Technical

Standards for TV
And AM/FM

Vincent D. Cataylo
 Medium Frequency Broadcast Standards

An AM Broadcast Station licensed for

aural or sound transmissions intended for
direct reception by the general public and
operated on a channel in the Medium
Frequency band.

Medium Frequency Band

The band of frequencies from 526.5 to

1705 kilohertz
 Medium Frequency Broadcast Channel

• Channels shall be designated by the assigned

carrier frequencies starting from 531 kHz in
increments of 9 kHz.
 Carrier Wave
A sinusoidal voltage or current generated in a
transmitter and subsequently modulated by a
modulating wave

Carrier Frequency

The frequency of the carrier wave.

Hertz

The term "Hertz" abbreviated "Hz", is used as a

unit of frequency, supplanting the term "cycle
per second" (cps)
 General Technical Requirements
Equipment shall be constructed according to
good engineering practice, such as
mechanical soundness, neatness of wiring
and accessibility for maintenance.

• Adequacy of components
• Compliance with Electrical Wiring Rules
• Regulation of Supply Voltage
• Protection of Persons
 Consideration of the Antenna System

• The chief purpose of the medium-wave radio

broadcasting antenna is to radiate efficiently
the energy supplied by the transmitter, more
so, towards the horizon or along the ground
and least towards the sky
 BROADCAST AUXILIARY SERVICES
• Studio-to-Transmitter Link (STL)

• Remote Pick-Up Broadcast Station

• Communications, Coordination and Control Link

 Minimum Operating Schedule

• The licensee of each medium-frequency

broadcast station shall maintain a minimum
operating schedule of two-thirds of the total
hours that it is authorized to operate except
that in emergencies when, due to causes
beyond the control of the licensee, it becomes
impossible to continue operating, the station
may cease operations for a period not
exceeding 10 days
 ALLOCATION RULES AND REGULATION

• Maximum Power Allocation

• Radio Frequency Protection Ratio

AM STEREOPHONIC STANDARD
• The AM stereophonic standard is the C-QUAM
AM stereophonic system.
 FM broadcast band
• That portion of the radio frequency spectrum
from 88 MHz to 108 MHz. The band is divided
into 100 channels

FM broadcast station

• A station employing frequency modulation in

the FM broadcast band and intended to be
received by the general public.
 FM broadcast channel

• Channels for FM broadcast stations begin at

82.1 megahertz and continue in successive
steps of 200 kilohertz to and including 107.9
megahertz.
 Frequency Modulation
• A system of modulation where the
instantaneous frequency varies in proportion
to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal, and the instantaneous radio
frequency is independent of the frequency of
the modulating signal.
 Center frequency

• The carrier frequency allocated by the Authority

Frequency Swing

• The instantaneous departure of the frequency of

the emitted wave from the center frequency
resulting from modulation
 CLASSES OF FM BROADCAST STATIONS
• A Class- A station shall have an authorized
transmitter power not exceeding 25 kilowatts
and an Effective Radiated Power (ERP) not
exceeding 125 kilowatts and limited in antenna
height of 2,000 feet above average terrain.

• A Class-B station shall have an authorized

transmitter power not exceeding 10 kilowatts
and an Effective Radiated Power not
exceeding 30 kilowatts, and limited in antenna
height of 500 feet above average terrain. The
minimum transmitter power shall be I KW.
• A Class-C station is a non-commercial,
community station having an authorized
radiated power not exceeding 1,000 watts
(ERP).

• A class-D station shall have an authorized

transmitter power not exceeding 10 watts.
Educational stations shall be allowed to
operate with Class- D transmitter power.
 Safety Requirements
Conformity with Electrical Wiring Rules
All equipment using electrical power shall
conform with the provisions of the Philippine
Electrical Code and the Philippines Electronics
Code so as to ensure the safety of property,
equipment, personnel and the public in general.
Transmitting Facilities
Location and Layout
Any site particularly suitable for FM
broadcasting in an area, in the absence of other
comparable sites, may be shared by and be
made available to as many applicants as
possible
 Stereophonic Transmission Standards

The modulating signal for the main channel shall

consist of the sum of the left and right signals
Subsidiary Communications Authorization (SCA)

Transmission of programs which are of a broadcast

nature, but which are of interest primarily to limited
segments of the public wishing to subscribe
thereto.
Studio, Equipment & Allied Facilities
The studio being the recognized source of program
materials and other forms of intelligence of various
kinds and content, must be properly equipped to
faithfully respond to these impressions and produce
the same to the highest degree possible, up to the
turnover point which is the transmitter input.
 Emergency Equipment & Facilities

• Alternate Main Transmitter

• Auxiliary Transmitter

Spare Component Parts

In order to cut down-times during scheduled on-

air operations, a reasonable variety and number
of spare components appropriate to the
equipment installed at the site shall be kept on
hand
FM BROADCAST TRANSLATORS AND SIGNAL
BOOSTERS

FM Broadcast Translator
A station in the broadcasting service operated
for the purpose of retransmitting the signals of
an FM radio broadcast station without
significantly altering any characteristic of the
incoming signal other than its frequency and
power output, in order to provide FM broadcast
service to the general public.
 Licensing Policies
Purpose and Permissible Service
FM Translators provide a means whereby the
signals of FM broadcast stations may be
retransmitted to areas within the province in
which direct reception of such FM broadcast
stations is unsatisfactory due to distance or
intervening terrain barriers.
Operational Requirements
The translator shall be equipped with suitable
automatic circuits which will place it in a non-
radiating condition in the absence of a signal on
the input channel.
 Technical Operation and Operators

The licensee of an FM translator station shall

maintain the center frequency at the output of
the translator within 0.01 percent of its assigned
frequency

Other Operating Requirements

• The licensed of a station authorized under this

subpart shall maintain adequate station
records, including the current instrument of
authorization, official correspondence with the
Authority, maintenance records, contracts,
permissions for rebroadcast, and other
pertinent documents.