J062/YASH_TRIPATHI/MBA(TECH)-EXTC

ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

Aim:
1. To generate Frequency modulated signal using modulator.
2. Demodulate the frequency modulated signal using demodulator and observe the
frequency deviation.

Apparatus:
Phase Shift modulator, Synchronous demodulator, digital multimeter, function generator,
CRO, wires, power supply

Theory:
Frequency Modulation (FM):
The frequency of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of
the modulating signal. The amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal remains constant. The
frequency of the modulated wave increases, when the amplitude of the modulating or message
signal increases. Similarly, the frequency of the modulated wave decreases, when the amplitude
of the modulating signal decreases. Frequency of the modulated wave remains constant and it
is equal to the frequency of the carrier signal, when the amplitude of the modulating signal is
zero.
FM can be divided into Narrowband FM and Wideband FM based on the values of
modulation index β.

Narrowband FM:
This frequency modulation has a small bandwidth when compared to wideband FM. The
modulation index β is small, i.e., less than 1. Its spectrum consists of the carrier, the upper
sideband and the lower sideband. This is used in mobile communications such as police
wireless, ambulances, taxicabs, etc.
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Wideband FM:
This frequency modulation has infinite bandwidth. The modulation index β is large, i.e.,
higher than 1. Its spectrum consists of a carrier and infinite number of sidebands, which
are located around it. This is used in entertainment, broadcasting applications such as FM
radio, TV, etc.

Modulation Index: The modulation index of FM is defined as the ratio of the frequency
deviation of the carrier to the frequency of the modulating signal.

Figure: Formula of Modulation Index

Frequency deviation is defined as the difference between FM modulated frequency

(instantaneous frequency) and normal carrier frequency. It is denoted by Δf, which is equal to
the product of kf and Am.

Observation:

Frequency = 500 Hz

Modulating Signal:
Amplitude = 1.8×5V
Time Period = 2.2×1 ms
1
Frequency = 2.2×10−3 = 454.5 KHz
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Carrier Signal:
Frequency deviation knob is at min position.

Tmin = 1.8×5 µs Tmax = 2.8×5 µs

1 1×106 1 1×106
fmax = T = = 111.10 KHz fmin = T = = 71.43 KHz
min 1.8×5 max 2.8×5

Maximum frequency deviation (S) = fmax – fmin = 111.10 – 71.43 = 39.68 KHz
S 39.68
Modulation Index (β) = f = = 8.73 × e−5
m 454×103

Frequency deviation knob is at maximum position

Tmin = 1.6×5 µs Tmax = 3.6×5 µs
1 1×106 1 1×106
fmax = T = = 125.00 KHz fmin = T = = 55.50 KHz
min 1.6×5 max 3.6×5

Maximum frequency deviation (S) = fmax – fmin = 125.00 – 55.50 = 69.80 KHz
S 69.80
Modulation Index (β) = f = = 1.5 × e−4
m 454×103

Demodulation wave
Frequency deviation knob is at middle position
Amplitude = 1.1×0.1V = 0.11 V
Time Period = 2.2×1 ms
Frequency = 454.5 KHz
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Waveform:
Modulating signal:

Carrier Signal:

Frequency Deviation (Knob is at maximum position):

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Frequency Deviation (Knob is at middle position):

Frequency Deviation (Knob is at minimum position):

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Demodulated Wave:

Conclusion:
The FM-modulation is implemented by controlling the instantaneous frequency of a
voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The amplitude of the input signal controls the oscillation
frequency of the VCO output signal. In the FM demodulation what we need to recover is
the variation of the instantaneous frequency of the carrier, either above or below the
centre frequency. The detecting device must be constructed so that its output amplitude
will vary linearly according to the instantaneous freq. of the incoming signal .We also
observed the frequency deviation while the frequency deviation knob is at maximum,
middle and minimum position.• In this experiment of frequency modulation and
demodulation, we observed that the frequency of the carrier deviates from the
modulating process. This change in carrier frequency proportional to the amplitude of the
modulating signal. This deviation helps reduce noise in the FM signal which is a major
advantage over the amplitude modulated signal. As a result, it can be used at broadcast
stations at high frequency.