Radio Transmission

Systems
Section 2

Standard broadcasting
primary service area
is defined as the area in which the ground or surface-

wave signal is not subject to objectionable interference

or objectionable fading.

Secondary service area

refers to an area serviced by skywaves and not subject

to objectionable interference

Intermittent service
refers to an area receiving service from either a surface

wave or a skywave but beyond the primary service area

and subject to some interference and fading

Standard Broadcasting
(AM)
The carrier frequencies for standard broadcasting in the

U.S.are designated in the Federal Communications

Commission (FCC) Rules and Regulations.

A total of 117 carrier frequencies are allocated from 540 to

1700 kHz in 10-kHz intervals.

Each carrier frequency is allowed to deviate no more than

plus or minus 20Hz

a daytime signal strength of 2 mV/m is required for

reception in populated towns

a signal of 0.5 mV/m is generally acceptable in rural areas

Modulation
Techniques
Double-sideband full-carrier modulation,

commonly called amplitude modulation (AM),

is used in standard broadcasting for sound
transmission

Modulation
Techniques
Although full fidelity is possible with amplitude modulation,

the FCC requires standard broadcast stations to limit the

fidelity, thus restricting occupied bandwidth of the
transmitted signal

Typical modulation frequencies for voice and music range

from 50 Hz to 10 kHz

Each channel is generally thought of as 10 kHz in width

when the modulation frequency exceeds 5 kHz, the radio

frequency bandwidth of the channel exceeds 10 kHz and

adjacent channel interference may occur

Channel and Station

Classifications (AM)
AM stations are classified by FCC according to

their operating power, protection from

interference, and hours of operation.
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D

Class A Stations
10 to 50 kW of power
servicing a large area with primary,

secondary, and intermittent coverage

protected from interference both day and
night.
called clear channel stations
(approximately a 1000 km radius),

Class B Stations
0.25 to 50 kW
render primary service only over a

principal center of population and

contiguous rural area
most Class B stations must restrict their
power to 5 kW or less to avoid interfering
with other stations.
Class B stations operating in the 1605 to
1705 kHz band are restricted to a power
level of 10 kW daytime and 1 kW nighttime

Class C Stations
operate on six designated channels (1230,

1240, 1340, 1400, 1450, and 1490)

with a maximum power of 1 kW
render primarily local service to smaller
communities

Class D stations
operate on Class A or B frequencies
with Class B transmitter powers during

daytime, but nighttime operationif

permitted at allmust be at low power (less
than 0.25 kW) with no protection from
interference.

Propagation
surface-wave propagation occurs over shorter

ranges both during day and night periods

Skywave propagation in the AM broadcast
band permits longer ranges and occurs during
night periods, and thus some stations must
either reduce power or cease to operate at
night to avoid causing interference

Transmitters
Standard AM broadcast transmitters range in

power output from 5 W up to 50 kW units

Modern transmitters utilize low-voltage, highcurrent metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect
transistor (MOSFET) devices to generate the
RF power
These transistors are combined into modules,
the outputs of which are combined to produce
the output signal

Transmitters
High-Level AM Modulation
the modulating signal is amplified and
combined with the de supply source to the
anode of the final RF amplifier stage
The RF amplifier is normally operated class C

The final stage of the modulator usually consists of a

pair of tubes / transistor operating class B

Transmitters
Pulse-Width Modulation
is one of the most popular systems developed for
modern AM transmitters
works by utilizing a square wave switching system
This PDM signal becomes the power supply to the
final RF amplifier tube
causes the final amplifier to operate in a highly
efficient class D switching mode
makes it possible to completely eliminate audio
frequency transformers in the transmitter which
results to result is wide frequency response and low
distortion

Transmitters
PWM
75kHz

After integration

PWM

Transmitters
PWM

FM Broadcasting
Frequency modulation
utilizes the audio modulating signal to vary the frequency of
the RF carrier
The greater the amplitude of the modulating frequency, the
greater the frequency deviation from the center carrier
frequency
The rate of the frequency variation is a direct function of the
frequency of the audio modulating signal
multiple pairs of sidebands are produced, determined by the
modulation index (MI) of the system
As the MI increases there are more sidebands produced
FM broadcast stations are required to restrict frequency
deviation to 75 kHz from the main carrier (100 percent
modulation)

FM Broadcasting
Frequency modulation
The power emitted by an FM transmitter is virtually
constant, regardless of the modulating signal
FM transmitters may utilize Class C type amplifiers
audio frequencies from 50 to 15,000 Hz
75-kHz RF bandwidth
88 to 108 MHz frequency band
Pre-emphasis is employed in an FM broadcast
transmitter to improve the received signal-to-noise
ratio

time constant of 75 s

de-emphasis circuit

FM Broadcast Modulation
Techniques
FM stereo was developed in 1961
transmission capability for a left- and right-stereo audio
signal
Stereophonic transmission is accomplished by adding
the left- and right-channel stereo information together in
the baseband signal
a left-minus-right channel is added and frequency
multiplexed on a subcarrier of 38 kHz using double
sideband suppressed carrier (
An unmodulated 19-kHz subcarrier is derived from the
38-kHz subcarrier to provide a synchronous
demodulation reference for the stereophonic
receiverDSSC) modulation

FM Broadcast Modulation
Techniques

Subsidiary Communications
Authorization (SCA)
used in a variety of ways, such as paging, data

transmission, specialized foreign language

programs, radio reading services, utility load
management, and background music
An FM stereo station may utilize multiplexed
subcarriers within the range of 5399 kHz with
up to 20 percent total SCA modulation
digital audio broadcasting (DAB) systems utilize
in-band on channel technique to provide highquality digital audio without interfering with the
current analog FM broadcast signals

Frequency Allocations
broadcast range from 88.1 to 107.9 MHz
100 carrier frequencies
200-kHz bandwidth
The channels from 88.1 to 91.9 MHz are reserved

for educational and noncommercial broadcasting

92.1 to 107.9 MHz for commercial broadcasting
maximum frequency swing 75 kHz
With SCA 82.5 kHz
The carrier center frequency is required to be
maintained within 2000 Hz

Frequency Allocations
The frequencies used for FM broadcasting

limit the coverage to essentially line-of-sight

distances
increasing the power or raising the antenna
will increase the coverage area

FM Broadcast Stations Classification

stations are classified by the FCC according to

their maximum allowable ERP and the

transmitting antenna antenna height above
average terrain (HAAT) in their service area
FM broadcast transmitters typically range in
power output from 10 W to 50 kW

FM Broadcast Stations Classification

Class A stations
radius of about 28 km
with 6000 W of ERP at a maximum HAAT of 100
m
Class C
most powerful class
operates with maximums of 100,000 W of ERP
and
heights up to 600 m with a primary coverage
radius of over 92 km

FM Broadcast Stations Classification

All classes may operate at antenna heights

above those specified but must reduce the

ERP accordingly
Stations may not exceed the maximum power
specified, even if the antenna height is
reduced
The classification of the station determines
the allowable distance to other cochannel and
adjacent channel stations

Transmitter Performance
and Maintenance

Transmitter Performance and

Maintenance
Most transmitters can be checked by

measuring the audio performance of the

overall system

Key System
Measurements
Typical performance targets for an FM station
are 1 dB, 50 Hz to 15 kHz.
Typical targets for an AM station are
1 1dB, 50 Hz to 10 kHz
Total harmonic distortion (THD)
is the creation by a nonlinear device of spurious signals harmonically related to
the applied audio waveform
distortion targets of 1 percent or less
Intermodulation distortion (IMD)
These distortion components are sum-and-difference (beat notes) mixing
products
IMD performance targets for AM and FM transmitters are the same as the TH D
targets

Key System
Measurements
Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)
is the amplitude difference, expressed in
decibels, between a reference level audio signal
and the system's residual noise and hum
An FM performance target of 70 dB per stereo
channel reflects reasonable exciter-transmitter
performance.
Most AM transmitters are capable of 60 dB S/N
or better

Key System
Measurements
Separation
is a specialized definition for signal crosstalk

between the left and right channels of a stereo

system.
The separation test is performed by feeding a
test tone into one channel while measuring
leakage into the other channel (whose input is
terminated with a 600- wire wound resistor, or
other appropriate value).
Typical performance targets for an FM station
are 40 dB or better from 50 Hz to 15 kHz.

Radio Studio to
Transmitter Link (STL)
Systems
2.2

Radio STL Systems

Radio STL Systems

One of the major concerns in the design and operation of a radio

broadcasting facility is the means by which the program audio from the
studio is conveyed to the transmitter site
An inferior link will impose an unacceptable limit on overall audio

quality
The requirements for reliability and transparent program relay have led

to the development of new STL systems based on digital technology

The arguments over which approachradio STL or landline (telco)is

the better way to convey

program audio from the studio to the transmitter is as old as radio

broadcasting itself

STL Equipment
950 MHz radio
equalized analog telephone lines
digital transmission

Advantages of Digital STL Systems

Necessity.
The station has no line-of-sight to the
transmitter, or suitable frequencies are
unavailable
Sound quality.
A digital landline STL can sound better than
even the best analog systems
Cost.
A single leased data line can cost less than
multiple leased analog lines.

Digital STL Systems

STL System
Configuration
aural STL systems in the U.S. is 944.5 to 951.5 MHz
Frequencies ranging from 200 to 940 MHz are used in

other parts of the world

Frequency modulation is used for analog STL systems
The vast majority of radio STL systems in operation
today carry a composite stereo baseband signal from
the studio to the transmitter
The monaural STL typically has an audio bandwidth
of 15kHz for program signals, and usually can
accommodate a single FM subcarrier at
approximately 39 kHz

composite transmitter-receiver
system

Dual monaural transmitter-receiver

system

Baseband spectrum of STL

systems: composite

Baseband spectrum of STL

systems: monaural

STL System
Configuration
The composite STL provides superior stereo

performance compared to dual monaural radio

links in several respects, including:
Elimination of interchannel phase and amplitude

errors that can arise in a dual channel system.

Elimination of audio headroom considerations
because the STL input signal has already been
passed through the station's audio processing
system and the stereo generator, which are
located at the studio.

Digital STL vs. Analog

STL Link
Advantages of DSTL
Greater immunity to noise and interference in the
transmission path
Elimination of transmission-path-dependent
distortion mechanisms, such as harmonic distortion,
intermodulation distortion, and crosstalk
Efficient use of baseband and RF spectrum
Efficient and predictable regeneration of the digital
signal
Easy and effective encryption for security and
coding purposes

Advantages of DSTL

CODEC
coding and decoding device
encoder and decoder are formed into a single
device, or set of devices (a chip set).
At the transmission end, the codec provides the
necessary filtering to band-limit the analog
signal to avoid aliasing, thereby preventing
analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion errors.
At the receiver, the codec performs the
reciprocal digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion
and interpolates (smooths) the resulting analog
waveform

Digital STL
Performance
A digital STL typically permits broadcasters to

extend the fade margin of an existing analog

link by 20 dB or more
audio signal-to-noise (S/N) improvements of
at least 10 dB
the maximum possible path distance of a
given composite STL transmitter and receiver
can be extended

Coding System
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
is a common scheme that meets the
requirements for speed and accuracy.

PCM

PCM
Quantization
Uniform
Non-uniform

Companding (compression and expansion)

using larger quantization steps for high energy
signals and smaller steps for low energy signals,
efficient use is made of the data bits, while
maintaining a specified signal-to-quantization
noise level

PCM
provides a high-speed string of discrete digital

values that represent the input audio

waveform
Each value is independent of all previous
samples
No encoder memory is required

Analog Composite STL Transmitter

and Receiver Characteristics
the composite aural STL is the workhorse of

the radio industry

goal: relay of a baseband signal from the
studio site to the transmitter

Analog Composite STL Transmitter

and Receiver Characteristics

Analog Composite STL Transmitter

and Receiver Characteristics

Components of an STL
System
Any STL installation is only as good as the

hardware used to interconnect the link. All

components, from the transmitter to the
output connectors, must be carefully chosen
and properly installed. A well-designed system
will provide years of trouble-free service. A
poorly-designed system will cause problems
on a regular basis

Components of an STL
System
Transmitter and Receiver
Transmission Lines
Antenna System
Mounting Structures
Hardware Considerations

Transmitter and Receiver

STL transmitter
it will be necessary to select a unit that will
deliver sufficient power to overcome the losses
determined by path gain/loss calculations
the transmitter power output should be
converted to gain in decibels above a 1 mW
reference (dBm).

Transmitter and Receiver

STL receiver
In receiver design, sensitivity, S/N, selectivity,
and the method of demodulation are
determining factors of receiver quality

Transmission Lines

Transmission Lines
Criteria for the selection of transmission line

includes the following

Amount of signal attenuation
Physical parameters (dielectric material and size)
larger the diameter of the transmission line, the lower
the loss, and the greater the cost of the line
most common types of dielectric are air and foam
Air dielectric cable typically requires pressurization
and is, therefore, seldom used for 950 MHz
installations
Purchase and installation cost

Transmission Lines
Other factors
Connector loss
Strain relief
Permits movement without straining cable and
chassis connections
So-called pigtail or jumper cables are commonly used
pigtails commonly are terminated with N-type male
connectors on both ends, ends, the main
transmission line must be configured with female Ntype connectors on both ends if a pair of pigtails are
used

Transmission Lines

Antenna System
Antenna models differ in a number of respects
Gain (directly proportional to size)
Operating frequency range
Polarization (most antennas can be set for
either horizontal or vertical polarization using
universal mounting hardware kits)
Beamwidth
Front-to-back ratio
Windloading
Structural strength

Antenna System
Antenna gain
is specified in decibels referenced to an
isotropic antenna (dBi) or decibels referenced to
a dipole antenna (dBd)
For path analysis calculations of system gains
and losses, dBi is used
Conversion from dBd to dBi is as follows:

Antenna System
Radial Plots

Antenna System

System Planning
The ultimate goal in selecting STL equipment

is to choose a combination of STL transmitter,

transmission line, antennas, and STL receiver
that will give adequate quieting (S/N) when
transmitting over the path between the studio
and the station transmitter. Allowance in the
form of fade margin must also be made for
the uncertainties that the path imposes on the
received signal

Frequency Selection
the choice of operating frequency is governed

by the availability of unused STL channels in

the area,
and is further dictated by the need to avoid
interference with other STL users

STL engineering can be divided into

three broad categories
Frequency selection
Path layout
ensure a correctly-oriented and unobstructed
route for unhampered propagation of the radio
wave
Path gain/loss calculations
involve analyzing RF power levels from the
transmitter output to the receiver input so that
an adequate receive level is provided

Spectrum
Considerations
an STL system should be designed to be as

spectrum-efficient as possible
first rule of spectrum-efficiency is to use only

the effective radiated power (ERP) necessary to

do the job

immune to undesired transmissions as

possible

Path Layout
Careful path engineering should be performed

prior to any licensing work to determine if the

proposed locations of the STL transmitter and
receiver will be able to achieve the desired
results

Path Layout
Line of Sight
microwave frequencies are used for STL
systems
the signal path is theoretically limited to the
line-of-sight between the studio and transmitter
locations

Review
Radio horizon
situated beyond the visual horizon
This is the result of the gradual decrease in the
refractive index of the atmosphere with
increasing altitude above the earth
The degree of bending is characterized by the K
factor

which is the ratio of the effective earth radius to the

true earth radius

A typical value for K is 4/3, or 1.33, valid over 90

percent of the time in most parts of the world

Path Layout
STL Site Selection

Path Layout
STL Site Selection

Path Layout
Terrain Considerations
The radius of the first Fresnel zone, which
defines the boundary of the elliptical volume

Path Layout
Path Layout
performance is substantially the same as long
as H is greater than 0.6 F1.

Path Layout
Path analysis

Path Reliability
most important factors are free space loss

and allowance for fade margin

gain and loss balance sheet should be
computed to determine the fade margin of the
planned STL system
fade margin is vital to reliable performance

Path Reliability
STL fade margin can be computed using the

following equations

Path Reliability
The total system losses are then computed

per

Path Reliability

Path Reliability
fade margin can be calculated per

Path Reliability
Receiver Sensitivity

Causes of Signal Fade

changes in the refractive indexes of the

atmosphere along the signal path

earth bulge (or inverse beam) fading
Precipitation

Dealing with Problem

Paths
The distance is too great to be reasonably

covered by a single-hop system.

A direct path cannot be used because of
obstructions of some type.
An unusually large fade margin is required for
the application.

Dealing with Problem

Paths

Hot Standby

Pre-Installation
Checkout
The STL transmitter
can be operated into a dummy load to confirm proper
operation
With an ideal load, the transmitter front panel readings
should correspond closely with the final test sheet
supplied by the manufacture
STL receiver
operating the transmitter into a dummy load and

attaching a short wire to the receiver antenna input. Be

sure to use the proper connector on the receiver to avoid
possible damage to the center pin. Maintain sufficient
separation of the transmitter and receiver to prevent
overloading the receiver front-end

Pre-Installation
Checkout
Antennas should be given a close visual

inspection
transmission line and connectors require no
pre-installation quality control
Consider ordering a couple extra connectors
just in case a part is lost or damaged during
construction

test equipment required for preinstallation checkout

A high-quality 50 dummy load capable of

dissipating approximately 25 W.
An in-line RF power output meter capable of
reading forward and reverse power at 1.0
GHz.
Audio frequency signal generator.
Audio frequency distortion analyzer.
Frequency counter accurate to 1.0 GHz.

Installation
STL transmitter and receiver should be

mounted in an equipment rack in a protected

location adjacent to the stereo generator at
the studio site, and adjacent to the exciter at
the broadcast transmitter site
Keep all cable runs as short and direct as
possible.
Follow good grounding practices at all times

Installation

Digital Radio
Systems

Introduction

Introduction
digital audio radio (DAR)
digital audio broadcasting (DAB)
Instead of using analog modulation methods such as

AM or FM, DAR transmits audio signals digitally

is designed to eventually replace analog AM and FM
broadcasting
providing a signal that is robust against reception
problems such as multipath interference,
with fidelity comparable to that of the compact disc.
supports auxiliary data transmission
text, graphics, or still video images

Introduction
Two principal DAR technologies
Eureka 147 DAB
in-band on channel (IBOC) broadcasting

Technical
Considerations
The World Administrative Radio Conference

(WARC) allocated 40 MHz at 1500 MHz (Lband) for digital audio broadcasting via
satellite
FCC allocated the S-band (23102360 MHz)
spectrum to establish satellite-delivered
digital audio broadcasting services

Data Reduction
DAR must use data reduction to reduce the

spectral requirement
For example, instead of a digital signal
transmitted at a 2-Mbits/s rate, a datareduced signal might be transmitted at 256
kbits/s

Eureka 147/DAB
was selected as the European standard in

1995 for broadcasting to mobile, portable, and

fixed receivers
Suitable for use in terrestrial, satellite, hybrid
(satellite and terrestrial), and cable
applications

Eureka 147/DAB
digitally combines multiple audio channels,

and the combined signal is interleaved in both

frequency and time across a wide broadcast
band

Transmitter

Receiver

DAB standard defines three basic

transmission mode options
Mode I
with a frame duration of 96 ms, 1536 carriers, and nominal
frequency range of less than 375 MHz is suited for a
terrestrial VHF network because it allows the greatest
transmitter separations.
Mode II
with a frame duration of 24 ms, 384 carriers, and nominal

frequency range of less than 1.5 GHz is suited for UHF and
local radio applications.

Mode III
with a frame duration of 24 ms (as in Mode II), 192 carriers,
and nominal frequency range of less than 3 GHz is suited for
cable, satellite, and hybrid (terrestrial gap filler) applications.

DAB standard
uses ISO/MPEG-1 Layer II bit rate reduction
Bit rates may range from 32 to 384 kbits/s in

14 steps
nominally, a rate of 128 kbps per channel is
used
Nominally, a sampling frequency of 48 kHz is
used

Spectrum Issues
The narrowest Eureka 147 configuration uses

1.5 MHz to transmit six stereo channels

In-Band Digital Radio

in-band schemes that convey digital audio signals in

existing FM (88 to 108 MHz) and AM (510 to 1710

kHz) bands along with analog radio signals.
These systems are hybrids because the analog and
digital signals are broadcast simultaneously
permit broadcasters to simultaneously transmit
analog and digital programs
digital receiver is able to reject the analog signals
it is more difficult for an analog receiver to reject
the digital signal's interference

in-band on-channel (IBOC) system

DAR signals are superimposed on current FM

and AM transmission frequencies

in-band on-channel (IBOC) system

it fits within much of the existing regulatory

statutes and commercial interests

No modifications of existing analog AM and FM
receivers are required, and DAR sets receive both
analog and digital signals
start-up costs are low
Provides improved frequency response, and lower
noise and distortion within existing coverage areas
Receivers can be designed so that if the digital
signal is lost, the radio will automatically switch to
the analog signal

iBiquity Digital Radio

was created by the merger of USA Digital Radio and

Lucent Digital Radio, two early proponents of IBOC

technology
iBiquity IBOC system provides a method of
transmitting compact-disc quality audio signals to
radio receivers along with data services, such as
station, song and artist identification, stock and news
information, and local traffic and weather
The system allows existing radio stations to use their
current AM and FM spectrum to transmit analog
signals simultaneously with new higher quality digital
signals

National Radio Systems

Committee
NRSC is an industry standards setting body

sponsored by the National Association of

Broadcasters (NAB) and the Consumer
Electronics Association (CEA)

FCC Actions
Order issued October 10, 2002, the FCC

selected in-band, on-channel (IBOC) as the

technology to bring the benefits of digital
audio broadcasting to AM and FM radio
broadcasters efficiently and rapidly

IBOC AM Digital
Radio System

iBiquity AM IBOC
System
supports transmission of digital audio and

auxiliary digital data within an existing AM

channel allocation by placing six groups of
digitally modulated carrier signals within and
adjacent to an analog AM signal
the AM IBOC system is not compatible with
analog AM stereo signals
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) modulation is utilized in the AM IBOC
system

Test Program Issues

Proximity of digital sidebands to first-adjacent

channel signals
interference with a first-adjacent analog AM signal

Test Program Issues

Proximity of digital sidebands to second-

adjacent channel signals

potentially interfere with (and receive

interference from) a second-adjacent AM

signals digital sidebands

Test Program Issues

Proximity of digital sidebands to third-

adjacent channel

Test Program Issues

Blend-to-analog
The point at which the BLER of an AM IBOC receiver falls below some

predefined threshold and the digital audio is faded out while the analog
audio is simultaneously faded in. This prevents the received audio from
simply muting when the digital signal is lost. The receiver audio will also
blend to digital upon re-acquisition of the digital signal.
BLER (block error rate)
A ratio of the number of data blocks received with at least one erroneous bit to
the number of blocks received.
The iBiquity AM IBOC system simulcasts a radio stations main channel

audio signal using the analog AM carrier and IBOC digital sidebands,
and under certain circumstances, the IBOC receiver will blend back and
forth between these two signals

Analog Compatibility
the AM IBOC system was found to have little

effect on the host analog signal

the amount of interference to the host analog
signal was receiver-dependent
Co-channel compatibility
AM IBOC was not expected to have any impact

on the level of co-channel interference due to

the design of the AM IBOC system

Analog Compatibility
First adjacent compatibility.
the interference caused by the introduction of
the IBOC signal was predominantly determined
by the D/U ratio

D/U
Ratio of desired and undesired signals

FCC allocation rules permit 6 dB D/U ratios at

an AM stations daytime protected contour

IBOC FM Digital
Radio System

iBiquity FM IBOC
System
supports transmission of digital audio and

auxiliary digital data within an existing FM

channel allocation by placing two groups of
digitally modulated carrier signals adjacent to
an analog FM signal

NRSC Test Issues

Proximity of digital sidebands to first-adjacent

channel signals

NRSC Test Issues

Proximity of digital sidebands to second-

adjacent channel signals

The FM IBOC system design allows for

approximately 4 kHz of guard band between

second-adjacent IBOC digital sidebands

NRSC Test Issues

Blend-to-analog
The iBiquity FM IBOC system simulcasts a radio
stations main channel audio signal using the
analog FM carrier and IBOC digital sidebands,
and under certain circumstances, the IBOC
receiver will blend back and forth between
these two signals

Summary

AM Broadcast Standards
Parameters

Philippine Standards

International
Standards

Frequency Band

535-1605kHz

535-1605kHz

No. Of channels

118

107

Bandwidth/Ch

9kHz

10kHz

Permitted bandwidth 30kHz

30kHz

Channel Spacing

36kHz

30kHz

Center Freq Stability

20Hz

20Hz

Baseband Freq

50-15000Hz

50-15000Hz

Type of Modulation

AM

AM

Type of Emission

A3E

A3E

Guardband

36kHz

30kHz

Antenna Polarization

Vertical

Vertical

Type of receiver

Superhet

Superhet

Intermediate Freq

455kHz

455kHz

FM Broadcast Standards
Parameters

Philippine Standards

Frequency Band

88-108 MHz

No. Of channels

25

Bandwidth/Ch

200kHz

Permitted bandwidth

240kHz (mono)

Channel Spacing

800kHz

Center Freq Stability

2kHz

Baseband Freq

50-15000Hz

Type of Modulation

FM

Type of Emission

A3E

Guardband

25kHz

Antenna Polarization

Horizontal / circular

Frequency Deviation

75kHz

Type of receiver

Superhet

Intermediate Freq

10MHz

Pilot Carrier

19kHz

Subcarrier

38kHz

FM Broadcast Frequency allocation

FM n FM 1 n 1 BW
FM = Channel Frequency in MHz
FM1 = 1st FM Channel 88.1MHz
n = channel number
BW = channel Bandwidth (200kHz)