RAHUL SHARMA J055 MBA TECH EXTC ADCOM C3

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

Aim:
1. To generate Frequency modulated signal using modulator.
2. Demodulate the frequency modulated signal using demodulator and observe the
frequency deviation.

Apparatus: Phase Shift modulator, Synchronous demodulator, digital multimeter, function generator,
CRO, wires, power supply

Theory:
Frequency Modulation (FM): the frequency of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. The amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal
remains constant. The frequency of the modulated wave increases, when the amplitude of the
modulating or message signal increases. Similarly, the frequency of the modulated wave decreases,
when the amplitude of the modulating signal decreases. Frequency of the modulated wave remains
constant and it is equal to the frequency of the carrier signal, when the amplitude of the modulating
signal is zero.
FM can be divided into Narrowband FM and Wideband FM based on the values of modulation index
β.

Narrowband FM: This frequency modulation has a small bandwidth when compared to wideband
FM. The modulation index β is small, i.e., less than 1. Its spectrum consists of the carrier, the upper
sideband and the lower sideband. This is used in mobile communications such as police wireless,
ambulances, taxicabs, etc.
Due of presence of infinite sidebands the bandwidth is given by Carson’s Rule
BW= 2(∆𝒇 + 𝒇𝒎 )

Wideband FM: This frequency modulation has infinite bandwidth. The modulation
index β is large, i.e., higher than 1. Its spectrum consists of a carrier and infinite number of
sidebands, which are located around it. This is used in entertainment, broadcasting applications
such as FM radio, TV, etc.

Frequency deviation is defined as the difference between FM modulated frequency (instantaneous

frequency) and normal carrier frequency. It is denoted by Δf, which is equal to the product of kf and
Am.
Modulation Index: The modulation index of FM is defined as the ratio of the frequency
deviation of the carrier to the frequency of the modulating signal.

Figure: Formula of Modulation Index

OBSERVATION:

GRAPHS:-
1) INFORMATION SIGNAL
2) CARRIER SIGNAL

3) MODULATED SIGNAL

4) FREQUENCY DEVIATION
 5) DEMODULATED SIGNAL

6)

CONCLUSION:
1) In this experiment, we created a frequency modulated wave, used a demodulator to demodulate the
frequency modulated signal, and measured the frequency deviation
2)Frequency Modulation (FM) is a type of modulation where frequency of the carrier signal varies in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
3)AF input was obtained through AF generator(op-amp based Wein bridge oscillator ) and was provided to
modulator(IC XR-2206) for Fm modulation. Carrier signal came into notice when the knob of frequency
deviation of the FM modulator was set at minimum.
4)The frequency deviation was calculated by finding out the maximum and minimum values frequency by
observing the output-waveform in CRO. Modulation index was calculated from the ratio of frequency
deviation and modulating frequency. It was found that modulation index was grater than 1 hence FM falls into
wideband which has n-numbers of side band.
5)demodulator signal was found by connecting the modulator output to the input of demodulator which was
found slightly attenuated when compared with the original information signal