RADIO ENGINEERING

EEE 1101

MD.Sharif Uddin Shajib

Teaching Assistant
Department of EEE
World University of Bangladesh
 Radio transmission utilizes various methods to carry information over
the Some of the key methods incorporated in radio transmission include:
1.Amplitude Modulation (AM): In AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is
varied in proportion to the waveform being transmitted. This modulation technique
is commonly used for broadcasting in the medium-wave and short-wave bands.
2.Frequency Modulation (FM): FM involves varying the frequency of the carrier
wave in accordance with the amplitude of the input signal. FM is widely used for
high-fidelity music and voice broadcasting in the VHF (Very High Frequency) and
UHF (Ultra High Frequency) bands.
3.Phase Modulation (PM): PM alters the phase of the carrier wave based on the
input signal. While not as common as AM and FM, PM is utilized in certain
communication systems, particularly in digital modulation schemes like phase-shift
keying (PSK).
4.Digital Modulation: Various digital modulation techniques are employed in modern radio
communication systems to transmit digital data. These include techniques like Phase-Shift Keying
(PSK), Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), and Orthogonal
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM).
5.Spread Spectrum: Spread spectrum techniques spread the signal over a wider frequency band
than necessary for transmission, providing benefits such as increased resistance to interference and
improved security. Examples include Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency
Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS).
6.Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation: SSB modulation suppresses one of the sidebands of an AM
signal to reduce bandwidth requirements while maintaining the integrity of the transmitted signal.
This technique is commonly used in amateur radio and certain long-distance communication
applications.
7.Continuous Wave (CW) Transmission: CW transmission involves the uninterrupted transmission
of a constant-frequency carrier wave, typically used in Morse code communication and some types
of radar systems.
These methods, along with others, form the backbone of radio transmission technologies, enabling a
wide range of applications across various frequency bands and communication scenarios.
The amplitude-modulated (AM): transmitter produces an electromagnetic carrier wave whose amplitude is modulated
(varied at an audio rate), and which travels through the other to a radio receiver. The transmitter contains a stable RF
oscillator, usually crystal controlled; an audio amplifier; a modulator; RF amplifiers; and a connection to an antenna,
whose length is determined by the frequency of transmission.

1.Audio Input: The audio signal, such as voice or music, is fed into the
transmitter. This audio signal is typically the information that needs to
be transmitted.
2.Modulator: In the modulator stage, the audio signal modulates the
amplitude of a higher-frequency carrier wave. The carrier wave is
usually generated by an oscillator.
3.RF Amplifier: The modulated signal is then passed through an RF
(Radio Frequency) amplifier. This stage boosts the power of the
modulated signal to the desired level for transmission.
4.Antenna: The amplified modulated signal is then sent to the antenna,
which radiates the signal into space. The antenna's design and
placement are crucial for efficient transmission.
5.Optional Components: Depending on the application, additional
components such as filters, mixers, and frequency multipliers might be
incorporated into the transmitter to achieve specific transmission
requirements.
PULSE MODULATION

Pulse modulation is a type of modulation in which the signal is transmitted in the form of pulses. It can be used
to transmit analogue information. In pulse modulation, continuous signals are sampled at regular intervals.
 Sampling: The continuous waveform to be transmitted (such as an analog audio signal) is sampled at regular
intervals.
 Quantization: Each sample is quantized to a specific discrete value. This process involves converting the
continuous amplitude values into digital representations.
 Encoding: The quantized samples are encoded into pulses. There are different types of pulse modulation
techniques including Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM), and Pulse-
Position Modulation (PPM), each varying in how they encode the information into pulses.
 Transmission: The pulse-modulated signal is transmitted through the channel, typically after undergoing
further processing such as line coding and modulation to adapt it for transmission through the medium.
 Reception: At the receiver end, the transmitted signal is received, demodulated, and decoded to reconstruct
the original waveform.
AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation) are two common methods of modulating a carrier wave to transmit
information. Here are the key differences between AM and FM modulation.
 Modulation Technique:
 AM: In AM modulation, the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating
signal (such as an audio signal).
 FM: In FM modulation, the frequency of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating
signal.
 Bandwidth:
 AM: AM signals typically occupy a wider bandwidth compared to FM signals. The bandwidth of an AM signal is twice the highest
modulating frequency.
 FM: FM signals occupy a narrower bandwidth compared to AM signals. The bandwidth of an FM signal is determined by the
frequency deviation, which is directly related to the amplitude of the modulating signal .
 Signal Quality:
 AM: AM signals are more susceptible to noise and interference, which can result in audible distortion or "static" in the received
signal, particularly in conditions with poor signal-to-noise ratio.
 FM: FM signals are more resilient to noise and interference compared to AM signals. FM transmission provides better signal quality
and fidelity, with less susceptibility to amplitude variations or atmospheric disturbances.
 Frequency Stability:
 AM: AM transmission is less dependent on carrier frequency stability. Minor frequency variations in the carrier wave do not
significantly affect the demodulated signal.
 FM: FM transmission is highly dependent on carrier frequency stability. Any frequency deviations in the carrier wave can lead to
distortion or loss of fidelity in the demodulated signal.
 Applications:
 AM: AM modulation is commonly used in broadcast radio, especially in the long-wave, medium-wave,
and short-wave bands. It is also used in certain two-way communication systems such as citizen band
(CB) radio.
 FM: FM modulation is widely used in broadcast radio, particularly in the VHF (Very High Frequency)
and UHF (Ultra High Frequency) bands. It is also used in various audio broadcasting applications,
including FM stereo broadcasting and wireless microphones.
 Frequency Response:
 AM: AM modulation exhibits a linear relationship between the modulating signal and the transmitted
amplitude, allowing for relatively simple demodulation techniques.
 FM: FM modulation requires a non-linear demodulation process to recover the modulating signal
accurately, typically using frequency-to-voltage conversion methods such as frequency discriminator or
phase-locked loop (PLL) circuits.