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modulation is applied
continuously in response to the
Introduction about
analog information signal.
modulation
Aim
The aim of analog modulation is
In electronics, modulation is the
to transfer an analog baseband
process of varying one or more
(or low pass) signal, for example
properties of a high frequency
an audio signal or TV signal,
periodic waveform, called the
over an analog pass band
carrier signal, with respect to a
channel, for example a limited
modulating signal. This is done
radio frequency band or a cable
in a similar fashion as a
TV network channeL.
musician may modulate a tone
(a periodic waveform) from a
Common analog modulation
musical instrument by varying
techniques are:
its volume, timing and pitch.
• Amplitude modulation
The three key parameters of a
• Frequency modulation
periodic waveform are its
• Phase modulation
amplitude ("volume"), its phase
("timing") and its frequency
("pitch"), all of which can be
modified in accordance with a
low frequency signal to obtain
the modulated signal. Typically
a high-frequency sinusoid
waveform is used as carrier Amplitude modulation: -
signal, but a square wave pulse Amplitude modulation
train may also occur. (AM) is a technique used in
electronic communication,
Analog modulation most commonly for
transmitting information via and remains in use today by
a radio carrier wave. AM many forms of communication
works by varying the —"AM" is often used to refer to
strength of the transmitted the mediumwave broadcast
signal in relation to the band (see AM radio).
information being sent. For
example, changes in the
Uses of amplitude
signal strength can be used
to specify the sounds to be modulation
reproduced by a
AMPLITUDE MODULATION IN
loudspeaker, or the light COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
intensity of television pixels.
Amplitude modulation (AM)
(Contrast this with frequency occurs when the amplitude of a
modulation, also commonly carrier wave is modulated, to
correspond to a source signal. In
used for sound AM, we have an equation that
transmissions, in which the looks like this:
frequency is varied; and
Fsignal(t) =
phase modulation, often A(t)sin(ωt)
used in remote controls, in
We can also see that the phase
which the phase is varied) of this wave is irrelevant, and
In the mid-1870s, a form of does not change (so we dont
even include it in the equation).
amplitude modulation—initially
called "undulatory currents"— AM Double-Sideband (AM-DSB
for short) can be broken into
was the first method to two different, distinct types:
successfully produce quality Carrier, and Suppressed Carrier
varieties (AM-DSB-C and AM-
audio over telephone lines. DSB-SC, for short, respectively).
Beginning with Reginald This page will talk about both
varieties, and will discuss the
Fessenden's audio similarities and differences of
demonstrations in 1906, it was each.
Characteristics
Modulation Index
we have two types of signals
namely the message signal and Amplitude modulation requires
a high frequency constant
the carrier signal. carrier and a low frequency
so if the amplitude of the carrier modulation signal.
compressor and expander'. it is a diode and a R-C filter. This is the "crystal
radio" that is a common simple experiment
used commercial HF radio
that kids interested in electronics will do.
telephony. AM is wasteful, in terms of bandwidth,
Advantages:
Types of Frequency
Modulation
1. Noise immunity
Frequency modulation is
2.Inexpensive digital circuitry
classified on the basis of the
3.Can be time-division bandwidth of the FM signal. The
multiplexed with other pulse bandwidth of an FM signal
modulated signals. depends on the deviation Kef(t).
Transmission distance is When the deviation is high, the
increased through the use of bandwidth will be large, and
regenerative repeaters vice-versa. Thus, for a given f
Digital pulse streams can be (t), the deviation, and hence
stored. bandwidth will depend on
Error detection and correction is frequency sensitivity Kef.
easily implemented
(i) Narrowband FM: When Kf
is small, the bandwidth of FM is Frequency Modulation
narrow. Hence known as Transmitter :
Narrowband FM. Bandwidth of Frequency modulation
Narrowband FM is same as that Transmitter (using direct
of AM (amplitude modulation). method of FM)
(ii) Wideband FM: When value
of Kf is high, then the FM signal
has a wide bandwidth, hence
known as Wideband FM. Ideally
bandwidth of wideband FM is
infinite.
Introduction to frequency
modulation transmitter:
Frequency modulation is Introduction about
another significant process of Phase Modulation
In this type of modulation, Ec, wc
modulation used for message
are kept constant. The phase
transmission. The frequency
angle q of the carrier wave is
modulation has an important
varied according to the
advantage over amplitude
modulating wave. The common
modulation, i.e. interference
name for "phase modulation"
due to noise is considerably
and "frequency modulation" is
reduced in the former. However,
"angle modulation".
this advantage of noise-
immunity is at the cost of
increased bandwidth and, hence
comparatively a less number of
channels can be accommodated
in a given frequency space
envelope in direct proportion to
the message signal.
Suppose that the signal to be
sent (called the modulating or
message signal) is m(t) and the
carrier onto which the signal is
to be modulated is
Annotated:
Carrier (time) = (carrier
amplitude)*sin(carrier
frequency*time + phase shift)
This makes the modulated
signal:
The digital transmission of
analog signals involves pulse
modulation. In analog pulse This shows how m(t) modulates
modulation, time is represented the phase - the greater m(t) is
in discrete form. In digital pulse at a point in time, the greater
modulation, both time and the phase shift of the
signal amplitude are modulated signal at that point.
represented in discrete form. It can also be viewed as a
REFRENCES:-
http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/typ
es-of-amplitude-modulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_
modulation
http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/i
d/3013
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation
#Analog_modulation_methods
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the
_advantage_of_amplitude_modulation
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/phy
sics/physics-iv/communication-
systems/amplitude-modulation-
disadvantages.php
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_th
e_disadvantages_of_pulse_amplitude_
modulation
http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/freq
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http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/wha
t-is-frequency-modulation
www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/
.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phase-
modulation/
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