Phase and Frequency

Modulation
Consider the standard CW signal

We define the total instantaneous angle

Phase and Frequency

Modulation
Phase modulation (PM)

Frequency modulation (FM)

Characteristics of Angle
Modulation
The amplitude of an angle
modulated wave is constant.
The message resides in the zero
crossings alone, providing the
carrier frequency is large.
The modulated wave does not
resemble the message
waveform.

Narrowband PM and FM
We can expand the signal (using Taylors expansion)

The spectrum is given by

Hence, the signal has a bandwidth of 2W.

Example of Narrow Band

Angle Modulation

Both PM and FM have carrier component.

Tone Modulation
We can allow a 90 degree difference in the
modulating tones:

is called the modulation index for PM or FM

with tone modulation.

Spectrum of Narrowband
Tone Modulation
When the modulation index is very small, we
have

The spectrum is given by

Spectrum of Arbitrary
Modulation Index
For a single tone signal with arbitrary
modulation index, the modulated signal can be
written as

where j_n() is the Bessel function.

Bessel Functions

Characteristic of FM
Spectrum

Multi-tone
Consider the case of multiple tones, e.g.,

x(t) A1 cos w1t A2 cosw2 t

The modulated signal can be written as

Periodic Modulation
When the signal is periodic, the Fourier series
are given by

The modulated signal can be written as

Transmission Bandwidth
The generation and transmission of pure FM
requires infinite bandwidth. Hence, our
questions is: how much of the modulated
signal spectrum is significant?
The Bessel function falls off rapidly for
n/

There are M significant sideband pairs and

2M+1 significant lines all told. The bandwidth
can be given by

Arbitrary Modulated Signal

Bandwidth
For arbitrary modulating signal, the required
bandwidth is given by

(deviation ratio)

An approximation:

Carsons rule

Case of Phase Modulation

We can also define the phase deviation.
We have