m i md ms a l e ( or sds l r a m m i md nz s a t e) h e s t u di e s t h e b oo k

+ t fa =

t l

=r

na d i m

or

'

+ t ar a l i

B efore Ky 13 l a v
,

m
(

ua i

+ qr fa =
s a tc a r a

or

@ 14

ij

'

a
i
l
y

s a l va r a m +
i
or
d
l
W
(
)
y
w al k s qu i c k l y

ur fa

he

a n}

'

B e fore g r a s

s h,

p i te o u sl y

1
1

he

+ i

wr i m mo hs h am

=
lr

t a il

or
(

ve d a

ved a

h a r una mr o di ti , h e

di ti

crie s

set e = sa yydyd m s et e, h e l ie s

s ecc i a

on

tl y

mo hs h a m s evet a , l et

m an

a
d
h
ar
a
m
m
f
8
!
}
3

the

at

m la

m
1

ro

sayydyd m

s we e

ta m

ved a

a
a
u
h
r
m
f
r

n
m
g

l au gh s

8
7

wi sd m

vid yd

co u ch

+z

c qu ire s

ta m

cu l ti vat e s p i rit u al fre ed o m

H

+ l a bh a te

h:

W\+
the

my d l i

+ fqr

vi dyd m

or

kn o w h i m

s a t var a

(
hh a l e ( or vi d yd l l a bh a l e)
ri 33 ( or w
a
+ Qg
)
s

h as a t i

ma dh ar a m h as a t i ,

he

e nd o

ord

i n p a us d, i

at

th e

end

s e nt e n

ce

p ro n o u n c e d as m n o t a s A nu s vir a It m ay be wri tt e n h o w ever fo r t h e

s ak e o f b r evi t
n ot e
8
an d i t i s s o w ri tt e n t h ro u h
t
w
t
h
e s im pl e d o t
i
h
g
)
y
o u t i n th i s
r
E
X
eva m t h u s ( or m
eva m )
am m a r
i
t
g
m
m
f
ll
d
b
n
di
o
o
w
h
if
h
b
e
i
e
a t el
e
m
i
n
f
F
a
l
b
e
or
e
m
79
y
y
i
(
{
g
g
1 y
l
m ay b e tr e a t e d as if i t w e r e i mm e d ia t el y f o ll o we d b y t h e s e
Q
l e tt e rs ( Pan V I I I 3 2 6 ;
Se e h o w eve r 5
) 77

at
E x far t +
hi m h nu t e o r hi n h nu t e W h a t
h nnt e
o r fa
i
t hi m
f
i
g
d o es h e h i d e
i at o r
h i m h y a h o r hi i] h y a h W h at
hi m + h ya h
r
+

W
ab o u t
s t er d a
e
y
y
is

'

'

Fint l
a

or

80

an d

m
{
.

EIFW F
H

1%

h i mh m a l a y a t i ,

If

hi m

h ma l a y a t i

W h a t d o es h e m o ve 2

p re c e d e d b y t h e p rep o s it i o n
to An u s var a ( Pan V I I 1 37 ;
.

hi mh ma l ay a i i

'

hri i s

c h an g e d

+
Q

or

s : s am

hr i t a h

sa

1111

s a m, a n

V I I I 3, 2

ms hri ta h

h all o wed

i s i ns e rt ed ,

33

81

s a mr

In a n

n m
a
P
(

a
j,

XTE R N AL SA ND H I

no

31

s a mr

d t, ki ng , 1 m i s

v r

ne e

h a ng ed

3,

V i s a r ga

a nd

Fi na l {i

a nd

p h o ne t i c c h ange s o f nal s i b il an t s whi c h ar e co ns id e re d t h e

It s h o u l d o nl y
m o s t di fc u l t m ay b e r ed u c e d t o a fe w v e ry s i m p l e ru l e s
b e b orne i n m i nd :
Th at t h ere ar e re al l y ve s ib il an t s an d n o t t h re e ; th at t h e s ig ns fo r t h e
I
a n d w e re r e p l a c e d b
an d l ab i al s i b il n t s b e c am e o b s o l e t e
u tt u r al
g
y
w h i c h p ro p e rl y b el o ng to t h e V i s arga o nl y i e t o t h e
t h e t w o d ot s
u nm o die d s i b il a n t
2 Th a t al l s i b il an t s an d V i s ar g a ar e s u r d and t h a t t h e ir p ro p e r corre s p o ndi ng
s o n an t i s t h e
g
83 Th e o nl y s i b il an t wh i ch c an b e n al i n p aneri i s t h e V i s arg a
If
V i s arga i s f ol l o we d b y a s u r d l e tt e r i t i s c h ang e d i n to t h e s i bil an t o f t h at
cl as s to wh i ch t h e f o l l o wi ng s u rd l e tt e r b el o ng s p ro v i d e d t h ere i s a s i bil a n t
It s h o u l d b e o b s e rv e d h o wev e r t h a t t h e g u tt u ral and l ab i al s i b i l a nts ar e
n o w w ri tt e n b y
h an d t h at t h e s am e s ign m ay al s o be u s e d in s tead o f any
s ib il an t if f o ll o w e d b y a s i b il an t
36171:
EETR
l
l
or
i
n
i
a
E X i nt
t
a
t
a
h
d
m
a
T
l
m
m
h
h t a ta h hdma h
X
( g
y
)
i
i
n al l
h
ci m a h
h
en c e l o v e
or
a ta
t
)
( g
y
x
82

Th e

'

m oo n
:

"
3 T!

tree

th e
i

ns :

: p ii r na h

sm s:

r a ts

i d ol

l h a hhur a h

am:

In

n all
or
i
i
y m
( g

ci
or
i
n
d
c
i
r
a
m
i
a
l
l
n
a
y p
)
( g
y
b efore s ibi lan t s ( Pan V I I I 3

f
m
z
+
r
s
s
g
g
+

nsrg z

or

i t:

s h ad e

frigh te ne d

th e

hh agnas h i h a hhu r a h, t h e

n a dy ds l ir a m,

b orde r

th e

m z

'

g h
a

o r

r a t h a ma

h + p d r am

h a dya

X
th e

s up

ch il d sl e ep s
m u s m or m

dasa h o r bh aga h
+ nz
m t s z

s ar

th e

f th e

o pp o s i t e

sh

ore

Of a

na d yd h

ri ve r

i a h si sa h, t h e

s ho

was :

hh i l as h i a l a ti ,

a l a ti

ti r am

na dy d h

a
r
am
p

chh dy d,

f ul l

th e

mi

s ap

i ar o s

Ii

Wm:

ch a nd r a

hh agna h

ri ver

V i s arg a

chh ay d

bh i l a h

Hm:

a
i r na

b ro k e n

'

t ar o h

m an i s di s tu rb e d

ch a nd r a

t a h + i suh =

s up

ta

si sa l:

or

s h o aasa
'

or

sar

a si

mi

g h
a

bh aya la + s h 0 da a h = bh dg a s h

x t ee n t h p art
p

th e

r a th a m a z

rs t

se

ct io n

+
.

s a r ga z

M
aW
m
P

32

ot

bu t
E

If

e I

e m ai ns

5U

ot
rg

Vi s a
Ex

V i s arg a
rat

o o
o o

i s f ll w e d by
i f f ll w e d by

as

N S:

7IE :

V i s arg a

W:
'

55:

X TE R N A L SA ND H I

84

i ni i al Fa t s , i t i s

an

( Pan

VIII 3

sa th ah+ ts ar a ti

sa

ch

no t

W h i ch i s

If ,

e ue

th e

on

sa

or

a s

C
{P

r pp r

h
u r a ti , H a i
p

ea s

a s

a=

s,

t h e h an dl e

ea s

e s

a su

a or

ea

s t h a,

o
d
g

o u ar e

s;

C
EF

III

s s

ee

tlR

ch t
w ord ?
f th
rd l tt r t h e

w i k e d m an

c o tr ry Vi rg i fol l ow d by ib il nt with
6
i fr q ntl y dropt i M S S ( Pa V

t
v
)
3 3
d
t
h
v
d
t
h
d
d
d
d
v
N
?
ET
!
E
+
h
h
a
d d ih )
( l o Em

d en

th a h i s ar a ti ,

THE : h ah+ ts ar uh = h ah t s ar uh,

to

in

ang e d

{ft

or
al s

oW

h ar i h Sp h nr a ti

h ar i h+ sp hu r a t i =

h ar i s sp hur a t i

or

h ar i

f ol l ow d
ot 3 If o n ndi g i n {R i W li k { t h vi h a: d h h
E
n
d
h
d
o
v
r
t
or
b
w
hm y
by word b g i i g w i th 3E h l i h h E p l p h n d
g
y
(
i
h
i
b
t
i
i
i
t
i
F l : f ql
b tit t d f l Vi rg W
b
b
p
p hp
p
i
i
h
t
m
d
h
m
l
ti h th t
h dri k g h
F i: n W
v
t t h gh
; b t W
h
p
p
t n d dri k th o w t r ( Pa V 3
84 If nal V i s arg a i s f o ll o we d by a s o nan t l e tt e r co ns o n ant o r v o wel
t h e gener a l r ul e i s t h at i t b e c h ang ed i n to
T
i
h
s ru l e
r
S
e e h o w ev e r
(
g
a d m i t s h o w e v e r o f t h e f o l l o wi n
x
c
p
t
o
i
n
s :
e
e
g
I
I f t h e V i s arg a i s p r e c e d e d b y m d an d f o l l o we d b y a s o na n t l e tt er
w
e l o r co n s o n an t
v
o
V
r
ro
p
t
t
h
i
s
e
a
a
i
d
s
(
)
g
2 If t h e V i s arg a i s p re c e d e d b
an
v
o
m
w
el e x c e p t E t a
a n d f o ll o we d b
a
y
y
y
t h e V i s arg a i s d ro p t
If
t
h
e
V
i
s
a
r
p
r
c
a
i
s
ll
n
d
b
s
e
d
d
a
n
f
o
o
a
o
n
a
t
c
n
o
t
b
w
e
e
3
a
d
e
s
n
a
n
o
!
3
g
y
y
t h e V i s arg a i s d ro p t a nd t h e 3 a c h an g e d t o an0
I
f th e V i s arg a i s p re c e d e d by y a an d f ol l o we d by E a t h e V i sa rg a i s
4
}
dr o p t
h
i
a c h an e d i n t o a : 0
1
t
n
i
i
a
l
i
h
e
r
c
t
h
a ccor d in g to
w
e
a
ft
4
g

5!
a m u s t be eli d e d
Th e s i g n o f t h e el i s i o n i s 8 c all e d A vagr a h a
E x a mp l e s o f t h e g e neral r ul e :
m
i t h a vi h
a ya m
h a vi r a ya m t h i s p o e t

$3 : ? ( WE 3f? !r a vi h u deti r a vi r a d eti t h e s u n ri s e s

e su

u e

s a

as ,

na

sa

III

'

a u s ar

a na

or

ar e

a e

or

ee

or

s or

nn n

s e

es e

s ar

ar e

s,

or

s ar

ee

'

il

T :

f ang:

N:

53

En

W
W
W

g
fang:
f3 :

W I:

l f :

g
S T:
:

mfa

au

a ch ch h a t i

a ur

a ch c h h a ti ,

vi s h nur

vi s h nu h + a ya ti

ja g a t i

the

ox

w al k s

Vi sh n u is

V i cto

c a ttl e
:

r o us

Ra

a so

ma h a h
c ag a

ha ndh a h = p ao r ba na h a h, t h e

muh ur muhuh, g rad u all y

c etg a r vd t i , t h e wi nd b l o w s

ma h a h

bin di ng
.

vd t i

am h as a t i , t h e

ch il d
ni h
d h a na h
ni r d h a na h wi th o u t we al th
duh
ni t i h
d u r ni ti h o f b ad m ann e r s
W : j yo ti h bh i h j y0 ti r hh i h i ns t r u m pl u r
si s a h

h as a t i

l a ug h s

f th e

34

X TE R N A L SA N D H I

86

r ul e s affe ct i ng th e Vi s arg a e x c ep t t h e e x c ep ti o nal ru l e s 84

ll
d
n
n
i
if
e
d
f
e
b
a
s
r
c
d
b
y
n
o
o
w
o
a
n
t
l
tt
r
o
e
e
e
a
d
e
a
e
w
e
l
v
3
;
y
3 4
y
p
c o n s on an t t h e 127 i s re t ai n e d

fo l l o w s
2,

all

th e

'

o r

fu

:
H
3

p una lt
a p r dt a lz
a
t
H

sa

um;

( a:

am

m;

ap

d
t
a
r
e
v
a
,
p

eva

z
d
/
z
a
t
b
r
f
l
g

u na r ap i , eve n a

ve

ry

i
a
n
.
g

rl y
Bro th er

ea

bh r d t a r d eh i ,

d eh i

i
e
v
g

b e foll o w e d by a n ot h e r g 7 ( Pan V I I I 3
r
H
en c e
g
nal Vi s arg a wh e th e r e ty m ol ogi c al l y {i s o r g r i f f o l l o we d b y i ni t i al g r
r
84 ch an g e d to
i
s dr o t
r
c
o
an d i t s
a nd t h e r e f o r e b y
e
e
di
n
l
e
w
v
p
g
p
g
l e ngth en e d ( Pan V I 3
vi d h ulz
r dj a t e
vi d h zl r dj a t e t h e m oo n sh i n e s
f n:
EX
( 13 %
ma: m am ( a bh r d t a l r a ks h a bh r d l d r a ks h a Br oth e r p r otec t !
86

c an e ve

n
a
u

p
g

m
3

r o

'

und r 0 9 5,

i ll

ag ai n

Th es e ar e t h e g en e ral ru l e s o n t h e S andh i o f nal Vi s arg a a s

Th e fo l l o wi ng ru l e s r efe r t o a few e x c e p ti o n al c as e s

a nd

n o u n s a : s a l an d E i : es iz a l
r
o
t
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b
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8
a
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( I t cal m b ef o r e c o n s o n an t s an d vo we l s e x c ep t b e fo r e s h o rt 3 a an d at t h e
n V I 1
P
a
e nd o f a s e nt en c e
(

87

Th e t w o

'

II:

a:

ut

d a d d ti

l i ndr a lz

sa z

t l ia l e

11 :

f
s a lt
I!
?
f
ga

ar e n o

to

S an dh i

o wel s

mri t a la s a lz , h e i s d ead

R:

a bh a va t

sa t

sa

d a dd t i , h e gi ve s
i nd r a lt , t h i s I n d r a
T h e t wo
3a

30

bh a va t, h e w a s

tak e s p l ac e p arti c ul arl y fo r t h e s ak e o f t h e m e tre

Th u s It E l i s a es /z a b e c om e s o cc as i o n all y s a i s h a h e th i s p er s o n F 313
n V I 1
a
P
I
8 a i nd r a lz a
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(
pp
3
Th e p r o n o u n m: s y a l h e f oll o ws t h e s am e r ul e o p t i o n all y i n p o e t ry ( Pan
S o m e tim es S an dh i

V I

an d al l

+ 31:
a

vo

l
i
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pp

c ati ve s

to
o

th e

f n
e

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d,

an d

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t
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real l y
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b e s t l e arn t fr o m t h e di c ti o n ary ,

bh o d evd lz , O h g o d s

i nt erj e c ti o n s 3 7 h: 612629 0 11
bh ag a va t, G

V i s arg a

x c ep ti on s wh i ch ar e
an d d e ri vat i ve w o r d s

m ay h e re b e m enti oned

its

d evd lz

bh o b

89 Nu m er o u s
ccu r i n c om p o u nd
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o c ative o f m bh a va t th o u d r o p s
n VIII
a
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s o n an t c o n s o n an t s
3
(
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bh o lc + dna

i rr egu l ar

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s am e

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an

t
T he

: bh o lz

al l vo

88

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f t h e m o r e i m p o rt an t

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I
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r t

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ma p dt

in

ch

r
rg

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in

{i

F i

m g:
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so n o

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ge

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&c

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p ch
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( Pan V I I I 3

dyus hkd ma lt , f o nd

u sed

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: d h a nulz , & c
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g i nning

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3

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l if

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om

P r ep o s i t i o ns

as

o u nd e d

pr p itio n ll y with
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os

i
h
5
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3,

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=
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on

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on

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sh

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ma :

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ar ,

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a d am,

i s,

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f am

WE:

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o ns i d e e d o

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e,

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8.

bfr

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wi h

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ts

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c omp ou nd s h o weve r
t i o ne d ( Pan V I I I 2 7o

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N ou n s ending i n r adi c al g r 85 ) re tai n t h e {7 b efo re t h e g su o f

l
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th ir n l R

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A n i m p o r t an t e x c ep ti o n i s
a t e c h n i c al t e r m f o r
?
r
o
s a r va b e i n g t h e r s t i n th e i r li s t
nou n s
a
!
)
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p
w h i ch P ani ni h i m s el f em l o y s w i th t h e d e n tal
a
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n o nl y
P
I
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O th er p r op er n am e s n o t fo ll o wi ng t h e g e ner al ru l e ar e farm tr i n y a na h l
8
Th
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9

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In t h e V e da w e nd

l Th e S r a sva ci

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la

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t gnp nu hi ,
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t r i nay a na h

or

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th e

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is

fam r
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6, 6
o

pti

m
5

o n all

t p navah, R v

h
c
y

t r i nay anah

45

ang e d

li

III

42,

w h en T r i naya nah i s

1%

C HA N G E

8
9

th ree eyed

n am e

O ur n

IN T

'

S i va ;

: s va r bh d na h, n am e o

W o rds

or

43

r ag h u na nd a na

f R ah u , & c

nam e

f R i ma ;

r e m e m b e re d :
wz m: a gr a ni h fi r s t p ri n c ip al fro m M a yr a fro nt an d a t to lead
i
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3
P
n V II I 4 1 2 ;
a
vtr a h a n
(
W
i
r i na a i o r
i
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r
r i na a m o u nt ain s t re am
W
g
g
W
:
m i p a r ah na m aft ern oo n fr o m m p a r a o ve r an d m a h a n d ay ; b ut
h
n
a
a
l
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%
h
n
m
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Th ere ar e m i nu te di s ti n c ti o n s acc o rdi ng t o wh i ch fo r i n s tanc e
Ics h r ap d na m i f i t m e an s t h e d ri nk i ng o f mil k o r a ve s sel fo r dr i nki ng
m il k Elia : W
: Ica ns a h ks h fr ap d na h m ay b e p r o no u n c e d wi th d e n ta l
n
o
r
b
u t if i t i s t h e n am e o f a t ri b e wh o li ve o n m ilk
o r li n gu al n
n
;
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q )
P
a
n V II I
i t m u s t b e p ron o u n c ed W
: ks h i r ap dna h m ilk dri nkin g
(
n
am
h
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e
4 9
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c ar t i s s p el t wi th lin gu al urn; wh il e i n o rdi nary c o m p o u n ds s u ch as
nd r a vd h a na m
i
d
e
e n tal
t
h
b
o
to
r
a ve h i c l e
I
n
d
a
n
l
n
i
n
e
W
g g
1
rem ai n s u n ch ang e d ( Pan V I I I 4
n o f any o n e
2 In a c o m p o u n d c o n s i s t i n g o f m o r e t h an t w o w o rd s t h e
i
w o r d c an o nl y be a ffe c t ed b y t h e w o r d im m e di at el y p r e c e di n g
H e nce
mds h a vdp ena by s o w i ng b ean s
mds h a kumbh a
bu t
mm
b
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II
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r

g
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S o m e g r am m ari an s r es t ri c t thi s to p r o p e r n am e s
P
V
II
I
n
4 3
(
O r i f i t e n d s i n s h an d t h e ne xt i s fo rm e d by a p ri m ary s u f x l t h i n
E x f a:
ni h + p ana m
ni s hp d na m
V I?
W
11 13 7 ?
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4 . 35

I
n
4
.

c om p o u n d s t h e

n o f n u n s e n di n
g

n,

n o

c as e termi na
-

ow el ar e al way s l i abl e t o ch ang e

v
h
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m
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p
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t
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w i h i vdp i na h
u
o
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u
i
a
n
l
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t
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by

in

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if f oll o w e d

a v

ai

or

a l f

mvr i h z vdp ena

'

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o r

m i hi vdp e na , i n s t r u m

'

s i ng

t r

C H A N GE

44

Li kewi s e

fe m i ni n es

-V
K
a
i
i
s
t
t
r
(

V I II

N o te T h e i

r c

e
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e
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ti

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8
9

or W

vr h i vdp i n i o r vr h i vd i n
p

4,

ch

al w ays

o ns,

IN T

as

s e o n d ar y s u f

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ch

su

or

ang e d

tt ch

e s, a

ed

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to

t o th e

en d o

us

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om

kh ar ap ah

o u n d s,

(i

r th
p r)

is,

u nd e

d o nk ey-k e e

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t t h p
d by m th r fr m
mdt i m th r
d w
: bh g h nj ym t w ith
i
n
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th
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9
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dj cti v l
h r
f G rg w ith t h
f m TIM : g g bh g h t h
fx
f m {39 3 1
W rd wh i ch ft r th y h v b n c m p n d d t k
nj yi ng t h
h r
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n w
n d th r f r f ll w t h
tr t d i n f ct li k i ng l w rd
r
fx
l
g
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va t )
r l f 96 ( Pan VIII

bc

e o

m es

o s ses s e

e a

: khdr ap ay anah, t h e d es
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ou

ro

ar

ar

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e s

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su

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ee

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ar a

s S

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ea e

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en d an

sa

en e a

'

u e o

s .-

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se

rt

1 1,

m
u n d i s m o n o s y ll ab i c t h en t h e c h a n e o f
c
o
o
5
p
p
g
a fi n al
n fo ll o w e d by a t e r m i n at i o n al vo w el o r o f a t e rm i n at i o n al
n
i
a
i s o bl i g at o ry ( Pan V I II 4

e vz i t r a h a n V r i t r a k il l e r ;
n
Ex
i
a
a
n
v
t
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h
a
b
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t
:
t
e
]
r

r
a
h
g
g
t
g
g
W
g
d i r gh dh n ( Pan V II I 4
s ar dp d ni
: sa r dp a h d ri nki n g s u r a; n o m p l u r n e u t
f
m
r
r
w
m
t

g
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6 If t h e s e c o n d p art o f a c o m p o u n d c o nt a i n s a g u ttu ral t h e c h ang e i s o b li g a
to ry e ven th o u gh t h e s e c on d p art be n o t m o no s yll abi c ( Pan V II I 4 I
E x g m : h a r i kdma h l o vin g H a ri ; i n s t r u m s i ng
h a r i kd mena ;
P
a
V
III
b ut W
a r a am i ni
n
3
(
g g
.

c on d

f th e

'

W
(

sus h kago m a yena , i n s t r u m

33

1a

sus h ka , d r y,

s in

hi n: go may a d u n g

W
3

af e

EI p r a vap

sas hkago ma ya ;

t r p rep o s i ti o n s wh i ch c on ta i n an g r
a fx es
s u c h as W
a na
wwa ni W u a ni y a 33
by a vow el ) an d m mdna i s c h ang ed t o q 22 b u t
ti on s ( Pan V II I 4

L i k e wi s e

th e

f p ri m ary
f
i
e c eded
r
( p

n o

i n,
u nde

na

r c e rtai n

r est r i c

a na m

mi p r a mdna m ;

Em

d
d
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m
p py
r

W hil e i n

th es e c as es t h e ch an ge i s p ro n ou n c e d obl i gato ry it i s s ai d t o be
a n d a ft e r ve r b s b e i n
Op ti on al afte r c au s ative verb s ( Pan V II I 4
g
a
n VI I I
a
5!
P
h
ni n g an d e n di n
c
o
i
t
an
vow el b u t
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or
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th ou gh th ey r e qu i re n as ali a ti o n h e n c e n
W p r a i nga na m
,

'

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11

E it

umei
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2 :

ra

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r a ka mp a na m .

C HA N G E

8
9

L as t ly t h e re

r ro o t

o r

mg }

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lN lO

45

y all th es e r u l e s vi m bh a 5 Mai
a
am
e
;
22 ass /ca m
v
h
e
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e
b
2
r
c
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9
p
1
1
i

n e ve r mmfrp r a bh d na m ; uu p r a vep a na m ne ve r nd p r a vep a na m

r
s u c h as
a nt ar
8 A ft e r p r ep o s i t i o n s c o n t ai ni ng a n
g ni r m p a r a
V ii p a r i a nd It p m an d a fte r d ur t h e c h ang e o f i n i nto m a tak e s
\
l
ac e
p
n V I II 4 I 4
P
a
I I n m o s t r oot s b egi nn i ng w i t h
(
)
a na ma t i h e bo w s
na m a ti
r
I! Huf f ! m e ta p r a
p
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na y a ti
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a nt ar na ya t i
via :
W
l l l
m m : p r a ndy a ka h p r anaya ka h a l ea d e r
u
m
Th e r oot s w h i c h ar e li abl e to thi s ch ang e o f th e i r i ni ti al 1 n ar e e nte re d i n
t h e D h at u p at h a t h e li s t o f r oot s o f n at ive gr amm ari an s a s be g in ni ng
Th u s w e s h o u l d nd t h e root m a am entered a s mut a nt
wi th m a
s i m l y i n o r d e r t h u s t o i ndi c at e i t s li ab il i ty t o c h an e
g
p
2 I n a fe w r oot s t hi s c h ang e i s o p t i o nal if th e y ar e foll o w e d by Kri t af x e s
n VIII 4
vi z
P
a
(
nt ni s to ki s s ; u ifu a i o r nfa t aa i p r a ni n s i t a vya m o r p r a ni i ns i t a vya m
ni ks h t o k i s s ;
or
r a ni ks h a n a m o r p r a niks h a na m
p
a ni nd a na m o r p r a n nd a na m
r
or
1q ni a to bl am e ;
p
I
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a f ew r o o t s t h e i ni t i al
n
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s ar e e n te r e d
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3
g
3
i n t h e D h at u p th a a s b egi nni ng w i t h
rt
P
a
v 1 1 65 V a
n V iz
n
)
(
i
nrz i to d an c e
nat t o f all d o wn ( C h u r
m

g
nd t h t o a s k
e: na na to rej o i c e
m
nad h to b e g
at? na r a to h o w l
m
7 w t to l e ad
na kh to d es t r o y

g
1
ar e s e ve a l

wh i h d e f

'

'

'

'

ar z na r

t a na m

a r z na nd a na m
0

r oot m m to d e s t ro y ch ang e s i n i nt o urn o nl y w h en i ts a s is

r a nasy a t e ; bu t
a
t
n o t c h an e d to s h

e
n
a
n
I
!
?
!
W
W
p
W y
y
S
g
I! 3 9 :
m mr a nas h ta h p r a nas h ya h e s t r o y e d P51) V I I I 4
In t h e r oot m a n to b reath e t h e
n i s c h ang e d t o u n if t h e ( r i s n o t
r
i

u s I! W
h
s e ar at e d f r o m t h e
b
y
e tt e r
T
o r e t h an o n e
n
m
p
l
i
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f
o rm s
a o ri s t
d
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r
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c
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p
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V
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4
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Th
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It i s
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t o d an

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11

e,

b ut R
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na ; o f t h e
e

r cl

Chu

as s , an d

h en

rt

w i t en wi h

C HA NGE

46

OF

N TO

n I

at

n
.

root g h a n to ki ll t h e n i s ch ang e d e x c ep t wh ere h h as t o

r
a
s
b e c h ang e d to
P
a
V
I
I
I
h
u
h
T

I
n
{
m
p
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4
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h
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p
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Th e c h ang e i s o p t i o n al ag ai n wh e re n i s f o l l o w e d by m o r v ( Pan
V I II 4
Th u s Fax o r ugm p r a h a nmi o r p r a h a nmi ; m : o r

In t h e

Hana: p r a h a nva h

h
T
e
7

n of

c o nj u g ati o n i s ch ange d
m i to d e s t r o y ( PanN I I I 4
an d If !

en mi o

s end ,

f t h e Kr i

W l f p r a mina nt i

i
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nu o

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r a h a nva

or

i n t h e Ve r b s fg h i , t o

to
E

t e rm i n ati o n m r d ni i n t h e i m p erati ve i s ch ang e abl e ( Pan

8 Th e n
VI II 4
Th u s II W
m np r a bh avani p r a bh avd ni
11f t
f
ni
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a
r
r
i
&
c
Th
e
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p
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5

C HA N G E
Aft er t h e prep o siti
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i
b
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g

h
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a vag a i

64

h or

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a vag d

avag a

e n ding

in

li k e N

B as es en di ng i n {r ar e regu l ar o nl y { i an d 3 n p re c e di ng t h e {r
l engt h en e d i f t h e r i s n al o r f o ll o w e d by a c o ns o nan t
I
n
g
L o c Pl u r t h e nal g r re mai n s u n ch ang ed th o u gh fo ll o we d b y s h
B as e rt g i r fem vo i c e
S N U LAR
D UA L
P L U RA L
MA C
MA C M
MA C M
'

ar e

th e

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N V

A
1

il : g th

lt

ft g i r bhf

n: g l m 1.

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.

N G U LA R

a1 :

dh

wn

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.

ua

t o Pan v 1
n

E TC dvdr ah

aft: kt].

au

6 8,

r
ca

f an :

on

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1 25

ki r ah

t w o u l d h ave t h e

w o u l d h ave i t

1
7 ,

ar e n o t

eu e

th e

ar e

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N R PLUR
ST

f
:
qf

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r ah
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t
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cc rd ing t Pa v
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ta

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N OM
.

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an? a im
with var bhydm
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S IN G

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mf

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ar

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B as e W
N

as e s

anay as

as e,

th e

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pri t h
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n am e o f a V e d i c

164

vdr bhz
Lo o

f n:

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e,

e au se

3
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s

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r s hi i
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31

cc nt n t h
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3
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p

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h &c

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I 65

D E C L E N S IO N

71

B as e s i n as
h
as
i
s
t
e s u fx e s
us
m
ed
B
as
s
f
o
r
e
A
( )
by
m
B as es e nding i n q s c h ang e t h e
a cc o r di ng t o t h e
e ner al e u h o ni c
g
p
rul e s e x pl ai ned above Th u s
83
as
i f n al b e c o m es w: a h

a s f o l l o we d b y t e rm in at i o ns b e i n ni ng wi t h vo wel s r e m ai n s u n c h a n e d
g
g
w
i
and
s a nd as f o l l o we d b y t e r mi na ti o n s b e gi n ni n g w i th vo w e l s ar e
{q
W
ch ang ed to {wand a t i s h an d a s h ( S e e
a s b e fo r e
8
i
s
a
n
f
h
b
b
o
r
h
h
o
d
as
e
6
e c o m es w
e
h
4
w

be c o m e {fi r and ag a r
as b e fo r e
a s o r w: a h
i
s an d m as b ef o re
826 b e c o m e s
su
w
{q
3
i
5
W
i sh o r
b ec o m e {w
ih
a s h o r 3 : uh
B es id e s th e s e g en e ral ru l e s t h e foll o wi ng Sp ec ial ru l e s s h ou l d b e ob s e rved :
1
N o u ns fo rm ed by t h e su f x w a s l e n gt h en t h ei r at a i n t h e N o m S i ng
m as c an d fem
Th u s N o m S in g m f
b u t no t i n t h e V o c ati ve
s u ma nd h w el l m i n d e d
d
e
a
m
:
m
a
V
o
c
n
s
s
u
:
h
n
i
W
( /
)

2 N o u n s f o rm e d b y t h e s u f x e s
o
r
i
s o r as d o n o t l e ng t h e n t h e i r
{q
W
vo we l i n t h e N o m S i n
i
n
S
c
H
m
f
m
a nd fe m
enc e N o m
as
g
g
s aj y o t i h h avi n
:
h
m
d
a nd W
o
t
i
oo
oo
d
li
t
f
r
o
s
u
:
h
y
j
g
g
g g
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a
11 l i h t ;
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u
d
m
s
u
d
n
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c
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/
c
s
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h
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m
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a
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c
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)
33
(
g
N
eu
e
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t
r
ou ns i n w a s i s as l engt h en th ei r vo wel and n asal iz e
3
i t i n t h e N o m A c c V o c Pl u r
m a nd m
fr o m
si
Fr o m In : ma na h m
o
i
h
t
h
z
t
i
l
c
s
m
s
i
h
a
r
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c
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h
k
h
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t
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o
m
s
f
m
s
c
:
h
h
i
n
W
B as e W
s umdna s
wel l m in d e d m as c f em neu t (fr o m g s u and
m
d
nas n e u t m in d
m
)
S N U LAR
D UA L
P L U RA L
1

65

'

'

M A sc

A
I

W
W

Ab

FE

MA sc FE M

MA sc

FE

3 sa md nas ah

s umdnas an

82"

s uma nas d

s uma na s e

s umano bh3
6m

s umano

bhyah

!
s z i manah
W

SI

W
V

s umdnas a m

A V
.

Th e

W
re s t l ik e

s dma na s au

N G U LA R
:

s uma nas o

PLU R L
A

m
g

s a ma h a

t h e m as c
'

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72

D E C L E N SI O N

B as e

su

'

o
i
s
t
n eu
y
,

UL A R

SING

MA
N

FE

o
y

t i s , w el l -lig h

l igh t

t ( fr o m g

neu

an d

sa

P L U RA L
MAS C M

'

FE

'

fe m

D UA L
M AS C M

m as c

66

T: s uj yo t2h
a

s uj g dt i s h am
m

'

t ed

su

W
W

i
h
au
o
t
s
g

m
i
h
d
t
r
b
d
jg
g

j y6 t i s h e

j g o ti s h a h

EI: su

d
t
i
r
b
hi lo
jy

su

su

su

FE

i
d
b
h
r
z
t
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15

su

f
ri s uj ya i s h dm
m
h
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s hu
s uj y 6 ti
W 3
a

SI

A V

:
t
s
n
g

re s t

Th e

a
g

su

l i ke t h e m a s c

c l i ne aft e r
f o l l o wi ng b as e s
D

D U AL

j yoaz.

ra

N G U LA R

3m vedh as

N om

m o d el

th e

an d

r m ch a nd r a md h, m m oo n
.

N om

r
0
p

l awgi ve r

f n

fe m

t s uj yo t is hi

j g dttms hi

fs

su

gm

W
m

m wi s e
.

su

o
y

d i va u ka S , N

th e

tis

ch a nd r a ma s ,

r a ch et as ,

3%

a nd

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ved h dh,

"

am:

S i ng .

P L U R AL

n : p r a ch et dh, m

d i va ukdfl .

111

a s ar as N
s
b
r
i
d
m p
W
a s a r dh
a
h
u
d
m
a
a
N
s
f
n
y
m
h
a
as
a
m
a
h
s
m
w
j h
p
j
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p
m f 11 very m i gh ty
a as
i
l
k
m
In :
ag a h n
a
s
as
N
p
m y
m p y
N s W : aya h 11 i r on m ya as N s m ya a h n p rai s e { g h avm
N 8 { t h avi h n obl at ion g a r ch i s N s wf : ar ch i h n Sp l end ou r

d ei t y

e ih dy as ,

: vi h dy d h,

31

dyus , N

s.

dyuh,

11

l i fe,

ag e

al

ga

mg:

11 1 1

vap us .

3 31

Sr

0 0 1m

bo dy

11 .

66

Th er

W j ar a

i s , h o w eve

th t it i
a

d ef e

A ny o f
o m o und ;

1 B
'

th e di

cti v

th

k
g

ry th

o na

t r
q

l d ag e, m ay h e d e l ine d h

th r b
ll c

an o

in

tr

th e

l
e
i nati o n
D
c
(

xyt

it is

o u gh o u

u all

o ns o

tr

rl y

eg u l a

c b

eg i n

as a

f e mi ni ne

an d e

em i ni ne l ,
f
y
'

f wh i h

t c

wi h

u all

( S ee

l
r
r x c pt
g
y
nt
u a

o nso n a

m as

s n

as

s a

12
e

an d

f em

s.

o se o

s,

as

eu e

e e

s a

t rmi n ti n t t h nd
bl ti n i d tr y d
m i g m
n wh
i
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m
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f
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r
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h
t
m
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tr
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as s u m e

im Sa

o ne ,

ar as , e

t rm in ti

m ay

n o u ns

na s h ta h avi

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in

D E CL E N SION

74

DU AL
N

A V
.

fw

I D Ab
.

dmj

A
I

N eu t

ni r a r d,

'

l ik e

l ik e ail Hd

69

70

W W Ma nas

B
(

) B as es

Fr m

l um

r
g as , a

w al k ing

l um

n a, a

t er

-e a

p op
r

ni r ar as am

eu t

us ana

bor

an d

as ,

ni

ut

n l Vi
a

n am e o

Th e

s ar g a.

a r as am

ni r a r d m

f In dr a, f

ot h

om
r

om

th e N

u s a na

m S i ng

( S ar I

an d

s wal l

to

w ell ,

s u,

s u,

ow

a c

cas es ar e r eg ul ar ,

er

us and an d

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us

e s,

o m.

but d o
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o o

as ,

s,

oc

in

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un s

th e V

00

9,

o mp o

om p o

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un d

is f

un d

eu er

as ,

N o m Si ng m f

I n th e N

r m e d,

p i zz da

s u

as a

om
r

ed ,

sap i s ,

w ell

m tus , well

o a su

as

Pl ur

n eu t er s, n u n s

o c.

Pl ur

n eu t

in

7
5
1 0

40 9 7 0 7318 5

o w l s b fo

d T i t us l en gt h en t h ei r

as ,

w it h

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u ns

z
Z
Z
.

m
is ,

m
r e al l

re

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ar e s

s utz

ea e

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l engt h en th em

as an

'

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no t

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u es

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th e N

us ,

a r as f ; Pl ur
m

); D ual

m rj

fo m d W
o t t o n d nd w ll
co m p o n d i
o ndi g
l i d d o wn b f o
In f o m i n g t h N m S i ng m f ( n d n t ) t h r l
f
i m pl y i n
t n o n i n wh i h
l
ng t
b
o
x
R
i

l v it h o t
i n {R
n gt h n t h
nd 3
l
vo w l n o n i n Sl

2.

d eest

m
E

S i ng

a ne h a z .

n am e,

er

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i
o w al k,
s
t
,
p

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s u

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l m as c )

ni r ar as ai z ,

ur u d mh as ,

dam
s d , w i th

um

u s anan o r 3 ST
H:

mz p i

s umanas , In .

I Fr o m

m t i me,

a neh a s ,

nt d.

Si ng

l i k e E ll i kdnt a m

ni r ar as a z

'

d eest

ni r ar es h u

'

fa s rt :

d ees t

3 ni rj ar ebhy alz

ni r a r as a z

d ee s t

ni r ar dzz dm o r

rs:

1 68

S i ng

ni r ar a i z

FFIU
F

'

f ai

or

Ab

ni r ar as o z

PL UR AL

ni r ar dn o r

ar a s au

ni r a r d

Fem

l :

N V

m rj a r ayo la o r

P LU R A L

d ee s t

'

dbhydm

ni r a r

G L W

m rj

ar au o r

68

FE W

DU AL

wp i

mi

t er m i nat i

us , nas al i z e

on b
s

t h eir

W t u

egi n ni ng

wi t h

c n s nant s .

Ex

Th e

Inst r

P l ur E m

r ad i cal

s up i r

s o f n u ns en di n
g

l i a l e t o b e ch ang ed i nto

s h.

s utz i z s hu .

s utr bhi z ,

bhi lz ,

in

( S ee

is

and

100

us ,

ote )
.

th

u gh

o o

f ll wed by v w el s , i s

no t

D E CL E NS ION

1
.
7

ase

SI

p i pdag r as ,

NGUL R
A

MA C
S

N V
.

FE

eat in g a

M SC
A

A V
.

ULA R

w
i
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well -s

s u t us ,

as e

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M SC
A

NV W

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MA SC

M SC
A

s utus d

PL UR AL

M C
A S

su

mr bhydm

'

s utus z

B}:

ULAR

S IN G

al

71

as e

s utz

No

uns

W
W

d er i ve d fr m d es i d er at ive

ghi s wi sh i ng t o
,

FE

r ead,

s ch ang e
.

n eu t

i nt

wh en

sh

necessar y

PL UR AL

M C
A S

i
a
h
i
s
h
a
u
g
p p

El :

FE

p ip a z is halz

fqu fft : p ip a ghrr bm

g
i
a
h
s
h
d
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p p
'

m r p aya ghz r bhydm

i
p p ayhi s he

S IN G

s ut unz s i

FE

nfz f ap ip aghi s hi

s utds hs h u

'

q fn ii

ULA R

f qq i p ip a ghis hdm

: p ip aghi s ho ll

N U R
TE

hs h u
fra mng p ip ar
i

t: p ip ayhi lz
S i d dh

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m
E

PLU RAL

m as c f em

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dm

i
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m as c f e m

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75

au m

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1 87

83

D E CL E NS ION

76
2

Th e

7
d e cl i ne d l ik e
.

ds is , f e m

n un s

h p ip aghi s ,

en d o

th e

u s e d as n eu t er s at

x pt
o mp o

SE

OM

s umanas ,

k i nd , m f
.

FE

u nd s

r:

su

i
t
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id

d i d, m f
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gq

o
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rst }:

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s a us , c

n i n,

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id

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i
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t o th e

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aq
na

d ecl i n e d
3
3

t h at

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or

m
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hs u

m
'

c h a kds s u

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f
s
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f
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r bhi h
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s utui s i

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s:

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fuu f:

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h

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c hikz r s hu

w nF5 :
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11 3 :

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dsi s hs hu

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l engt h e ni n g

f th e

o o

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X 111

as z

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oth

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b u t th e Pr at i sakh ya

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sa

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s a ma h a

:
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cat i ve

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f wat er ,

PL UR AL

MA SC

N U R
DUAL

ar e

d ecl i n e d l ik e

TE

P LU R L
A

br ih a tt

byi h dt

FE M

jay an

A S

W
ti o

i dg m t

N UL R

an di ng

In

SI

om m

eat i ng ;

aks h a t,

85

ULAR

br i h a t

i
.

mah a t, g r eat , li k ewi s e

f o r m s i t s A ng a
SI

o ng b as e
N G UL R
A

M C
A S

in

s tr

or

or

i gi n al l y

d nt

D U AL
M SC

p ar t i cip l e

f th e A d

c l as s ,

PL URAL

M C
A S

R ITE ma hcfnt au

m a h a td

HE B mah at e

ma h a d bhydm

F EW: ma hci dbhyah

WEE : ma ha tah

G
L

E E G? ma h a t a

I
IE

WET?ma h at dh

'

h
an
m
d

N U R
DUAL
TE

SI

N
Th e

A V
.

zi

N UL
G

lg

'

'

AR

SI

N
B

mah ci t

FE M

mah a ti

a nd

N UL R
A

P LU RAL

li k e t h e m as cu l in e

r e st

m
F EE Tma h a tJ

31 33 ma h a ti
2

a s es end i ng

i n t h e S n

x es

in

i m an t

87

Th e

s u f

xes

vat ,

i t van t

a nd e i
'

or

mi ng th ei r A ny a B

as es

for m t h ei r A ng a o r
i
s tr on
a s e i n Fi
a
h
e
m
n
t
t
b
T
o
a
n
d
l
i
n
h
n
t
h
i
r
w
e
v
l
n
e
e
t
v
a
h
e
n
t
e
g
g
y

N o m Si ng Mas c
Th es e s u f x e s ar e o f ver y fr e qu ent o c c u r r e n ce
1

po s s es sive

m at

ma t

an d

El

o at

D E CLE NSION

86

t,

avo

SIN

b in g p
GU R
e

LA

MA sc

N
A

A V
.

0
9

u al

Inst r

SI

9
an

2.

A cc

LA

i g/ a t ,

MA sc

ktydn

ktyan t am

in E

as es

W or d s in

b e sid es

or

an

an

b as e

m S i ng

th e V

o c.

m at i s

ana

S i ng

ke b as es

md

aw a .

in H

ma t

PL UR AL
MA

an,

n;

s c.

r : h iy a nt ah
ktya t ah

m
an, H van

b as e s

t h eir A ng a

t h ei r Pada

and

or

o ng b as e i s
m i d dl e b as e i t a
or

s tr

Si ng

neu t

n eu t

h as

an d, no t

a a , no t
e i t h er

m ay b e

an ts)
.

an.

i d ent i cal wi t h t h e N o mi nati ve,

n.
a n an d a
:1
an k e ep H
o an as
m
i
n
o
n
d
a
n
a
m
a
g
i

3
b ase s , wit h ou t dr o p p ing th e w a , wh en t h er e i s a co n s onant

en di n

i m m e di at el y

f o e, i s

ut a

In str

d eclin ed li

.
v
( 1

th e N

t h e ir B h a

fam e

Th at
Th at

wor d s

ar e

Hya nt au

m S in g m as c h as

Th at

mu ch ,

ept i n th e

Si ng _

wi m} ana r o ana m ;

fai

va t, ex

m an, wit h

N om

an

hi y o u t a n

th e N

t ak e

a na

in

'

so

h ave t h r ee

weak es t

n un s

D U AL

li k e

Th e f emi ni ne

i ya ti

N GU R

S i ng

in

in

a n un

a na r o a bhi

? hi ya {W
fawn

ar e

a r o an

d eclin ed lik e

an d

Th at

or

a nar vdz l au ;

th ei r B h a

M ar k

ar o

B
1

il

r egu l ar l y

i s d ecli ne d

r s e,

Pl ur W

MA sc

r d,

mas c h

hi g/ a t, H o w m u ch ?

Th eir f emi n i n es

bh ao anti

wh ere i t h as G

diff er ent

a
a n ar o an
1

wait s

N UL R

a r o at ,

o m.

P LU RAL

bhao antt

89

all y

WEIR : bh ao at ah

bh ao a t

N o m S i ng

o
t t

bh ao ant ah

N UL R

SI

MA sc

FE M

PL UR AL

bh ao an

SI

89

es ent .

bhao ant am

pr

bh ao an

ar t .

b efo r e

n cu r r en ce o

th e H
Q

f th r ee

ma n

o on ant s

c ns

and
,

s u ch

Thi s

an o a n

as

ar o n
'

i s to

fr o m

oi d

av

th e

i p ar o a n

1 92

D E CLE N SION

'

or

gi
5

Th at

a ma n

in

end i n

md r dh nd, &c

o t h er

all

di

SI

N UL R
G

Ab

mi

A ng a,

a
i
n
j

neu ter s

dj dn

m ut ant

r tfj h i
t l!

G
L

dj ani
'

nam e

A nga,

dj a

B h a, U r dj
g

PLU RAL

t fi h t

rc

or

dfi h o h

TE

2
9

ndmni o r

o un s

o o nant

c ns

s ac r i cer

m
W

P LU RAL

dmnt o r W

i mani

s mut mfmabhydm

mfmna h

W WI mfmabhydm

nd mn

miman

W I a dmani
i n wh i ch t h e

s u ch

as

p ar o an

br a h mdn, m
br a h mdn

m
11 .

dmabhydm

m
m

71TH: ndmna h

Pad a, H111 ndma ; B h a,

n
o
i h

ndmdn

nd mnd

B h a,

Th e fe m i ni ne , h owe ver ,

N U R
DUAL

HT? mi m

1
a

or

imumn

in

Ab

i n t h e Lo c Si ng

,
h
t
ig

TH mf ma

l
e
p

d
m
r d ha n ,
q

t a lcs h nd

Pad a, W

DUAL

si m

dyd

S IN G U L A E

in

or ds

e ndi n

op t i o nal

f th e w a i s

MA S C U L I N E

was:

f or m s

'

w o r ds

to

to

I
D

th u s (

m kin g

an,

no

li
s o nl
p
e
p
y

r ul e

wo r ds t h e l o s s

Thi s

o a n,

t a lcs h a n

d r op s t h e w a

an

i n t h e N o m A c c V o c D ual

an d

atma n

and

Th u s

an

in

d t mn fr o m

87

su f

mfmno h
a

dmno h

xes man

br a h ma n, m

j oi nt fo r m
,

cr eat r

th e

t h ei r B h a

A ng a,

an d

c r eat

b as e

in

r
e
ed e d
c
p

o an ar e

or

br a h mtfn ;

ma n

y aj o a n,

an d

by
m
.

o an

Pad a, a n br ah mci

88

D E CLE NSION
UL N
DUAL

MA
SI

N UL R
A

Ab

Bb

r ah

an
man

br ahmcfne

: br ah mdnah

await : br a hmano h

br a hmani

N U R
DUAL
TE

S IN G U LA E

N
V

WEI br ah ma

a s: br ahma

D ecli ne

Vi r t u o u s

uf afg

W o r d s in

!
a b ef o r e

W or d s

th e

d ht o ar t, wi f e

W or d s

Thu s,

as e

S in g

t h ey

N om

a
sup ar o dh
t
q
l

'

W
s

si

do i damni

a
n
g

ma n ;

sudh a r

ect i ve s

d hi var f,

r a t i di o

A cc

dna h ;

Pl u r

an d

IV

er

o m th

o pp i

t, d r

8r t

bu t t h er e i s

an

th e

h
e
t
g

f em i ni ne i n a o ar t

e ir

I v. I ,

va n, at

f e mi ni n e s ,
"

f em

s uch ar me,

b fo
e

aa
l

g
d,

s up a r o

)
man, f em

o p ti o n l b
a

op

A
T
m
d
d
a
F
!
,
E

as e

e ;

cc .

'

Pl u r

e nd

r m f e m i n i n es i n E T 6

or

re

th e

s uc h ar md,

h aving

ar o

anau :

o r,

er ,

S i ng

'

s u ch a r mah ;

s up a r o

a,

f em

an,

a.

N om

'

in

n IV

m ay

u n ds ,

se

ea

su

o t k i t ( Pa
h
l
t
d
oo
N
g

m ay al s

n,

om p o
Th o

a d e ct i val

u al

su

a r o e,

m
a
m
i
n
i
n
e
b
e
i
n
m
a
n
k
i
n
h
e
f
e
h
a
v
t
b a h ur a
a
n
s
,
g
j ,
g ,
y
y

D
dj e D
dj t D

ba h u r a
j d,

P
( an

t h eir f em i ni ne i n

rm

d e cl i ne d li k e m as cul i nes

man,

s as

3
1
3

Of

man, f

atri md nam

a n,

11

ar e

ca

u al

ki ng f o

a
u
n
j ,

h w ever , Pan

( S ee

in

fr o m z m d i o d to y a ti , l engt h e n s
i mm edi at el y fo ll o we d b y n
N om

ba hur
d
n
e
g

'

Ad

s el f

Iv I, I I ;

nbahu r
t
g

om
n d op th

m as c

s u c h a r mdzl au .

s uc h ar md ,

( Pan

is

P l ur

d hto an,

t h eir m as cu li n e f

i f in th e B h a

u een

k W

er m an

in

uns

po r t s

ma, A cc
.

u se

man, if f emi ni n e,

Si n g Emi damam
e it h er

No

l ik e

a n,

j hi ,
U l r a

in

m S i ng

1 94

at man,

i n aTai nan, l i

d i , wh eneve r t h e

a t i d to na

wh o

urfqm p r a t i d i o d ;

1 93

br cfhmant

s ac r i c er

a
a
n
v
g
,

'

fig d i t o
.

br ahma n

r
a
i
di
o
a
n
o
n
e
t
,
p

or

P LURAL

'

S i ng

th e

s u : br ahmanah

P LU RAL

br a hmdna

'

93

br ahman

V m

SO

I,

R
I
i
a
v
tp n
o a n,

m
l
W

ual
ua

u al

rm

a hur

ba h ur dj e

h avi ng t w o

wh i ch f

'

db

i n

op

es ,

ba h ur dj yau

t h ei r f e m
'

dj dnau

is

in

an e

p to a r i , f at , m ay d o t h e

x pt i on
ce

a unt,

s am e at

th e

h m
o m p o nd

d h z o an,
en d o

er

an ,

s, o r

D E CLE NSION

90

ong d y
S NGU A R

h avi ng l

is

su

b as e s

b ut i n t h e Lo c S i ng
.

Fo r t h e

or

mu sdya

WE

s ar e a d mi tt e d ;

ff do yahni

g a}

e.

or

ahna

do yah ani

In

t h ey

r est,

t ak e

d ecli ne d

ar e

sun,

a
n

r egul ar l

i
mn

l i ke

y,

N A V
.

o
u ng
y

PL UR AL

so dna u

to

mi

ome

So an i s

a
i
n
i
w g/

i
a
n
a
mm
r
s
r
a
,
g

mag hao an, t h e

unt ;

Mig h t y

so dbhi h

i
n
:
a
g

a
o
a
n
,
y

a
uo
t
i
y

h;

a name o f

k es

Indr a, ta

mag ho n

as

it s B ha

e.
G

U LA R

D U AL

mag hdo d

N A V
.

PL UR AL

mag hdo dna u

mag hdo dnam

V W
Th e

s ame

( see

rd

m ay l i

a ni mat .

SI

N G ULA R

ewi s e

b e d ecli ned l ike

DU AL

Ii

i i

'

'

acc r di ngl y eit h er

p as han

Pan

as e s

in

III. 2,

an d

1 C ol eb r ook e ,

vAr t

W [

an d

th e N

Fo r t h e

S i d dh

I ;

m Si ng
S an sk r it G r am m ar ,
o

mag hont

T
a r yamam tw o

mag hdo ab hi h r

x El

suf

'

ma t ;

'

o a t o r l il

'

i n;

69,

hi m di r g hdhd as

mag hdnah

PL UR AL
N W m g hd

m a m g hd

ex cept i n t h e N o m S i ng

f ll w t h e

m as cul i ne wit h t h e

o ant a u

r e st ,

au m . vo l

p; 8

or

I.

A cc V
.

t h ey

ar e

mag hdo at ah

m fg : mag hdo ad bhi h

mag h ao a t t

n am es o f
o m.

ed i c

o c.

d eit i es, d o

Pl ur

n eu t ;
.

d ecl ine d li k e

94 ;

o ant a

ts :

mg h ac an

t h eir v wel

o o

: mag hdo dnah

i

mag hcio ant am

Th e f emi ni n e i s
20 1

)
N A V

mdg h avan

a s.

N m

b ot h f o m

an d

vdnam

SIN

93 vi

wi t h

do ya hne

DU AL

W emf

acc r d i ng

u
a
n
o
,
y

V I. 1

GU A R

d eg ,

P
a
n
t
A
c
c
e
n
,
(

T h e femi ni ne

nu mer al s , an d

o a n, m
t

SIN

20 0

4,

wi t h

un d s

ah an :

va
r-

hr ah man, m

b as

o mp o

III.

i n t wo d ays ; Lo c S i ng

u ced

99
th ei r B h a

fo r

p od

la

3,

dtr g hahnt ( Pan

st it u t e d

a r g hahan,

PL UR AL

etmmz di g hdhdz

N V

Th u s

*
d
r
h
h
: t g a dh

do yahnah,

as

i s ir r egul ar

a h an

DU AL

to o ,

I
8
n
d
i
a
i
er
t
v
e
v
9

( Pan V I

omp ound

'

Fem i ni ne,
I

a c

i s d ecl i ne d

a s,

end o

A t th e

I 9 7.

97

no t

l engt h e n

( in

t h i s t h ey

n u ns

in $7 1;

o b ook p

b ut C l e

e,

an

83, h as

20

BA SE

m
W

D E CL N
E

N OM . S N G

h anms ha

s ha
m

a
p

h
u

s
l
l
z
p
[

Lo o S i ng

wh en t h e vo

BA S E
han.

yl m

S N G

i s dr

N OM

m m:
or

W
r
d
s in
o
3
.

br a hmah az

o t

2.

pa

s:

I U LAR
N W d h ni

s ame r ul e

N R
ST

l:

PL

{n h abhi lz

9
1
2 1 Ma i

w z t:

br ahma hdai

br ahma hdbhi lz

; i t i s t o be

ob ser ved

t h at

SI

N A
.

N UL R
A

V f d ha ni

an d

r an g e d ,

ow l
e

W
o

o n
no n

n eu t

an d

U AL

P L UR AL

d hancni

wai f?

d h amni

d ha m u
'

in

in

gH

an d

i n,

i n th e V

i n f act , wi t h t h e

in th e N o m

mf d hamndm

d hci m nau

med dvi n, wi se ;

dh ambhyalz

N UL R

t e Th es e n

o gy

or

d h ambhya

'

We d h am

ag dhams hu

in

e cli n e

d hdm n

SI

m as c

vwh: d h amno lz

'

FE M

anal

vf wi d h am bhydm

P L U RAL

d ham hydm

m
m

d h amne

vm: d h amnalz

U AL

neu

WfTd hamnan

'

A b vfaa: d h am naz.

th e

rn

- d h anfnd u
T
E
V N a

No

t h at

o nl y

n.

r eg ul ar

d h amnam

9,

D W

I.

es

'

'

MA S C U L I N E

S N G

wns

dzn

th e

ar yam

8
5
:
h
i
f
s
!
d
(
I p

P L . ra

V
.

dr o p t h e a n at t h e en d o f t h e Pad a b as e
Th ey fo r m t h e N o m Si ng m as c i n t ; t h e N o m A cc Sing
t
and t h e N o m A c c Pl ur
n eu t i n r i nf
;
g
{
.

e,

I Th ey
.

N OH

91

i
n

in

a s es

PL

br ahmag hndlz

ar yamdbhi z

m m:

ar e al m s

in

mlz

om
f oll o w

I : 9 1m

br ahmahdzz alz

ST

w
a
p

A C C . PL.

PL .

mm
br ahmag l mf

ec

br ah mahd

un,

o pt E h b o m

t: h and le

B
20

to

N R

a r y amz

a n

as

u s ed

PL.

pa

za z

o r , acc r di ng

{I M

br a hmah an, h a, g hn
.

i
z
h
a
d
s
z ;
p

a r y a mdzz a z

and

A 00

w mhdz

t o kil l , if

an,

N OM

11
. E

Lo c S ing

ee

h a,

a r ya

or

oot K h
w l b tw n

Th e

20 2.

N O M . PL .

md

a r y aman, a r y ama , o r g
/ a rm}

S IO

A ce

m;

o c.

n u ns

et

oo

ll
m
l
i
a
c
g
y
y

li
(

S ing

k W
e

an d

h aving

Pl ur

neu t

wh i ch i s i ns er t ed i n t h ese cas es i n all

a
z
n

as
v
y
,
'

dj a n,

or t

ened

m a ndm

om
r

an

in th e N o m A
.

cc

Pl ur

in t h e

n eu t

vdg mi n,

l
l
w
fo

ai n

S i ng

Th ey m i g h t b e

bl b ; f th l ngt h ni g f t h
om p en t i on f t h b n f th n al
b t
x pt th o ending i n n l nd semi ow l s

u nch an g ea

is

sh

o
l
r i ou s ;
g

as es e ce

a c

se

ases

or

sa

or

e a

se

as a s a

ce o

as

92

D E CL E N SION

20

P ar t z czp l es i n aq vas

'

b as es ;
vdz s as t h e A ng a
us h as t h e B h a an d a
va s a s t h e P ad a b as e
q

A c c o r di n g t o S an skr i t gr am m ar i an s t h ey c h ange t h e as o f arqvas i nt o t if

i
i s n al o r i f i t i s f ol l owe d by t er m i nat i o ns b egi nn i ng wi t h 8 6 12 an d as
th e
1
n
i
r e al l
o at
t
s ee
a
a
s
o
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1
h
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b
B
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t
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t
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t
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t
t
a
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e
d
f
73
y
(
20 4

Par t i ci p l es

f th e

p er fe ct

r e du p l i c at ed

i n E qvas h ave t h r e e

anvas

A nga,

m m dvdw

Pad a,

r ur u d va s ;

M A S C UL I N E

N UL R

SI

V
I

r u m d us h

Ab

r um

SE

33

n
SI

P L U RAL

ru

N UL R
A

oot

an d

ch an

e
d
g

r u m d z is ho

U AL

P L U RAL

I U LAR

20

E g gs} :

mdzi s hi

S N G

dds halz

r u r u dz is h a i

FE M

r um d us h e
E
W

U AL

m m dus h

B h a,

r ur udus hi

Par t i c i pl e s i n

was wh i c h in ser t

t h e t er m in at i n , dr p t h e

i nt o

us h

'

'

an

bet we en

th e

r e du

wh enever t h e t er m i n at i o n

l
i
cat e d
p

m a is

Th u s

as t h u s h
t
o
?
arti ni t o s t a n d f o r m s t h e fe m
3

P
m
W
3
e
k
h
h
i
f
m
c
v
o
oo
o
r
s
t
e
d
n
f
r
m
ac
k
t
o
c
p
p
W
A ver y c om m on w or d f oll o wi ng t hi s d e c l en s i on i s m o i dvcfn w i s e (fo r

f a g vi vi dvdn) fem g l vi d z i s h
If t h e r oo t en d s i n 3 2 o r
5 t h i s r a di c al vo wel i s n e ver dr op t b efo r e
us h

t h e c o nt r ac t ed fo r m o f
I
n s tr
m
nvdn
H
w
e n ce fr o m a?
e
W

'

t as th i vdn, fr m

'

'

fa g l ni nyus hci
'

'

fem fag l ni nyus h i

.

94
Th e f em i ni ne i s
o

CL E NSION

D E

f two f eet i s
.

call e d

W or d s

20

ei t h er

T dvip add

en di ng

sup dd o r

P
a
( n

'

s up adi

m
M

vah , car r yi ng , r et ai n

ot

it t o

r en

B ha

22k as
er c

s a

er o

as e .

ea

cce

er se .

I 28

ee

8 a or

In str

and

V o c S in g ;

vet auh ;

Instr Pl un
.

210

d r awer

A m

h
Th
e
B
a
3

lud ;
a naq

71

SI

N W
V W
A
I

If

A V
.

b as e

,
p
a

Pl u r

s vamp
'

N om

E N :

i,

ot e )
.

UA L

v1

cas es

a car t

PL U R A L

N W
A W

a na vdh a u

omp o

u n d,

it f

UA L

om
r

ways :

a na ud bh i e

3
33

317 1 7

a
.

a na u h a z

ana u h o t

a na vdka a

m
d
y

a nac u tsu

PL U R A

'

a na vaz hi

d dhi ( Pan v 1 1

ana v

b st it u tes i

ap

t fo r

k, A cc

8
9 ,

I,

p l u r al and m ake s i t s 5!a l ong in t h e

i
i
h
f
b
f
o
n
x
b
e
n
n
i
n
t
M
e
r
e
a
a
w
u
p
g
g
\
q

w at er , i s i nvar i a l y

'

m: dp dlz

I ns t r

mfg :

a d bh z z ,

Lo c

agm

o r di ng t o

A cc

is

s ai d

fo r m

A cc a n} s vdp a m
a n:
.

In s t r

w ap

N om

svap a t

s vdp

In s t r

S ing

to

d i ffer en t i nt er p r et at i o n s

T h e S ar as vat i
.

W 337 a naduhi

s vdp a a ;

wi t h g oo d wat e r

a c

f or m s t h e N o m
a cc

a na ud

m u:

svet avalz sz i

a u

a na ud bh

o mp o si t i on m ap
h avi ng g oo d wat er ;

n eu t er

o c.

W
W

Si ng

m a

a na u hi o r

an d s u

en d o

N G UL A R

A
c c en t , P n
(

th e

sw

avet avdham

an d

li k e t h e m as cul i n e

Pl u r al

fem

svet aa h , i n all t h e B h a

Th e f emi ni n e i s

In

A V

vdh am

SI

21 1

ana u hd

an d r et ai n

I D Ab

A ng a

a na

r est

i n th e N o m

a na va n

as
w

cc .

Pl u r

u se d as a neu t er , at

Th e

S i ng

o c.

t;

vi vavddbhz lz

in

ase

Lo c

: svet avalz i n V

a na vdn

e a

svet avdk, i nst ead

ases

es i d es

N G U LA R

o m i ng i t P d b
W sv t vdl A
r

f3 :

Th u s

PL U RA L

o c.

se

It i s ir r eg ul ar

r a

It h as t h r e e

bu t

n d h
n ox ( i
p o t nt om p o nd with m vdh i s W
b
I Th A ng b as W m n dvdh ; 2 Th e P da b as W
nad h
ba W

im

re

N
o
m
V
g
.

S m e gr am m ar i ans all w
n
d
lik
w
i
e
s
a
e
I
I
St
i
r
,
(
9, 4 )
.

Pada b ase

an d

svet avdh i s f ur th er ir r egul ar , f

.

c ns ist in g

74 ,

'

r ece

i ng i t i n t h e N o m

m et r e

I
20 9

A ng a

e dia as

e u

bu t

I,

b
2
Th f m i
W
3 d
S
h ng bl wi t h
Fi n l
h i i nt
t
(
t
Q
E
d in g
ah f o m Vr i d dh i wi t h
p
Th S i d f 3
%

v
n
t
P
a
A
ph ol d f t h niv
vi v vdh
n
(
D UAL
S N G UL R
sh

IV

in H

20

N o m Si ng m asc
.

m s vap d

f P ani ni

fq

&c

s va d bh z z ,

Pl u r

6
i
s
2
v
e
f
R
u

n
f
a
x
a
,
9
)g

s vd

s vamp

&c
i

an d

om.

Th e

a fx

or

l
r oo k e p
C
o
e
b
(
,

10 1

mp z t atl dgdm , tank s

'

'

D E CLE NSION

2 1 4,

I ULA R
N G

N m
V m

Th e Lo c
g i ves

Pl ur

n
e
g er al ,

t ak e

pl

s ec n d,

(I

uw
z ks hzi

es n o t

in

re

as e

SI

dyu

f i

s ky,

h go

21

dyadlo

dz vam

A V

oc

de

Pl ur

*
*

l
:
a
g

8.

xi

no t

inser te d ; i n t h e

86

'

sup u

o o

f e m g en d er
o m Pl ur
or

v 1 . I , 1 71 ;

PL U R A

dyzi bhydm

: di vdlz

: di o dlz

dyi bhilz
n
g

dyzi bhyalz

b
ndi ng
I p 3S )
oo
d
k
g
y
as e e

h avi ng

N
D F

m V
.

E C T IV E

as an, n

ud an, 11 .

dyz is ku

d a t, m t
.

-I

s udz vam,
'

o c.

a v

an d

o o

&c

d ecl i ne d i n t h e m as c

ar e

f em li

and

S i ng

r ds

i n S an s
t wo f

cc .

Pl ur

k it

s udyu,

h avi ng

r m s , e ach

c as e s ,

n eu t er s

o o

f ll wi ng
e

N om V
.

( Pan

G r ee k

wh at

ar e

V I

A SE

d
oo
g

m
m
i
a
n
ar
r
a
s
g

diff er en t d e cl ens i

o c.

cc

s ky ;

A SE

Sin g

and

D E C L I NE D

f ace

wat er

oot h ;

A cc P1
.

No a

THR O

ccent o n

d a t a II ;

V i bh ak t i

i sg/ a,

( Pan v i
.

I,

oul d

on
D

G HO

u d ak a, n .

d
an t a , m
?
!
a

b ut

u al ,

Th us

I,

bl oo d

n.

p ar adigm

f ll ws th e

m A cc V

ow l

in

u al

sa di vi .

o c.

i n t h e S ar van mas t h na

and

as

'

st u nd er

as

au m . vo l

of

er

t h ey

om

ds an,

l
g
ul

as a

2.
.

es

d z va u

Ab

s udyau z ,

s udi v,

Pl ur g

f
i

li k e

ci ent

dy aii k

nu m

2 I 4.

ei ng

i n t h e m as c

ms i N

ual

'

neu t er t h ey

M et ap l as t a i

ch an g e

( S ee Si ddh

s udi vi ;

t h at

au m . vo l . I .

us e d

A nus var a i n

Eh dye i s d ecl i ned

un d s

In t h e

re

no t

f l l ws, ( A ccent , Pan

as

UAL

as e

H ence

di v

o nl y

r as vat i
) Th e S a

a di m

ri

N om

m anner if

ot

A n th er

o po

s am e

G few: d i vala

C m

C f S iddh

n is r a di cal , n o t

r st ,

In t h e

t h er ef

D Ab

q
V ml
f

a nd

sh ;

100

num

i z s alz

um

p umbht lz

t h at

ms hzi o r 31 5 p uns zi
sa s
y

p mhs cilz

al

Ab

i s d ecli ne d

G L
D

m
z
h
s
d
l
p

s up um,

N WU: p
A

3 , 5 8)

Th e Pad s

2.

( S ee

N G UL A R

dyu, f

or

PL U R A

i nt

m
u
drhs ;
p

I,

p umbhydm

p u mdz s au

as e

i t i s d ecli n ed i n t h e

ai n

ali a,

o i g in

UA L

h
m
su
p

r es ent s an

ch a ng e o

s u h z ns u an d

i t i s , N o m S i ng

s a n eu t er

2 I 3.

th e

'

t h e A nu s var a

o m p o it i o

Pani ni ( V I I I

r e ve nt

uz s z i , no t

o )
7
9

s
c

G
p

q
In

A V

i s wr i tt en

I D Ab

p umdz s am

ac e

b
Pan VI

Th e A ng a

( A ccent ,

p zi man

as e s :

ns
p aw

as e

p umdn

3 Th e B ha

u
m
;
p

as e

man, h as t h r ee

H
/1518 ,
p

2 1 2.

95

T :

cal l
o ne

96

D E CLE N SION
*

W
t e nnis

8 p a d,
g

*
*

II

12

n
p

k
n
d
a
s
,
y

s a kan, n

3
d
k
a
y
g

1 6.

Pl

A c c P1

a
d
a
:
ll
3 p

UTE p ad a , m

r i t su ;
p
3

f
,

f asn mm

ni sa z ;

'
1

nrfnan

nas d ;

f an:

p n t and, f
'

R IF mds a , m

: mas a lz ;

li ver l ;
-s
a
e
p

o p

n
s dna , n

a
W hdaya

Fl

e
g

G en S i ng
.

h a, m

13 d

a
k
y ri t, n

d ur e

'

cc

o nt h [I m

In

r id

Lo c PI

do s , m

m eat I ;

a
k
a
n
n
.
,
y

s a w,

ar m ;

oot ;

mas , m m

W
W
W

)n

A cc Pl al l :

se ;

ar m

n i gh t ;

F i mdz s ,

I4

t, f

13

In .

10

f no

n as ,

d o s h a n, ( m

215

:
33

e l ;

H ence in
N

N V

N V

nl y ;
o
m
A D l i m } m y: o l y ;
y
Pl i W
j i o nl y ;

N V
.

11

Pl ur

N V
.

I 3.

is

Pl ur

mf f

N A V
N V
.

Pl ur

is

wo

nl

do sha

W
r ul e

mN
'

on

eu t

u al

d o s h an m ay b e
is

r e s t r i ct e d

th e
.

u s ed .

t o th e

nl

No
I

B as es

B as e s
B as e s

e nd i n
e n di n

a ccent o n

S i d dh

1T Pan

Kau m

v1

e n di n

I D

y;

63

vo l
.

i
n
g

act

m ean i ng

sh

to
.

a ses

d
a ta
a
t
{
.

h
e

s
a
n
y

W
.

au m vo

a nd
.

I pp
.

10

-s

i
h
o
r

a
a
m
r
s
o
E
H
n
1 ;/
O

r ms

s u ch

i n t h e N o m A cc V o c

at

yds hz z d

or

h
m
or
d
s
hd
b
d
/
y
g

i
ani n s r u l e

ow th
.

7,

I 3 I , I 4 1 , I 44

end i

n
i
n
g

V o wel s

u al

th e

By

om

o wel s m ay b e s u b di vi d e d i nt o t wo c l as s es :
o
an
v
w
el s e x c e t d er i vat i ve 3 a an d i n d
y
p
=

( Pan

I41

v1

=3 a

an d =31

S i ddt

T h e S ar as vat i g i ve s

au m

all case s o

vo l

ards

ha bhydn

f -s hzz

as

i
n
i
d
r
a
i
e
e
v
t
v
g

I p

or

i
n
g

V i bh ak t i

da nt ena

I S i ng

ul d s eem

21 5

t
ab
d
a
s
:
a

y;

i
e
S
e
S
ddh
(

eda

or

diff er

dantdn

L S i ng

Gr amm ar i ans

as abhydn

u al

ys h al na m , nl y ;

a
y

g bhydm o r

as

as nd

d
a dbhydo
n
t
or
d
o
h
i
i
a
a
m
m
w
w

y
g
A P l ur W
mds dn o r ms : mas alt
I Si ng mir e mds ena o r m
mds d
I D u nl mmwf mds dbhy am o r mwi mabhyo
A Pl ur m yz ls hd n o r W yds hzt alz
{

I D

y;

a yds h au
g
en:

m y" asj d o r w

'

nl

is

u al

Pl ur

d mds au onl y ;
mas alz

I S ing

b ut

A V S i ng i s i
.

d
a ntdll o nl
:
m

y;
is m

mm:

is

only;

i s an

u.

}
a u o nl
d
a
n
t
i
y;

is

ual

I D

am, a,

u al

A V S i ng

N V A

No

as

I S ing

A V Si ng

ua

ur

N V A

No

Pl ur

a sgi k

N V A S i ng i s

I(

b
e

ase

th e

D E CLE NS ION

98

If
sh

o t nE

a.

r e

ai ,

to

az

i nd

o,

am

or

r m s,

h we ver ,

fa

tte
n, s k

SI

nl

u al

t h ey

in

n eu t er s

and

i s m as culi ne ) i n

as e

H ence Ins tr S i ng

n eu t

i n th e N

PL U R A

U T: dg tfl

u nd s ,

all

D UA L

3 T3?

ITg o

ot h

It

er c a s es

o in

ci d e s

and

V oc

dg dvau

I dg civd
21% dg dve

i
h
f
t
e
(

ed

o mp o

s ununa

E T dg cfm

ow

dyaub

t h en d ecl i ne d l ik e

Pl ur al

an d

all

u t d iff er s f r m i t i n al l
b
y
,

N G UL R

S i ng

u al l

o c.

ar e e

en d o

th e

as neu t er s at

n, a nd ar e

to 3

an

Eh dg o , f em h eave n, i s d ecl i ne d l ik e

S i ng w i t h

cc

2 19

an d

x pt t h N m A V
w ag/ a b t o
!
W
ce

t o h e d ecl i n e d

e ar e

t0

an d

Th e m as cul i ne f

cas e s
s ur

in

as e s

21

nTr: dg dbhi
ai

dydbhydm

M : aya /13,111.
2P

mi

d g avdm

g dyos hu

Fo

r ms

S i ng

dyavi ; V dy aus

r a dy u, e

Hg p
vo l

I pp
.

h avin g
as a

as

ca

ud

th e

I di vd ( dz vd, by d ay); D
.

end

th e

a c

cel e sti al ,

D
nn ot t k

th e

ar e no r eal

pt i o n
no n
O

(A )
.

Pl u r

dyo f

in

t h e r i s ing

W
E

Pl ur
'

s udvi

th

su n

its
.

as e as

pp

au m

we

as

u al

m ?
1

e. g .
au m

s na/ u,

a
d
u
r
g ,
p

i
h
m
n
r
a
m
a
r
a
s
i
m
a
i
n
e
g g
g

o m.

dyu ;

( S i dd h
s aw,

dydo a

6 7,

vo l

ual

r a dg nz

was ,

( C o l eb r

i
dd
h
S
(

L di vt ,

d ivdll , ri g/ 61 ;

n eu t er

cas es
e,

r ms

a d e ct i ve

n eu t er

m as cu l in e

al

d
uni ,
r
a
y
p

di v t h e

s u ch

g ad ayau, N o m

ud

w
.

or d

Pl ur

a d ay a t .

B ases
I

s e n d i ng

u dy ad e l ,

s u n,

su di vi ,

u al

u al

di ve ;

A dyen ; I dyzi bki lz

oaz;

s k y,

N dya z
om p o nd

P1111

51 ,

wh il e fr m

T h er e

e l

v1

m inent l y

oo
d
g

at

1 44,

neu t er

Not
3

u sed

ei ng

A d evam, dydm

(R v

i n t h e R i g -ve d a

c cur

dg al is

o f dyu whi ch

Mon o syl l a bi c B

si n i

as e

in

d
5!

and

'

3 59 , bei ng b t h

and

Mas cu l i ne

and

Femi ni ne

B y t h e m s el ves

M o no syll ab i c

x l ik E dhi t h ink in g
m t m in t i o
Th y
on o nt l b
th
5 3 k i b yi g 71 1 2
t t i ng t k
m in
h
i
i
n
n
n
t
n
d
h
b
o
o
b
nn
n
o
o
b
t

n
l
t
n
w
d
f
i
i
n
h
m
n
t
t
i
t
g
g
g
g
{
$ 2 i nt o { i g nd
h i V o ti v i t h
m
Pan v 4 8
T
b
o
f
vo w l
(
R

t h i No mi n t i v
2 20

'

re

u nc

an

as

(B )
.

221

A t th e
.

d er i ve d fr m
a

wi t h

u t any s uf
ns

er

e s

re

ver

sa

er

ue ,

1.

as

2,

s,

na

e r

ca

as es

'

e sa

e.

om p o nd
m o n o yl l b i b

en d o

Th es e

cu
re

e r

as es ,

'

as e s r ar el y

ccur

ik a v 1

x pt

1,

ce

93

at

th e

en d o

omp o

unds

H er e

221

D E CL E N S ION

t h ey m ay
ch ang e
1

a.

o {R i g

and

a t)

cc

th

er

bl

s ver

an d

ch ar act er

ni

r e ce d e d

uv,

o Rg

i nt

o r

an d

Th ey

( Si d dh

s u s r i g a m.

r e d i cat e

Th u s

Her e

ms t h e

a r ama ni z ,

l ead er ,

e st

t hi n k er ,

m an

z,

the

as a n u n , an d s ee m s

ur e

k
d
m
:
m
z
g

th e

dd h a d hi
sa
lz , a

s e c nd , an d

i s t r eat ed

ni l

f the

m an

f h ad t h

ur e

ug h t ,

( SAL )
r adi cal

by two

suddh ad hi g am ;

f wat er , m ak es A cc S i ng

u nd

ar a mani g am

kud h i g a m

3 12ar e

o mp o

al ch ar act er .

z
q

o min

a nd

o t it

h
t
i
n
A
c
S
c
,
g
g

f th e

If

S i ng

A cc S in g

I p

ant s .

susr i z ,

j a l akr i lz

p on t i

m er el y h

well far ing , A

Th i s i s

on on
.

vo l

al a kr i g am

au m

i ni t i al

cc

uyer

Si ng

c ch ang e,

p on n i t i on ( Pan v 4
i
wh
Int o g n d
nd
ll ot h
i c m t n
v
v
t h m o no yll b i b ase
(
i
m
l
l
l
A
t i n th i v b l h
t
d
d
f
S
v
i
i ng m
W
l
g
g
3
7
3
m
m
i
h
d
i
n
b
m
h
a
n
t
t
p
t
f
:
i
i
o
n
d
n
1
il
d
t
v
b
1
)
i
;
1
l
n
g
g
g
g
y
t in
f
it s v b l h
wh i h
t
W : p d h t hi nk ing i hi g h d g A

m
i
I
d
l
h
m
i
p
p
o
t
i
o
n
b
l
o
n
i
h
hi
w
Si g
t
d
i
h
t
i
n
!

;
g
p
p
g g
3
nni l
l di g
t A
Si g W
m
h
i
it v b l n t
d
g
g
Th o g h i t i p
p p o it i o n b l ong ing t WI
d d by t w
on o n nt n
o l y b l o g t t h oot W 2 ddh d h ( if T t p h o m p o nd ) t hi nking
p t h i g w o l d f o m t h A S i g W s ddh dhg m d t h b d i t i ng i h d
m dh a y
m p o nd )
t h i nk
K
o
p
: s dd / dh lt ( s
f om
as
W
d f p
B h v i h i om p o d a m n p o
t h o gh t ( S i ddh K
m v l
p
dd h d hi g m f
th i
l id
wh i h b ot h h v
tiv
Th g n
w hi h
i
i
n
w
h
i
n
h
5
i
i
d
t
h
d
t
t
o
b
t
b
n
t

f
n
d
n
n
l
?
i
t
h
i
t
n
o
t
g g
gg
i
m
i
n
n
d
t
h
h
i
t
v
h
v
b
t
o
m
n
V
o
d
w
t
f
w
t
t
t
d
y
g
{R
i
i

d by t h m l v
o t h t m i gh t b
t h i nk )
l m o no yll b i
( t d hi l
no n
d mi t
f (W :
dhi l
k
om p o nd
h
oo
d
t
h
i
n
i
;
g
W
p
thi k
p t h o gh t d ); wh il t h l t t l w y t in d
s dd h d h l
d o l d th
om wh t f t h i v b l h t
fo
n t b
d by t h m l v
f o m p o nd p
nd
d d it h
by
p p o it i o ( W : p d h il
b t o nl y t t h
n
d
n
n
w
h
i
h
w
b
o
o
v
t
h
m
Th
n
o
n
i
n
w
h
i
h
i
b
n
d
d
f
v
g
)
y
y
p
i
d i l o n o n nt f o m n x p t i o t t h i g n
l wh i h
tw
l
5 2 t nd ft
x p t i o n d m i t h o w v f p h o t i x pl t i o n
o ly l
th t th
) t
t in o m p o
d
x pt i o w o l d b i n t h
f
n di n g i n bh i
Th
1
n om i
b om bh v b f o vow l wh th it b v b l
l
( P v 4
l f x i ti g A
Si g
v g mbh v m
E
v g mbhul
( St I 6 6
i n ai m: v
S i ng
habhdl f o g A
p
N t h ow v
S i d dh K m v l
d i n om ot h
h
3R 1 :
om p o nd
Ha
v kabhv m ( Pan v 4
ahw z ka bhl n i l
a
h
n
d
k
b
h
t
n
i
i
bhul
b
o
:
d
b
h
d
l
l
p
i
g l r
b ol t ( Pa v 4 84 va t )
i nt e n d e d t o f acil i t at e

2.

o {Ri g

3 11 i nt

m ai nt ai ns i t s

t o h ave l

If t h e r s t m e m
s ec n d

and

it

Int

c h ang e

eit h e r

99

re a

e r

a ur e.

ar a c er

e r

s,

ta

ce

un

es e

a s r ea

'

e ns

ro

'

s a

ce

ce

au

t or

&c

n ever
,

as

s, o

u s

or

er a

au

cc .

re a

er ,

z,

ne

c e

ea

er

ar s

l , r e-

r ea

us

a
r

cc

l,

er

l,

ra

r u e,

er a

na

e s,

se

or

re a

e u se

or

er

er ,

er

s e

una r

re

r ea e

er e

er

so

un

er

er

z, a

ce

an a

er

cc

re

es

er

an

se

er e

cer a

c u

een

er

e.

as

-e

ra

3 sud h i lz i s

su d ki g a m ,

ur e

e r

su

r e ce

e s,

z , se

ar s

ar a

s,

ca

ur e

er

ar ac er , an

re

e cas e o

us

accu sa

er e

an

a c

e u se

or

'

es

ec

ra

s,

er

e r

s ee

er

er

or

as es

as

e e

e r

or

ee

u ns

ur e

z, a

r ee,

ur u s

ur e

z,

u nn

ra a c

r e ce

su c

c n

n a

er

'

or

ar

nc

s s es s e

su

cc

cc

e,

c,

z,

ou

su

er o

ea

su

re

ea

er e er

ra

ca e o

re

a nl t ,

er e

ces ,

s a

er

ur e

ar

re

s so

ra

er

ar a c er

er e

c r

er

1.

re a

c a

er

er

su c

s,

as

z,

er

t o b e t r eat e d

i f i t w er e

as a ver

ar m a dh a
ra

al

a c

om p o
om p o

und ,

und

bu t

f
y

al wa

( Pan

V I

4,

om
r

A c c S i ng
.

D E CLE NSION

1 00

P o l ysy l l abi c B

2.

22 2

P ol ysyll ab i c b as es

m: p ap z pr ot ect or
,

t h e ver

R em em

al c

omp o

the

o m th
th y f o m th
l o th t t h o
r

A cc S in g i n

se

W W I): vat ap r amt

ppl i

es

to

ent i r el

n un s

o o

Th ey f ll w t h e

in 3 :

a l ;

t wo

o o

in

an t el

op

li k e

al

m:
'

l ( S i d dh

&c

it i s

r a d h z
-

ch an g e d

an d

i
n
K

m
.

In : p r a

th r

Kau m

b fo
e

re

vo

u gh

x pt th
ce

ar e

s u ch

as

d ecli ne d

at

ow

5,

no t

k I: p
d h a ( Si d dh K

a so n ;

ut ,

l 1 p

an

Lo c S i ng i n

w i sh i ng f o r
'

in

m ay b e d e cli ne d l i

f em inine,

and

l d ancer

:
vr i ks h a l u
z,
1
3
1
l
3 1

e,

al

nr i t z i t ,
'

3 5 fl

m as cul i ne

a d, a n d

o m th

s u ti z ,

a nd

b ot h

f f

o o

s u tg u t

nant s ,

Pl ur

cc .

ei n g

{i

n
m
a
d
E

h
ll
w
e ver
f
t
y

ver

c ns

an d

3 3d

: g ag z ,

IN ): p r a d ht

und s

Icvzp , i t m ay

s u n,

a nd

t h ey f

er a s

'

in

in

a s es

222

bu t if d er ive d by f all

i
p k

s u khi z ,

If t h e

i nt

o { g
a

n al

Ex

Th e sam e

w i s h i ng f o r

b u t t h ey h ave t h e i r G

el s

l g i

au m vo l

in

en

o ng i

an d

f is

pl e as ur e

A bl Si ng
.

r e ce

d e d by

sus hki lz , l f
l

D E CLE NS ION

1 02

222

5
4
A

D
G

Z
H

s
e

3
9

8
5

m
.

s
d

G
a
s

w
z

8w

e
a
u

S
a

8
0

"

/u

8
o

n
e
a

a
s
m
a

3
9

G
u

a
n
a

m
.

B
a

m
e

3
w
a
s

9
38
.

w
8

8
3 8
6
9 5
s

8
o

n s
.e

n a

c
.

4
D

E
N

s
a
e
m

S
a

g
e

<
&
D

a
i

6 m
a

8v
%

E
m

Me ME El li is t;

1 ll a

'

<

C5

i>

>

a:

e s t at e
'

36

1-

o
ho

2 24

2 23

ul d

be

o mp o

omp o

r a d hi

th e D

vo

h, t h i nk i ng

om

m ar r i e d
vo l .

Ip
.

r a d hya m,

s i m il ar

t im e

a s ec n d

and

r
a
g

ar g u m e nt

A N D

A V
.

a
r

h
g

or

th e

s w ee

g r dma ng e

ppli d t
ll o w
e

s u ch

no

ce

p pli e d

emi ni ne

r a

as

we ll

u nd s

Pl u r

an d

to

as

m an,

wh e re t h ey t ak e a

w t: p r a d h i h ( S i d d h

t p una r bhdh, if i t m ea ns

c at i ve

er

t o h e d ecli ne d i n t h e

d hi m o r

to

Vo

m its

S i ng

o
om p o

w ma n

to

s tr i g a i ,

h e p unar bhu

i
S
( d dh

K m
wo m n
K m

am

au

au

t er mi na t i o ns

FE M

SI

LY

ON

N UL R
G

2p r a dhi h

p r a dhg i

or

or

nun: p r ad hg dh

: p r a d hg ah

or

or

or

p r udki
FF

r a dhg a

Huh: p r adhg o h

R u ff: p r a dhg o h

P L U RAL

d hg dh

p r a dhg dm

D UA L

WE B p r ad hg au

ra

U AL
uu p m d hya
W p ad hi bhgdm
u

m
m

I D Ab
.

is

ul l er

FE M

N UL R

be

HQ p r ad hg e

Ab

r adh

s t i ll

bo o

r e fe r

nu np r a d hgd

wh et h er t h ey

e,

S m et i m es , h we ve r , i f t h e m eani ng

in th e A

ce

ch a n

an

g
y
If t h e h ea d -

ul d

4,

mm ar i an s

x pt

ut

Hu i p r a d hg am

t ak e t h e ve f

SI

It m ay t h e n f

MA s c

S i ng w

( K asik a I

f e m i ni ne, l i k e H a z l a ks h mi h,
an d

at

t h at i t m ay by i t s el f b e

s u ch

is

u nd

s ex

1 03

wi t h

u s ed

i n t h e f e mi ni ne g en d er

s t r i g ai

Ich a l ap ve

m ay b e

u nds

or

f t h e f em al e

a
c

A l l t h es e

i n t h e m as cul i ne

n u ns
s

D E CL E NS ION

i p r a dhi bhg cim

ar

P L U RAL

: p r a d hg ah

: p r a d hg ah

: p r a d hg ah

w i fe : p r a d htbhih

G
L

2 24
t

N ul l p r ad hg d m

bh i , fe ar ,

an d

li ke
ti

or

i f?

bhmi ,

in

a s es

a nd

br ow

en

f ul l er f emi ni ne

an d

L o c S i ng
.

3, bei ng Femi ni ne

t er mi na ti o ns i n

o nl y

su ch

an d

en

num

Pl u r

b a i m : ah
,

as

an:

b er

Th e s e

i
r
r
h
,
g

m ay b e d ecli n e d t h r o u gh o u t
,

d hi ndm

d h i , i nt el l ect , z a t, h app in e s s,

o o syl l abi c b as e s i n i t an d 3 22
p eculi ar i t y c o ns i s t s i n t h ei r ad m i tt i ng
.

d hi bhg ah

mi ls p r adhi s hu

th e m n

D at A bl G

ra

r a

r a d hi s h u

M o no syl l a bi c B

B as e s

W W: p
mi ni p

c u tt er

me ,

sh a

x ac t l y

Th eir onl y

op t i o n al f or m s
m ay b e

ah, vi ai m,

an d

li ke

call e d

Hi

in t h e
th e

nam

ve

D E CL E NSION

1 04

t h o u gh t

SI N

A
I

G UI A R
.

SI

fi n} d h i ya m

funa h i g a i

rm: d h i yll ll

b
h
uva i
a
5

bh a ve

b
h
u vd h
:
a
3

l m: d hi g t g ar: bh uvci h
wi d h i g dm g fa bh a vi

n : d h i g dh
f ufu d h i g i

s
g

b
h
uvcl
m
g

A b fun: d h i yal h
G

N UL R

bh z i va m

am d h i g ci
as: d h i g

2 25

bhuvd h

en:

ih

b
h
uvt
:
r
a
g

b
h
a
u
v
m
i
a
g

'

i i : diz tzt

UA
em) d h i y a n
D

N A V
.

I D A b \fm d o ti ng/ aim

.

G L
.

fun) : dh i g o h
PL U R A L

A
I

D Ab
.

W
W

l i va h
h
b
:
a
s

d h i bh g ci h

P o lys yl l a bi c B

b egi nni ng
t ak e

a ses

in

al w a

i
Q

t h ei r n al

c h an g e

T
h
e
y
( 3)
h
e
T
(4)
y

l
s
t
o
l
a
g

n
e

T
h
e s e b as e s
()

T
h
e
( )
y

bh d bh gdh

a g e/25911 22

t h ebh z h

e:

fuui d h i yam

2
.

if

d h i bh i h

2 25

n : dh ig a h
fun: d h i g a h

o wel s

w it h

an d

{{s

a nd

ai

, bei ng F emi ni ne

o nl y

t ake t h e f u l l f em i ni n e t er m i n at i n s

int o

S i tl

an d

an d

b efor e

t er m i n at i n s

t h e t er m i n at i n s

as

f t h e A cc Si ng
.

an d

Pl u r al

or t en t h eir nal t an d 3 5 i i in t h e Vo cati ve Si ng ul ar

m
m
I n t h e N o m Si n
R
e
e
r
t
h
n
o
b
e
o
o
a
t
m
s
t
n
n
h
v
e
n
s
i
a
w
hil
e
u
(5 )
g
t h o s e i n 3 21 h ave i t
Not S o m n o n i n i t t k U i n th N m S ing W
th n t d i i ng ( pp li d
t wo m n ); m : l k hmi h g o d d
t nt i h l t
f p o p it y ; HUI t i h b o t ;
E
m m i li
V
f
a
r
}
I
i
s
W
1
W
W
m
W
sh

B as e

es s o

au

ur

er

E q ual l y

B ase Hi

va d h li an d En

SI

A
I

Ha)

i
na d i

3I

Wan

N G UL A R
FEM

na d

es r

N UL R
FEM
l

u e.

na d i an d

SI

s :

'

or a

( S ti r p

er su s

na tty

va d h z
:
L

lh
-

va d h dl m

t rai n va d h v- c

va d h v

D E CL E N SION

106
e

cl u di n g

sim

t h e f ull er t er m i n at i

pl e t er m i nat i on s ( E

the

om p o

If t h e

s am e c

as e, an d

ar e

t h e In st D

at

r ms

und

3 all , 3

e,

omp o

wh en

en

u s ed as a su

f o r t h e m as cul i n e ,

ll
t
t
i
n
oo
d
g
h o t n t h n l i

s t a nt ive,

neu t er s ,

t h ey

ec

th e

p pli es

to

r e

s am e a

Th e

or

12 o

or

f t h eir

mgi du, wi t h t hi s d iff er e nc e , h weve r , t h at i n

g
pt i nall y t ak e t h e m as cu l i ne
u al an d P l u r al t h ey m ay

vdr i

Lo c S i ng

i d m Wi ndm)

=5 ? a
5
m
i
f
o r t h e f em i ni ne
,
)
{

a l,

u n d s ar e u s e d a s

d e cl i ne d l i k e

A bl G

( 3 ai

ns

s u d hi z

2 26

an d

o o

Masc
go o

a nd

F ern

d -t h o u gh t e d

SI

N UL R
G

SIN

UL

SI

i
g

s ud h z

f
m
i

N UL R
G

s u d hi

s u dl n
a
y

s u d /z i y d
f
u
m
g

m
g

or

? "
f
e

s u d h z nd

s u dh i

or

:
m
g

s ud h i na z

s u d h i ya i

z
a
y

or

:
m
g

'

s u d h i na s

s ud h i y dm
s u d /1 i

t
g

DU L
s u d h i ya u
f
m

g
A

DU L
A

I D Ab
.

DU L
A

or

PL U R A L

bh ydm

s u d h i no c

PL U R A L

s ud h i bh i z

'

u n s u dh bh

Ab

s u dh z

su d h i ya c

'

or

or

A V

'

'

or

a
a
y

s udh i bh y a

s u d h i bh i b

n
r
g

0r

:
m
g

or

s u dh i bh ya lz
m

b
g

s u d h i bh y a z

s u d l z nd m
'

or
or

c an

nd

n o au t h

o i ty by wh i
r

ba husr ey asf, t h e f em in i ne

( Si d dh

W
vo l

au

W
/
I

ll
W

I.

vo l

po

m
1 16

)3

ch

t h e s e f ul l er t er m i nat i

f r ey asi

an d

th e

r et ai n s

s am e

i t s f em i ni n e

on

1353 5

s ar e e

s udh i s h u

ch ar a ct e r

cl u d e d

n a d i tva

In

) t h r o u g h out

om po
( S i d dh K

i s d i st i n ct l y m ai nt ai n e d f o r t h e

s s es s e d o f di st i n u i sh ed i n t el l e ct , if u s e d
g

as a

m as cul i n e

u nd

au m

227

D E CLE NS ION

Mm

O p ti o nal

Fe m

an d

w i t h beaut i f ul b r o w s

SI

L
V

G L
.

W
et :
r
Eg

s u bh r uva z

N V

wh o i s

DU L

gi

s u bh r una lz
:
m
m

s u bl

gg

( Eg

5q

s ubh r d n
d
m

u
g

l ik e 3 31 na di

an d

Wi

c h amd

i n t h e m as cu l i n e g en d er
.

i
dd
h
S
(

au

vo l

vo l

m ay f

Th u s

pp

a s es

ar e

: s u bh r u bhy a lz

nd m

s u bh r

in

om

s u bh r us h u

d 3 {
1
'

an

t h e l as t

"

p o ti on
r

? ba hus r ey as i

I I 6,

5n

or

i n P o l ys yl l abi c Femi ni ne B

s ubhr u bh y a i

o r

ns h u

an ar m y

s u bh r u bh i z

p i ci ou s qu ali t i es ( Si d dh K au m

t h an

s u bh r z i ni

or

s u bh r uvdm

ar e u s e d

s u bh r zi ni
f
t
!
gi

o r

yd m

mi na l;

PL U R A L

s u bh r z i bh y a i

n u ns

bh r a
-

s u bl i

or

en di ng

s u bh r u bh

or

d bh ya lz

s u bh r

s u bh m o r

or

m mi

@
13

DU L

zi bh i z

1 1: s u bhr

s u bh r u ne

s u bh r u n a z

PL U R A L

n: s u bh r

s u bh r und

s u bh r uni

gf

ett er

or

bh ydm

t: s u bh r uva li

F
em i n i n e
7

s ubh m vdm

W
i

au s

2 s u b/t r a vai l:

C o mp o unds

h as m any

or

w h i ch

h r uvdh

s u bl i mi na :

Ab

p o un d s

s u bkr zl

s u bh r n

s u bh m vau

gg

22

3n

or

s u bh r u

or

PL U R A L

s ub/z r uva i
?
g
s u bh m wd lz
t
m
g

G U LA n

o r

I D Ab

S IN

N A V

s s u bh r zi lz

N UL R

dlz

s u bh r u va z

SI

s u bh r u vi

r
gg

gfgf

e x cep t

'

s ubh r uve

DU L

s ubh r u vd

?
g

Ab

fu l l er fo r ms

O p t i o na l

s u bh r u va m

s u bh r

N UL R

107

an d

co

m a n wh o

a ti c h a mz i , o ne

d ecl i ne d in t h e m as culi ne

an d

f e m i n in e

SI

?
a
g
5
3

G
L

'
.

1 18

in

N G UL R

EW
.

ba huf r eyas i
ba hus r eyas i m

myasy

au

ba hus r e

u
a
a
s
y y

W
W
d
W

ba husr ey asy ai

ba husr ey asi bhy dm

bah u sr eyas y

ba husr eyas hy dm

ba hus r ey asydla

ba hu s r ey as i

!
a
n
g

o N

Fr m

ba hus r ey asyo li

l a ks h mi , t h e N

bah us r

ey as yo z

ba kus r ey asy au

m S in g w
.

ul d

W
E

be W

ba h usr ey as i n

ba hus r eyas yalz

ba husr eyasi bhydm

ba h us r eyas ydm

W
W

ba hu

P LU R A L

" ba hu s r eyasyd

'

D UA L

t ba hus r eyas fbh

a h usr ey a s i bhya z

bahusr eg/ as i bhy alz

ba hus r eyas i nd m

ba h ua ey asa hu
: ba h

us r e

a t i l a ks h m

a sy a z

D E C LE NSION

108
SI

N
A

N GUL R
A

W
W

a t i c h a mm

a t i c h a mvai

A s sa

a t i c h amvd

G W

a t i c h a mvdh

No

l ik e

ba hu s r eyasi ,

kumdr i ,

x pt

: kumdr y alz

?
a

2 28

ti n

aw

f fo u r

A c c Si ng
.

( S i d dh

s tr
c

i y d,

s tr

N
A

ce

au m

no t E

Pl u r

s tr

im o r

vo l

pp

Pl u r
1 1

s tr

iy

DU L
A

N A V
.

fa i l s tr i yam

re

u l ar

al s

vr

G L an}:

P
a m: s wig/ ( 212

L W I s t iydm
V a s tm ( Pan I

2 29

W h en {El

m as cul i ne, f e mi ni n e

p o t i o f o m p o un d
f ol l o win g f o m o
S N UL R

t h e l as t
th e

W
l :

i
a
: ,

an

in t h e

fa t s

s tr iya z

W i an:
( aim: t i bh l
tam : t mbhy
: s tr i h

or

z z

s tmy a i

s tr i s h zi

a nd

W a: ti s t i l
Wfa a t i t i m o
wra ti tr i yam

rih

h as t o b e t r eat e d

as a

c cu r

E UT .

i ya m

s r

W
W

a t i s t r i nd

a t i s t r ay e

FE

a ti s t r i m o r

n o

Ab

r ms

a ti s t r

i f

an d n eu t er ,

M C

Wlai a ti s t

4, 4 )

s tr

A S

ac cu m u l a

t h at t h e

s r

an d

kumdr yam

I,

op t i o n al f or m s

rm

two

D Ab
Ab G

d e cl i n e d l i ke 3

i n s er t i o n

s tr i yd

a t i c h a mz i ndm

P L U RA L

nbky alz

a t i c h am

I D A b ( ai m? s i r i n g/ i
.

*
i
a t c h amvah

ar e

s tr i y au

'

m:

onl y

na d i ,

by t h e

a ti c h a mi i bhy a

y
:
a

8,

A
cc e nt , Pa
n
(

gi r l ,

wh er e t h ey f

R e m e m b er

3 a t i c ka mi i bhi li

li k e

eh a ve s

and

av

m s t r yd

an d

N GU L R

s tr

o i d ed

is

a t i c h amz i s h u

a t i c h a mva u

S i ng

a t i c ka mn

a ti c h amvo h

m a n wh o

a}

3 a t i c h amvo li

i , w o m an , i s d e cli n e d lik e

an d

B as e {at s i r i
SI

o n s o n an t s

an d

i n th e A

ce

m
d
y

a t i c h a md bh

2 a ti c h amvali

W
m
W
W

dm

a t i c h ambhy dm

a t i c h a mu

u ns

a ti c h amd bhy

W
W

a t i ch a mvdm

a t i c h amva u

P LU R A L

A L.

a ti ch a mvau

W
W
1
W

a t i c lz amv

D W
.

DU

228

w a

a ti s t r

wr am

i y ci

a t i s tr i y ai o r

W W?!a ti s t

a ti s tr

a t i s tr

a ti s tr e i

i ycili

a t i s t mne o r

r ay e

a t i s t r i nd

a t i s t r ay e

am: a ti s t

a fa

or

r i na z o r

at i s tr e z

ma t i s tr i ni

Hf

Th e

a ti s tr au

'

ba husr eyas i nt ,

a ti s t r e

is

s ai d

No A

bahus r eyasya i
Wil e!

'

n e u t er

s rfafyaf

V
-s

t o be N A V
.

Pl ur

"H

e 9
.

S i ng

a ti s t r e

%
3

&c

'

ba hus r ey as i ,

bah usr eyas i ni , D at

o r -s i ne,

W
m

a t i s t r au
'

S i ng

A V
.

or

a t i s tr an
o

a t i s tr e

u al
or

D E CL E NSION

1 10

B as e s
M C
A S

in : i

FE M

N U
E

"fa
as e

po

kavz ,

kdvi

ki wi -m

ma t i m

-e

y d
-

mat e
"i

I D Ab
.

kavi

G L

mgi d z Z
m

myi d u

myz du -n

mn d u -nd

al l t

vd r i o r

vt r

Ti
J

Ab

mf m:

h wy

mal ty

kavi -ncim

vd r i - bhi

nm :

mi n :

kavi -s hu

Th e

ma t i

i
a

ge

n
a

Gu n a i n t h e V o c

ndr

S ing

'

m ay b e

as

s e

acc e

s e en

ar:

mr i da v-ali

s
i

-s

in

as

I
S
K

mgi dzi -s hu

mri dz Z
s hu

i, 3

Mm

E3
mr i dii

ku

n eu t er s

n,

mri dzi -bh i lz

mri d z i -bh i li

i nf i el d -

myi dzi -ni

mri di i -nJ
m

f r m t h e f ll wi n g

r: mri dv-dle

-s

n,

hu

3 is

12

p p ov

o o
v
ai m w l mxzf f s gi t fa n3
% ag m nei af cs m

h
H
h
i
t
1 No n ndi g i n h o t i i i
n
d
v
i
d
wr
g
m y t h ow t h
nt
n Wi dm i n t h
G n Pl
( Pa v
mo
ll y m t i dm
f
p t i o pl d i t h t n i b d p di gm
I Th l i n

V yag h r ap ad ,

-bh a i
mn dz i -bkyali mnd zZ
y l

vdr i -nd m

s hu

!
myi d i Zn

:
3
2
1

I naz :

vdr i -bhya z

m5

m ann ed".

myid v-dli

-b i
mri di Z
h lz

ma ti
nam

mn du -bhydm

mri dv-dlz

m
g

?
E

mgi d zf-n

vdr i ni

del

mr i ddv-ali

s
a

i -ni

ma ti - bhi li

"

made
t he

i r e e0 1.

vdr

ma t i

ds -t hydm

ma t dy- a

'

-J
:
m
d
Z
e
m
d
e
i
l
v
n
a
Z
1
r
a
qa
r

i nf i

I nc :

kavi
bhyalz ma t i
bhyak

li
Z

an} :

"a

mr i d i i -nali

myi do

nrm:

or

bhydm ma ti
kavi
bhydm

made
z;

mr i da u

Icavi
bhi

01

ma de
1e

var i -na i

3T

kavi
n

T:
E

mm

P LU R A L

'

my i d av-e

saf c

wit

mri dz i

ma t i

h andy- ale

of t

1;

D UA L

mi

mn du ,

38

kci ve

WRITmal ty -aim

kavan

g
a

ai i o r

31

N A V

an a t

lW

nu

at

or

of t

mgi dzi -Ii

'

m r i -ne

myi du,

ma ty -a i
t ma t eg/z

or

35

ve n

[cave-[z

N U

mal ty-d

of t

'

mr i di i

n ri

Icavay -e

vdr i

3 a

'

HHma t dy

FEM

mr i da ,

ni

kam -n

sc

EIT t

an
tc

MA

ma ti [z

gh t mi n wat er

'

nf a:

ma f i , t h

al fa :

N GUL R

in

'

et

B as e s

SI

2 30

an

ed

by

Madh yan din i

W

er s e :

ur

a, a

e accent o n

1,

t h e se v w el s ,

H en ce ma ti ncfm,

or,

r e u su a

es o

se

ar a

a ce

ra

s cr

ar a

s ar e no

t i nt e n d e d t o divi d e

or

2 32

231

in th e
t h ey

D E CL E NS ION

PN

Pl ur al o nl y

an d

t ak e

f?

d ecli ne d l i ke i

ar e

ka t i , h o w ma ny,

ES

an d

m V

oc

a nd

f g e nd e r

kd ndm

wr g ka ti s hu

b as es

fr i e n d , h a s t wo

fo r t h e A ng a , i e t h e s t r o ng
s ci /chi f o r t h e Pa d a a n d B h a b a se
.

om e
NGU L R
s

f its

ca s e s

b as e

P LU R A L

D ma}
G

mag:

neg:

f
k
h
ulz
y
g

3%

s aklz e

SI

und s ,

m
}
g

A t th e

end o

s a khi bhy a .

Fa n :

s dkhi bhya h

E f

o a

as

o o

f ll w s

P LU RA L

s u s a kh

dyau

su s a kh i n

af a r: m

a m i

s u s a khi bhydm

15

a f sm i

s us a kh i bhyd m

m
g

s us a khi bhya l

sus a kh t ndm
'

3
1m m:
3

3 s us a khy o lz
s us a khdyau
s a khi

s us a kh ibhya z

F EE

a kh i b /z i z

s us a khy o z

m
d
a

s us a kh y ah

s us a khdya u

s us a khibhyd m

u nd

m as c d ecl i ne d

s a khi ,

masc

na d i

af a w i
g

o mp o

s dkhi s hu

li k e N o m

li ke g?

a neu t er c

DU L

W
W

?
s us a kh au
m
g
s us akh e
m
}
g

s a kh

s us akh e z

r i end ,

s us alch e i

w e n d 8 fl ?

s us a k/z aye

m
d
y

u l ar

s us a kh i nd

re

d
oo
f
g

s us a khdy a m

Ab

o mp o

is

s us a khd

s ex/ch i

s dkhy o z

D:

l ike N

s us a khi , a

N G UL A R

FE

en d o f c

R aft:

s akhyau

A t th e

sc
i kh i bh

s a khyu i

T h e f e m i ni ne uni

as e

s te a

s a khi bhyd m
s a kh i bhyd m

s a kky e

ed/ch i n

nfa z : s dkhi bhi lz

s ta nd

a fa mi

R a n s a khyd

s ci khdya u

m
.

DU L

Ab

r es t ,

SI

Fo r t h e

ti

s d/ch dy

It i s i r r egul ar i n

Pl ur al

ar e us e d

wfal : ka ti bhilz
wm : kdti bhyali
asm : kdt ibhyalz

Lo c

A cc

m any,

so

G en

on

t at i ,

arts kdt i

cc .

A bl

ed /ch i ,

f ?!c

di s t i nct i

ut

f?

D at

w it h

Ins t r

an d

232

m a ny

as

t er m i nati ns i n t h e N

no

kavi ,

ya t i ,

111

s us a kh is hu

i s d e cli ne d l i k e HTfI

s us a khdya z

vd r i

se
h
e
t
f
o
r
t
a
h
e
b
i
n
t h e r e al t er m i nat i n s fr m t h e r e al a s e , b u
t n l y t o f a cili t at e t h e l e ar n g y
m
11
0
w
h
i
s
v
z ,
n uns
Mas culi ne n uns i n sh r t 3 a ar e Tabhd nu, s u n, i in mfg/ u, w i n d ,
I
8
1
e
t
s
t
u
i
f
r

i
,
t
s
f
pl
(
p i l u, as m as c , i s t h e nam e o f a t r ee ; as neu t er , t h e nam e o
d
b
O
l
u
m

1
:
e
z
W
Fe m i ni n e n u n s i n sh r t 3 a ar e P
u
r
l
Y
t r aj i l ,
p ,
1 : d h enu i , c o w (

o
op

'

S i d dh

au m . vo l

1 12

D E CL E NSION

1 12

Wil l p a ti , l o r d , i s i r r egu l ar

2 33

N G UL R

SI

N W

nf p a nm

D
Ab

: p ait i li

DU L

A V

P LU R A L
N m p dt ayali
.

I l f a t i
p

nm i p a ti bhyam

I D Ab
.

'

G L wail : p dtyo li

p a tyd

a
t
s
p y

G W : p dty li
L p dty au
V V B p ate

23

uf p r aj dp a ti , l

or d

om p ou nd s

is

cr ea t u r e s ,

re

l
ar
u
g

l i ke

t h i gh ,

neu t er

d ecl i n e d

ar e

W
in M n

a ks hn,

n eu t er s

A li ga

N A
.

li k e

d a d /i n,

as t hi ,

In t h e s e

ot

S
e
e
(

as e

G L

a ks hne

I D Ab
.

ay a i

3 1%

ka vi

e ar t h ,

f th e

Th e f e m i ni n e

t ak es p ar t i n t h e

wh o

t h ey

c as e s

c as e s

t h ey

cu r

su

ds ,

s t it ut e

s a kt hi ,

th e

as e s

d e cli ne d , i n f ac t , l i k e

ar e

a ks hn.

dks ki ni
ut

d
i
f
d
a
h
u
3

e,

to

DU L

N A V

b on

bu t i n t h e B h a

s a kt hn

B ha

a ks lz i ,

a ks hz u

D W

e
y ,

var i ;

a dma n

aks hi

a ks lz i , e

s u ch as

ase s

r e gu l ar l y

a s t h n,

N G UL R

Pa d a b as e W

an d

SI

Th e

a t i nam

WW3 p ati s ka

sh e

WW

f t rrp a t i i s waft p a tni , w i fe , i e l egi t i m at e W ife ,

ll
a
1v 1 ,
P
s acr i c e s o f h e r h u s b an d
3
(

2 34

en d o

th e

at

l m: p dti bhy al

V mm: p dt
b
d
h
a
i
l
d
t
o
r
u

Wr p a t i

urn p a ti bh i lz

t
d
i
n
p

Ab

'

t ci ks hi bhyam

ma
Ab m
1

a ks hn
ai

r: dks hibhi li

aks hibhy a z

G wa s a lcs hnd m
.

a ks hnz a n d

W a ks ke ( o r

B
2 35

m k hdni

war

aks h i )

a s es

i n w ri ,
ar e

MA sc

N
A
I

WE

Hi

Ab G

nap t r

WE:

T ncip t r

If
an d

T.

p o vi d

H171 dhd t,

en c e

as ar -um

E F T s vas r d

-e

a
g

b om
ec

t h e A ad i A s ar van am as t h an a

'

t
d
h
a
n
a
na o r

d h dtr i -as

-e

s vds u z

'

or

d hatyi -nali

d lui t r ci

HIad h dt r
'

or

: d h atuli
'

as ar -i

E U:

an d

s vdsr

ar -i

d
tt
a
a
U
a
i
s
h
Qr

N U
E

nap t a i

'

E F T svas d

L t n p t
.

nap tu z

E TI s vds ri , s i s t er

naip t dr -um

on

td

nap

ag dks his hu

F emi ni ne , N eu t er

t w o m d el s

afte r

N GU L R
FE

HE nap tgi , g r an d s

as e

Ma s cu li ne

d ecli ne d
SI

Th e s e b as es

es

cas e s

V I d lui tz i
E

l (r )

s va s a z

an d

is

p r e ce d ed

h ave t h e U d att a

by

a c

or

o o
ns

: d hdt a( r )

n ant ,

t h e f e m i nin e

D E CL E NSION

1 14

G UL A R

SI N

Ab

a 8

DU L

p 4

kr o s hz r e

g} :

o li
kr o s hg

GL

kr o s hyuli

PL U R A

?z

2 37

g} :

asrg: kr o s h gr

m
Vo
m
o o

ce

n in g

wi t h

V II

Th

( Sar

o th

Th e
P
( an

cat i ve

ns nant s

er cases

1,

o i

s e wh o a d mi t

6,

pl

re

nar a,

HT nd

7f

31

rd o

wi th

bb

gl y

a d m i tt e

ong
d by W i l o n )
m i n t i o n b gin

in th e

b fo

e.

b u t t h e A cc

we?

l uj

Pl ur

t er

re

s tr

cas es ,

is

o sh

o
w nl y
n

gkr o s hgum as A cc

ad mit

lik ewi se

Si ng

nad r

th

i
t
p ri ,

V I

o gh f o
x p t i n th
u

or c

ce

n veni e nce s ak e ,

en

Pl ur al

oft

en

wh er e i t

4,

PL U RA L

nr i

na r e

WC

nar a z

nr i n

nri
.

bhydm

nrz

bhyifm

:
w
3

bhyrfm

3n f

7T

bhi lz

nnbhyd

m
n
i
a.
n
)
a} : m ale

en

: nbhyd
w
1
en
nae o r
nr i ndm ( V e d
t
l
m
n
a

M il a

jg
7R

au

nns

mz

'

nar d m

2 ncfr ali

'

ndr i

cl as s

acce nt

m ay b e

an d

s.

as es endi ng

i s t h e m o st

or r es pon d i ng

li

o
i

cc ur r en ce,

nz i

Pad a

r au

Th i s

wr

Th e f e ml nl ne i s E TC?

A ng a, i

as

el i eve,

e as

( Pan

2 38

Pl ur

o
l y l ik

DU L
3 8 nd
Ha nd

mi ll

r au

mi ]: ( V e d
e

bl

si bl e

as es ,

li k e

nri n
cfm.

ft

u e nt

r egul ar

a
:
a

Th e

: ma

l i ke t h e

f fr e

"

3 nr e ( V ed

A cc

ecl i n e d

nr c

'

n as

t ndr am
'

Ab

o b ot h b

fr m

i s d ecli n e d

N G U LA R

SI

o ne a d m i ss i

'

nd m o r f ill

m ay b e ei t h er

r m ed

r oe

mi , m an,

by R T

mk hm d

ace d

o nl y

kr o s h

Th e f em i nine i s ai
23

kr o s h yus hu

m ay b e f

95

o ne a d m i s

airs : h e kr o s h talz i s , I

kr o s h yu i s th e

as e

o nl y

kr o s hgd ndm

kr o s h i i s t h e

r os

kr o s h t au

as e

x pt ing t h
Th b

m : k mm z

kr o s h t ar i

Th e

Ab

kr o s h yvo lz

on

P
( an
.

cl a s s es o

th e

V I. 1 ,

in

nu m er
n

r st o r o

o un s

!a

ou s

and an

an d

m o s t i m por t ant i n S an s kr i t ,

an d a d e c t i ves

n t h e s ec n d

in

us , a , u m

l
n th e
ll
i
a
es
y

in

L a ti n

Pa da cas es b eg i nni ng

D E CLE NSION

2 39.
a nd

G r ee k

in

17 0 V
,

Th e

c as e-t e r m i nat i

m l dntd

l e ar n a im kdnt a lz , ai

b as es

o ns o r
c o ns o nant s

c as e -t er m in at i

f the

in

endi ng

B as
N

N GUL R
A

FE

E ll " kdnt d

i kdntam

kantay a

kdnt ds ya

a t? c

minktinta

an c

I D Ab
.

to

mung/dz.

amui kdntdyam

nt e

f? 7 ate

D UA L

G L

pp ended

mkdntna

o r ig i n

as

as

as

to th e

y
t h e te r mi nati o ns

to

m ann e r

ai m kantdlz

N A V

s am e

qu e s ti o ns

an

b e st to

it i s

and

p ecu l iar

ar e

ail? kdn t d

as ki n g

r el at i n

t h eir

SI

M SC

o ns

li lcdntam by h ear t i n t h e

w e l ear n bo nus , bo na , bo num, wi t h o u t

o

1 15

n}

ariakant e

nt az i

'

nt e

a in t: kd ntayo lz

mimmi kdntdbhydm
min } : kdntay li

m kd
a im: k i

a i m: kantdzi

PL U R A L
mm: kdntdz.

ai

kcintdbhyd m

'

'

dbhytim

c ntay o z

nt

N V
.

A
I
D

'

kantdn

w
im

a i: kdnt az lz

G
L

ai

ima l :

an

e C er t ai n

on

w il l b e

j
xpl

mmi kd

g kcz nt es hu

ai ne d

B
2 39

W T d hmd

Th e s e
Th ey

t h e n eu t er t h e

A ng a

an d

) Th e

in
3:

al

31

d, 3

in

on

o o

m, wh i ch f l l w t h e

m a Mas cu li ne
,

s am e

d e cl i ne d i n t h e

V T6 i s

sh

and

vap

i s d ecl i n e d l ik e

ver

B ha

an c i e nt

a se

in

an d

alla
.

ut

a mbd e,

a mbd

dd,

'

a mbd l e

n a]

s u ch

as

mp 6
.

In

kdnt am

man

6,

al l - r es er vi ng ,

m
as
c
(

an d

i fl kdnt am

'

'

'

i n W1 ( 1, m ean i ng m t h er , f

as e s

f em i ni ne g en d er

p o no m i

s e nd i n g

t h e w rd d ecl i ne d l i

r ene d , and
i
c,

Femi ni ne

w ay i n t h e m as cu li n e

ot

Pr o nouns

d er i ve d i m medi at el y fr om

Pa d a b as e i

neu t er

a z,

i n t h e ch a t er

as es

a s e s ar e

ar e

ntdndm

'

a d e ct i ves
e

kdnt a a

kdnt ebhy ali

kdnt dbhy az.

av
ian ? kdntdndm

kdnt dndm

kdnt ani

kdntdni

kdnt es hu
ali a
s

d ecl ensi

kamdbhi

Not

f em

A b ai m : kdnt bhyalz
.

m
m

m t h eir

ambdl

d,

an d

ambi ke

Vo

cat i ve

in E

eg

ambi kd

o m th
r

WW
l ar V ocat iv s

a kka ,

e r eg u

0,

D E CLE N SION

116

SI

D UA L

FE

A N D

MININE

PLU R L
A

i mam

D
G

vi svap -d

vi s vap -e

Ab

N UL R

MA S C UL I N E

2 40

vi f vap -a z

fa vata vi vap
'

as

o o
B

Fawn

vi s vap am

mm

pe

s o map d, S m a d r i nk er

im m
a

: s aiz kh a d h mdlz ,

vi s vap

dni , & c

bl o w

s h el l -

er

T:

Mas c ul i nes i n W 6

3 vi s vap -o li

i
v s va

d lz a na dd, weal t h gi ver

2 40

NE UT E

W
e cl i n e

d-bhy alz

3 vi s vap -ali

fawn:

vivap

no

ei n g

d er i ve d by a

K ri t

x f o m v b

s uf

er

al r

oot

s , ar e

d e cl i ne d

f ll w s

E TEI h dhd

as e

SI

NGU A R
L

{13 1 h dlz ci

8 h ih
ma h h
mmwi hd l dbhy i m

{12 Iz ci h a i

21mm? h a lz dbhydm

:
h
h
d
z
I
d
T
E E

{m

/
:
h
h
d
d
z
1
1
2

:7

{E l Iz dhdm

Ab

W
L

ax

'

OF A

3 hd ka u/z

D E CL E N SION

IV

a z

Iz d hds u

DJE C TIV E S

a n skr i t m a
o
i
n
S
at t h e e n d o f a c o m o u n d fo r m t h e
y
y
p
a n a dj ec t ive al l t h e e s s e nt i al r u l e s f o r t h e d e c l e n s i o n o f s u c h

As

h d lz dbby dm

C H A PTE R

24 1

Iz d h a ulz

au

T: h dhd

mig I dh

mm: M i d/
m mhd/ d
g rmt : m am ]
mam : hdh i bhy h
mmw: I dl dbhy /
mmhdhdm

au

e ver

n un

n al p o r t i o n o f
,
i
r ec e d i n
h
a t er
u s in th e
h
c o m o u n d adj e c t i ve s h a d t o b e
v
en i n t h e
c
T
g
p
g
p
p
a s , l i ke
mai na s , m i n d , t h e d e c l e n s i o n o f
d e c l e n s i o n o f n e u t er n o u n s i n
.

W
tim e

o na nt s a nd a dm i t t i ng
d i s t i n ct i o n b et we en m as c ul i ne an d fe mi n i ne t er m i nati o n s ( t hi s ap p l i e s t o

no

f e m i ni ne

In t h e d ecl en s i o n o f n o u n s

en d i ng

in

was

c o ns

at

th e

s am e

Th e S ti r
a

m a s c fe m

an d neu t . ,

xh ibit e d

s u mdnas , a s a n a d e c t i ve

6 , 38, g i ve s t h e

omp o

u nd

th e

s am e

pt i o n l fo
a

m is

rm

s an ct i

3131 : bakdlz i n t h e m as cu l i ne

on d in t h
e

R p aval i ,

p 9b
.

A t th e

en d o

D E CL E N SION

1 18
Th e f

2 48

on

r m at i

f f em i ni ne

su

a d
r ms m
a
t
f
o
o
W
l
i
j
g
- 3 bd l a z b o
7
r m s mm 5 6 16
f
o
3113
l
,
y

33 :

a a z,

1 sd

r s e,

ra

i a S udr a
Z
,

3mdt u l a, m at er n al

dc har ya z ,

t each er ,

denti n/ d,

wr: p a ti lz

om W
fo m W
r

asvd

om
r

wi f e

mdtul i

'

f t h e S udr a

or

on

Th us

ar y .

c as t e

S udr a

W
o

wif e

an u ncl e s

md tul ni ,

wif e

f em al e t each er

d, f

u ncl e ,

om

248

1 as valz , h

DJ E CTIVE S

mu st b e l ear nt fr m t h e d i ct i

s t ant i ve s

or

f t h e t each er

b ut

V a l p a t ni , wif e, & c
i

m
ar i s o n
o
C
f
p

li
i y as
Th e C o m p ar at ive i s fo r m e d by at t a m , o r {
q
Su p er l at i ve b y m t a ma , o r {a i s h z a f Th es e t er m i n ati on s at t a r a

th e

2 49

rm: nri t a ma li , a t h r

fo r m

o o u gh

mor e

i
m
1

s u ch as 7

i
s
t
r
m
n
w
a
o
3
{3
,
,
{ahrn

m an ;

after

ve n

c a se - t er

m in at i o ns

s tr

m an ,

i t ar d i ,

p er s o nal t er m inat i o n s
Th u s fr o m 931% p r vdhne i n t h e
at t a r a a nd 7m t a ma m ay b e u s e d

r li er
r
v
h
e
t
ar
e
e
a
i
c
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
n
oo
a
n
1
r
e
P
v
for en oo n W
n
n
p
3
(

Fr o m W f p a ch a t i h e c oo ks unfarm p a ch a ti t ar dm h e c ook s b et t er ( Pan v

a ch a t i t a md m h e c oo k s b es t
n
P
a
v
i

W
p
3
3
(
2 5o
t t am a nd HR t a ma if a d d e d t o c h ang e abl e b as e s r e qu i r e t h e
Th u s fr o m gr i p r ack
Pad a b as e
m md kt a r a ; fr om
fr om u
d lz a ni t ar a
d h a nava t
I 87
ana va tt ar a ;
d
W
)
m
f ag s n vi d va t t a ma ; fr o m
r
a
h
I
i
t
fr o m faz q vi dvas
8
ac
p
y
)
m
h
e r e ar e h o w e ver
a fe w e x c ep t i o n s s u c h as
T
a ty a kt a r a
:
W
y
W
d as yuh a n d em o n kil l er ;
s up a t lz i nt a r a lz
d as yuh a nt a ma lz fr o m W
fr o m
s up a th i m w i t h g o o d r o ad s
W
i
r
n
d
s
h
h
a
ar
n
r
a
dd
d
t
o
h
e
o
n
d
a
s
u f x es
a
e
e
s
i
v
e
e
t
e
s
c
a
v
25 1
n
g
y
{
i y
- vi
i
n
If
a
d
i
i
i
va t Ha va l a f ew
j
ec
t
v
s
e
n
d
n
n
t
h
s
ma t
e
e
e
tz i
m
g
[

q

i
i
i
i
s h i a t h e s u f x es ar e d r op t a nd t h e
a
i an d
a
s u f x e s r e qu ir e
:
s
n
l
l
y
i y
g
b
ala
an d
i
s h th a a dd e d t o t h e l a s t c o ns o n an t o f t h e o r i gi nal b as e
a
W
{
vci n s t r o n g
b
a l i yas W
b
a l i s h z a
d
o g d /z r i m ilk i n g
n
a !
W
W
i
d o h iya
d
h
i
h
W
a
a
m
a
o
o
s
n
s
a
i
ar
l
a
n
d
e
d
s
r
e
r
v
n
f

a
l
a
z
g
a
g
g

m jf y
o

wo m an

Su b st ant ive s

a d e c t ive s .

i n S an skr it t o

r e s t r i c te d

an t ama

an d

D egr ees

ar e n o

or

'

r o fu s el

th e

ar l an d e d

m m?

HF t a ma ; 1

A ls

m ay

n, s ee

ei r

Fe m i ni n es i n

or

no

o W

vi d us ki t ar a

n
Pa
(

ot

V I

a ccent

t ar d o r

3, 4 3

sh

ot

r en

'

ow

el s

{al

aHTU

s tr

i f

r ms

s r ey as i t ar

d;

b fo
e

re

th e

i g/ as

ar e a

re

s t r i t ar

or

s.

i t t ar a

an d

vi d us h i t a r a o r
'

i
s h gh a
8
{

x pt i o n

f ew e

f
b
o

an d

ce

O t h er f em i ni n e s i n

{ai m

m a t -i s h l h a

Th er e

m s a mfman br ahmani t a r a
l

'

t h eir

r en

t h ei r

m a t - i ya s ,

Kas -V ritt i

s r ey as z
'

r st syl l a l e ( Pan I I I I , 4 ; v 1 1 ,
i , d er i ve d f r m m as cu l in e s , m u s t
'

a d e ct i ves r et ai n

m a ti md n, wi s e ,

7m t ama

G ana Ks h u bh n adi i n t h e

br ahmani f

sh

ar a an d

re

m ay

B fo R I t
n th
h
w
i
o
t
t
y
1
'

yg

O n t h e d e nt al

or

3 322

IT s tr i t ar a

25 2

D E CLE NSION

2
5

O t h er

ad ec t i ves ,

i
ri n
/
l a, o r
a
g
{

an d

ar e

to o , l

o th er wi s e

os e

DJ E C TIV E S

OF A

t h e i r d e r i vat i ve

i r r egu l ar b y

C o m p ar ati ve and Su p er l at ive W

mmp ap i s h gh a wo r s t
S CO ND BA S

su

b efo r e M i g/ as
n e w b a s e s fo r t h e
i
w
r
s
e
o
as
a
;
p p y

e l e m e nt s

b s t i t u t ing

l , b ad ;
a
d
l
p p

1 19

C MP R
A

A T IV E

UP R L V
A TI

38 ?

h m s m al l
,

a fa r
um

3 3E
.

7
8

II

12

I 3.

I5

mk

s h ip r a,

Far

m
3E

ks hudr a, m ean
h eavy

r u,
u
g

s at i s

El i di r g ha ,

Tl

ed

o ng

dam , f ar
t
g

W p
h
b
o
i
mp y
ar i vgi

t u,

dh a,

al t ed

a , r ai s ewo r t h
s
r
a
s
y
p
p

21.

23

bkgi s

mgi du,

yuvan,

3
3

ca

u en t

33

bh r a s

Ha mr ad

1 g m:
1

u ng

3 H; kan

af i el d/2a , o l d

25

26

im

vri nddr aka

Fa t

s thi r a ,

F
i

s t hi il a , s t r

2 7.

fF t

2 8.

E R h r as va

sp

var s hi ya s

ong

ot

kr as

sh

{a

I 62

I S ee Ph its ut r a , e d

' '

Ki l h o n
e

f ?var s h is hgh a

dyas

r
a r i na

/ as

s t h ey as

f
s
t
i

F} ?

s t h av

E l i sp h a

s t ha

hi r a, t h i ck

Pan v1 4 ,
.

vyi nd

eaut i ful

r m

s h gh
sr e
a

N ut

i
24

dh is h !

d/l a r m

HT?

l ) ar i vr a

ces s i ve

oft
o
y

i re

uzrs p r at hi s hz a

r at h

ft i lp ar i vr adh

f
d
r a dhi s h t h a
r
a
a

a bahul a, f r e

er

dr adhi yas

1 pm

or

22

d av

5
ra
s
y

funp r i ya d ear

b
al m
m
an

,
7 g
y

dr dg h

Wp

20

r ap

Il

ad

19

ar

? dri dh a, r m

'

j i s h gh a

ra

u i ck

or

f ii i s h gh a

kri s a , l e an

i
t
ra
n
r
9 q
p
.

gh a

10

a lp is h

va r i s h gha

s t r a ig h t

f ii u,

aft s

wi d e

a ntika , near

I.

23
;
7

vgt nd is h gh a
-

s t h es h

z a

s t h a vis h yh a

1 20

N UM E R A LS

25 3:

C H A PTE R

N UME R A LS

s
a It em
, E at , B

3 a m,

8 W

9
10

B
as e m
(

h
a
m
c
f
,
p
.

i l

wa ft ,

a se
B
(

ch a tvc r a z ,

eka

in

3 d va ;
'

tr dya b, t i s r d li , tr ini , t h r e e

c h a ta r

gg

clca z , elcd, elca m, o n e .

ai

d va z i , d ve, d ve, t wo

rm,

l,

er

25 3

om p

B
ase
(

ch d t a sr a z

fa i r i

ch a t vdr

l,

f3 d vi

)
fo u r

i,

B
as e
(

)
11

ve

B
as e
(

p a ch a n

B
a s e l a s /l as h
)
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(
w
s ap t a n
B
as e
8 m s ap t ci m f n s eve n
(
)
m
B
as e
a s h l an
I; my? as h ta zi m f n ei gh t
(
)
m
B
as e
na va n )
2 =1? mi c a m f n ni n e
(
m
a a n
B
as e
d
10 as: d cia m f 11 t en
)
(
m
e
l
c
d
a
i
d
n
d
a

a
l
n
B
as
as
e
e
v
e
e
s
n
a
!
s
m
(
m
)
shd

t, m f
.

S IX

1 1

I4

1 2
R

as a

d vd d a a

tr dyo d aa

6 at, t ha t s h oda a

8 at;

o
4

80

8
3

i
z

a s h c d a a .

39

m
3 m
a m

37

t ci d a a

s ap

20

: 0

2 1 as

2 2 R?

: vi nz d ti b,

naii srfa:

e ka vi z a t i

2 4 at}

r
l
s
g

ch a t ur vi nz

a c h a vi nz

2 7 : 28

a ti

s h a vi i h a t i t

26

0
3

s ap

t a vi i na t i lz

t r i nz d t , fem

eka tr

9
3

i nz a t

d t r i ma t

4 7 88

m
W
m

2
3
49

no

'
49

m
m

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dvdbh ydm , by u s t wo
dvcibhydm, a? mm , t o u s t w o

t e,

d
u
v
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r
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,
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t wo

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D W
W
G W
I

a l t vdyz , i n t h ee

'

dvd m, a?

t e, t o t h ee

'

'

i dvdm w e

i n t ci va ,

f me

1 113

t vd, t h ee

H R i vd t, fr m t h e e

z i bh a m 3
t
i
y
g

'

DU L
N

i am t vci yd, by t h ee

wl mdyz i n m e

'

u
h
d
s
m
a
y

and

H i tvd m,

md, m e

'

o mpo s it i on) g tva d

'

W m ci m a ,

7a tvci m, t h u

mag/ d, b y m e
mdh ya m, ame, t o m e

i
n
(

: 11

N G U LA R

a s ma d .

SI

J C T IV E S

as e

1 27

AD E

P er s o na l P r o no uns

i
n
(

P R ON OM IN A L

AND

DJ E CT IVE S

u
s h md su ,
y

a me

ar e n e ver

s u ch

''

u s ed

ar t i cl e s

f yo u

i n yo u

m m,
at

as

a : na lz , t t vd ,

th e

b eg i n n i n g

a ch a ,

a nd,

31

mi ,

PR ONO UN S

1 28
B

26 2.

om po s it i on) g t a d
N UL R
N U
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i
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as e

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sd

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m
W
m : t asydlz m
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2 63

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as e

i
n
(

SI

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a?

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ty ena
s

il

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i nn: ty ebhyal

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ar e

ty es ha
.

fo r m e d b y

'

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i f s ty es ha

T.

i t t ye
m i t ydbhydm
mh z tydyo lz

b a s e s o f t h e t h r ee p er s o n al
m e an s o f i n i y a

ono u n s

o s s e s s ve ad ec t ve s

gh t ,

mi n;
l
t
a

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y yd y a m t h i n e

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ty ds dm

N U

Fr o m t h e

7 t dm
N TF
y

71113 ty ds u

'

i nn: tyebhyalz

P o ss es s i ve P r o no u ns
264

tyay o

N U

m r tydni
tydbhilz t ty a z lz
ydbhyala t
y bhya
z
b
h
a
m
t
d

y
y
ybhy az.

ty a z lz

i t tye
s mut t yd bh ydm
min t yayo lv

N T:

was:

ty n

ty ds mi n

t y bh ydm

t d bhydm

m : td

ty as y a

t ya d

dm

FE M

A S

31

P LU R A L

as

as y

ma xi

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!t 6

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M C
.

ad

ty dt

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m i ty

nt h : t dy o lz

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md t m m: tyd yd
ty mdt
W
3113 ty dsy ai

3 te
ma xi t dbhydm

tg
/ (i t

3181 tyds ya

N
D

T.

T.

Fri tydm

tyds mi n

N U
E

'

3
D N a tydsmai

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o m p o it i o n ) mg i y
NGUL R
M
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s y dI
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a!

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ai

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c c e n t , Pa
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in ? t es hdm and t ds dm
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g
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h

$t d m

31

t ds y a

it

n t ena

t ds ya z

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'

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T.

m
:
m
mun

Ab

d
i ri t dm

an

im am
D Ha tasmai

FE

1%t dm

DJE C TIVE S

h e , s h e, i t

P R ONO M INA L

AND

I IT,

111,

z,

i,

ta d d
a
y , y d, y a m, h i s , h er , i t s
a s ma d i

111 ,

d
a
m
l
y y y
a z,

o ur

h
s
m
ad i
u
y

i ng

d
a
m
u
o
r
l
y
y
y
y
a z,

t a d iy a b, y d , y a m, t h e ir

O t h e r d er i va t i ve
t dvd /ca lz , t h i n e ;

p o s s e s s i ve

m m:

on o u n s

ar e

ds mdlca lz ,
Pan

IV

3,

o ur

1 3 ;

a
y us /z

;
IV

0
3 ;

V II

m d m d/ca lz , m i ne ;

mdka lz , y o u r

3, 4 4

m3:

Li k ewi s e

PR ONOUNS

1 30

DU A

M SC
A

N A V
.

GL W
7

no accent

A
I

i
{

re

i me

andy o i

eat e d

a s e c n d s e nt e n ce

in

i d am, var y i n t h e f ll wi ng

c ases ,

by

su

r ef er en ce

wi t h

to

E H ena, wh i ch

st i t ut i ng

GU R
LA

FE

N E

enam

enena

P LU R A L

enay

MA

T.

ena t

SC

FEM

endn

ena z

o
RTE? nam
A

en ena

DU L
A

MA S

FE

G L
.

aya ,

en ayo c

IF

t h e f am i l y

e en s t u d i e d

W 3m G
o
tw p

f t h e se

er s

MA S C

31

T.

2 % en e

enayo

by t h i s

p on
er s

enay o

l p avi t r am hul am,

i s d e cent ,
a ci as ,

N GU LA R

an d

t h at

m
d
t
r
a
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t h eir weal t h vas t

m
edi at e
)
(

as ad

ena y o i

mm

p o o dy

t e ach h i m

a nayo z

ns

SI

B as e (i n c o mpo si ti on) M

2 71 .

N U

a nen a vydlcar anam a d hi t a m, ena m c hh a nd o

t h e gr am mar h as

2% ene

en au

Ex

E UT .

as ad

2 addls

111 a mdnd

33

a mds hm ai
a

a mds hm

m
W
MA S

a mi bhi

D Ab
.

m
W

W
W

W : a mdbhyale

a mi bh ya z

mas.

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ishu

am

a mus hu

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A

N A V
.

s ti gma:

I D Ab
.

FE

in

N U

T.

dbhydm

am

am shu

d
a mdni

a m ni

"

sa
n

W : a mi bhu
W W : mibhyalz
W i nmishd m

an a mdbhi b

DU L

amds hmi n

dt

a mds hyu

N U

W 1 1 a mdli

enam

o o

an d

SIN
MA s c

{d

e t a d an d

7
e
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;

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r ece di n

h as

a ndyo

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mut av}.

2 70

i
m
e
!
?

DJE CTIVE S

I D A b s mut dbhydm
.

FE M.

i mad

PR ONOM INA L

AND

G L
.

a md y o z

P R ONO UN S

2 74

P R ONO M IN A L

AND

R e la t i ve P r o no un
2 72

B as e (i n c om po s i t i o n) t ry / d d

SI
MA sc

N U LA R
FEM
G

y dlt

l ydm

a? yena
D I ra yas mai

'

N E Ur

Tr

i?

yna

wh i c h

ydsmai

IT

a
m
:
d
y
l
m
mn ydbhilz
D3 y ai lt
amt yebhyalz m : ydbhyalz

y ds y ai

n u

A S O.

ydn

ya t

or

i:

g/ (i t

WI ydm
ydyd

1 31

P LU R A L

yd

1"

DJE C TIVE S

'

wh o

mf a ydni
3: yaa

i m z yebhyaz.

NW : yebhyalz

I ydbhyalz

EN l

yds dm

yes hdm

g yes hu

mg ydsu

DU A L
MA

A V

?
munydbhydm

N U
E

W : ydy

yayo lz

i
n
(

as e

SI N
MA sc

Ab

GU R
LA

are Icna

c s y ai

z kds ydz.

N A
.

I D Ab
.

MI

n?

c bhi h

lcdni

Icaz h

n : Icebhyalt am : kdbhya lz am : keokyula

h : Ica hya h m kdbhya h i nn: ka hyaz.

kds mdt

mg

c smi n

D UA L

FE M.

3l d
a m? kdbhydm

an:

arrfa lcdni

z kds y dz. a s : c s ya
c

M SC

led];

"

c s mai

m i I asydm mi ni

an:

su
rs:

kai le

Icna

ae qIcasmi n

an

FE M

an kdn

a s : kasg a

wh i ch ?

asIt !

fair Iei m

m
m

kds mat

MA sc

T.

kdyd

c s mai

ydyo lz

P LU R A L
E

all kdm

NU

37 kam

or

an

o mpo s iti o n) t kim W h o

FE M.

as: keg
.

y bhydm

o a

I nt er r o g a ti ve P r o no uns
2 73

agt

ay
ma xi ydbhydm

a y au

1 D Ab

G L

FE

SC .

3.ke

a.Ice

ea

aim ? kdbhydm

m ? kdbhydm

ai

3 7h : Icayoh

Pr ono uns admit

2 74 .

d en t e
a!
"

c nt em

t vayd

pt

or

m aka u, & c

bo

du i

th e

p
o
o
i nt
i ti n f l l b f o
l t i o n ( Pan V 3
t
'

er

( S ee S i d dh

au m . vo l

p
2

ac

3yuvakay o lz , O f o u t wo
y
.

us r e a

'

as

re

th eir l as t
aya kd,

ow

bl

el o r s yll a

B y t h ee

makdbh i lz , W i th

us

e,

!ins t ead

to
o

g/ a i m

f
.

P R ONO U NS

1 32

P R ONO M IN A L

AN D

UO mp o und P r o no uns

t d dri s,

i dr i s,

f or m e d

ki d ri a,

W
md dr i s
m
B y d di g
n

t va t ,

as

so

m u ch ,

2 31

p r o no u n

qu anti ty

th e

in

n u ns

va t

Eri

z ya n,

on

f i

f ?!tu tt i H o w m any ? W? t dt i
,

m any,

so

i yat

an d l i

f t? ydt i

as

B y ad d i ng
t Ici m, i t i s

m is Lc

h
i
ng
t
y

an

ed

a?

i nt o

an

ap i ,

om e

o ne

al s

i n t er r o gati ve

th e

to

p r on ou n

in d e ni te

ki riz ch i t ,

ch i t ,

w:

or

kdch a na , fi n? ki rnch a na ,

Ico p i , 3 1% c p i ,

ki map i ,

m ann er i n d eni te

ka d d ch i t, Si gma Ica d d clz a na ,

n o t anywh er e

ch a na ,

kach chi t ,

ka sch a na , W

s am e

eh i t,

c h an

t(

Ica sch i t ,

In t h e

p r o n o mi nal b as es
h ave be en fo r m e d

cer t ai n

to

?
h
ki ya t, H o w m u c

s ee

i m p l yi ng

m u ch ,

N o t e O n t h e d ecl en si

2 77

a
t
y

S i m il ar l y

lik e m e , li ke t h ee , & c

d e cli ne d l ike

m u ch ,

e t d va t, s o

i g/ a t ,

In

m u ch ,

so

d
a
v
t
,
y

an d

va t

o m p o u n d p r o no u n s

W
W
W
W

m f

W h at l ik e ?

e: ki d ri /cs h a ,

t vd dr i sa ,
Fangs!

a,

foll o w ing

a rq

i dr i lcs h a , t h i s l i ke

l ike

E I e t d d ri lcs h a , th i s

/
cs l z a , w h at l i k e
d
i
d
r
y

ar e

2 76

i d ri sa ,

d e cl in e d i n t h r ee g e nd er s , f o r m i ng th e fe m i nin e i n

0
O
or
:,
td d r i i , f
m n ;
,
si , t da r i sa b, i , a m

t d a ri /c,

r i sa ,
d
d
y

l i ke

s u ch

ar e

'

ai

ki d r i s,

t d d r i ks h a ,

e t da r i sa,

W
W

r i s,
d
d
y

t d dri a ,

e t d d r i ,

m
m
Th e s e

p r o no m i nal

W
W
W

ai

B y a dd i ng 3 dr i s, md ri s a , o r
dri ks h a , t o c er t ai n
g
1
W
t h e f o l l o w i n g c o m po u nd p r o n o u n s h ave b e en f o r m e d :

m any,

2 75

2 75

b as es

DJ E C TIVE S

om e

o ne

bs

ar e

a d ver

nc e

k
a
v
a
,
;

om e

o ne .

fo r m ed

W h er e ?

Ica dd ,

Ta

W h en ?

q na Icvdp i ,
a a rF

S om e t i m e s t h e

p r o n ou n i s p r e x ed t o t h e i nt e r r o gat ive t o r en d er
E li:
z ka lt w h o s o e ver ;
a
as
as
a
o
o
I
c
r
i t i n d eni t e :
h
s
es
e
v
e
i
a
w
a
m
y
m
l
y y
y
y
7m
t
I
k
i
h
a
a
s
h
t
s
e
v
e
r
t
r
L i k ew i s e
c
o
a
I
c
a

a
w
c
h
o
o
o
r
: W
t
I
l
y
y
W
r el at i ve

l kasch ana
Th e

th e

p r on o u n

ft

r el at i ve an d

a
t
t
a
a
,
y

r el at i ve

m e a ni ng :

t
a
y

1n

i f d o u bl e d ,

m W e yo
,

d em o n s t r at i ve

wh at s o eve r

as s u m es an

i n d e ni t e

o r r at h er

d
d
a
d
d
o
o
h
a
w
s
e
e
r
v
l
,
y y , y
y
y
a t,

p r on ou n s

ar e c

o m b i n e d fo r

th e

di st r i b u ti ve

O ccas i on all y
s am e

pu r po s e :

P R ONO U N S
I

F 3111

s ar vayd

s ar va s yd

1T3? "

0Q

A V

Th e

27

t ake

m A c c V o c S in g

S in g W

a ny a z ,

u bh e,

2 81

A V f em
.

mm

: u bh ay a z ,

i n t h e S i ng

Pl u r

an d

S IN G U L A n

am i

u bh a

Th e

p on o m i n

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i i yi ,

N
A
I

SC

dm i t s t h e D u al

U N
LI

&c

N G U LA R

Ab

G L wi t h:

d
r va
3
1 p

m in

to

Pl ur

a nt ar a

at

or

in t h e D

DU A

u bh a

e
y

ubh aydn

u bh ayai

(14

ubh a

ebkya

th

to

G
2 83

( Pan

u g h u s ed

i n t h e A b] S i ng

a z

P L U RA L

L.

i n t h ei r

W
.

/
d
z
d
r
v
p

b
h
d
v
t
:
y l
p
h
d
:
bh
n
v
y
p
m
h
"
d
p
t p d r vai lt

b
l
z ydm
u
d
r
v
d
i
m
p
f
r vdbkydm

d
w
p

I
or

t
d
1
r
v
d
5
1 1p

r vay o h
d
p

ur vas

a
y

o o

Th e f ll wi ng w

r ds

s md t

n
d
r
v
d
p

d
b
h
m
r
v
d
d
y
p

d
p r vas mai

&c

eor
d
r
v
p

d
r
v
as
m
t
d
p

o nl y

or

n p dr vena

bu t

u al ,

u
d
r
v
a
p

a
s
g

PLU R L

u bh a y o z ;

:
ur valz
5
p
{

m ay t ak e i n t h e N o m
.

unya t, n eu t .

never u s e d

i y am i s

ka ta ma ,

o nl y

am

d s fr m

dr vdni

ka t ar a , W

ali at

y as mai ,

s e n s es ,

SI

fe m

wi mu bhayena

n i ne

; i n t h e Lo c S i ng

at

a ny d ,

a nd n e u t
-

u bh a

n eu t er :

f th e

a
y

D W
2 82

i ta r a ,

u bh a

H ar ad att a

; W

MA
N

PL U R L

I D A b s mu rf u bh dblz ydm,

u bkau,

t s dr vdbhyalz

I
n
{

i n t h e D u al

u s ed

is

M a sc N A V
.

l m as c

a n u bh a

s dr vds u

a uya t a r a ,

s ar vdbhya a

a nya,

2 80

o r

TE

N U R
DU L

2 79 _

s ar vdbh i t

s dr vay o t

t in th e N
.

dm

l i ke t h e m asc uli n e

r e st

rm:

s ur vam

83

s ar vdbh y dm

'

Fi rc

'

a t s ar vayo lz

s r va sydm

N UL R

dbkydm

s dr vdbhy

SI

DJE C TIVE S

sh :

t s dr vas ydli
O

s dr v

m
m

s dr vasy ai

A b F i rm:
.

WW

P R ONO M IN A L

AND

m ay l i

e wi s e

ta

=
e 3

a ;

or

i
i
n th e
{

a z

ur ves

o m.

Pl ur

m asc

f em

I,

mm: p r a th amal r st mm) p r a t hamau W 3 p r a t kame

mm p r a t hamd
ch ar ame o r W
W t ch ar ama l l ast a r e) c h ar a mau a t ?!
z

or

mm:

p r a t hamdh ;

t,

c h ar amdh .

2 85

P R ONO UNS

f d vayt

d vayalz , t wo -f l d , f e m E f

Wi t

a z,

ar d h a z

oth

2 84

W al t

or

om W

t h es e w

nemd h

r d s ar e r e g ul ar ,

oth

and

d lz dh

ar

er

kdnt ah

D UA L

Ab

i ti ydt o r

en d o

A t th e
D at S i ng
th e

at

e nd

omp o
.

p on
er s

r vd a r e
d
p
p

s u ch

as

omi n l t
a

omp o

s uch

unds

1. 1

( Pan

or

ah u vr i hi c

un d s

1
5
m
1

th

r vdp ar dlt
d
p

i ttydbhydm

i ti ydbhydm

P
( an
.

1. 1

is

eff e ct e d ,

t er mi n at i

n s chi ey

s e ns e .

on

t o th e

e n

Pl ur

i ttydbhydm fart

t r e at e d li k e

ar e

d ear

( P5 1)

onth

xp

as

po

r es s i ve o

el e m ent

p oi t
o gh o

m ay t h r

In s t r

on

D at

A bl

2.

bi l
a

fa}

t er mi nat i

t t aZ
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2 92

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c
h
h
e
r
e
w
t
g
g
t er m i n at i o n s o f t h e Pr e s en t , t h e I m p er fe c t , t h e O pt at ive , an d Im p er at i ve
2 93

Th i s

di vi si o n i s

O ne

an d

th e

ve r y u s efu l , an d

s am e

bh l d, ai

hh r a m,

t o t h e B h u an d D iv
I

b el o n g

w t kr ani

to di ffe r en t

oo t

Th e fo u r t e n s es

wi ll b e

c al l e d

t h e Sp

s e ar c

h,

h;

s ear c

s e ar c h e

f th e

Th u s

c l as s e s .

al t er at i

an d

eci a l

an

th e

Mo d ied
r

i
d ch nu ma , w e

h ed ,

th e

or

e
c i al
p

t en s es

oot

fa

qu ir e

Tens es
ch i

s ear c h e d .

th e

H en c e

ut

We

cal l

ch i ,

b el o ng

f th e

t h e G ener a l

in th e

hi

or

Pr es en t ,
-

na

t h e Pa s t P ar t i c i pl e

R e d u p li cat ed Per fe ct
'

r e st

III.

t hi s m di c at i n

c h an g e d

is

nu
ch i

d Im p e r at i ve i nt o

d, wi t h o u t t h e a nu

or

re

bh r ds,

m ood s wh i c h

on s

b el o ng

l as h

t r a t,

'

Th u s

Im p er fect , Op t at i ve,
c h i td

o m e sli gh t

g?

bh r dy a te & c ( Pan
H1311?!

o r

Unmo d ied Tens es

we

kl a m, a t r a s ,
q

h
a
r
h
te
d

!
?
m

c l as s e s

w i th

A g ai n , s ka , E i n s ta mbh ,
s h a mbh
s ta mbh, i s lca mbh ,
l

S n an d Kr i cl as s e s ;
III I
s kund ti Pa
s ku no t i o r
n
(

2 94

m ay

r et ai n e d

'

t o th e

oot

will b e

mah,

fi

i
h
h
h
a
e
h
c
i
i
t
e
v
c
h
,
y
y

th e

oot

fag ch i na, t h e

bas e

142
4

t h em
s t e al

cl as s

Ch ur

Th e

If t h e

t o t h e l as t l ett er

add e d

oot

da l, t o

oo t

en d s

cu t

in
d

31

oot

o o

m
an
y
(

d dl -dya - ti ,

dy

ti

a-

fa j r i

old;

t o gr w

is

i,

3 a , as

ri , E

i
l,

to

s t e al

n?

m ar s h dya -te
-

t
t
a
k
e
V
dd
h
i
i
r
r
a ,

an d

dy i y t i
dy a - ti
d h dr
-c

d h ri , to h ol d ;

a,

kr i t, t o

i
r
w ,

3 a , 3 5 12,

t,

e n du r e

to

ki r t dy a ti

33

i nr i s h ,

'

d Fi nal : i ,
.

to

x c ep t i on s )

p r ai s e ;
x

by

r e c e ded

ch o r

gg

ch a r

c n s n ant ,

'

by

3m m

pl e

si m

f th e

cal l e d

i n t h eir li s t s i s

oot end s i n a s im p l e c o n s o n ant p r ec ed e d b y :

t h e si : vo wel s t ak e G u na w h i l e a r t b ec o m es i i r
n
sl es h ci ya t i
ch a r
am t o em b r a c e ; m

If t h e

c.

t h e r s t

a nd

)
is

b e c aus e

m
ar i an s ,
a
m
r
g

n at i ve

wi th

NSE S

TE

an ay a

G E NE R A L

AN D

t ent h

th e

d? ch a r ad i ,

r
3

l engt h en ed t o
x

C IA L

SPE

W
W

mdy dya ti

f} mi , t o w al k ;

m
1
1

t o l l

d
a
i
d
r
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p

nd
ng d
th i s l
Not M ny if n t l l oot
by n t i v g m m i n
ti v
d no m i n t i v
&
o nd y oot n d i d nt i l i n f o m with
Th i l
diff
p t h i m di t y yll bl W g/
l
m h
f om ot h
i
v b b l o ng i g t i t k
i n t h m o d i d t n
x pt i t h B n d i t i v
nm o d i d
w ll
t h o gh o t i n t h
nt
t
n th
Th
t N fW y
P
nd t h
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a

ar

s ec

s, a

er c as s e s , n as

ar

er

r s

ca e

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s ec

on d

p eci al

t en s e s ,

end

in

is

It

c er t ai n
r adi c al
o

ow el

Gu na

all ver

ll
abl e s
y
b u t n? i s
s

Th i s

r ai s e d

e r

ve r

a o

divi s i o n

t, in

th e

an d

it

pl ace

t o a nd

b ef o r e

t h at ,

s t r e n g t h en i n

i
h
n
n
e n er al l
t
e
t
a
k
e
s
g
g g
y

Kr i ,

no

s t r en

t o 3 1 nd i n t h e

er s

a.

do

na , 3 a , a l ni , s t r e ngt h e n i n
o
g

ar e

s ec

t o it

s,

s c as s

ce

b s wh i c h

o nd
r e qu ir e

th i s

ar a

t h e t e r m i nat i n s

b s b el o ngi ng
a

al l

rs

ra

ca o r

s es , e

r es s o

om p r i s es

feat u r e

i f t h ey t ak e

or

befo r e

d i s t i ngu i s h i n g

t er m i n at i n s ,

f t h es e

di vi s i o n
s: a

ee

es ,

S eco nd D i vis i o n

e acce

II
2 97.

as

c as s

es ,

as

e u

as

uc

er

cau s a

ca

ar r a

f th e

f t h ei r

o w el s

by m ea n s o f
i n th e R ud h

c l as s .

We

S h all

i nec t i ve
st r

c all

b as e

o ng b as e ;

s t r en

a nd

h
eni n
t
g
g

t h e m , t h e w eak

f th e

b as e

ver s d,

vi ce

wh i c h

t e r m i na t i n s ,

w e ak

th e

t er m i n at i n s

th e

bas e

th e

t he
str

re

an d

o ng

a r u l e,

th e

h
n
i
n
t
e
g
g

s t r en

b as e b efor e

th e

t er mi n at i o n s

wh i ch

t er m i n at i n s ,

and

do
th e

th e

t h em , t h e

no t

b as e

qu ire
b e fo r e

re

o
t h e t er m i n at i o n s ar e we ak o n t h e s t r on g b as e
an e qu i l i b r i u m b et wee n b as e an d t er m i n at i o n
As

qu i r e

a c c en t

f all s

on

t h e r s t v wel

o ng t er mi nati o n s o r i f
es t abli s h i n
t
h
r ou h o ut
g
g

s tr

th u s

2 99

II
.

r s t

c l as s

Th e S u

B as es

Th is

2 98
I

whi c h t ak e
su

is

nu

b ec au s e

to

s u,

is

3 a

0
w!
}

u e ez e o u t

W
i

t o t h e l as t l e tt er

s t r et c h

t a n, t o

A ll

ver

T h e Kr i

b b l ongi ng t
s

c l as s

is

a dd e d

I st

p er s p l u r
p er s s ing
.

Pr e s

r am m ar i a n s , an d

cal l ed

oot i n t h e ir li s t s i s m t a n)
r oo t b ef or e s t r o n
t
er m i n a t i o ns
g
r

by

I st

pl u r

t h e r s t

t o t h e l as t l e tt e r

oo t

r
o

Pr e s

p er s s ing Pr e s
x pt n f kri a fwk

1 st

in

er s
.

'

n, e

ce

e,

ar o mi ,

b ec au s e

Pr es

n at i ve

wi t h

f the

I st

t h e n i n th wi t h n ati ve gr amm ar i an s ,

asnfqlcr yddi ,
v ni

h,

s u -no-mi ,

cl as s e nd

t h is

by

a
o
t
n
mi ,
T
l

Not

c all e d
.

t a n-u-mci h,

a nd

oo t i n t h e ir l is t s i s g s u)
t h e r oo t b efo r e s t r o ng t e r m inat i o ns

t h e r st

we ak t er m i nat i o n s

a
m
r
m
ar
i
a
n
s
,
g

c l as s

b ec au s e

c l as se s :

s u -nu -mci

e igh t h

the

ta nd d i ,

add e d

b ef o r e

t h em

weak t er m i nat i o n s

c l as s

Th e T an

2.

1 43

t h r ee

nat i ve

t h e r s t

t o t h e l as t l e t t e r

a dd e d

b efo r e

no

w it h

cl as s

t h e ft h

t h e m E rfqs vdd i ,

VE R B S

or

nu, 3 a , v n i

'

b di vi s io n c o m p r i se s

'

CLA S SE S

TE N

TH E

AND

call ed

an d

I do

by t h e m

i n t h e ir li s t s i s aft kr i )

f the

oo t b efor e
,

s tr

ong

mnd b efor e weak ter mi nat i o n s

n b efo r e s t r o n g t er m i n ati o ns b egi n nin g wi t h vo wel s
i
E x a? kr i t o b u y ; m i l : lcr i ni m ah 1 s t p er s pl ur Pr e s
m Icr i nd mi I st p er s S i ng Pr e s

i
k
r
l t fl t
n anti 3r d p er s pl ur Pr e s

t er m in ati ns ,

2 99
I

Th e

a se s

s ec

Th e A d cl as s (t h e

t
m:

di vi s i on

om p r i s es

s e c n d c l as s

wi t h

ons

t h r ee

n at i ve

ar e

j o i ne d

i mm e di at el y

cl as s e s :

r a m m ar i a n s , an d call e d

by t h e m

b ecau s e t h e r s t r oot i n t h eir li s t s i s R a d t o eat )

Th e t er mi n at i o ns ar e ad d e d i m m e di at el y t o t h e l as t l ett er o f t h e bas e ;
a nd in t h e c o n t ac t o f vo w el s wi t h vo w el s
vo wel s wi t h c o n s o n an ts
c o ns o n ant s wi th vo w el s an d c o n s o n an t s wi t h c o n s o nant s t h e p h o net i c
m
1 0 71 4
u s t b e c ar e fu ll y ob s er ve d
r u l e s e xp l ai n e d abo ve
5)
(6
Th e s t r o n g b a s e b efo r e t h e w eak t e r m i nati o n s t a kes G u n a wh er e
s s i bl e
o
6
1
b
2
p
9
)
a

t o wh i ch t h e t er mi nat i

on d

II b

a d ad i ,

fa g
th

Th e

l i h , t o li ck

ou li cke s t

ac cent

is

i
l
fa st: h moi h, w e li c k ;
5 3?

'

on

l i dh d , yo u l i c k

of

acc ent

fall s

t h e r s t v wel

W e ak t er mi nat i n s , wh en t h e

l eh - mi , I l i c k ;

( i le

1 28

t h e t er mi nat i n s ,
on

th e

r adi c al

l elc-s hi ,

t, t h o u li c ke d s t

x c ep t

owel

in

cas e

SPE

1 44
2

C IA L A N D GE NE R A L TE N SE s A N D

Th e H u

t h em

c l as s

t h e t h ir d

b ecau s e

a h o tyd di ,

a h o ti

t h e r s t

oo t

i n t h ei r li s t s i s

by

ha,

is

ac c ent

t h e t er m i nat i

on

a
P
( n

v1

bs
th

ver

on

bl f
b gi n

b ut

W h et h er

h a mah, w e

bo

wit h

rul e e

th i s

no

o bt
u

avi dya m Anavat

wh eth er {ta i s t o b e tr eat e d

Agama i

i s t a wi t h
n
i
v
e
g

j adi

in

on

V I

th e

an d

gr

da
tt
a
h
e
U
h
a
e
t
i
v
d
g
j g
.

Ex

fw i

Th e R u dh

und.

o pt t h f o

on

Th e
th e

th e

el

Ex

f d ad -ydt i s

Pr o f B

pl i
bl p

r edu

( Pan I I I

cat e d ver

wi th

r e c e d i ng

o ng

n d B o pp

at

r st

o eh t li ngk a
I

it
er

ddd h at i

3 , var t

ow l
o n m
j adi t h
e

ul

Ag am a

u es t i

on

is

wh et h er t h e t er m i nat i n

or

a cce nt u at e d

Th e

bu t t h e

o btf

ed
en

by t h e Pr at yu d ah ar ana
i t a in d dd -i t a m u st be

bhi , hr i , bhri , bu, ma d, j an, d h a n, d ar i d r d,

t h e t er mi nat i
.

wit h

cl as s

w
h
o
y

a v

s r bi bhr a ti ( Pan vx

s e ve nt h

W IN dddh at i ;

enf e

no

w eak , l ik e wi se if

s ar e

'

c l a ss .

t o t h e O t at ive A t m anep ad a i s d

l
l
l
ik
l
a
e
e
B
,
y

egi nning

on

en d s

r m er vi ew , an d s ee

syll a

bi bha r ti , b ut

c l as s

ow

d a d hi t a

r st s

d
i
a
j ,

i f t h e t er m i nat i

a v

s var avidh au

as a

Fo r if ydt

1 , 1 89 .
s am e

ad

xt

t i s,

i n t h e Par as m ai p ada, fo ll o w t h i s

t h e ver

e o

- eda
h
d
a d hi t a
t
i
v
R
h
e
t
W e nd
g
d ad htt d, no w pl aces t h e accen t o n t h e

in

-mi
o
I
u
h
f
n
,

s acr i c e ;

s ar e st r o ng ,

c o n u g at e d

po s si bl e

wh er e

1,

r s t syll a

V I . 1 , 1 89

( Pan

s ac r i c e :

h a, t o

Th e

wea

c all e d

Th e i nt e ns i ve

an d

mm ar i an s,

ra

sac r i ce

)
Th e t er m i nat i o ns ar e a dd e d as i n t h e A d c l as s
Th e s t r o ng b a s e b ef or e t h e weak t er m in at i o n s t ak es G u na
R
u l e s o f R e d u p l i c at i o n
T h e r oot t ak e s r ed u pl i c at i o n
(

x.

s i yu

n at ive

wi t h

c l as s

CL A SSE S o r VE R B S 2 99_

THE TE N

s,

if t h e t er mi nat i

on

s ar e

I,

nat i ve

by t h e m S u : r udhd di , b e c au s e t h e r s t

u
dd
h
i
t
o
s
t
r
u
t
d
r
ob
c
f
a
f
g
n
g
,
)

on

oo t

amm ar i an s , an d
r
g

i n t h eir li s t s i s 9

c all e

r a dh ,

Th e te r mi n at i o n s

a.

ar e a d d e d as

i n th e A d

cl as s .

B et wee n t h e r adi cal vo wel an d t h e n al c o n s o nant i n i s i n s er t e d wh i ch

i n t h e s t r o ng b as e be fo r e w eak t er m in at i o n s i s r ai s ed t o a na
a
n
E x yaj t o j oi n : gi n: y u nj md h w e j o in ;
d
y
j mi I j o i n
Th e ac cent f al l s o n a na wh er ever i t app e ar s u nl es s i t i s a tt r act e d by t h e
11

- -

au g m e nt

Fi r s t
B h cl as s, wi t h

n at i ve

m
m
ar i ans ,
r
a
g

B h vadi , I

c l as s

I ud cl a s s ,

T u d adi , V I

D i v cl as s ,

D i vadi , IV

cl as s

Ch ur

C h u r adi , X

cl as s

'

Su

c l as s ,

cl as s ,

wi t h

n at i ve

r a mm ar i an s ,

SV Sdi , V

c l as s

T an

c l as s ,

T a n ad i ,

Kr i

c l a s s,

Kr yadi, IX

Ad
Hu

cl as s ,
cl a s s ,

R u dh

cl a s s ,

c l as s

V I II

A d adi , I I

cl as s .

cl as s

c l as s

Ju h o ty adi , III
R u dh ad i , V I I

c l as s .

cl a s s

1 46

AU

G ME NT

G ener a l R u l es
wi t h

'

owel ) i s

a v

V II

4.

budh

ll
ab l e
y
r ep e at e d

T h e r st

3 3
0

bubu dh

u n as

p ir at ed

by

r ed u

p li c at ed

t enu i s , t h e

e n ds

f i t wh i ch

i n fo r mi ng a g ha bh d
r e du

pli cat io n

pl i c at io n

b y t h ei r

in

n
a
P
(

by t h ei r

co r

fl g bi bhi d
d ud h d

in

r e du

c r r es

po ndi ng

4,

c h u ku

ch a kh a n

a
m
.
g

wi t h m o r e th an

o ne c

o ns o nant

t h e r s t

onl y

is

ks h zp , t o

out
t h r ow

sh

ch a kr a s

Far

ch i ks hip

oot b egi n s wi t h a s i b il ant foll o wed by a

t en u i s o nl y i s r e d u p li c at e d
us h tu
t
103 I
l g s tu t o p r ai se
)
33
s t a rt t o s o u n d
t
as t a n

If

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V II.

to go ,

oot b egi ns

m
.

p r es ent ed

s e ver ,

Icr u , t o

0
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po r t i o n

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h as , t o

a
a r

xc ept i on al

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kh an, t o di g ,
,

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to

mt g a m
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cu t ,

P
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ha t
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ar e r e

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p r esent e d

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p al at al s ; g h

re

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AN D

R E D U PLIC A TIC N ,

a r

t e nni s

or

as

p ir at e d

an

s t r i ve ,

dh , t o

sp a r

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t as t h d

s t an d ,

E n s t h d, t o

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6
6 5 ); s p t
6
w ( 3
w r ( 3 3 ;
E R
;
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W p t
t
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l p ( 4
h
vp t
r
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;
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)
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c p t th row ( 8
M p
w p
t
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h
h
t to c h ( 8
ot
t( 8
t
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d
tp
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5
cc
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p
g
y
g
y

VII
Of root
nd i ng i n
B m bh t d ir ( 3 5 ) E i l bh t t k ( 3 6 ) H y bh
i
co ir ( 3 I I )

Of

1 3.

es

1 66

( R emark

se

D IA TE g

IN TE R ME

THE

333

th t th p rti ci pl i n il t i m o t oppo d th r d pl i c t d p rf ct i m o t
d i po d t t h
dm i i on f 3 i )
M ono yl l b i c root n ding i n 3
3i 2 a
d
f
n
k
i
t
t
b
f
or
p
rt
c
p
h
t
i
i
l
f
E
{
in E t
n
b for oth r t rmin ti o wh i ch t n d t w k n v rb l b
s

e a

ss

'

Pa
( n

s e

a,

as

a e

as e .

a,

or

se

ns

ea

V 1 1 . 2,

join

W
t 1 3: l i n h
l
t
n van F !
l
t
t
d
E
x
c
pt
2
I
I
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1
W
3
3
5
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i t c o v r i t ri t h

t
vd n
i
t
va
3
1
r
r
!

W
3
1 11
7
dh t
nt r m
n V 11
f
or
m
Pa
d
l
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h
f
u
t
r
H
T
h
i
t
d

T
d
1
131
hd
4
y
4
(
{
)
g
y
d
g
g
h n c i t p art i c i p l 7 1173: g dgl h h o nl y
Thl l
7
m
Pa
n
prot
c
t
or
V
t
m
1
t
h
f
u
u
f
i
t
r
t
a
r
a
m

t
44
;
(
g
)
p
g
y
p
g p
M
h n c i t p rt i c i pl
s : y p t h o nl y
g
m rk d wi th t ch ni c l W t
R o ot wh i ch b y n t i v gr mm i n
i
d
n
t
a
k
t
i
P
n
i
i
n th
a
v
2
p
rt
c
i
p
l
1
i
n 71 t
1
i
4
(
3
f g i d t w t ( m rk d
lm
FE ? !vi nn h
73 : l
l j t b
h m d ( m rk d as s ha f t l m
n
B
3
;
h
g
i
3
m
to
g
to

ya ,

cu

-t a
:
a
3
h,
3 y

ar a

'

v1 1

2,

91

'

u e as

- -

or

2,

i - a

2,

P
( an

'

'

a -t c a.

we an 33 1

n-

2.

'

' '

- -

a -

ar e

a.

e or

sa
a

f s r i

as

P ar t i ip l es i n H t a

or

swell ;

to

ar i t ah,

c a

na

whi h

do

no t t a ke

T sr i tvd

( Pan VII

: sanah

sh ak e ;

ks hubh, t o

S ee
E VI

ea

e as

to go ;

W
QR

L i s t of

o s

ci

f or

( Pan

i
3
.

and

a l r easo ns

sp e

VII

i n sp eci a l

S ee

2,

332 ,

2.

2
2
.
,
33

ch rni ng sti ck

lcs ha bdh ah, if i t m ean s t h e

( Pan

to

und ;

li

s vdnt a

Wl :

d hvan, t o

s und ;

i t m eans t h e m i n d

h if
,

d hvant ah, if i t m ean s d a k n es s

73 : l
r
if i t m n
tt
c
h
d
8
h
g
n
ml h h h t
p k i n d i t i n ct l y ;
ml i ht h if i t m n i ndi ti n ct
l t l ( vi bh t o n d ; W
vi i bd h h i f i t r f r t
not
t pr p r
: p ha y h if i t m n wi th o t n ff ort
m
n
t
th t l bo ; 3 18 : vadh h if i t m n x c
iv
31
$
d hr i h t b c o n d nt ; 9 : d hri h y h if i t m n bol d ( Pan
3

vi s
t pr i
vi
n
t h i f it m
n
rro
t
;
m
g
m
d i h t grow ;
tro
dr dh h if i t m n
ng
Pa
(
R
i vyi h t grow ;
i vgi dh h if i t m n l ord ( Pan
:p
p
W
W
h h t t y;
Pan VII
y h if i t m
p
r
v
io
h
n d i f c l t
i
m
k
(

h
h
t m
if t ;
Pan v
h h l h if i t d o
n pro cl i m d
:
n t m
9
(
g
g
3
d wi th t h p p
V
m f ? !i f3 vi t nn h t m n h pl g
i

l ag , t o b e
ec

re

ear

o s

o s

n ea ;

V 11 . 2 ,

2
1
,
33
5.

sc an,

s ens es

S ee

2,

as ,

ea

ea

n a

a e

ea

e e s

ea

o a

'

ea

s a

ur

a na

e ss

s e

ea

a se

s as a

s a

ea

V 11

2,

'

ar

as

as

ar

as

an

es

ea

us

s s
a

n V 11

ea

2,

or

us

ea

ar

sa

w i n abhyar nnah

i f i t m ean s

es

re

o s.

sa

2,

V 11

'

ar

ea

na

ar

2,

11

2,

a u ed .

P
( an
.

v1 1 2 ,
.

Si

ur

t
c

d, wi h t h e p r ep o s
35 ?

vri t

( as

l i

ti v

au s a

) 33 :
'

mi d , t o b e

e as

h if

c ri tt a

of t th o
,

p rti ci pl W : m di t h o
m rk d by t ch ni cal 31 d
a

a bhi ;

u gh

i t m eans

n ea

( Pan V 1 1
.

2,

ea d .

tc

cl
VII

h a i ng a e h ni
fai l : mi nnah ( Pan
.

W ei , m ay, i n
2,

Th e

c rt
e

ai n s ens es ,

s am e a

ppl i

es

to

orm i t
l l v rb

335

TH E

Int er medi at e

pr c

T E RME D IA TE

IN

i
g

167

i i n t h e R edup l i c a t ed P ei f ec t
{

r l proh ib iting i n n mb r f root th {i f ll mo t

d
l
f
M
n
t
h
i
f
t
h
r
t
c
t
r
d
p
c
t
p
r
c
t
o
t
v rb j t n m r t d
g
d n t o m i t i t i n t h p rf ct
wh i ch m t o m i t {i i n l l oth r g n r l t n
S g n r l
in f t h
th
f t h {i b c o m i n t h p rf ct th t ig h t roots o nl y
b ol t l y
proh ib it d from t ki ng it Th
( Pan VII
k
d
k
i
i
t
nl
i
i
t
d
c
p
r
t
h
ng d t
l
l
i
h
v
b
t
r
)
r
(
q
q
f
W
n h k iv ;
i ng
d p r
i h k i th
m
e e d in g
334 Th e
al e ns es , d o no t aff e
.

ac

e u se o

as

o,

sri ,

2.

1
'

t o g o , 111 s?

i
4 3m

mi n and

ea

e a

ar

s es ,

z u

e s

us

or

or

e a e

e a

ar e a s

u e

2,

Is

e s

ua

s ai z c

as

ar

a ;

a.

s asri -va .

b r W

* bhri , t o

es e ar e

e ss

c as

s ai

'

'

a e

us

u es ,

ba bhri -va

3 1% vavz i -s he

c ri h

ch oose

to

Par

e av

Ktm

va

?
W

a d az

'

i -vah e,

5
6

to

pr i

dr a , t o

r u n,

g2

sr u,

t o o w,

s ta ,

E
s
ru
g

a s e,

t o h ea

t
us h y
u-va
?
g

? dad r a -va

m
g

sas r a -va .

sus r u -

va

t
m
3

se

e s

e es s a

us

In t h e

sa sr a-t ha

s, e

es

t h e D h at up ath a

In

2.

root
VII
.

61

ed u

pli c t

p rf ct

a ed

Par

orm a v v t h
c on i d r d th righ t form

( Th e f

e.

is

a,

th e

bf

i
{

e ore

ar

e e

h o we

a,

Se e N

e i ng

er ,
o

42 , in

v ow l

S ee

332 ,

wh i h

e s,

c
root

ri l y with o t
n
i
v
g

ar e n e es s a

r th

wh e

y d, t o g o ; Fut

1"

th e

of

e a e

in

s en di ng

2,

ou

s us r o -t h a .

c ond p r on i ng l ar
ril y b l ft t
W th m t n c
i gh t root
In t h
n m r t d b f or
r tri ct d t t h V d
335

da dr o -t h a

a s h o -t ha .

es e

s ar e

mm

t
d
d
;
y

i
i
n t h e fu
3

tur (HT t a) Pan

e

a
y y

a-t ha

EI?" h td ;
t r
c hi c h t h
n
i
l
I
ii
t
i
r
r
d
c
v
o
w
l
w
h
i
c
h
n
i
f
h
root
c
o
o
t
v
d
i
n
n
n
n
d
h
i
n
n
3
n
3
g
g
n c
S
6
ril y wi th o t i n th f t r (HT t i ) Pan
33 wh r th
i
root
g v n
l
h
t
k
c
oo
k
F
t
l
t
t
d
u
m
m
;
;
p p
p
p
B t q
wr kri h ti h dr g ; F t as? !h hgd f i s t h k h i t h
n
w
hi
o
c
r
h
n
l
h
c
il
i
B
d
h
v
a
m
i
i
w
i
r
q
r
h
o
o
f
r
root
t
i
i
n
f
t
t
a
(
y
j
y
{
wi th o t {i i n t h p ri p h r t i c f t r ( Pan
x c pt root a 1i i t lf H nc h
l l o w hfwwp hi t h
b id um p p l t h {um i y j i t h b i d m i y hgh
l o um y yi t h W
h i h yi t h & )

i
l
3
i
r
q
r
w
b
d
i
l
t
A
l
l
h
n
h
ot
r
v
rb
c
o
o
t
t
ot
r
r
c
v
o
i
n
i
n
n
w
h
n
d
i
4
i
g
y
d
i nd i p n bl i t h f t r
d
ith r opt ion l
ll v rb wi th wh i ch { i i

fa

s e

t o g a h e ; Fut

chi ,

e es s a

e u

an

so

38) Its

root 3 W5

sa

V 11

e-

a.

2.

2,

ar e

2,

ee

a,

na

e se

e e

u e o

- -

ar s

se

e es sa

ar e

a;

a.

2,

es

a,

es

a :

as

c.

vri ,

( 34 , 8)

s e

mbh alct aa , Kr i
c a ar

V 11

a.

ac

8) Q U E var ane, S u

a c-

ar s

orm 3 m v i v
f P ani n i b
th r l
e

or

ac

es

u u e

as

es

ss

s e

2 7s

1 Th e f

a,

"

u u e

a,

es

ec

a s

( 31

ac

s a

s ar e

ar a

or

sa

d var ane,

a,

u u e

Ch r i f
u

af f ix,

wh i ch W t rg rd m nti o n m y b d ri v d f o m
i n g r tri ct d b y t h c o mm ntator t r i nd
es e

a,
e

es

s,

aa

an

oth r
e

1 68

x c pt ion

v rb

Th e

ii

f?

w
w

s h o wi ng
a nd

R oot

336

t bl
a

I
Omi t

'

t a,

B efore
In

v rb

'

11

B efore 71 t a

B efor

s an,

ari t ,

s ari ,

i
m
u s be o mi t t ed be t ween t h e Unmo d ied
{

ag
/ a,

HT td,

332

or

ig i na l ly beg i nni ng wi t h

at

ex

Periph ras ti c

fo r th e D

tr

Fu

u e;

e s i de a

si ck

333,

cpt

s i ch,

333

t he R dup l i ca t ed P erf e t ,

f af

li ft

E l sy a
ei

i t d f o r t h e

al ;

s un s and s

HT t d :

sy a,

r e i es,
r

'

B enedi ct i v e

G ener a l Tens es ,

B efore 71 t a

eyo nd,

seen if Par as maip ada

,

i n 3 , 35 ii,

s en ding

333,

'

a
k
r
i
H
W 3 T gg

an d

{
K

h
n
g

A ll

v rb whi ch by n tiv gr mm ri n
v rb f5 !i i n d oth r n m r t d i n
e

Omi t
.

e s e

e a e

Fo r t he R edup l i
I

B efore all term i nat io ns e x c ept {t

,

t v rb
e

B efore 1 t ha

v rb
A l l v rb
A ll

s o

s o

337 Fo r
.

t on d
nd p r
in g
s,

m en i
e s

334

332 en

be w

us

P erf

333

or

3 521

ec t ,

in

e s

pr cti c l p rpo
to

u se

r nt gr mm ri n
A n t i v g r m m ri
m y b i n rt
m t
t d nt m y f l y p
d iffe

t,

ir e

v ow l
di ng i n c on o n nt

en d i ng

332

rong

ul d

t
r l li t

n
e
a
e
g

at ed

wi h 3

Op ti o n al i ns er ti o n

m a k ed wi h W it,

s ar e

i,

In ei gh
'

II

s u

P as t Parti c ipl e ;

fo r th e

l i iz f o r t h e

o o yll b i c v rb

b Th e

338, 7

7
e 3 t a, 11
s un

a.

i
{

ak e

C o n d it i o n

rt

'

In m

tt

t h e s o -c a l l ed G ener a l Tens es ,

s an d s

s enu m e a e d

t a,

a,

klip , if Par a s m ai p ad a

In
4

'

u e an d

T
I
{ [ 8 am Fl

'

In t h e

i,

B efore

2.

- -

tr

al l

Fo r

mus

vy aya t i
'

E ta

fa g

r t Aori t ;

f o r t h e Fi

es

f o r t h e Fu

sy a

Ry

15l l l f

i n whi h t h e i n t er medi a t e

as es

ex cep

In h es e

e;

vy a

ii i t h a

l il

'

t h e Ter mi na ti o ns

C o ns o nant,

al .

s as r

x
c
pt
o
i
n t
N
(
( x c pti on t N
i
th
y
( x c ption t

the

or

ad -i -t h a ,
'

To y s ,

ss

ti ,

ar

N TfT
Har -i -t h a,

re
o

tha

at ti ,

o mi ion i option

ant , t h e

s as r as h

a d,

Ta bl es

an d

In

2.

6
33

s :

tiv

R ME D IATE g

IN T E

THE

or

Th e

th e i n

s, o r

se

sa e

t rm
e

e di a e

tt

s a ed

i
{

f Q

b f or

e,

f o r in

u s ag e o

e d, a s

f d iff e

it i s
e

a e

ee
o

c i nt

s u f

as es ,

e.

u es

t o kn w wh en i t

t v r t h vi

wh a

e e

ews o

t o i ns e

e e

as e s

e ea

by

e ns es

rt th g i
i n wh i c h {i
t c oll c t t h c
ll
w
f
h
r
o
o
w
h
i
c
h
h
r
ly
t
y

s s af e

e s,

as

oth r c

all

t ch nic l m i sh ow th t i n t h oth er g eneral t

e

o
e

r nt writ r it i
h ow v r h v b n t m ch p i n
h ort b tr c t f th ir r l
m

th e

an s ,

ass

was

s es , as

rad i c l vow l p ri ph r ti c f tur

a as

th e

i
i
s
{

O ption l
a

I
337
,

2.

170
5

B efo re th e g erun di al terminatio n

rb

In

ve

h avi n g

Wj
6

I N T E R ME D I A TE g

T HE

(W

am

t ch ni c

al

H Tt va

samu),

8
33

VII

( Pan

sami tvd

2,

Sli m d

s nt

or

vd

B efo re t h e g eru n di al term in ati o n Fin te a an d t h e p arti c i pl e i n 71 t a

'

rb m kli s

In t h e

ve

f af srm kl isi tvci

rb 1 1

In t h e

'

VII

'

ta

i
1
:
a
t
1
a
l
1 p

or

( s ee al s o

Fi na ;

or

: d ant ali

p i

B ri

r us

a i n,

to go ,

mD

da t a};

en,

r us

a mi t a z

or

a z

a z

333,

2,

FC?t var i tale

s aiz g hus h i t a

t l

s a iz g hus h a i o r

vn

dsvdnt ali

or

ds vani t alz

( See

333,

r j ic

bri s k; t o

( Pan VII
.

e o

i
:
s
g

e,

mag s
e

g m

or

hr i s hi t alz , if

2,

t o ho

al a -c hi ,

no u

u nf a i r: ap a chi t ali

pp li

or

B efo re t h e p arti c i pl e o f t h e redu pl i c ate d p erf ect i n af rms

In t h e verb s 7 9m mt o g o W
a
m
i
n
v
d
o
r
j g
W
(

to h o

ed

rri p il ti
a

on

ap a ch dyi t a z

j ayanvdn

ban, t o k ill ,

a
Fli

ci a
,

en e

a i vi si van o r

d a dr i si vdn
N

338

n o r o nl
y

rt

i
m
us b e in se
{

O pti

o nall

b e m en io ned

B ef o re
In t h e
In t h e

al l o w e d

( Pan
.

VII

rb

ve
.

ai vi d van.

vi vis van

i n wh i h ,

f i

tt bfr

as s a e d

B es i d es th es e

2,

i ns er t i o n

e es s a r
y

i n all

e,

e o

it i s

th r pr hi b it d
p ci l c s m y

ne i

t h e f o ll o wi n g

as e

pl i c t d p rf ct
i
d
v
n d i ng i n WI 6 ( Pa VII
v rb
WTp d W
p p
a
f
P
li
d
l
b
r
p
c
t
p
r
ct
VII
l
l
i
h
d
v rb r d c d t
i n gl
n
t
(
y
e as ,

p rti c i pl
a

s e

as, t o

u e

eat ,

ve
e

e o

e du

o a s

a e

e e

to

e at ,

e s

2,
e

a e

'

j aks hi van

2,

30

1 Pan

V II

2,

n VII

3 Pa

ivan

as ,

rb W yh
O th r v rb r j ct i t
e

or

In t h e

ed

W
W

'

s ee ,

ag hanvd n.

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trW

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fafaf ger

t o k n o w,

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I.

( S ee

2,

a i.

or

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a a or

s o u n d,

van, t o

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:
t amalz
B
E

sh o u

to

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n
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a
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t
VII

2 , no e

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a i or

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t e ar , t o h as

i
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or

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tt

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i
s t t ch F IE : p h g l
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h hd di t l
hh n
g c hh d t c v r W
W
M j p t i nf rm W j p t l r W : j p it l
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333,

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or

2,

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wfamp avi t ali

rb d m t t m Eli
s m t q i t W : dnt l

ve

B efo re t h e p arti c ip i al term i nati o n s

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2,

des i d erati ve ( Pan

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.

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68

2,

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4

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B efo re t h e term inati o ns

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r hi p ; a
.

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335 3

o we l

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( Pan VII

e,

is

ne ve

t h e l o ng i i

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agains

dd it h a ,

335 , 3 ;

ai vy ayi t h a .

i n s e rt e d

th u s

2,

p rf ct
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W

a ed

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to

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d t h a,

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to

( D h at up ath a

2 nd

an d

2,

p rti c i pi l t rm in ti n 71 t
a
b
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o

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rb v

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in

2,

i ve ( 117I; s un) :

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W y am i f u s e d i n t h e Par a s mai p ad a ( Pan VII 2

=
In t h e verb s i 8 ? s mi , E 1922 W {5, W an
j and WEI as ( r ea m
7

g a m, if

s i ck :

Fo m ),

In

2,

a s t o s hi .

'

ve

rt

Fi
(

rb f kmTl g g dqi

In t h e

VI I

a i n t h e Par as m ai pa d a

f th e

o ns o

t ri t (
ao

( Pan

h an

2,

r t A ri t

VII

s u,

Xt manep ada w ai t s
i na

f t h e r s

pr

1% s t u, t o

n, and i n E

in i

t h e Par as mai p ad a

171

B efo re W sya o f t h e future and c o nd iti o nal

In

I N T E R ME D I A TE

T HE

l i ab l e

to

or

u na

b s ti tu te d f o r t h e sh o rt wh en su bj oined to a
vi i e x c ep t i n t h e r e d u p li c ate d p e rfe c t t h e
verb en d i ng i n a Ti al s o to
3
n VI I 2
P
a
8
ao ri s t Par as m ai p ad a an d t h e b e ne di c ti ve
3
(
t a r i t d & c ; b u t P e r f z u d p e r s s in g
tr i ; Pe r Fu t Elf i n!t a r i t a o r m
i
: a tdr i s h u li ; B ene d
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a
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e r s s i n g ft t? t ar i s h i s h g
g
p
Per Fu t af t n va r i tci o r 8| t
vii ;
va r i td ; b u t Pe rf R af t ? !vavar i th a ;
3
0
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L o ng {i

may b e

su

or

m ay

h o we ve

as

m
1
m
m

vyi ;

es

r ti v
P
( an VII

as

es .

c an

j u dg e

a t ar i s k a ,

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e

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a ?

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t i t ar is hat i ;

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er

m ay

no t ,

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atr
B

a ti r s h a ;

vi var i s h a t e ;

avar i s h a , an d

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r st !t a r i s his hta

t i t i r s h at i ;

en e d

A or

?!avgi t a ;

vumi r s h a t e ;

'

ened .

va r i s hi s hya,

tn
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e

s t ar i s hi s h a , ar e

s es o

t h e l o ng
e

i,

ra

( S ee

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V II

2,

Z Z

e.

as s

ra

o ng

x c pt in th r d pli c t d p rf ct
iv
f th p
( Pan VII
m
i
h
hi t d Inf a j g hi t m ; b t
j g
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h
i
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C l c tt
di ti n f P ani ni VII
m
4

ak e s

ai n
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a t ar i s h a , and

I?

g r a b, t o o ,

vi var i s h a t e ;

vri s hi s h ya

e , an d

ao

in th e

Th e f o m s g i ven in t h e

41

t i t ar i s ha t i ;

rb
,

2,

en e d . El

ri t Kt m nd b n di ct iv Atm th v b
wh i ch if
d i l i b l t b ch ang d t i i
b n di ct iv Kt m n p d

i n th e

fawfcafa

ve

areg r a b

e an d

a
.

fa
ti r s hi s h g

i
{

r ti v

d es i d e

a vdr i s h a i ;

m
m
3

Th e

f ar

h ave

no t

In t h e d es i d e

A o r Par

34 1

e u

a e

th e

2,

a.

2,

2,

ar s

sh a,

A A D IG M S

172

P R

D U P L IC A TE D

P E R FE T

34 2

cc or di ng to 32 5 c ann o t fo rm a redu p li c at e d p er fe c t
f o rm th ei r p e r f e c t b y afxi ng 3 ? am ( an a cc u s ati ve t e rm i n ati o n o f a femi n i n e
ab s t ra c t n o u n i n 3 1 d to t h e ve rb al b a s e an d a ddi n
d
u li c ate d
to
t
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bo d h ayd mch a kci r a
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34 2

V e r b s wh i c h ,

OF R E

ba bh zi va , ds a

rb s whi ch a r e u s ed in t h e A t m anep ada t h e au xili ar y verb g kri

i s c o nj u g at e d as A t m an ep ada b u t
a s a n d ti bi al i n t h e Par as mai p ad a
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R A S M A I PA D A
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i
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d ad h is h e d ad hd t h e

:
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an d

pr
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or

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e

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f3 ?

f am e

ni nyat hu i

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335

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in

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PLU RA
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we

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T M A N E PA D A

d a dki md

a d kaz t

da dhi o d
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term

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r a.

c.

r q iri n g

in V T

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t he R edup l i ca ted P erf

d
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dh i t h a
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PA

ni ny e

335 3
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P A R A IG

1 74
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PA RA D IG

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V erb al

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we

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dtulz

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ag hnzi t

Verb al

as e

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TH E

IN

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bablni ve

we

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X II

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babhaei s her ba bhae tt he

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6 1211

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S TR E N G TH E N IN

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was :

P E R FE T

t r q iring c ntr cti

o ns o nan s ,

E D U PLI C A TE D

OF

dh ve

babhvi r e
'

TH E

VER

MA IN IN G GE NE R A L

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t in g ui sh b e t we e n t wo s et s o f g e ne r al te n s es m oo d s an d ve rb al d e ri va ti ve s
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Th e w eak e nin g t ake s p l ac e b y s h o rt e ni ng b y ch ang in g
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176

S TR E N G TH E N IN

01 3

as e s

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dvi s h

s ct

am

kr i

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a h o s hy a t

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d h au s h i t

( r ut si s hta )

dr autsi t

at

r o t sy a t i

a r o t sya t

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'

kyi

es .

lef t

'

kar ayi s kya ti

Int

3
San
3
3
W
e

c h ekr i y

a lcdr ayi s hy a t

"

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kar ayi s hi s h td

kdr ayi t d

f a afww
c hi ki r s hi s hydti

Icr i

(W )

d ev

o r ay

it

bin!

take s

it

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T
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344

s s i b l e wea ke n e d i n :
o
p
T h e Pa rti c i p l e i n a t a (u nl es s
int e rm e d iat e
i)
Th e G e r u n d i n m tad ( unl e s s
i nt e r me di at e 3

35 0

B as e

or

is

B A SE S

At m
E
co ns o n , Hr i

ER B A L

r
Th
F
i
s t A o ri s t , I I I
e
5
E
(

so

n e

v1 1

1 Roo

b as e

OF V

KE N IN G

Th e

A N D WE A

b as e i s i f p o s s ibl e
s t r e n th en e d i n :
g
Th e Fu t u r e
Th e C o n di ti o n al
Th e Pe ri p h r a s ti c F u tu r e
Th e B e n edi c tive A t m an ep ad a
n di n g i n
n
n
( E x c pt b
5 i nd n t t ki g i t rm
Th e

ET

dc h i ktr s hi s hyat

c hiki r s hi t c

c h i ki r s hi s hi s h

t aar

2m m

dc hekr i yi s hyat a ch ekr i yi t d

td dchi ki r s hi t

ch ekr tyi s hts h ci

as

dchekr tyi s hta

1 78

STR E

g uh

dh
g

dg h o ks hy at

d
t
i
y

dg z ihi s hya t

'

g zz hi s h

i l

sr aks hy

sr a

f!
mi

a s r a ks hya t

nas

W W
'

na ks hydt i

dnaiz ks hy at

'

sr a

ms i s hydt e

Par t

as e

as

uh
Q

g It

wi t h o u t

mi

mi tdlz

as!
"

am

aq

sr az s

sr as

bandh

badh

oot

89

ms

b ut wit h

vyi nz

ki td

it s

2,

oth
to y

er s

an

i n d i ca

l l ag

5 3)
1

u s ed

Or

in

ow l

r a

po t
l b fo

Fi r s t A o r A IV
an d I I A t m

ag huks h a t

nas dt e

ds r as at

s r as yci t e

V I. I ,

b fo th
d
o
p
i
t
y

b ut

no t

re

i
a
t
y

n
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a
(

r et ai n

m tvd

sr a

r et ai n

wr i t t e n i n

t h eir
.

t hr

n as al

( Pan

V I.

5o

no t

4,

4
.

'

op

60

T wo

it s

nas al

v 1 4 , 2 4 , var t

i
(

Th e sam e r

( Pan v1
.

b fo
e

var

c au s at i ve

o
b

ut

th u s

r u l e no

oot

re

t er mi nat i ns

h ay a ti , b ut
.

b fo
e

l ik e s m e

4,

ow l )
oth

re a v

er s ,

a ac h ,

i t s nas al ( Pan v 1 4 , 30 ) an d t ak e t h e i nt er m e d i at e 3 2 ( Pan

r sh i

th e

vi kap i t a m,

ur nt ;

3 ?a

i n th e

ver

t h e g en er al

n a s al ,

wr i tt en wi t h

1,

'

t a fa r aj a t i , & c

I,

u t , ar e

V II

24 ;

s n as al , e ven

es

V II

a t marj i t vd
.

u gh

i nt er m e d iat e

n a z s h yvd
I
2
O
r
33 7
t h e D h at up ath a wi t h t h eir n a sal ,
,

op

Pan

dr

r e s dr va d hci t uka af

1,

f na d, & c

V I

Or

'

a t mdrj i tvd,

eir n as al , ar e

wh i ch

Pan

a c h z t a

ra a

58

wi t h

t o t i ng e, m a

m u st

t h ei r
Hil l? leap , m ay, h w ever , dr
cer t ai n m ean i n s ,
i
l
ag i t a m,
v
g

r sh i

s i fa a:

S ec A o r

an d

'

a v

n as a

m ean s t o w

mfg/ cit e

o p th

wh il e

w
T
i

mi tvd

1 2 8.

s ee

i th

i f i t m eans t o

op

ut

2 4 , va
rt. I

r med

eg i nni n

dr

whi ch m ay t h u s dr

m ar k e d by i , E
3
wi t h s t an d in g , i f

Pan

24

4,

y a

sr a s t v

t h e l o ng
s

en . Par

bad hy dt e

to

vr 4,
.

g u hydt e

wd

am

s r as tci

a bhdnts t

?
s
a

nas h

")

?!

y1i g1t

w:

aq

V I

mr ii yli t e

w h at!

nas h ta

s r a z s i s h s h a

bandd h d

s
a

mgi s h yvd

'

nas

Pan

ds r am
s i s h ya

'

ydla

ma

s taffe r

fai r:

Pan

fa

ms i t d

w
a

sr a

G en l t va,

u
W

nae

fm s

'

'3 :

s ri s h

d ef

d bh ant sy at

7r t a ,

wi t h o ut

a:

na z s h t

ds r a z si s hya t a

bh a ntsydti

m s hydla

mds i s hyai

wa r

13

n as al ,

ds r dks htt

'

or

td

15?

band k

oot B

dg zi hz t

gd

mdtd

band h

mdsy at

s r az s

s r anz s

g z z h i s hz s h

m w

s r as h

mds ya tz

7nd

(g h uks hah gd)

g ahz t d

345

111 3

II R

dti

'

0
9

or

&c

a l

g h o ks hydt i

VE R B A L B A SE S

OF

WE A KE N IN G

NG THE NIN G A N D

if i t

'

pp

ed

oth

er wi s e

akt a z o r

i f

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ent

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34 7

A OB Is r

Not e Th e

t h eir

as e , e

Fut

e nt ,

b b
x pt b fo
ver

r z m, t o

3 1

a
P
( n

t er mi nat i n s wh i ch

ku gi s hya t i , Per Fu t

ov

er ,

m ay d o

ar e

G u na b ef or e

t ak e s

ne ve r

hu g ( D h tu p Ath a

a?

m] , t o f e ar ,

2,

re

ce

e g i nn i ng wi t h

179

m ar k e d by

Per Fut
.

o pt i o n ll y ;

C HA PTE R
A

6
34

A or i s t s ,

We

c an

O R IST

m t ( Pan

2,

mj i t d ( Pan

d o r w i fem

r navi t d

a si

fo r m e d b y m e an s o f

t h i s w e c all t h e Fi r s t ,

X III

d i s t ingu i s h i n S an s kr i t ,

o ne

in

as

bil ant

G r eek b et wee n
,

i n s er te d

t wo ki n d s

b et we en r oo t

an d

t h e Fi r s t A

Fi r s t F o r m

in

wi th

Ter mi na ti o ns

i m

and ,

t e r mi

i s h am

PA

ot h er fo r m ed by ad di ng t h e t er mi nati o ns
S e co nd A o r i s t
an

b as e t h i s w e c al l t h e
B ot h A or i s t s t ak e t h e A u gm ent wh i ch al way s h a s t h e U dt t a
s o m e m o d i c at i o n s t h e t e r mi n at i o n s o f t h e I m er fe c t
p
i
f
r m e d i n f o u r d i ffer e nt w a s
o
o
Th
i
r
s
r
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t
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F
t
A
y
34 7

to th e

t o be

'

z i r nuvi t

so

5?

ll

or

no t st r en gt h en

2,

n at i o n ,

i
3

ku gi td, Fi r s t A o r

i nt er m e diat e

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d
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R A S M A I PA D A

mm ggz i
a

AT M A N

i
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i
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9
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86

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p ar t o f t h e
t e r m i n at i o n s
ver b s li abl e t o
t ak e t h e i n t er m e di at e
T h e r s t an d s e c o n d fo r m s o f t h e Fir s t A o r i s t
di ff er i n f ac t b y t hi s o nl y t h at t h e f o r m er i s pe c u li ar t o ver b s wh i ch t ak e
t h e l at t e r t o ver b s wh i c h r ej ec t i nt er m e di at e
n
e
e
2
o
t
e
S
(
33 4
)
g
In t hi s r s t

f t er m in at i o n s t h e i nt er m e di at e g i s t ands
b ecau s e all t h e ver b s t h at t ak e t h i s for m ar e

s et o

as

S ec o n d F o r m

PA
13s um

R A S M A I PA D A

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32

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svahi

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s t}:

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1 80

Th er e

ar e

ome

bs

ver

t aki ng t h e t er m i n at i n s

Fo rm

o
o nl y

Par as m ai p ad a

ad d

vi z

i,

- -s

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(f o r

wh i c h

R A S MA IPA D A

t h er e

ar e

onj u g at e d

i n th e

lm s

FIN

FE E

: s i s h ( a )h)

m ag m )
m e f ew

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FE ?

s -i s h ta m

s -i s h u

fa g:

rs t s -i s htdm

ar e

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th i s I s ,
t

a ft er

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th e

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a nd

h am

l!
s ih

i s h am, & c

PA

ni s

f t h e A or i s t ,

t er m i n at i n s wi t h

u su al

wh i ch

8
34

Th ir d

O R IS T

s -i s hu

b s e n di n g i n s t g s h g h
f o ll o w in g t er mi n at i on s w i t h o u t

ver

by g i , E u , w r i , wh i c h t ak e t h e
m ed i at e g i ( ks a)

r ece de d

i nt e r

an

PA

R A S MA I PA D A

AT M A N E P A D A
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8 7!

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n
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o w el
2 I)

V I I.

i ni t i al

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t h e Fi r s t Fo r m

or

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in

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n
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(

x pt W
ce

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EI

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r
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Vri d dh i i n t h
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m
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m y , t h e r
i

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2,

t ak e

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2,

Atm

2,

m ay

or

V II

a svayi t ;

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c v i t

II 2,

s en di ng

u r n,

o wel G u na (if po s s i bl e) bo t h

or

aur

s a nt a

f oll o we d b y a s i n gl e n al c o n s o n an t , m ay o r m ay n o t t a k e
am /ca n, t o s o u nd , W
i f t h e ver b b egi n s wi t h a c o n s o n a nt

$1 d r ai n

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i t a,

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s ci t c
im
'

hi ,

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th e Fi r s t A o r is t

hu d h , t o k no w ; Pm w)i d bo d h i s h a m

dho o m

F o r m e di al

R ta

V ri d dh i i n Par as m aip ad a

o wel G u na

Fo r nal

E l l

s dma hi

s a d h va m

or

so n

or

ve i n

S dt hdm

Sp eci a l R u l es f
8
F
r n al
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4
3

11 : t hat]:

or

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m fg

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e d,

to

Par as m a i p a d a

p e ak

and

ks h an, t o h u r t , V al
i

El

a j va l ,
vr o

s va s

to go

r e at h e ,

Vri d dh i ( Pa
l
k
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h
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m
t
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t
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m
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vy y t
W
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l
;
m
g g
g
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t

dk h z i t
t h ow WW
d y yi t ; E E k h z t h t 2123
t
b
th
v
W
K
K
1
m
p t m d gi t
W d i t ; qd y t m ini h l i yi t U l g t
d i
n d ft
i
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d
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t
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n l
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h
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t
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y
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ra

s o

f t h e Ch ur

e,

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e,
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s

na

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er

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ra

2,

ai na

n V II

ar

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1 82
Sp eci a l R

o
s
t
M
35 7
.

dip h th o ng s
un

ch ange d

35 9

Wl u am

7'

in

s en d i ng

A o r s uites
.

a l a i s h am

t
{

s s

ak e

th i

fo m

ms i s ham

or

t he F o ur th F o r m

Sp eci a l R u l es f

o s

35 3

ay a

en d ,

e s

or

Three ro o t

to

rb s t aki ng thi s form o f th e A o ri st end in m d o r i n

t ak e a t d a s th ei r s u b sti tu t e Th i s an d r em ain s
w h i ch
I n t h e A t m an e p a d a th es e ver b s t ak e t h e S e c o nd F o rm
h rt
l mi t th r w n d ll l i t
ti ck i n t ki ng th i f rm
v rb F mi t
th ir n l v w l i nt 31 6 E W
md i h m I t h r w n d I h urt ;

a l ds i s h am
.

o r is t

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l i k ewi s e

th e Fi r s t A

t h e Th i r d F o r m

or

h
T
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8
35

ch ng
W

u l es

35 7

&c

VII

P
( an

rj

yam, t o h o l d , H i r am, t o

2,

t h e Fi r s t A

e o i ce,

o r i s t.

r oot s wh i ch t ak e th i s f o rm m u s t end i n
as t o
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(

s
h
e c e d e d b y an
sh
l
r
o
n III I
v
w
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3
t
3
i
s ee c f Pa
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p
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Th ey m u s t b e verb s wh i ch rej e c t th e i nte rm e di at e g i ;

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66
3 0
36 2

( Pan

VII

r t ad
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t h dh i

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oo

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t o m il k ,

in th e

f W

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e o

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=3

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i
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pr

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u s

all

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m fag:

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PA D A

c ut

to

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dv-i s h tam

s ta fareafz

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u cs

ow el ;

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AT M A N E

u s

or

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wa rfare? d l dv

W
3

s a d / warm

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A o m sr

ST

in

PA

os

t o h i de

m fg s dva hi

1183

V ri ddh i i n Par as m ai p ada, G u n a i n

ea d o

uh ,

or

t rm

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ao

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i ns

V al d hva m

FIR

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t o l i k,

ppr ch t t h S c n d F rm f t h r t ri t i n m t b t n t i n
l
dh k h th
i ng At m
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p
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m
W
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p
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d
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dh g dhv m
dh k h dhv m
p pl r At m

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ta

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fag di h

l dvi -s huh

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a l av-i s hma h i

i s h dt h dm

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%:

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gh uam

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2
3

A O R IS T

b V e rb s
.

c o n s o n ants ;

i g in

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un
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i n Par asmai pada

PA

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is

x.
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W
W

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a bo d h -i s h

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W

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wi tm f g

d h -i s h dt hd m

a bo

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t o t h ink , R H: mat a h,

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l eave
4 35

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n) ,

2o

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to

4 33

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4 32

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332 ,

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21 0

GER

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ra: p ha l l dh,

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t i cip l e

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o

va t

l
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n e u te r

ves

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i

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o r mat i o n

WE

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to

: p a kvdh,

ri

r a s t i md

87) t o t h e p ar t ic ip l e s
o c c u r r e n c e i s f o r m e d,

b ec o m es
d eni t e ver b
F

kri td h, d o n e ,

i n t h e f e m i n in e

or

t a t hr i t a va t

va t

wh i ch , t h o u g h by

h t h m; W h

u s e d as a

h a ta m kri t a vdn, h e h as m ad e t h e m at ;
an d

co l d

a
ver y c o mm o n

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r i

be

to

bu t sl m
: si t a h,

by t h ei r

s,

2,

par t i cipl e ar e
t h an s p a t i ci pl s
f

l aj

par t ic ipl es

as

: ks h tvdh , dr u nk , & c

ve

ar

w o r ds

fr o m

c o a ul at e d ,
g

: ks h dmdh, w eak ;

xp and ed ;

al s o

a
n VI I I
P
(

as h am e d

pl ace

8)

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enu me r at e c er t ai n

I,

n ew

V II

r t i ci
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m:

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=1 na a
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kh y dt a h

m ean i ng t h ey m ay t ak e t h e
c l as s e d as a d e ct i ves o r s u s t ant i ve s
j
:

m e di t at e,

d hy a i , t o

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d
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su

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th e

a : na h :

wi t h

c o n t ac t

si na h

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r o c l ai m ,

an

bl e

t
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t o 3 1 ( 2 ( Pan V I I I 2

f t h em

ea

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s m el l ,

to

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e,

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or

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l
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a tr a i

in

c o n s o n an

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ar e r e

111

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to
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b
s a mbh r i ty a h avi n
co l l e c t e d
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1
w h i ch fo r m s m ma ks h iya h avi ng d e s tr o y ed ( Pan V I 4
1 44 5

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Pan

g am li n g ;
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differ ent

V II I. 2,
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4 9,

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to

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26, I

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s en ses

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and

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co

me

rom

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45 3

44 7

bf

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as s em

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3
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.

4 49

ver

f
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ft

or

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cr o s s e d

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dya

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ay

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py

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tr ,

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ail ,

to

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ver

mi
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to

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( Pan V I I 4 1
'
311 mt w
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terrai n vi tfz/ a ( Pan

C H A PTE R

vI

50

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A D JE C I I V E S

am: t vyah

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Th u s

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t i nt o

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VE R B A L

Ex

an

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l a i al s, i nt o

t ak i ng S a m pr as ar ana

no t

311

er

al

to g o ,

h a n,

or

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mp 6

ut

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in

an

or

nal

i , m ay

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no

a nd

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to

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ra

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ad

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t o l eave ,

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r o t e ct ,

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xW

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2
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vo

as u s u a l ,

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s call e d

m at e

s a hg a mdy a ti ,

x is

el o n

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bu t

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e nu l t i

c au s at i ve s u f

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o r ms

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t o d r i nk , m ay

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to

448 Th e

er wi s e

ca u s e d

h avi ng

a u sat i ve

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) W
ah
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t avyhh

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a nd II:

a
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Lat i n p ar t i c i p l e s i n nd us co nve y in g t h e i d ea t h at t h e a ct io n e xp r e s se d b y t h e
ver b s o u gh t t o b e d o ne o r will b e d o ne aim : kar t avyah m : ka r aniya h
or

a
y h

a nd

an: kdr y a h i

by

i s t o b e d o ne
1

Ver su s

s u f

35

33 1: d h ar mas

t vay d Icar tavy a h,

bhi d el i mah,

fo r

f t h es e

ver

o r m i n g v er

p ac h, t o

r i gh

s :

{i n rm

l 77

" 3 7N

o c cu r r en ce

tar ta n:

t h ee

m e mo r i al i s

I A no t h er
r ar e

faci en d u s

r i ckl e ,

al

a d ect i ve s

e l z ma

( Pan m
.

96 ,

var t

wh i ch i s , h o wever ,

WWW: p a c he l i md mds hdh

co o k ,

r ag i l e

is

eans

t to

of

co o k ;

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V ER

45 4

fu t u r e ,

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us

and

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t o gi

g ai

to

'

c nq r
o

3 kr i , t o

f a g ks hmd

ld

s wea

1 mm
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31
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al s o

u
4
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I 3 \t d to s h ak e \f hr d h dno ti ; C au s W d h dnaya ti h e c au s es t o s h ak e
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q
ro as t o r u ur bh arj j aya ti fr o m #13
1 8 t bh i to f e ar sa bi bh et i ;
C au s mq bh dp ayate or W ? b/i is lz aya te
P
a
n v1 I
h e fri gh t en s ; al s o r egu l arl y m uf f!bhd ya ya t i
(
f3!mi to t h ro w f mi no ti an d #1 mi t o d e s tro y n rt mi ndti form
th ei r C au s l ik e : 11 md
twf r e a a t i h e m ak es fl o w
2 0 r i to o w o r to g o {11 % r i g
a
t
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r
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h e c au s es to gro w ( Pan V I I 3

to adh ere fa l f l i ndti an d 3 h r?!l iya te ; C au s a it rqr l i na ya t i m l

22
l dp a y a ti an d m
l dya ya ti ; a n d i f t h e root t ak e s t h e f orm 8 1 1d al s o
n vn
n v1
IdZ
a y a t i Pa
Th
1
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W
5
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vdy aya t i i f i t
C au s mqur vdp ay a ti o r W
a t vi to o b t ai n
m e an s to m ak e co n c ei ve ( Pan v 1 1 5
2 5 3 ve to w eav e E mr va g a t i ; C au s m a vdy a y a t i h e c au s e s t o w e ave
vevi to co n c ei ve
26
vevi t e ; C au s 33 1 1f?!vevay a ti
2 7 Q vy e to co v e r a mr vy a y a t i ; C au s v
dy a y a ti h e c au s e s t o co ve r
2 8 3? vl i to ch oo s e fgTr vl i nd t i ; C au s
l
ep ay a ti h e c au s e s t o ch oo s e
v

r
w

sa d to fal l Sl s i y a t e ; C au s qm t d t a ya ti h e fel l s ;
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hd y,

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p arkl e

a ya t i ,

to gro w

h
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21 9

C au s m

p arkl e
E m ? sp h dy a t e ; C a u s m
h e m ak e s

l sp h dr a ya t i

8
3

37

c aus es

ath sp hd vay a t i , h e

6
3

a nd

ro w
s mdp a y a t e h e as to ni s h e s ;
fans mi to s m il e m ? s may a t e ; C au s m
a
P
a vr I
amdya y a t i h e c au s e s a s m il e b y s o m e t h i ng
al s o W
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C A US A I I V E

c au s at ive verb s ar e co nj u g at e d e x actl y li ke verb s o f th e C h ur

cl as s th ere i s n o n ec es si ty fo r g i vin g h ere a co m p l e t e p ara digm L ike C h u r
v erb s th ey re t ai n m a y th ro u gh o u t ex c ep t i n t h e r e d up li c at e d aori s t and
t h e b ene di ct ive Par as m ai p ad a ; an d t h ey f or m t h e p e rf e ct p e r i p h ras t i c al l y
Th e o nl y d i f c ul ty i n c au s a t i v e v e rb s i s t h e f orma t i o n o f t h ei r b as e s an d t h e
form ati o n o f t h e a ori s t
T h u s 31 kri as c au s at ive form s Pre s Par an d Kt m
t a ; Op t
7I
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m Q kdr aya ti te ; Im p f W
W
R e d Pe rf W
ta
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t dm
kdr a yet
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ch a /cr e
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ta
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a kdr a i s h a t
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11
W
;
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1
6
4 4

As

kdr ayi t d ;

en

Per F u t

kdr ydt

e kd r

a yi s h s h a

c au s at ive verb h as to be u s ed i n t h e p as s iv e ma y i s dr o p t
b u t t h e roo t r em ai n s t h e s am e a s i t w o u l d h ave b een wi t h w a y
H e n c e Pres
kdr ya te h e i s m ad e t o d o ; u M p g/ a t e fr o m F r a h h e i s m ad e t o
;
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r
Th
e i m p erf e ct
o
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e
g
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p er fe ct i s p eri ph r as t i c wi th t h e au xili ar y v erb s i n t h e A t m an epad a
1 ! a o f t h e p as s iv e
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en er al t en s e s
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t h e c au s at i v e
ay m a
r ma
app ear and we
di s app e ar s
o
n
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r
e
o
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y
W
th u s get t wo form s th ro u gh o u t ( s ee C ol eb roo ke p I 98 not e):
6
I
f
4 5
.

Fu t

ma a bhd vayi s h ye

C o nd W
.

Pe r F u t
.

Fi rs t A or

en

a bh dva

or

i
h
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y

bh dva yi tdh e

W
or

or

bh d vayi s h i y a

or

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a bh dvi s h ye

mfaarfg bh dvi tdlz e

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bh dvi s h iya

a bh dva i s h i or W
a
l
zi
p M
b
h
d
i
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y
p m
: a bh dvayi s h yh d li or m m : a bh dvi s /z d l
p m fa a bh dvi
.

t.

D E S I D E R A TI V E

22 0

vas e s

6
4 7

X IX

C H A PTE R

D E S ID E R A TIV E

BS

VER

b
as e s ar e f orm e d b y r e d u p li c a t i o n t h e p e c u l i ari ti e s

s to t h e root
o f wh i ch w i l l h av e to be tre at e d s e p ar a t el y an d b y a d di ng
a
Th u s fro m bh d to be W bdbh ds h to wi sh to be Th e a cc en t i s o n t h e
r e du pl i c a t i v e s yll abl e
h
ar e co nj u a t ed li k e Tu d r o ot s
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e
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D e s i d e ra t i v e

s h dmi,

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b
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p

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i
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33

etfaf
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h
w
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s h to kn o w ; fr o m
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n di ng
47
g
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d by G
i f th y t k t h i t rm di t
t r ngt h
i n n c on on nt m y b
i
T
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root s

m
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bu bh ds h a ti ,

1 3-

w hi h t ak e t h e i nt e m e d i at e

i h av e

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s a

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d ri ,

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u h,

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ut

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wh i c h d n t t k i nt rm di t {
4 71

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W EEK

to

a ti ;

vi vz
e

a s,

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c hi ki r s h a t i ;

tr i , t o

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ow W
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mumdr s h a t i ;

rd
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vn

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i , l eng h en h ei

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nal E r i

4,

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t o ll ,

p
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g

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t o mix

cro

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in

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s m il e ,

mus h ,

2,

t rm di t
d
ft r l b i l

n e

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or

s n

wi h

ak i ng

vi vid i s h a t i ;

a e

fagrt r di dyut is ka t e

o W

en

s, a

'

s mi ,

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t o kn w,

up d r s h a t i

g
g
i
h owev er t h ey t ak e i nt erm e d i at e 3 i th ey l ik ewi s e t ak e G un a

f8 ?

m
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c
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c on q r f T F j ig i h
ue

gvi d

r u r u di s h a t i ;

or

i
{

in

24

i
m
t
o d i e,
,
r
1

ea

vi va r t i s h at e o r

e n d i ng

to

ua

2 ar e a

t k G n th o gh th y h v i t rm di t i
c on on nt n d di g i n ny i gl c on on nt x pt {y
3 u f
th ir v ow l ( Pan

vr i t ,

an d

fa j i

a e

Gu na th ou gh th ey h av e i nt erm e di ate 3 i

m ay

f
t
n

di v,

mumus hi s h a t i

an d

ak e

m
53

s e al ,

to

V erb s wh i ch

g
2

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to

es

i
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a
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d i d ar i s ha t e

924, t o

D E SID E R A TIVE

2 22
3

bad h,

bi bh a t sa t e, h e l

fdn,

he

o th
h rp
a

es .

vanes

4 73

d dn,

d i ddi iz s at e, h e

tr i gh t

e ns .

ens .

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e
s
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3
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3
g

t h e f o ll o wi ng s p e c i al ru l es wi th r eg ar d t o t h e v o w el o f t h e r e d u pli c at i ve
s l l abl e ar e to b e o b s e r v e d i n f or m i n
r
t
v
t
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d
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R adi c al w a a nd an d ar e r ep r e s e n t e d by
2 i n t h e r e d u pl i c a ti v e s ll ab
l
e
y
3
n V II 4
P
a
(
.

11

4 74

r pr

e s en ed

b, 3 6k,

e w an d

i n th e

by
m,

maa p ip

a ck,

e du

l,

S E

M
1
b
h
d
W

W
y
3

t
pli c ti v

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a

G una

r E d t un g p m t ppro ch g p l
r circ m t nc Option ll y t k {i 3 in

to

es i d

or

A
R
e
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(

or

u fame w
vayi s h a t i ( R e d
d
r
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j
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ut

a v,

4 75

ot E

Ro

nundva yi sh a ti ,

sr a,

t o o w,

em , t o h ea

b
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y

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or

W
A
W

au s

th

e e

ed

or

by

p,

4,

( R ed A o r

an d

r di c l
pr c d

p k,

ed

e,

( Pan V I I

i
i
a ti ,
a
s
h
v
yy

a,

ar e

bi bhdvay i s h a t i , ( R e d

Vriddh i

or

b l provi d

v,

t i s h z h ds a ti

3 321,

as

e s yl l a

i
ay i s h a t i ,
d
v
p
p

d
9
1 ,

E n s th d ,

a lcs h a t i ;

S ee

a bi bh ava t

3 75

i
a
t
i
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d
a
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s
v
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j ij avat )

andna va t

r u,

ava t

375
a

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u,

i
l
m
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h
t
f
l
nd r
t
y
y
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r d pl i c t iv yll bl
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r
v yi h ti
d
v yi h t i
b
t
t
W
m
W
E
d h ti o nl y
ti v W
f orm W
hvdp yi h ti
dp y th C
f
p
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47
a
I
1
8
T
u
s
P
V
h
2
r e d u p li c at i o n t o wh i c h al l u s i o n w a s m ad e i n
n
)
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(
swi m ,

e s

u,

s sr

s us r

s a

es

or

sr a,

or

s us r

e s

es

e a

so a

au s . o

s us

for m s

uch chh

%
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1 11

root nd i n d o bl c on on nt
th n th c ond l tt r i r d pli c t d
a
h i c h i h ti
r
c
c
h s f w l
i
4 77

If t h e

e se

ar

es

In

In t h e

ab

v rb b
s

f s rf auf a a bj ij

rom fa

c hi

a e

wi h

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( Pan

v1 1

edu

pl i c t

u s

rst l tt r

th e

a nd ,

f wh i h i s

fqfeaf a undi d

n,

d,

i s hat i

or

r,

a ed .

or

i r s hyi s h -i s ha ti

in

( Pan v 1
.

i
s
y

498) t h e nal

kanddya t i

pl i c tion o cc r
i
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W
3

i s h a ti

kanddyi y -i s ha ti

edu

i r s hyi y -i s h a ti

eg i n ni ng

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t c on on nt i r

x c ption l r
e

ar

a s hy t h e l as

a s hy ,

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c hi ki s h a t i ,

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n
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8
4

N TE N S IVE

VE R B S

C HA PTE R
I

I
n
e n s iv e ,
t
8
47

N TE N S IV E

223

XX

V E B BS

h ey ar e s o m e t i m e s c al l e d fr e qu e nta t ive b as es
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f n t iv g mm i n t h
n
It m nt t h
p o d d by t h t i o n th l x ti o n nd t h wid
t l i i g n d f l li g f t h vo i
o p ing f t h vo l h o d ; i t w
t
h wo d
n d it
m i l m o d l t i on p
li
o p ond d t wh t w ll t h ing i ng t h nt i l n f th p k whi h t h o gh i n
mo t p
mo d n l g g
pt ibl i n wh ol nt n m y l o b l l y p iv d i n
n
f i ngl w o d
th
tt
1

ea s

an

er

e na

se

a,

cer

us

er

a s u

e.

s ee

s o

ac ce

a e

ra

ar

ra

re

ec

e ac c e

so

er e

ear n

s, u

us

er e

s ee cau s e a

er

ar

e a cce

en

ar

e er

as e s

er

an ce

re

so

er e c

ra

s ee

ua

acce

er

ar

c e, a

u s, a

ar

s o

e a cc e

ar

cu

ra

an s

er a e

ra

s e

ar

er

en ar

e e

e s

r ac

an

a c ue

ra

ns

er a

es o

ar a

es a

i s m ar k e d i n w

accent

n o

er a

use u

se

ca

i n S anskr i t t h e

r an ce as

ugh

ac

er a

r ac

A l th

r e e,

a a,

ca

'

s r

z,

e accen

or

r s n

en

an

er

ca

ce

ue

ea

ce s

r es e

e s re

u ce

en s

e a o

e se

ces ,

us ca

e re a

u a

e ca

or

as r e a

u s ca

e s

ac c r

e, a

as a

er ce

e s ee a

na

er

e or o

ce,

e ca

z, s

s s re

er e ca

ce o

er a

e u

ea

es

ua

o s

ca

ca

ca

c r r es

ar a

ra

e ra

e a cc en

as e, a

ac u a

er o n

ea

ra

ar

e s

ea

er ,

a s

ea

e cu

es cr

eac

e c e ar

er ce

s.

b ut M dr y

W h at ever t h e

m e i n l at er t i m es , i t s

ver y nam e o

f p r o s o di c , accent us , i e by
r i g i nall
m
u s i cal , t h at t o no s m eant
i
at i n, t o o , i t was
t
c
h
s ng , sh ws t h at i n G r eek a nd
,
y
o x ys , h i g h
i t ch , bar ys, l o w it ch , an d t h at p er i Sp o meno s, dr awn r u nd, d i d no t r ef er r i g i n

accent

eca

al l y t o

t h e si gn

bl

bu t t o t h e v i ce

f t h e cir cu m e

a c1r cu m ex e d syl l a

ei ng

dr awn

u p an d

d wn i n

p ono
r

u nci n g

e.

mm
at i cal
F
a
r
o
r
3
g
.

p po
ur

s es

w e h ave t o d i st i ngu i sh i n S an s

k it

t wo

ac cen t s

o nl y

th e

p on o n d by i i ng t h v i c t h v n t by
f th
nt
f th v i c
A ll vow l wh i h h v n i t h
n d f l li ng
ai i ng
c om b in d
ll d
b
t h o gh t h y m i g h t wi t h q l j t i
i
with o t ddt t
ll d n dd t t
i mm di t l y p
d i ng n d dt t
Th
n dd t t
sv i t
it
v
wit h o t t h
v it
P
nn t
om t im s ll d n d dtt t
vow l i
( an I 2 2 9
'

th e

ad at t a an d

ar e ca
as

ar

s va r z

a,

s s

ta

Th e

uddtt a

ar

ca

a,

e a

a.

'

is

e.

e s

a,

'

e s

s a una a ,

r es s e

s,

es s

er ,

a ar a

a e

a,

sa

e,

e s

er o

ua
a

r ec e

e s e acce

us

ce
a

e ca

or

ar

B opp fol l owi ng P of o R oth ( N i p L V I I I ) ll th i

nn
th p
d ri v d f o m
t
d p
d ; i t i h ow v
r

a ar a o r s a

ra s

ce

ca

a,

s ac cent s anna t a t ar a , as

ar t i ci

pl

e o

s a d,

to

s i nk

if fr m
.

ON

In t r ansl i ter ate d w

c ir cu m e

sansx a r r

IN

ud dt t a

by t h e

28 7

th e

acu t e ,

ri

m
ar i t a b
i
n
a
l
t
h
e
g
y

ph o n t i

t h e m ar

e it h e r

an d an u nac c e nt e d s

a nuddt t a t a r a .

c all

as

CCE NT

I mar k t h e

r ds

l
e wi t h u t
ll
a
y
l
mm
i
u nac c ent e d ;
t
a
c
a
l
r
a
g
y

E ver y

TH E

If t h e

dd t t a

b b fo

ll
a le
y

co ns i d er e d

has t o be

s va r i t a

o r

re an uddt t a o r

r ig i nal sc ur i t a ,

m u s t b e ma r ke d i n t r a ns li t e r at e d w

a nudd t t a

as

r ds ,

it

y
Th us i n t e &va r d h a nt a , t h ey gr e w, t e h as t he u ddt t a , a t h e
can b e m ar k e d b y t h e g r a vi s

If t h e t w o w r d s c al e s ce i nt t e va r dh ant a , t h e n e t a ke s t h e s var i t a , t !var dha nl a

a nu d dt t a

o
o
b om

s r u c hf + i va

S i m il ar l y,
4

ud

Th e

dt t a i s

a nd

bl

o r svar i t a s l l a
y

W h enever
th e

xt

s yll a

bl

s yl l a

de

ll
a
y

a l es
ll
y

6
syll a

bl

wi t h

e.

If

anu dd t t a ,

W
es

n ee d

no t

f im

s t an d i ng

y:

t h at

de

al o r

a nudd t t a t a r a

e n d e nt ,

is

we k no w t h at

a nud d t t a t ar a ,

s var i t a .

it is

if m ar ke d by

ud dt t a ;

r ece d i n g a n uddt t a

f th e

f th e

s i gn o

o i gi n
t ly p

( wh et h er

m ar k

no

at al l

Ex

ydlz ,

Ex
.

bl

nu

c a l,

ll

: wi

s yll a

o ne

l 3 3 nalz

3:

Ex

d h as b ut

e it h er

u ddtt a o r

i ta , t h e

svar

B ut i f a n uddtt a
A ny s yll a l e m ay h ave t h e acce nt
s ll a l e, i t s anud dt t a i s ch ang e d i n o wh at i s call e d t h e
y
.

ay m a d

f? !
m

is

sc ur i t a,

i s m ar k e d

an d

to

r an c e

o r at

ag ,

th e

no r

ol

t h e h ea d

s i gn o

r i g i nal l y a nud dt t a ,

a cc

wi t h

re

d i ngl y

ar s

ut

p o no

is

a ny

I n t r an sl it er at i

ac

c a

on

r it ,

t hi s

r ea t e d

u nce d

WT mi

m ar k ;

B ot h m y b t
x t p on n i t i o n in S n k
o nl y
nt n
b g i n wi t h v l

a nu d dt t a t a r a

wh i l e t h e ir

e d i c s ch

i s t h er ef

u d dt t a , a n d

b e m ar k e d ,

po t

H er e

by i t s el f

[cam
/J

t o b e m ar k e d by t h e

all

is

th e

k
m
ar
i
s
,
y

gr a mm at i cal accent ,
o

s var i t a

d
m
b
a
k
a
m
y

dt t a i m m e d ia

i s m ar ke d by

ever y

ec

a nud

th e

e sc ur i t a ,

i s m ar ke d by

an a nu dd tt a

ec

u t an

h as

s va r i t a ,

b om

ut

t h ey h ave

es,

ei n g a nuddtt a

h er eaft er , i s

ed

if

as a nu ddt t a t ar a ;

so ar i t a

a nudatt a ,
'

uddt t a ,

Ex

a nu dd t t a,

if

r ul e

m ar k e d by

if

o o

e n d en t

i s f ll w e d by

m ar ke d

d es cr i

n
e
r
a
l
e
g

th e

r i g i n all

od
wo d
wo d

f th e

o nl y th

b ut

a
m
is
z
l
l
l
g
{

3is

en d ent Svar i t a

an d

de

a s yll a

ll
a ic w
y

As

r es t o f

b
bi
bi

A m

Th e s i gn

e.

ll
a l e, i f l eft wi t h
y

H en ce

ono
m o no
mo no

at all ,

s anna t ar a

bl

w e n d

ne

b om t
f o l l o wi ng w

t r f + amba ka m

i nd i cat e d i n t h e

accent s ar e

a nud dt t a t a r a

th e

i nd ic at e d

n ever

e sr u c h va ;

ec

In S ans k r it t h e

as

to be

a se

ce

an udd t t a t ar a

Ex

er a

se

anu d dt t a

6p nuv5 all

'

hd ayyiz yd

ob

o b

t
h
e gr amm at i cal acc e nt
t
o
n
as
B
s
e
n
t
h
e
i
m
l
m
a
i
r
v
i
es
s
e
r
u
l
n
u
t
n
e
es
o
d
ca
r
,
g
y
7
T h e f l l wi ng i s a l i s t o f t h e r i nc i al cl as s e s o f acce nt e d w r d s
o f any w r d i n S an s k r i t
i n S an skr it :
.

A w

o o

rd c

on i

s st i n

o ne s

l
l
a l e wh i ch h a s t h e
y

c all e d

is

ud dtt a,

ud dt t a

Ex

1 12 ya z ,

mi , 55 h i m
a
'

A w

d wh i ch h as t h e

w
A
3
.

jam ui

A w

d wh i ch h as t h e

rd

h dt ci

wh i ch h as t h e

rd

on

s i s t i ng
:

A w

rd

whi ch

uddt t a o n

ag m bhi

E x 3 Ice d , at
.

u dd t t a o n

'

t h e l as t

s yll a

bl

e,

is

ant o dd tt a

fa r:

th e

r st

l
l
a bl e , i s
y

c al l e d

dd yudd t t a

Ex

( nd r alz ,

ag m nd,

A w

o n

c al l e d

'

i tal
.

da t t a

o ne

t h e m i d dl e

c all e d

ll
a l e, i s
y

mad hyo ddt t a

Ex

l
l
a l e wh i ch h as t h e
y

s c ur i t a,

r i g i nal

is

cal l e d

so a r

i ta

8125 2.

h as t h e

I ka nyci

ri

i
n al
g

'

so un t a

on

t h e l as

s yll a

l e, i s

call e d

a nt as va r i t a .

288

TH E

ON

r d wh i ch h as t h e
A
w
r i i n al
g
7
Ex
h r i d ayy dya
.

CCE N T

i ta

sc ur

NSKR IT

SA

IN

t h e m i d dl e

on

ll
a l e, i s
y

ma d kyasvar i t a

cal l e d

'

8 A

E
A w

9
10

d wi t h

d wi t h tw o

u t a d att a o r s va mt a,

l
l
a l es , i s
y

'

a dat t a, an d

ll
a l e is
y

'

a d at t a a ai n,
g

t h ir d

f l l ws

f t h em h as

e cau s e

ds

bl

rd

e,

ec

th e

h as t h e

If
svar

H er e we
it w

a dat t a,

dd i svar i t a

ll
a l es , i s
y

bu

: br z h asp ati lz

b
b

H er e t h e

i s m ar k e d

acc

ta

e s s var z

an d

i s th e t h ir d ,

is

ll
a
i
e
s
y
r di n l
Th
e
gy
s

es anu ddtt a t a r a,

ec

ei ng

xt

ne

'

ec

bl
bl

th e

u t as

s e o n d s ylla

Th e

b om
t b om

a d att a , s o

na

at all

'

is

h ence

e cau s e

n ei t h er

b om
it
n ot hi ng f o l l o w

a nu ddt t a,

ec

anudat t a an d , as

t r i r u dd tt a

c al l e d

es

so a r

a,

s,

o o

i s f l l w e d by

u n ce d

f th e de

s va r i t a

as

i ndr d byz h asp dt i

s am e r ul es a

th e

a s e nt en c e ,

er

e nd i ng

e nd e nt

odb
r

p pl y
e

t o t h em

i
i
n
n
n
g
g wi th

f Th u s 1 12 +

sc ur i t a o n

an anudat t a

ydIz +

ow

c h a sh

s i ng l e

to

as

c ha,

t h at 1 1 ya

in

b om
ec

a nu d dt t a t a r a

es

Ex

i
n
n
i
n
w
i
h
t
g
g

a n a dat t a

c a nay a t

b om

ta m

'

or

ec

in

a svar

ec

a dat t a,

ot h

e cau s e

a nu d at t a t a r a .

e c a m e a nad at t a t ar a ,

'

h as t h e

c ha

'

ec au s e

E l : y as

hydlz , t h e

ch a

o
b

th e

i
n
i
n
n
g
g

o f a s e nt e n ce,

a na dd t t a t ar a,

ne

xt

we

ll
a l e d
y
j
'

'

t h at

s ee

at

h as t h e

th e

er w i s e , at

t ky ai k wh i ch h as t h e avar i t a
t h e sc ur i t a o n t hy aIa sh owi ng

t at, wh i ch h as t h e a dat t a , w e p u t

o o

al a nudd t t a,

'

b e m ar k e d

n ee d n o t

o i gin

h ave t o b e m ar k e d wi t h

an

t h at 11: ya]; h as t h e

a nu dat t a, a n d

re

b om

to

pl aces

i s f ll we d by a n t h er
r s t s ll a l e , t h e g en er al r u l e r e u ir e s t h e so ar i t a,
ei n
y
g
a nu dat t a t a r a , s o t h at w e h ave t o wr i te W
de
h
c
a t at
y

i t a , w h i ch

th e

u d dt t a o n

an a nudat t a ,

If i n s t ead o f

tam

r d e n di n g

i g i n all y

o o

i s f l l w ed by

a nud att a

an

t
a
y

h ave t o wr i t e

a nu d dt t a ,

3 1 c all ,

'

a nu d att a ,

i g i nall y

en

a nuddt t a

wh i ch

s i gn o

w e sh

t h at

'

rst,

ul

i t w o l d h v n m k n d wo l d
ot b datt f i n t h t
q i v it
n th
l
t
n x t f oll o wi g
l
d
n
d
t
i
n
h
t
ll
b
o
d
h
i
t
o
b
a
f
i
t
t
t
t
t
;
y
y
o l d n t b p d d by n ddt t t
ign f t h
If n o i g i l
t i
th
v
it
b t it
it
n l datt
ft
i t f ol l ow
d
i t h n i m p o i bl t
i
i
n l
t
h
d
t
v
k
h
m
t
o
p
i
t
h
w
h
t
h
m
t
t
g
g
y
E
64
O nl y if n dat t f ol l o w d f t
5 I d it v t
5 dt md + kv?i ( R v
i t wo l d b om
n dd t t t
wo l d
m in (
wh i l t h d p n d t
d
i
n
h
d
t
n
b
i
t
lf
i
v
t
a
t
n
d
a
h
If w o d
bhi
t
t
h
l
g
g
y
y
y g
11
h
d
w
i
i
mm
di
l
t
p
h
h
t
i gn
t o nl y n d
n dd t t t
m t h v th
y
!
? m wh i h
i
55
B
if
d
d
p
nd
t
b
dat t
d
i
l
l
b
l
l
k
i
n
w
b
t
g
y f
y
!
wt
th
h
th
c nd q i n m k t l l
datt
n th l
t t h t yl l bl t k
nd t h t h i d k
m n yag bhil
t gm
p i t n ddtt t m k ; W
[t y a];

cann

a,

e a

c u

r ece

na

or

a nu

s ec

a e

ca

ar

'

e anu

a,

r e u r e a ar

or

c as e

a ar a .

s a

so ar

an

cas e

er a

r e a ns

a,

e s

e s

a,

ar

'

ss

'

us

a s

as a

a o

ar

or

a ar a

ee

s a

er

se u

as

en

r s

a ar a

sc ur
t,

no

ar ua a

e,

I. 1

as

en

en

a.

'

'

s ee

suc

a e

'

re

er

sa

'

s ee

ul d

i t wa s

d h avi ng t h e

r i g i nal l

call e d

a dat t a s

bl

m ar k

e s va r i t a

ec

ut a

a a na

nd s l l a
y

wh er e t h e m ar k

i ta , t h e

a nu

dat t a

If
w

b om

ul d

'

b om W

m ar k e d

r e no t

l
l
a l e is
y

o m t o g th i n
if
wo d
d i ng i n d at t
b
p
o
o
d dt t
ll
l
i
n
y

Th u s

syll a

o o

ds

t h e l a st ,

r st s

s ec

an

wi t h t h r e e

If w

a l e, i s
ll
y

es anu d at t a t ar a, an d

ec

Th e

m
T
h
ar k
e f u r t h s yll a l e ,
y
i t f ll ws an a dat t a
Th e l as t s yll a l e i s

i s l eft wi t h

r ul e

a datt a , an d

o o

an a d at t a

dvi r ud at t a ;

call ed

b om

a nudatt a

mi t r dvar a zz aa , t h e
'

th e

l
l
a l e is
y

In

r st

nud att a
c al l e d s a r c a

i s t h er ef

d i ng t o

th e

on

is

a dat t a s

A w

i ta

s va r

'

a nu d dt t a, an d ac c r

n al

s vci r zz ar e .

r st

II

'

o
wo

o i gi

d wh i ch h as t h e

a a
e

ar

r u.

es

na ,

e se a a er,

e a

er

a o

e a

er

ec

r e u r es

ar z

se

r e ce

e se o
a

s a

a e

r ece

s s

a ar a .

ce

es

ar

29 0

A CCE N T 1 N

TH E

ON

ate:

nvi ndr a

A ls

na di
I
R

pl

ur

o igin
ol

t h e t er m i nat i n i s
an a d at t a e o r

If

c.

Ex

A cc

e s var i t a .

s t r a,

I 5
.

Th e

p od

al s

th e

t var d lz ant a

ow l

a dat t a

al l

e s

in

cas e

al e s ci n

c er t ai n

by t h e C al e s cence

accen

r e c e d i ng a datt a

V a i vgi tt a

Jdtya, t h e

an

s e m iv

Pr at

pl

i le

p o int

er

'

'

call e d

er

i s d e s cr

er e

a a

in

ow l

o a s em i v

fr m t h e

by

ar at e d

se

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B y a l yin g t h es e r ul e s we can wi th p er f ect c er t ai nty d i s c

each w r d h as t h e
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nd t h k h

e s r et ai n e d s

s var i t a s

re

o r v, an d

31

m e di al ks /z aip r a

a
V
( j

od
on i d
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om

dat t vo w l
ot h
K i l h o n B h h ik

s ee

'

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i t a,

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b o dy

in th e

sc ur i t a

d iff er ent

s ve n

o o

r st

ag ni m

P
ra
t
(

r e ce d i ng a d at t a

ow l

t h ese

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lo

'

h ave t h e f l l wi ng t ech ni cal

e s

e s ec n d

ac n

a, r e

d
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p

or

1 1

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i t t ak e s

a,

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p
5

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s
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p

:
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+ ht + as ya =

s ing . F

1 1

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r 5

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evd

NSKR IT;

t ak en fr m t h e
I

Mandk eya

di ng t o

b om
ec

33 3

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i i:

SA

t i t i on
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wh i h
nt
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t yll bl
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th
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oth

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su

no

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on

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s var

th e

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18

o i ti
r

es

sh

ul d

T h u s if

a cc

II

d i ng l y

p ecu l i ar

en t ar y o n

s va s az
r n,

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th e

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ds

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e n d i ng

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in

svar i t a

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ki nd

is

of

n am e t at h abh dvy a

w h i ch i t i s m e ant f o r i s f ull y

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.

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.

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,

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i
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t h en f l l w s t h e

'

ac c ent

t h e V aj

hi tdva t ;

1 - 31 ;

mi i s

a dat t a ,

wh i ch i s

na,

wi h

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th e de

c al l

acce

ca

t h e t a i r o vya j a na i s

en

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er

er , e

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e au t h

h alf

t h at

i t a i s m ar k e d

'

vo l

e,

er r e s r c

d i s d i vi d e d i n t h e Pa d ap eth a, t h e

mhi t avat i ns t ead

by

Pr at i sek h ya, t h e

r st

21 2.

as a

avag r a h a ,

n , a nd af t er

-s u
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h
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t h e vai vg

in th e

i n S ut r a

o es

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a ce , an d

ed

t o wr i t e

an d

ana

s ar e

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t me

t h e Pa d ap zi th a ) by t h e

(in

kamp a t ak es

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is

e a

b divi i o n

r e ce d e d

avag r a ka o r

ese e

t h e t ai r o vy aj

ar a ns ,

eg i n s a s ent en ce , an d u n d er s

ra

e r acc e

rs

a ver

se

e r u es

e s cr

w h en

vo l

13

be

eit r ag e z ur ver g l ei ch e nd en
'

rd

12

be

sh

ul d

B r h m anas

an d

c e

lo w ;

f th e

i s f ll w e d
u

g ai n

ci at i

n o

or

r nc

p o ti o n i
r

o o

c all e d

en d e nt

o nl y t h

a d at t a o r s va r z

O t h er S akh as
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in
f

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b y tr

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ar e

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dt t a i s

r i gh t , an d

it i s

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pit

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th e

on

es

h alf l o w,

vo l

o
f o ll o wi ng

18

the

u dd tt a ,

o
bl

l
l
a
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li ke

p on o
r

u sl

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c

ei ng r eco

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u nce d

li

va

d
n
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s va r i t a ,

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s va r i t a,

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is

u n ce d as u d at t a .

m ay be

f r m t h ei r

s een

r es

ect i ve

b y m i i ng u p t h e se dier ent s yst em s , an d ,

o f t h e R ig -ve d a -Pr ti s kh ya wit h t h e r ul es

'

) th e

udd t t a

i s h i gh , t h e

o o

f ll wi ng

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r.

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a nuddtt a

sc ur i t a

l o w, b u t t h e
n
i
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or

f t h em , i mme di at el y

f th e

acce nt s

H
e g i ve s t h e i nt er val s m u ch s mall er ,
799
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x vn

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sh

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p a r e,

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t h i s was wr i tt en I

so

in the
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it t i o n f t h P d it h
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po

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an d

'

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e

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th e

th e

p o n n i ti on f th
b n
h o nf i o n h
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t
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i t will b e

cl ear er

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aft er

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th e

r e l at i ve

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i s h alf h i gh

en d e nt

s var i t a ,

ar e a nu dat t a,

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ar t i cul ar ,

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is

'

var y i n

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g svdr
'

se c r i t a,

is

ai a];

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d h ap r ama

h igh er t h an

ta,

wi t h

es

k i nd s

r ee

mdddyasva

as

cas e

'

bl

s va i s anudd t t a ,

ot

l ear ne d

a s e nt e nce , and

) ar e pr o no u nce d wi t h a dat t a p itch

a nu d dt t a s yll a

kamp a , sh ak i ng

i n t h e Pr t i s kh ya) wh i ch i n t h eir

In

Ki el h o r n

f t h e gr am mat ical

t o t h e R i g -ve d a-Pr t is kh ya

'

Th u s i n

'

b y e i t h er

W e h ave t h er ef o r e

on
i nt o n

er o n

es

f l l w s , i n w h i ch

de

nal o r

ce

sva r i t a o n e

d wn i s

o igi

( wh et h e r

c c r d i ng

s i nk i n g

o o
p on n

m
D
f
r
y

d in
p o no n d
Th i q
f th p i ip l V d
diff
th i p o i t
t h o it i
be

er ent au

an a datt a o r se c r i t a

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o l y nd d iff
f i nt
A o

a nuddt t a

if

ar t i c ul ar l

ac cent s

su

r e m ar k s , a n d

h o w the

eda

oy

Q ui t e d iff er ent fr m t h e d et er m i nat i

h ym ns

i nt r d u ct

29 1

in th e

S A N S KB I I

i n t h e h ym ns o f t h e R i g -ve d a
Th e sys tem o f m ar i ng t h e adat t a and

S ata pat h a -B r eh m ana i s s li gh t l y d iff er e nt , as m ay be see n fr m Pr f es s r

B h s h i k a-s tr as

IN

ccu r r i ng

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TH E

ON

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r e ced i ng a n ew a dat t a o r s var z t a,

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'

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nit p it

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1 38.

er e

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er ,

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Th i s s ys t e m, t o o , t h

r s , ana datt a t ar a .

NSKR IT

A C CE N T

wit h p r acki t a ;

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