Professional Documents
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Electrical Engineering
and Technology (IJEET),
ISSN 0976
INTERNATIONAL
OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME
& TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)
ISSN 0976 6545(Print)
ISSN 0976 6553(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), pp. 25-36
IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI)
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IJEET
IAEME
ABSTRACT
The electrical power of good quality is essential for proper operation of many
electronic equipment, power electronics based loads and microprocessor based controlled
loads. Malfunction of equipment may lead to loss of production or disruption of critical
services resulting in huge financial and other losses. The power quality disturbances decrease
the efficiency of power system equipments such as generators. Therefore the issue of power
quality is very important to both the consumers and the utility of electric power. There are
many facets of power quality disturbances and each has its own source and mitigation
techniques. The first step towards any solution for a disturbance is to recognize the presence
of a particular type of disturbance and locate its source. This paper deals with detection,
analysis and travel of power quality disturbances under faulty conditions in electrical power
system. A four bus system having two load and two generator buses is modeled in
MATLAB/Simulink environment. A fault is created near the load bus and power quality
disturbances are detected near the generator bus.
Keywords: power system, power quality, power system faults, power quality disturbance.
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1.
INTRODUCTION
The term power quality (PQ) is generally applied to a wide variety of electromagnetic
phenomena occurring within a power system network. Power quality is predominately a
customer issue [8]. The power quality problem can be defined as any problem manifested in
voltage, current or frequency deviations that result in failure or mal-operation of customer
equipment [9]. It covers several types of problems of electricity supply and power system
disturbances. According to IEEE standard 1159-1995 [10], the PQ disturbances include wide
range of PQ phenomena namely transient (impulsive and oscillatory), short duration
variations (interruption, sag and swell), power frequency variations, long duration variations
(harmonics, notch, flicker etc.) with time scale ranges from tens of nanoseconds to steady
state. Inigo Monedero et al. [11] presented a classification of PQ disturbances, which is given
in Table.I, based on the UNE standard in Spain which defines the ideal signal as a singlephase sinusoidal voltage signal of 230 Vrms and 50 Hz. A number of causes of power quality
transients can be identified: lightning strokes, planned switching actions in the distribution or
transmission system, self-clearing faults or faults cleared by current limiting fuses, and the
switching of end-user equipment. Transient phenomena are extremely critical since they can
cause over voltages leading to insulation breakdown or flashover. These failures might trip
any protection device initiating a short interruption to the supplied power. Excess current
26
produced by transients may lead to complete damage to system equipment during the
transient period. Moreover, if such disturbances are not mitigated, they can lead to failures or
malfunctions of various sensitive loads in power systems and may be very costly [12].
TABLE I
TYPES OF DISTURBANCES
Type of
disturbance
Frequency
Range
Disturbance subtype
Slight deviation
Time
10 s
Severe deviation
Voltage
Harmonics and
other
information
signals
Min. Value
Max.
Value
49.5 Hz.
50.5 Hz.
47.0 Hz.
52.0 Hz.
Average voltage
10 min
0.85 Un
1.1 Un
Flicker
Short
Sag
Long
Long-time disturbance
Short
Under Voltage
Long
Temporary Short
Temporary Long
Swel
l
Temporary Long-time
Over-voltage
10ms-1s
1s-1min
>1min
<3min
>3min
10ms-1s
1s-1min
>1min
<10 ms
7%
0.1 U
0.9 U
Harmonics
THD>8%
Information signals
Included in other
disturbances
0.99 U
1.1 U
1.5 KV
6 KV
A lot of research works have been carried out in the classification of power quality
events and recognition and identification of power quality disturbances. A wavelet based
fuzzy reasoning approach to power quality disturbance recognition and identification has
been presented in [13]. Wavelet transform can be used in conjunction with Kalman filter for
online real time detection and classification of voltage events in power system [14]. Dash
P.K. et al. [15] used S-transform for detecting, localizing, and classifying PQ problems.
Haibo He et al. [16] proposed an energy difference of multi-resolution analysis (EDMRA)
method for power quality disturbances analysis. At each wavelet decomposition level, the
squared value of the detail information is calculated as their energy to construct the feature
vector for analysis. Following the criteria proposed in this paper, different kinds of power
quality disturbances can be detected, localized, and classified effectively.
27
3.
For detections of power quality disturbances during faulty conditions in the power
system, the one line diagram of experimental set up consisting of four buses is shown in Fig.
1. The buses 1 & 2 are taken as generator buses and buses 3 & 4 are taken as load buses. The
line length of all the four sections are taken as 100 Km. For simplicity the voltage levels at
all points of the system are taken as 33 KV. The fault is located at bus no. 4 in all faulty
conditions considered in the study. All the measurement of the voltage signals are taken on
bus no. 1 at generating station.
Fig. 1 Proposed model of Power System for detection of PQ disturbances in faulty conditions
4.
DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF PQ DISTURBANCES IN FAULTY
CONDITIONS
In the power system, faults are abnormal events which are not part of normal
operation and unwanted by the network operator. After fault occurs in the power system, a
non-linear signal of transient travelling wave is generated and runs along faulted transmission
line to both ends of the line. Those travelling waves contain information about fault nature.
The fault initial travelling wave has a wide frequency spectrum from DC component to high
frequencies. When such fault travelling wave arrives at the substation bus bar, it will change
incisively, i.e. travelling wave head will present the sudden change in the time-frequency
diagram. In that way, travelling wave arrival to the measuring point (usually the busbar
voltage transformers) is exactly a moment of sudden change recorded on measuring
substation [17].
MATLAB is a user friendly software and used in many field for research. For
experimental detections of power quality disturbances during faulty conditions in the
proposed model of power system, the MATLAB simulation is performed in healthy
conditions as well as in faulty conditions.
4.1
the three phases are similar. In healthy conditions the voltage in all the three phases are
identical. The symmetrical wave of 50Hz frequency is obtained. The fourier analysis of the
voltage signals also shows the symmetry in healthy conditions.
4.2
29
Fig. 6 Fourier analysis of signal on Phase-A at bus-1 with LG fault on phase-A at bus-4
30
4.3
Fig. 7 Voltage signal on Phase-A at bus-1 with LL fault on phases A & B at bus-4
Fig. 8 Voltage signal on Phase-C at bus-1 with LL fault on phases A & B at bus-4
31
Fig. 9 Fourier analysis of signal on Phase-A at bus-1 with LL fault on phases-A&B at bus-4
4.4
Fig. 10 Voltage signal on Phase-A at bus-1 with LLG fault on phases A & B at bus-4
32
Fig. 11 Voltage signal on Phase-C at bus-1 with LLG fault on phases A & B at bus-4
Fig. 12 Fourier analysis of signal on Phase-A at bus-1 with LLG fault on phases-A&B at
bus-4
4.5
Fig. 14 Fourier analysis of signal on Phase-A at bus-1 with LLL fault at bus-4
4.6
Fig. 16 Fourier analysis of signal on Phase-A at bus-1 with LLLG fault at bus-4
34
CONCLUSION
An efficient but simple technique has been developed to detect the power quality
disturbances during faulty conditions in the electrical power system. The proposed model of the four
bus system is simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The results show the relative
severity of impacts of power quality disturbances during different types of faults on the power system.
The voltage spikes are detected in all types of unsymmetrical faults. The LL and LLG faults are more
severe and develop voltage spikes of high magnitude and frequency as compared to the LG fault. In
the symmetrical fault (LLL) condition voltage swell of high frequency is observed and voltage swells
are converted to the voltage spikes when ground is involved in LLLG fault conditions.
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35
Devendra Mittal was born in Bhusawar in the Rajasthan state of India, on March
17, 1980. He studied at IET, Alwar, and received the electrical engineering degree
from Rajasthan University, Jaipur, in 2003. He received M.Tech.(Power system)
from MNIT, Jaipur, in 2007. He is currently pursuing Phd from Jagannath
University, Jaipur.
From 2003 to 2008, he was Lecturer with Shankara Institute of Technology,
Jaipur. From 2008 to 2009, he was Lecturer with UDML Engineering College. Since
2009, he has been Assistant Professor with Jagannath University, Jaipur, India. His special fields of
interest are, Power Electronics and Power System.