LESSON 3: INTRODUCTION TO ANALOG

Amplitude Modulation
MODULATION
 A type of modulation where the amplitude of
Modulation
the carrier signal is modulated in proportion to
 Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties the message signal while the frequency and
of a high frequency signal called carrier signal according in phase are kept constant.
accordance to the modulating signal which typically contains
information to be transmitted.
 The technique of superimposing the message signal on the
carrier is known as Modulation.
 The key parameters are Amplitude, Frequency and Phase.

Advantages of Modulation Process

The following are the genetic advantages of modulation

techniques.
 Modulation converts low frequency baseband signal to high
frequency carrier signal suitable for transmission over air
without any noise or interference.
 It overcomes need of large antenna required in low
frequency transmission.
 Higher frequencies after modulation require smaller
antennas.
 Higher level digital modulation schemes such as QPSK, AM Modulation index
QAM reduces bandwidth requirement and increases
spectrum efficiency.
 Higher level modulation schemes increases data rate as more
number of data bits are mapped on single signal elements.
 It reduces error probability.
 AM Modulation index FM MODULATION

 the carrier frequency is the frequency to which the

radio receiver is tuned for the station selection.
 For e.g the AM radio band (broadcast band ) is legally
designed from 535Khz to 1605Khz.
 If your favorite local radio station broadcast on 830khz
this means that the carrier frequency being used for
transmission is 830khz FM Modulation Index
 Amplitude Modulation Applications:
o AM radio broadcasting  Modulation Index (β): Ratio of the frequency
o Tv picture deviation to the modulating frequency.
Frequency deviation
o Two-way radio β=
Modulating Frequency
o Aircraft
 The total bandwidth required for FM can be
o Amateur radio (ssb)
determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal.
o Military communication
 For Narrowband FM: β is less than 0.5
o Digital data communication
 For Wideband FM: β is above 0.5
o Computer modems
 The amount by which the signal frequency varies is
Different types of AM very important. This is known as deviation.

 Conventional AM Phase Modulation

o Carrier + upper sideband + lower sideband
 A type of modulation where the phase of carrier signal
 Double Sideband (DSB)- Suppressed or Reduced is modulated in proportion to the message signal
Carrier while the amplitude and frequency are kept constant.
o Upper Sideband + Lower Sideband  It is widely used for transmitting radio waves and is
 Single Sideband (SSB) an integral part of many digital transmission coding
o Only one sideband (Upper or Lower) schemes that underlines a wide range of technologies
 Vestigial Sideband (VSB) like Wi-Fi, GSM and satellite television.
o Upper Sideband + Portions of the Lower  The effect of variation in amount of phase shift is
Sideband proportional to change in the carrier frequency.
 This is also called indirect form of FM.
Frequency Modulation (FM)  Advantage: increased immunity to noise.
 Disadvantage: More complex hardware at the
 A type of modulation where the frequency of the receiver
carrier signal is modulated in proportion to the
message signal while the amplitude and phase are kept
constant.
 FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound
over broadcast radio.
 FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality
than AM broadcasting.
 FM broadcast falls within the VHF part of the radio
spectrum usually 88 to 108MHz is used.
 Pulse Modulation System Pulse Width Modulation (PWM/PLM/PDM)

 The process of transmitting signals in the form  In this type, the amplitude is maintained constant but the
of pulses (discontinuous signals) by using duration or length or width of each pulse is varied
special techniques. accordance with instantaneous value of the analog signal.
 The negative side of the signal is brought to the positive
side by adding a fixed DC voltage.
Types of Pulse Modulation
 Analog Pulse Modulation *No negative alternation
 Digital Pulse Modulation

Types of Analog Pulse Modulation

 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
 Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
 Digital Pulse Modulation Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)  In this type, the sampled waveform has fixed amplitude
 Delta Modulation (DM) and width whereas the position of each pulse is varied
as per instantaneous value of the analog signal.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
 PPM signal is further modification of PWM signal. It
 It is a method of analog-to-digital conversion. has positive thin pulses (zero time or width)
 It takes an analog signal, samples it and generates a corresponding to the starting edge of a PWM pulse and
series of pulses based on the result of sampling. negative thin pulses corresponding the ending edge of a
 In PAM the original signal is sampled at equal pulse.
intervals. .
 It uses a technique called sample and hold, at a
given moment the signal level is read and then held *zero width *zero duration *zero time
briefly.
 PAM is not useful in digital communications as it
translates the original waveform to a series of pulses
these pulses are still of any amplitude still an analog
signal not digital.
 Digital Pulse Modulation Sampling Methods

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)  Ideal - an impulse at each sampling instant (only line)
 Natural - a pulse of short width with varying amplitude
 PCM is a digital scheme for transmitting analog data.
(output signal)
The signals in PCM are binary; that is, there are only
two possible state, 1 and 0.  Flattop - sample and hold, like natural but with single
amplitude value (pulses do not follow the amplitude)
 Using PCM, it is possible to digitize all forms of analog
data, including full-motion video, voices, music, and
telemetry.
 Analog signal is converted into digital signal by using a
digital code.
 Process of converting analog signal into digital signal.

Involves three process:

 Sampling
 Quantizing
 Coding (or Encoding)

Three Process of PCM

1. Sampling
Analog signal is sampled every TS sec.
Ts is referred to as the sampling interval.
fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or sampling
 The signal that is the result of the sampling process
frequency.
contains sufficient information to accurately
NYQUIST Sampling Theorem: represent the information contained in the original
signal.
If a band-limited signal is sampled at regular intervals of time  The output of this sampling procedure is Pulse
and at a rate equal to or higher than twice the highest Amplitude Modulated (PAM) signal
significant signal frequency, then the sample contains all the
information of the original signal.
FS = 2FH
where: FS = sampling frequency FH = highest
frequency
Note: According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate
must be at least 2 times the highest frequency.
 Quantization
 Sampling results in a series of pulses of varying
amplitude values ranging between two limits: a min and
a max.
 In this step, sampled signal is matched to a segmented
scale.
 The purpose is to measure the amplitude (height) of the
PAM signal and assign a decimal value that defines the
amplitude
Encoding
 Encoding is the process of converting data into a
format required for a number of information
processing needs including:
o Program compiling and execution
o Data transmission, storage and
compression/decompression
o Application data processing
 Encoding is also used to reduce the size of audio and
video files

Quantization Zones

Assigning codes to zone

Advantages and Disadvantages

of PCM
 Advantages
o Robustness to noise and interference (
o Efficient regeneration
o Easily multiplexed
o Signals may be stored
o Enables encryption
o Easy storage
 Disadvantages
o Requires larger bandwidth
o Need synchronization
o Not compatible to analog system