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Turbulence Models and Their Applications: 10 Indo German Winter Academy 2011
Turbulence Models and Their Applications: 10 Indo German Winter Academy 2011
THEIR APPLICATIONS
Presented by:
T.S.D.Karthik
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Madras
Guide: Prof. Franz Durst
Outline
3
Boussinesq hypothesis
Comparison
Applications
Developments
Conclusion
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Turbulence models
4
DNS
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Classification
6
Prediction Methods
7
Boussinesq hypothesis
8
Using the suffix notation where i, j, and k denote the x-, y-, and
z-directions respectively, viscous stresses are given by:
ui u j
ij
x
j
i
U i
U j
ui ' u j ' t
x
xi
j
Major Drawbacks
11
For many turbulent flows, the length and time scale of characteristic
eddies is not small compared with the flow domain (boundary
dominated flows).
The eddy viscosity is a scalar quantity which may not be true for simple
turbulent shear flows. It also fails to distinguish between plane shear,
plane strain and rotating plane shear flows.
t (m 2 / s) (m / s) (m)
Algebraic expressions exist for the mixing length for simple 2-D
flows, such as pipe and channel flow.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
(y / / K)
lm
(y / / K)
lm
y
y
0.14 0.08(1 ) 2 0.06(1 ) 4
R
R
R
Advantages:
Easy to implement.
Fast calculation times.
Good predictions for simple flows where experimental correlations for
the mixing length exist.
Used in higher models
Disadvantages:
Completely incapable of describing flows where the turbulent length
scale varies: anything with separation or circulation.
Only calculates mean flow properties and turbulent shear stress.
Cannot switch from one type of region to another
History effects of turbulence are not considered.
Use:
Sometimes used for simple external aero flows.
Pretty much completely ignored in commercial CFD programs today.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Di
U i k
P
xi
xi
where
Modeled Equation
u 'u '
p'u '
1
j
j
i
D (
2
u 'u 'u ' )
i
3
x
2 j j i
i
k t k U j U i U j
k2
U
Ui
CD
t
j
xi xi k xi xi x j xi
lc
P u 'u '
i j x
i
u' u'
j
j
x
x
i
i
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Weak for:
Equations for k and , together with the eddy-viscosity stressstrain relationship constitute the k- turbulence model.
1/ 2
k 3/ 2
k2
The k- model
18
K equation:
Model (simplified) equation for k after using Boussinesq
assumption by which the fluctuation terms can be linked to the
mean flow is as follows:
U j U i U j t k
k
k
2k
Ui
t
t
xi
x j xi xi k xi
xi xi
xi
with t 0.09
k2
Turbulent Dissipation
19
Equation for
D
Dv Df Dp P1 P2 P3 P4 Y
Dt
where
D v Diffusive viscous transport
D f Diffusive transport by fluctuation
D p Diffusive transport by pressure fluctuation
P1 Production by deformation of mean flow field
P2 Production by deformation of mean flow field
P3 Production by gradient of mean vorticity
P4 Production by vortex stretching
Y Viscous destruction
Turbulent Dissipation
20
D
Dt
uk '
p
'
u'
x x
k
x x x
k
k
k
i
i
x
k
u ' u '
u ' u ' U
i
k
kl i
2
l
x x
x x x
l
l
i
k k
2
2
2
u ' U
u ' u ' u '
u 'i
i
i
k
i
k
2 u '
2
2
k x x x
x x x
x
k l
l k l
k
l
l
k2
U j
x j
x j
t
k
U i
U j U j
P t
x
xi xi
j
x j
2
Cz 2
C z1 P
K
K
Applications
22
k- model discussion
24
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
k- realizable model.
k- model.
Non-linear models.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
RNG k-
26
Additional term in equation for interaction between turbulence dissipation and mean
shear.
Also, time dependent flows with large scale motions (vortex shedding)
But still does not predict the spreading of a round jet correctly.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Realizable k- model
28
Realizable k- C equations
30
k2
1
A0 As
U *k
U * Sij Sij ij ij
1
A0 4.04, As 6 cos , cos 1 6W
3
Sij S ji S ki ~
W
~ , S Sij Sij
S
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Realizable k- positivity of
normal stresses
31
j xi 3
Normal component:
2
2
k
U
u 2 k 2C
3
x
3.7
x 3C
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
k- model
32
Model
Non-linear models
34
3
2
k2
k
ij ui ' u j ' k ij C 2 Eij 4C D C2 2 * f ( E , E / t , u, U / x)
3
Accounts for streamline curvature, swirl, rotation and high strain rates.
Cyclone flows, swirling combustor flows.
Rotating flow passages, secondary flows.
Flows involving separation.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
The exact equation for the transport of the Reynolds stress Rij:
DR
ij
P D
ij
ij
ij
ij
ij
Dt
This equation describes six partial differential equations, one for the
transport of each of the six independent Reynolds stresses.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Pressure strain interactions ij, are very important. These include pressure
fluctuations due to eddies interacting with each other, and due to
interactions between eddies and regions of the flow with a different mean
velocity. The overall effect is to make the normal stresses more isotropic
and to decrease shear stresses. It does not change the total turbulent
kinetic energy. This is a difficult to model term, and various models are
available. Common is the Launder model. Improved, non-equilibrium
models are available also.
RSM equations
38
U j
U i
ijk
Diffusive transport exact : D
ij x
k
J u ' u ' u ' p( u ' u ' )
ijk
i j k
jk i ik j
t Rij
ui ' u j '
Dissipation exact : ij 2
xk xk
Dissipation model : ij 23 ij
ui ' u j '
x j xi
The same k and equations are solved as with the standard k- model.
The full Reynolds stress equations are first derived, and then some
simplifying assumptions are made that allow the derivation of algebraic
equations for the Reynolds stresses.
Thus fewer PDEs have to be solved than with the full RSM and it is
much easier to implement.
The algebraic equations themselves are not very stable, however, and
computer time is significantly more than with the standard k- model.
This model was used in the 1980s and early 1990s. Research continues
but this model is rarely used in industry anymore now that most
commercial CFD codes have full RSM implementations available
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Other options:
Length scale is related to size of large eddies that contain most of energy.
For boundary layer flows, 0.4 times boundary layer thickness: l 0.4d99.
For flows downstream of grids /perforated plates: l opening size.
/
t
10
Some Applications
42
43
The figures show plots of the normalized tangential velocity, for each of
the turbulence models, plotted with the experimental data.
RNG k - epsilon model produces the best results with the standard k epsilon model giving the worst but this variation is small compared to
their deviations from the experimental data.
The k-L mixing length model does lead to an answer which predicts the
movement of the maximal tangential velocity from the inner wall to the
centre of the annulus better than the other models. Where the
implementation of the model fails is in its prediction of the flow near the
walls.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
In the middle of the channel, the flow separate due to the small step size of height h. The
flow reattaches at about 7 times the step height further downstream - similar to the 180
degree bend in the flocculation tank where we have flow separation and reattachment
downstream
Analyzed using K-, K- SST, K- realizable, K- RNG, RSM turbulence models and compared
with experimental data.
Plotting the derivative du/dy, the change in direction of velocity in x direction with respect
to y at the wall, the reattachment point is easily identified. At the wall, separated flow will
give a negative du/dy, while reattaches flow has a positive du/dy value.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Turbulenc
e Model
Reattach
ment
Ratio
The
K-
model
under-predicts
the
reattachment length. K- SST and K-
gives
the
most
accurate
0.195/0. 0.242/0.0 0.235/0.0 0.2/0.038 realizable
representation of the back step flow with
038 =
38 = 6.37 38 = 6.18 = 5.26
reattachment length. However, from literature
5.13
reviews, K- realizable is more proven for a
variety of types of flows.
Below in Figure, the stream contours (of the
averaged velocity) of the Re=48,000 for the k-
realizable model case closely approximate the
experimental results.
K-e
K-W SST
K-e
realizable
RSM
Model
Zero Equation
Model
STD k-
RNG k-
Realizable
k-
Reynolds Stress
Model
Strengths
Weaknesses
Economical (1-eq.); good track Not very widely tested yet; lack of subrecord for mildly complex B.L. models (e.g. combustion, buoyancy).
type of flows.
Robust,
economical,
reasonably
accurate;
long
accumulated performance data.
Physically most complete model Requires more cpu effort (2-3x); tightly
(history,
transport,
and coupled
momentum
and
turbulence
anisotropy of turbulent stresses equations.
are all accounted for).
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Recommendation
48
If the flow involves jets, separation, or moderate swirl, converge solution with
the realizable k- model.
Ignore the existence of mixing length models and the algebraic stress model.
Only use the other models if you know from other sources that somehow
these are especially suitable for your particular problem (e.g. SpalartAllmaras for certain external flows, k- RNG for certain transitional flows, or
k-).
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Very accurate
Developments
51
Accuracy increases
Complexity increases
Computing time increases
Usability decreases
Eddy
Viscosity
Models
Reynolds
Stress
Models
Probability
Density
Functions
Conclusion
52
Other developments
References
53
54