Narrow band Frequency modulaton

Expanding this relation we get

Assuming that the modulation index is small compared to one radian,we made
following approximations

Hence we get

This modulator involves splitting the carrier wave into two paths.one path is
direct, other path contains a -90 degree phase shift network and a product
modulator, the combination of which generates a DSB-SC signal. The difference
between these two signals produce a narrow band Fm signal with some
distortion.

Ideally an FM signal has a constant envelope and for the case of a sinusoidal
modulating signal frequency fm the angle
is also sinusoidal with same
frequency.
We may expand above equation S(t) as

Where is the modulation factor of the AM signal.The basic difference between

AM signal and NBFM signal is that algebraic sign of the lower side frequency in
NBFM is reversed
Thus the NBFM signal requires essentially the same transmission bandwidth 2fm
as the AM signal.

Wide band Frequency modulation

By using the complex representation of bandpass signals we assume that
the carrier frequency fc is large enough to justify.
rewiriting the fm equation in the form of

where

- (1)
is the complex envelope of the FM signal s(t),defined as

- (2)
We may expand

in the form of a complex fourier series as follows

(3)

-(4)

-(5)
Hence we may rewrite equation (4) in the new form

-(6)
the intergral on the RHS of equation (6) except for a scaling factor , is recognized
as the nth order Bessel function of the first kind and argument .
This function is commonly denoted by the symbol Jn() as shown by

-(7)
Accordingly we may reduce equation (6) to

-(8)
Sub eqn (8) in (3) we get

-(9)
Sub eqn (9) in (1)

-(10)
Interchanging the order of summation and evaluation of real part in the right
hand side of eqn (10)

-(11)
Taking fourier transform of both sides of eqn (11) we have

-(12)

We have plotted the Bessel function versus the modulation index for different
positive integer value of n.
We can develop further insight into the behaviour of the Bessel function by
making use of following properities