REVIEW PROBLEMS ( FM )---ECET-310

HW41
1. Define FM.

Frequency modulation is a process in which the frequency of a high frequency

signal(carrier) is made to vary in step with the amplitude variations of the information
signal.

2. What parameter of intelligence signal causes frequency deviation of the

carrier?

Intelligence amplitude.

3. What parameter of the intelligence signal causes or determines the rate

of carrier frequency deviation ?

Intelligence frequency.

4. Define modulation index for FM.

FM modulation index is defined as:

mf = ∆f / fi Where ∆ = maximum deviation in carrier

frequency
fi = maximum intelligence frequency used

5. What is the reason that FM requires wider bandwidth as compared to AM

?
FM has infinite # of sidebands

6. What characteristics of FM signal are shown by Bessel Function Solution

of FM signal ?

(a) FM has infinite # of sidebands

(b) Each sideband is separated from the other by fi.
(c) The total power is distributed among carrier and the sidebands and J0, J1, J2,
…are proportional to the power in each component.

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 7. If you are tuned to an FM station at a frequency of 100.1 MHz, show the
bandwidth allocation for two adjacent stations.

Guard Bands

25 25 150 KHz 25 25
KHz KHz KHz KHz

99.9 - 75 KHz 100.10+ 75 KHz 100.3

MHz MHz MHz

BW=200 KHz

8. What is the required BW to transmit an FM signal if the maximum

deviation is 60 KHz and intelligence frequency is 15 KHz ?

mf = ∆fC/∆fi = 60 KHz/15 KHz = 4

For mf = 4, there are seven significant pairs of sidebands.

Required Bandwidth = 2(fi)(4) = 2( 15KHz)(7) = 210 KHz

9. Determine the power distribution in carrier and sidebands if the

transmitted power is 1000 W and mf = 1

For mf = 1, there are three significant pairs of sidebands

J0 = 0.77, J1 = 0.44, J2 = 0.11, J3 = 0.02

Pc = (J0 )2( PT ) = ( 0.77 )2( 1000 ) = 592.9 W

PSB1 = 2(J1 )2( PT ) = 2( 0.44 )2( 1000 ) = 387.2 W

PSB2 = 2(J2 )2( PT ) = 2( 0.11 )2( 1000 ) = 24.2 W
PSB3 = 2(J3 )2( PT ) = 2( 0.02 )2( 1000 ) = 0.8 W

10. Why Preemphasis is required ?

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 The higher frequency components in the audio signal tend to have smaller
amplitudes. As such, they are more susceptible to the effects of noise. In order to
overcome this problem, artificial boost is provided to higher frequency components
in the audio signal at the transmitter.

11. What is the RC time constant required for Preemphasis circuits ?

75 µs

12. An FM transmitter delivers to a 75 ohm antenna a signal voltage of

V(t) = 1000 sin ( 109t + 4 sin 104t )
Determine:

(a) Carrier frequency

(b) Intelligence frequency
(c) Modulation index
(d) Total power in FM signal
(e) Carrier power
(f) Power in each side band

(a) fc = 109/(2∏) = 159.15 MHz

(b) fi = 104/(2∏) = 1.59 KHz

(c) mf = 4,

(d) PT = (0.707 x 1000)2 / 75 = 6.6646 KW

(e) J0 = -0.4, J1 = -0.07, J2 = 0.36, J3 = 0.43, J4 = 0.28, J5 = 0.13, J6 = 0.05,

J7 = 0.02
PC = (Jo)2(PT) = (-0.4)2(6.6646KW) = 1.066336 KW

(f) PSB1 = 2(J1)2(PT) = 2(-0.07)2(6.6646KW) = 65.313 W

PSB2 = 2(J2)2(PT) = 2(0.36)2(6.6646KW) = 1.73 KW
PSB3 = 2(J3)2(PT) = 2(0.43)2(6.6646KW) = 2.46 KW
PSB4 = 2(J4)2(PT) = 2(0.28)2(6.6646KW) = 1.045 KW
PSB5 = 2(J5)2(PT) = 2(0.13)2(6.6646KW) = 225.26KW
PSB6 = 2(J6)2(PT) = 2(0.05)2(6.6646KW) = 33.32KW

13. Why RF amplifiers are necessary in FM receivers ?

The average signal strength in FM receivers is only about 10 micro volts.

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 14. What are the two functions of a Limiter ?

(a) The clipping removes any residual noise in the FM signal. Noise causes
amplitude variations in the FM signal.

(b) The clipping level can be controlled by a resistor connected at the collector of the
Limiter amplifier. This operation allows to provide an output signal whose
amplitude is limited to any desired value. The Limiter acts like an AGC.

15. What is the meaning of the term center frequency in reference to FM

broadcast ?

It corresponds to the transmitter frequency which in turn is the carrier

frequency.

17. What frequency swing is defined as 100 % modulation for an FM broadcast

station ?

+/- 75 KHz

18.Draw a block diagram for Crossby FM transmitter for a transmitter

frequency of 100.1 MHz.

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AUDIO
AMP

POWER
fc = 5.56 MHz fc = 33.37 MHz AMPLIFIER
PRE- ∆f= +/- 4.17KHz ∆f= +/- 25 KHz
EMPHASIS
KHz

fc=100.1M
Hz
REACTANCE PRIMARY FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
MODULATOR OSCILLATOR TRIPLER AND TRIPLER
∆f=±75KH
5.55 MHz DOUBLER
z

2 MHz
DISCRIMINATOR MIXER

98.1 MHz

CRYSTAL FREQUENCY
OSCILLATOR TRIPLER
16.35 MHz AND
DOUBLER

CROSSBY DIRECT FM
TRANSMITTER

160 V
1.91 A
135 Vrms
19. 4 V P-P Reactance Carrier Frequency Final 72.9 
11.61 KHz Modulator oscillator Multiplier Power
Amp

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 +/- 215 Hz / Vp-p 1.97593 1 doubler
MHz 2 triplers

The given diagram shows an FM transmitter.

(a) What is the total multiplication factor ?

2x3x 3 = 18

(b) What is the carrier rest frequency at the antenna ?

Carrier rest frequency at the antenna = 1.97593 MHz x 18 = 35.56 MHz

(c) What is the deviation of the radiated signal ?

∆fC = 4( 215 )(18) = 15.48 KHz

(e) What is the modulation index ?

mf = ∆fC / fi = 15.48 KHz / 11.61 KHz = 1.33

(f) How many sideband pairs are in the radiated signal ?

For mf = 1.33 1.5, there are four significant pairs of sidebands

(g) What is the bandwidth of the radiated signal ?

Required bandwidth = 2( fi )( 4 ) = 2( 11.61 KHz )( 4 ) = 92.88 KHz

(h) What is the input power to the final power amplifier ?

Pin = (V)(I) = ( 160 )(1.91) = 305.6 W

(i) What is the output power ?

Pout = (vrms)2 / Z = (135)2 / 72.9 = 250 W

(j) What is the efficiency of the final power amplifier ?

Efficiency = Pout / Pin = ( 250 ) / ( 305.6 ) x 100 = 81.8 %

(k) How much power is in the carrier ?

PC = ( J0 )2 ( PT ) = ( 0.51 )2 ( 250 ) = 65.025 W

(l) How much total power is in the sidebands ?

PSB(T) = PT – PC = 250 – 65.025 = 184.975 W

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(m) If not already at 100 % modulation, what level of input signal would cause
100 % modulation ?

100 % modulation corresponds to a deviation of +/- 75 KHz

75 KHz / 18 = 4.17 KHz

Required input signal volts = 4.17 KHz / 215 = 19.39 V P-P

20.

19. 3.24 V Reactance Carrier Frequency Final

8.1 KHz Modulator oscillator Multiplier Power
Amp

+/- 1.8 KHz 3.5 3 triplers

MHz

(a) What is the total multiplication factor ?

3 x 3 3 = 27

(b) What is the carrier rest frequency ?

27 X 3.5 = 94.5 MHz

(c) What is the deviation of the radiated signal ?

27 X 1.8 = 48.6 KHz

(d) What is the % of modulation ?

(48.6/75)(100) = 64.8 %

(e) What is the modulation index ?

48.6/8.1 = 6

(f) How many sideband pairs are in the radiated signal ?

For mf = 6, we have 9 significant pairs of sidebands

(g) What is the frequency separation between the sidebands ?

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 fi = 8.1 KHz

(h) What is the bandwidth of the radiated signal ?

2 X 9 X 8.1 = 145.8 KHz

(i) If not already at 100 % modulation, what level of input signal would cause
100 % modulation ?
75/27=2.77, 2.77/1.8 = 1.53 V
1.53 X 3.24 = 5V